Index

advanced countries. See also specific country

age of firms in, 13133, 132t, 133f

displacement of firms in, 9496

foreign direct investment, 96, 96f

globalization and, 107t, 10711

inequality in, 14561

philanthropy in, 17577

resource allocation in, 53

size of firms in, 5556, 56f

unproductive wealth in, 17280

wealth distribution in, 157160, 159f, 159t

advanced-country billionaires. See also specific person

admiration of, 145

age of, 12728, 129f, 130f

female, 118, 119t122t

list of, 113t114t

number of

versus emerging markets, 21, 22f23f

by region, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t

by sector, 3234, 33t, 39t41t

real net worth, 32, 32f

sources of wealth, 23, 1629 (See also inherited wealth; self-made wealth)

versus emerging markets, 27, 28t, 3445

stability index, 13638, 137t138t

transition matrices, 13435, 136t

AEG, 70

Africa

size of firms in, 59

sources of wealth in, 31, 4445

superrich in, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t, 4445

age

of firms, 13034, 132t

of superrich, 78, 12730, 129f, 130f

Alakija, Foloronsho, 17, 125

Alekporov, Vagit, 24

Alibaba, 1, 31, 53, 63, 108

Allianz, 70

allocative efficiency. See resource allocation

Almarai, 44

Altrad, Mohed, 44

Amazon, 53, 131

Ambani, Mukesh, 50

Ambev, 96

American Airlines, 176

American Tobacco, 72

Angelini Group, 126

Angelini Rossi, Patricia, 126

Angelini Rossi, Roberto, 126

Anglo countries. See also specific country

inequality in, 15051

superrich in, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t

Anheuser-Busch, 53, 72

Apple, 62, 105, 105t, 106f

Arab Spring, 15657

Arango, Jeronimo, 87

Arcelik, 2

Argentina, 79

Arnall, Sue Ann, 25

Asia. See also specific country

crony capitalism in, 7778, 81

globalized firms in, 108

size of firms in, 7579

sources of wealth in, 31, 3536, 45

superrich in, 34, 34t, 35f, 3536, 37t41t, 45

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 36

Aventis (Hoechst), 69

Baidu, 35, 63, 94, 108

Bangladesh, 88

BASF, 69, 70

Bayer, 69, 70

Bayer, Friedrich, 70

Ben Ali, 8081

Benetton, Giuliana, 125

Benz, Karl, 70

Bermuda, 173

Bestseller, 75

Botelho, Mauricio, 171

Bettencourt, Liliane, 18, 118

Bharat Forge, 5051

big firms. See mega firms

billionaire class. See superrich

Birkeland, Kristian, 75

Blakely, Sara, 120, 125

Blavatnik, Leonard, 177

Bombardier, 171

Bozano, Julio, 171

Brazil

despachante, 165

development in, 71f, 7172

employees per firm in, 87, 88f

industrial policy in, 17071

mega firms in, 65, 66f, 67

philanthropy in, 177

regulation in, 165

sources of wealth in, 41, 42t

BRF, 87

BRICS countries. See also specific country

development in, 71f, 7172

employees per firm in, 87, 88f

mega firms in, 65, 66f, 67

philanthropy in, 177

sources of wealth in, 4143, 42t

Brito, Carlos, 96

Buffett, Warren, 62, 145

Burch, Tory, 125

bureaucracy, 16465

business climate, 9, 16372

business networks, 12324

Byanyima, Winnie, 15

Cadogan Estates, 131n

Calderon Rojas, Francisco, 87

Calderon Rojas, Jose, 87

California Packing (Del Monte), 72

Campbell Soup, 73

capital

allocation of (See resource allocation)

returns to, 100101

capitalism, 86

capital markets, development of, 17172

Caraco Pharma, 101

Carlsberg, 74

Carnegie, Andrew, 72, 173, 176, 178

Carrefour, 80

Carter, Amon, 176

Casino, 80

Celtel, 44

Cencosud, 80, 87

CEOs, 6265

Cevital, 44

chaebol, 76, 86, 168

Chandler, Alfred, 6

Chang, Leslie, 88

Chang Yun Chung, 77

Chan Laiwa, 118

Chapman, James, 176

Chaudhary, Binod, 45

Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine, 117

Chen, Leo, 127

Chery, 7879

Cheung Yan, 35

Chile, 80, 102103

China

banking sector in, 94

competition policy in, 83

crony capitalism in, 7778

development in, 7172, 71f72f, 167

employees per firm in, 87, 88f

globalization and, 108

inequality in, 15051

insurance industry in, 83

mega firms in, 6567, 66f, 7779, 78t

philanthropy in, 177

private sector in, 66

size of firms in, 58, 58f

superrich in, 3536

company leaders, 63

female, 11718, 121t, 124

sources of wealth, 42t

turnover of, 13738

Cho, Heather, 14344

Cifra, 87

Coca-Cola, 72

Cohen, Steven, 26

Collins, Edward, 72

Coloplast, 75

communication technology, 1617

communism, 70

Compania Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones (CMPC), 102103, 103f

company executives. See executives

company founders, 2324. See also specific person

in advanced countries, 16

distribution of, 27, 28t

in emerging markets, 13, 16, 36

female, 119, 121t122t

versus inherited wealth, 2022

job creation by, 9193, 93t

political connections of, 2324

regional differences, 31, 3445, 37t38t

company leaders, 6265

comparative advantage, 62n

competition, 5152, 7984, 9496, 168

concessional financing, 9

Corporate Knights’ sustainable companies list, 63

corruption, 2627

Costa Rica, 167, 168

crony capitalism, 10, 54, 7778, 81

Cullen, Hugh Roy, 176

Daewoo, 76

Daimler, Gottlieb, 70

Daimler Benz, 70

Dangote, Aliko, 44

death of CEO, 64

Del Monte (California Packing), 72

democracy, 8586

Denmark, 7475

despachante, 165

developed countries. See advanced countries

developing countries. See emerging markets

development

history of (See historical experiences)

inequality and (See inequality)

philanthropy in, 176

promotion of, 16372

role of wealth in, 37, 4952, 8286, 97f, 9798

size of firms and, 4952, 5758, 58f, 7479

stages of, 7172

structural transformation (See structural transformation)

trade correlation, 110f, 11011

Diana Project, 123

discrimination, gender, 12024

Dominican Republic, 168

Duke, James B., 72

ease of entry, 9, 16465

East Hope Group, 78

eBay, 131

ECCO, 75

economic development. See development

Economist’s Big Mac index, 166n

Egypt, 156

Embraer, 17071

emerging markets. See also specific country

age of firms in, 13034, 132t, 133f, 134f

aversion to large firms in, 54

development in (See development)

foreign direct investment, 96, 96f

globalization and, 107t, 10711

inequality in, 14561

mega firms in, 6567, 66f

philanthropy in, 17678

resource allocation in, 53

share of superrich in, 89, 89t

unproductive wealth in, 17280

wealth distribution in, 15860, 159f, 159t

emerging-market billionaires. See also specific person

admiration of, 145

age of, 12730, 129f, 130f

female, 11719, 119t122t

job creation, 9193, 93t

list of, 113t114t

number of, 23, 6, 7f

versus advanced countries, 21, 22f23f

by region, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t

by sector, 3234, 33t, 39t41t

real net worth, 32, 32f

role in economic development, 37, 4952

sources of wealth, 23, 1629 (See also inherited wealth; self-made wealth)

versus advanced countries, 27, 28t, 3445

stability index, 13638, 137t138t

transition matrices, 13435, 136t

versus US robber barons, 73, 74t, 83

employment

effect of mega firms on, 8788, 88f

job creation, 51, 60, 9193, 93t

size of firms and, 5557, 56f57f, 60

structural transformation and, 8991, 90f

wages, 100101

energy price, 25f, 2526

Engelhorn, Friedrich, 70

entrepreneurship. See also company founders

promotion of, 16372

as source of wealth, 1617

equity, promotion of, 16380

estate taxes

per capita GDP and, 174f, 17475

philanthropy promoted by, 17578

raising or imposing, 17275

wealth correlation, 175, 175f

Europe. See also specific country

age of firms in, 13031

female billionaires in, 121t

globalized firms in, 108

philanthropy in, 176

property rights in, 84

size of firms in, 5556, 56f, 6061, 7475

sources of wealth in, 31, 42

superrich in, 34, 34t, 35f, 37t41t, 4143

exchange rate, 16667

executives, 24

distribution of, 27, 28t

job creation, 9193, 93t

regional differences, 37t38t

exports. See also trade

size of firms and, 6062, 61f

superrich correlation, 108, 108f

extreme wealth. See superrich

Exxon, 72

Facebook, 17, 24, 108, 127

female billionaires, 78, 11726

barriers for, 12024

in China, 11718, 121t, 124

example of, 117

inherited wealth, 118, 119t, 12526

by region, 121t122t

resource allocation and, 124

by sector, 11819, 120t

sources of wealth, 11819, 120t

support for, 125

Femsa, 87

financial sector billionaires

distribution and wealth of, 2627, 28t, 31, 33, 33t

female, 11819, 120t

regional differences, 3445, 37t38t

sources of wealth, 179, 179t

unproductive wealth of, 17879

financial systems, 17172

Financial Times (FT) Emerging Market 500 list, 50, 66, 87, 91

Financial Times (FT) Global 500 list, 87, 88f

financing

access to, 12324, 17172

concessional, 9

firm entry, 9, 16465

firm size, 5267. See also mega firms; specific company

in advanced countries, 5556, 56f

company management and, 6265

by country, 77, 78t

economic development correlation, 4952, 5758, 58f, 7479

exporting, 6062, 61f

growth-employment correlation, 57, 57f

lists of largest companies, 3

mid-sized firms, 5860

superrich correlation, 66, 67f

wealth and, 7073, 8182

Fontbona, Iris, 118

Forbes Global 2000 list, 3, 4950, 66, 67f, 94

Forbes measures of inequality, 153, 155

Forbes World’s Billionaires List, 3, 10, 1920, 107, 130

Ford, 72

foreign direct investment (FDI), 96, 96f, 16768

foreign markets. See globalization; trade

Fortune 500 list, 3, 11, 65, 67

Foshan Haitian Flavoring Company, 131

Foxconn, 31, 50, 88

Freeland, Chrystia, 12728

FT Emerging Market 500 list, 50, 66, 87, 91

FT Global 500 list, 87, 88f

Fu Wah International Group, 118

Gates, Bill, 145

GDP growth

employment share and, 57, 57f

trade correlation, 110f, 11011

wealth correlation, 146, 147f, 152 f, 15254

GDP per capita

development and, 72, 73f

estate taxes and, 174f, 17475

export share and, 6061, 61f

number of billionaires by, 6, 7f

sectoral composition of employment and, 8990

superrich correlation, 97f, 9798

GEMS Education, 2021

gender. See female billionaires

General Electric, 72

geographical region. See also specific region

female billionaires by, 121t122t

stability index by, 13638, 137t138t

superrich classified by, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t

GE Plastics, 96

German chemicals industry, 6970

German Ebbinghaus, 102

Gini index, 155f , 155

global growth incidence curve, 148, 149f

globalization, 1617, 99114. See also trade

examples of, 101105

regional differences, 108

superrich correlation, 10711, 108f110f

talent differences, 100101

trickle-down wealth, 105, 105t, 106f

GM, 53

Goi, Sam, 63, 98

Gonda Rivera, Eva, 87, 118

Google, 108

Gou, Terry, 31, 50

government connections. See political connections

government policies, 16380

ease of entry, 16465

exchange rate, 16667

foreign direct investment, 16768

industrial policy, 16872

trade openness, 16566

Great Wall Motors, 93

Grendene, 41

Grendene Bartelle, Alexandre, 41

Grisham, John, 165

Grosvenor Group, 131n

Groupon, 131

growth. See development

Grupo Boticario, 31

Halske, Johann Georg, 70

Halyk Bank, 50

Hamami, Achmad, 36

Hamm, Harold G., 25

Hayek, Nicholas, 44

Hayek Engineering, 44

hedge fund wealth, 9

Heinz, 73

Hewlett-Packard, 167

He Xiangjian, 17, 99

historical experiences, 6986

Asia, 7579

competition, 7981

economic effects of wealth, 8286

Europe, 7475

government policies, 164

Soviet Union, 8182

United States, 7073

H&M, 103

Ho, Pansy, 118

Hoechst (Aventis), 69

Home Credit, 26

Hudson’s Bay Company, 13031

Hyde, Sam, 75

Hyundai, 76, 168

Ibrahim, Mo, 44, 177

ICBC, 94

Imperial Tobacco, 73

income distribution. See inequality

income effects, 93, 10910

India

development in, 71f, 7172, 167

employees per firm in, 87, 88f

inequality in, 150

mega firms in, 65, 66, 66f, 67

philanthropy in, 177

size of firms in, 58f, 5859

superrich in

company leaders, 64

sources of wealth, 2, 42t, 45

turnover of, 13738

Inditex, 103104, 104f

Indonesia, 81

industrialization, 7076, 8991

industrial policy, 16872

inequality, 89, 14561

Arab Spring and, 15657

global income distribution, 148, 149f

income versus wealth, 15152, 152f, 16061

wealth correlation, 15253, 153f155f,155

within-country, 14950

Infosys, 45

inherited wealth, 3, 18

age factors, 12833, 129f, 132t

combined with work, 2122

distribution of, 27, 28t

family control and, 14344

female billionaires, 118, 119t, 12526

job creation, 9193, 93t

regional differences, 3145, 37t41t

versus self-made wealth, 2022

taxes (See estate taxes)

innovation, promotion of, 16380

Intel, 62, 167

Interbrew, 96

international markets. See globalization; trade

International Paper Company, 72

Israel, 43n

Ivanishvili, Boris, 85n

Jaguar Land Rover, 94, 96, 144

Jiangxi Copper, 94

Japan, 7576

Jefferson, Thomas, 85

Jianjun Wei, 93

João da Silva, Eggon, 99

job creation, 51, 60, 9193, 93t

Jobs, Steve, 62

Jollibee, 36

JYSK, 75

Kalyani, Baba, 5051

keiretsu, 76

Kellner, Petr, 26, 17778

Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 85, 128

Knight Frank, 19

Koç Holdings, 2

Korea

chaebol, 76, 86, 168

development in, 76, 8586

estate taxes in, 172

industrial policy in, 16869

Korean Air, 143

Koum, Jan, 23

Kovner, Bruce, 26

Krigsner, Miguel, 31

Krupp, Friedrich, 70

Kulibaev, Timur, 50

labor allocation. See resource allocation

Lagarde, Christine, 14950

Lai Changxing, 128

Latin America. See also specific country

globalized firms in, 108

industrial policy in, 16871

political connections in, 31

resource-related wealth in, 31

size of firms in, 59

superrich in, 34, 34t, 35f, 3641, 37t41t

leadership, 6265

Lean In (Sandberg), 125

Lee Kuan Yew, 7677

Lee Kun-hee, 22, 6263, 126

Lego, 75

Leg Up, 125

Lei Jufang, 117, 124, 125

Lei Jun, 131

Lens Technology, 117

LG, 168

Li, Robin, 35, 63, 85, 94

“lifting the small boats” speech (Lagarde), 14950

Li Ka-shing, 145

Lim Oon Kuin, 77

Liu Yongxing, 78

L’Oréal, 18

Lozick, Catherine, 125

Lucchini, 96

Lukoil, 24

Luxembourg Wealth Survey (LWS), 152

Ma, Jack, 1, 31, 63, 85

Mabrouk, Marouane, 80

Madison, James, 85

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel, 94

Ma Huateng, 85

Makarov, Igor, 17

management, 6265

Marcos family, 81

market distortion, 17172

Mars, Jacqueline, 118

massive open online courses (MOOCs), 100

Mata Pires, Cesar, 17

Matte, Eliodoro, 103

Matte, Luis, 102103, 103f

Mazumdar-Shaw, Kiran, 123

McDonald’s, 81

Medvedev, Dmitry, 170

mega firms, 4968. See also firm size; specific company

in advanced countries, 5556, 56f, 94, 95f

aversion to, 54

competition between, 9496, 95f

by country, 77, 78t

in emerging markets, 6567, 66f, 94, 95f

employment effects of, 8788

number of, 4950

role in development, 56, 4952

structural transformation and, 8788, 148

superrich correlation, 66, 67f

wealth without, 70, 7981

without wealth, 70, 8182

Mexico, 168

Microsoft, 104105

middle class, 4

Middle East and North Africa (MENA). See also specific country

development in, 9798

inequality in, 15657, 157f

sources of wealth in, 31, 43f, 4344, 9798, 157

superrich in, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t, 4344

Midea, 17, 87, 99

mid-sized firms, 5860

Milken, Michael, 26

Milner, Yuri, 127

Mitsubishi, 75

Mitsui, 75

Mittal, Aditya, 127

Mobil, 72

monopoly power, 83

Monroe, James, 85

Moskovitz, Dustin, 127

Motorola, 167

Multifiber Agreement, 104

Murphy, Bobby, 127

Natura Cosmeticos, 63, 103

natural resources. See resource-related sector

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 50

Nestlé, 18

new sector, 33, 33t, 113t

age of billionaires in, 12730

age of firms in, 134, 135f

female billionaires in, 119, 120t

nontradable sector, 33, 33t, 41, 114t

age of firms in, 134, 135f

female billionaires in, 119, 120t

Norsk Hydro, 74, 75

North. See advanced countries

Norway, 7475

OAS, 17

Obama, Barack, 145, 160

O’Brien, Denis, 24

Occupy movement, 150

Open Gate Foundation, 178

openness to trade, 9, 16466

Ortega, Amancio, 17, 103104, 104f

Pacific International Lines, 77

Pareto distribution, 158

Park Chung-hee, 168

Paulmann, Horst, 80

PayPal, 26

Pepkor, 31

Peralto, Carlos, 18

Perkin, William, 69

Persson, Liselott, 103

Persson, Stefan, 103

philanthropy, 17578

Philippines, 81

Piketty, Thomas, 14647, 154

Ping An Insurance, 83

political connections

of company founders, 2324

development and, 8081

of female billionaires, 119, 123

regional differences, 31, 3445, 7778

size of firms and, 54

as source of wealth, 3, 10, 2427, 28t

political correctness bias, 149

political power, 9, 8486

Poo, Murdaya, 26

Poonawalla, Cyrus, 31

Poroshenko, Petro, 42

Premji, Azim, 17

private sector, role of, 4

privatized firms, 4

job creation, 9193, 93t

as source of wealth, 2425, 27, 28t, 42

production, integration of, 105, 106f

productivity

gains, 45, 7, 5153

promotion of, 16372

property rights, 84, 164

Putin, Vladimir, 145, 170

Qihoo 360, 23

Qi Xiangdong, 23

Rathenau, Walther, 70

real estate sector billionaires

distribution and wealth of, 2627, 33t, 3334

female, 11819, 120t

unproductive wealth of, 17980

Rebrab, Issad, 44

redistribution, 14648

regulation, 16465

Reliance Industries, 50

rent seeking, 3, 11

examples of, 17

inequality and, 157

size of firms and, 54

as source of wealth, 17, 2427, 28t

resource allocation, 45, 4967

in advanced countries, 5556, 56f

company management and, 6265

economic development correlation, 5758, 58f

efficient, promotion of, 163

exporting and, 6062, 61f

female entrepreneurs and, 124

growth-employment correlation, 57, 57f

indicators of, 53

job creation and, 60

size of firms and, 5860

resource-related sector, 3, 24

female billionaires in, 119, 120t

job creation in, 9193, 93t

list of billionaires in, 113t

regional differences, 3132, 33t, 3445, 37t38t

return to capital, 100101

revolutions, inequality and, 15657

Rinehart, Gina, 20, 118

robber barons, 73, 74t, 83

Rockefeller, John D., 72

Rong Yiren, 36n

Rose of Sharon Foundation, 125

Rostneft, 17

Rouge Steel, 96

Rowling, J. K., 125

Russia

development in, 71f, 7172

employees per firm in, 87, 88f

industrial policy in, 170

mega firms in, 65, 66f, 67

philanthropy in, 177

sources of wealth in, 42t, 4243

SAC Capital Advisors, 26

Samsung, 53, 6263, 76, 126, 167, 168

Sandberg, Sheryl, 24, 125

Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, 96

Seabra, Antonio Luiz, 63, 103

sector. See also specific sector

age of billionaires by, 130, 130f

age of firms by, 134, 135f

female billionaires by, 11819, 120t

industrial policy focus on, 17071

list of superrich by, 113t114t

superrich classified by, 3234, 33t, 39t41t

self-made wealth

age factors, 12733, 129f, 132t

classification of, 2228

company founders (See company founders)

distribution of, 27, 28t

executives (See executives)

external factors affecting, 25f, 2526

female billionaires, 118, 119t

financial sector (See financial sector billionaires)

government connections (See political connections)

versus inherited wealth, 2022

job creation, 9193, 93t

real estate sector (See real estate sector billionaires)

by region, 34t, 3445, 35f, 37t41t

rent extraction (See rent seeking)

resources (See resource-related sector)

by sector, 3134, 33t, 39t41t

superstardom, 1617, 24, 14748

Serum Institute, 31

Severstal, 97

Shanghai-GM, 7879

Shanghvi, Dilip, 1, 101102, 102f

Sherman Antitrust Act, 83

Siemens AG, 70

Singapore, 7677, 98, 167

Sitorus, Martua, 99

size of firms. See firm size

Skolkovo Innovation Center, 170

Slater, Samuel, 70

Slim, Carlos, 86

small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), 5960

Snapchat, 127

Solorz-Zak, Zygmunt, 42

Soros, George, 127, 177

Sorrell, Martin, 15

sources of wealth, 23, 1629

age factors, 12730, 129f

female billionaires, 11819, 120t

inheritance (See inherited wealth)

regional differences, 3445

self-made (See self-made wealth)

South. See emerging markets

South Africa, 31, 45, 71

South Korea. See Korea

Soviet Union, 8182

Spanx, 120

Spiegel, Evan, 127

spillover effects, 93, 105, 105t, 106f, 167

stability index, 13638, 137t138t

Standard Oil, 72

Statoil, 74

state-owned firms, 4

job creation, 9193, 93t

as source of wealth, 2425, 27, 28t, 42

Stolper-Samuelson effect, 100101

structural transformation, 8797

inequality and, 148

job creation, 9193, 93t

mega firms and, 8788, 148

regional differences in, 89

wealth correlation, 67, 8991, 90f, 92f

Suharto family, 81

Sultan bin Mohammed bin Saud al Kabeer, 44

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, 1, 101102, 102f

superrich. See also specific person

admiration of, 145

in advanced countries (See advanced-country billionaires)

age of, 78, 12730, 129f, 130f

classification of, 5

by region, 34t, 3445, 37t41t

by sector, 3234, 33t, 39t41t

by sources of wealth (See sources of wealth)

in emerging markets (See emerging-market billionaires)

female (See female billionaires)

firm size correlation, 66, 67f

gender of, 78

globalization correlation, 108109, 108f110f

inequality correlation, 89, 15355, 153f155f

number of, 6, 7f

political power of, 910, 8486

psychology of, 12728, 14344

real net worth, 32, 32f

role in economic development, 37, 4952, 97f, 9798

stability index, 13638, 137t138t

talent, 100101, 178

transition matrices, 13435, 136t

wealth distribution among, 15860, 159f, 159t

superstar theory, 1617, 24, 14748

supply chain, 105, 106f

Swagelok, 125

Swatch, 44

talent, 100101, 178

Tan, Tony, 36

Taoufik Chaibi, 80

Tata, J. R. D., 144

Tata, Ratan, 22, 144, 145

Tata Company, 144

Tata Motors, 9496

taxes

estate (See estate taxes)

on unproductive activities, 17880

Taxis family, 13031

Tazreen Fashion factory, 88

technological change, 1617, 100101, 12730

Telmex, 86

Tencent, 108

The Testament (Grisham), 165

Tetley Tea, 144

Texas Instruments, 167

Thiel, Peter, 26

Thyssen, August, 70

Thyssen-Krupp Steel, 70

Tory Burch Foundation, 125

Toyota, 53

tradable sector, 33, 33t, 114t

age of firms in, 134, 135f

female billionaires in, 119, 120t

trade. See also globalization

GDP correlation, 110f, 11011

openness to, 9, 16466

size of firms and, 6062, 61f

superrich correlation, 108f110f, 10811

trickle-down wealth, 105, 105t, 106f

Tunisia, 8081, 156

tycoonomics, 35

Ulysse Trading and Industrial Companies (UTIC), 80

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 96

United States

estate taxes in, 17275

female billionaires in, 118, 122t

income inequality in, 15054, 151f, 160

industrialization in, 7073, 72f

philanthropy in, 17577

political power in, 85

robber barons in, 73, 74t, 83

self-made man myth in, 54

size of firms in, 5657, 57f, 60

unproductive wealth, 9, 17280

US Steel, 72

value added, size of firms and, 5556, 56f

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 72

Vardanian, Ruben, 177

Varkey, Sunny, 21

Vestel Group, 2, 62

Vietnam, 167

von Finck, Wilhelm, 70

von Siemens, Werner, 69

von Thurn family, 13031

Votorantim Group, 36

VW, 53

wages, 100101

Wallenberg family, 75

Walmart, 60, 87

Walmex, 53, 87

Walton, Alice, 118

Walton, Christy, 118

Wanda, 27

Wang Gongquan, 85

Wang Jianlin, 27

Washington, George, 85

wealth. See also superrich

contested versus uncontested, 7981

distribution of, 15860, 159f, 159t

economic effects of, 37, 4952, 8286, 97f, 9798

estate tax correlation, 175, 175f

GDP growth correlation, 146, 147f, 152, 152f

inequality correlation, 15255, 153f154f, 155f

mega firms without, 70, 8182

policies to limit, 9

sources of (See sources of wealth)

structural transformation and, 67, 8991, 90f, 92f

trickle-down, 105, 105t, 106f

unproductive, 9, 17280

without mega firms, 70, 7981

wealth inequality, 15152, 152f, 16061

Wealth-X, 19, 21, 177

WEG, 50, 99

Wen Jiabao, 83

WhatsApp, 23, 131

Wiese, Christoffel, 31

Wilmar International, 99

Winfrey, Oprah, 120, 125, 145

Wipro, 17

women. See female billionaires

Wong Kwong Yu, 27

working conditions, 8788

World Bank

Doing Business project, 16465

Enterprise Surveys, 5758

Gender at Work report, 124

World Economic Forum Panel, 15

World Top Incomes Database, 150, 153

Xiaomi Tech, 131

Xi Jinping, 145

Yahoo!, 131

Yandex, 44

Yang Huiyan, 118

Yasuda, 75

Yevtushenkov, Vladimir, 42

zaibatsu, 75

Zara, 17, 103104

Zhou Hongyi, 23

Zhou Qunfei, 117

Zorlu, Ahmet Nazif, 12, 62

Zorlu Group, 2

Zuckerberg, Mark, 17, 127

Zulily, 131