NOTES
PART ONE: BACKGROUND
1. The American Buddhist Landscape
1. Field Notes, Senshin Buddhist Temple, Los Angeles, July 6, 1997.
2. Lawrence Shainberg, Ambivalent Zen: A Memoir (New York: Pantheon, 1995), 129–30.
3. Quoted in Jack Kornfield, Living Dharma: Teachings of Twelve Buddhist Masters (Boston: Shambhala, 1996), 61.
4. Martin Baumann, “The Dharma Has Come West: A Survey of Recent Studies and Sources,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics [online] 4 (1997), http://jbe.la.psu.edu/ (11/6/98).
5. David Van Biema, “America’s Fascination with Buddhism,” Time (Oct. 13, 1997), 75.
4. The American Setting
1. Quoted in Rick Fields, How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, 3rd rev. ed. (Boston: Shambhala, 1992), 194.
2. Quoted in ibid., 184–85.
3. Time (Feb. 4, 1954), 65–66.
4. Time (July 21, 1958), 49.
5. Quoted in Carole Tonkinson, ed., Big Sky Mind: Buddhism and the Beat Generation (New York: Riverhead, 1995), 31.
6. Ibid., 178–79.
7. Rick Fields, “Results from the Tricycle Poll: Help or Hindrance, A High History of Buddhism,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Fall 1996):44–58.
PART TWO: MAJOR TRADITIONS
Introduction
1. Sumi Loundon Kim, “What Young People Want,” Buddhist Geeks (April 5, 2010), http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2010/04/bg-166-what-young-people-want/ (accessed January 30, 2011).
2. Vincent Horn, “Pragmatic Dharma,” http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/pragmaticdharma/ (accessed December 29, 2010). Vincent Horn, phone interview with author, November 12, 2010; “Turning the Microphone Around Rohan Gunatillake Interviews Vincent Horn” (December 20, 2010), http://www.buddhist-geeks.com/2010/12/bg-200-turning-the-microphone-around/ (accessed December 29, 2010).
3. Ethan Nichtern, “The Generation Gap,” (November 14, 2010), http://www.shambhalamountain.org/programs/562#c_article (accessed January 30, 2011).
4. “Composting Desire with Ethan Nichtern,” http://theidproject.org/media/podcast/composting-desire-ethan-nichtern (accessed January 20, 2011); Nichtern, “The Generation Gap”; Interdependence Project, http://www.theidproject.org/.
5. “Welcome to the Dharma Overground,” The Dharma Overground, http://www.dharmaoverground.org/web/guest/home (accessed December 30, 2010); “Daniel Ingram’s Free Book and Handouts,” Welcome to Daniel Ingram’s Dharma Web Site, InteractiveBuddha.com, http://interactivebuddha.com/mctb.shtml (accessed December 30, 2010).
6. Ibid.
7. I draw here on David F. Smydra Jr., “Zen and the Art of Slam Dancing: Buddhist Punks Find Enlightenment in the Pit,” Boston Globe (September 19, 2004), http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/09/19/zen_and_the_art_of_slam_dancing/ (accessed January 15, 2011).
8. Noah Levine, phone interview with author, December 1, 2010.
5. Jodo Shinshu: America’s Old-Line Buddhists
1. Quoted in Nyogen Senzaki, Like a Dream, Like a Fantasy: The Zen Writings and Translations of Nyogen Senzaki, ed. Eido Shimano (Tokyo and New York: Japan Publications, 1978), 22–23.
2. “A Shin Buddhist Stance on School Prayer” (San Francisco: Buddhist Churches of America, n.d.).
3. Quoted in Tetsuden Kashima, Buddhism in America: The Social Organization of an Ethnic Religious Institution (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 122–23.
4. Evelyn Yoshimura, “The Point of Being Buddhist, Christian or Whatever in America,” Rafu Shimpo, May 12, 1995. See also at Hou—u: Dharma Rain [online] 1:1 (Jan. 1997), http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5443/dr11_pnt.htm (11/1/98).
5. Originally published in full in Prajna: Light of Compassion 41 (4) (April 1995). Quoted at Rev. Masao Kodani, “The History of the Buddhist Churches of America: Problems of Propagation and Projections for the Future,” Hou—u: Dharma Rain [online] 1:1 (Jan. 1997), http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5443/dr1_hst.htm (11/1/98).
6. Quoted in Kenneth K. Tanaka, Ocean: An Introduction to Jodo Shinshu Buddhism in America (Berkeley: Wisdom Ocean Publications, 1997), 73.
7. Masao Kodani, “Horafuki (Blowing One’s Own Horn),” (Jan. 1984) in Masao Kodani, Dharma Chatter (n.p., n.d. Senshin Buddhist Temple Commemorative volume).
8. Masao Kodani, “Positive Self-Image and All of That” (July 1991) in Masao Kodani, Dharma Chatter (n.p., n.d. Senshin Buddhist Temple Commemorative volume).
9. Quoted on Becoming the Buddha in L.A. (video). WGBH Educational Foundation, 1998.
6. Soka Gakkai and Its Nichiren Humanism
1. Quoted in Dayle M. Bethel, Makiguchi the Value Creator: Revolutionary Japanese Educator and Founder of Soka Gakkai (New York: Weatherhill, 1973; pbk. ed., 1994), 105.
2. Ibid.
3. Quoted in Jane D. Hurst, Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism and the Soka Gakkai in America: The Ethos of a New Religious Movement (New York: Garland, 1992), 140–41.
4. For statistics on membership and ethnic breakdown, see ibid., 141, 143.
5. Craig Bratcher, “One of My Experiences, Part I, Tozan: 4–4–97–4–11–97” [online], http://www.cebunet.com/nst/cb.html (11/1/98).
6. Telephone interview with Linda Johnson, May 3, 1998.
7. Zen and Its Flagship Institutions
1. “On Transmission and Teaching: Excerpt from a Question and Answer Session with Toni Packer at the Buddhism in America Conference, Boston, January, 1997,” edited and expanded for the Springwater Center newsletter by Toni Packer [online], http://www.servtech.com/spwtrctr/bostonQA.html (10/6/98).
2. Quoted in Helen Tworkov, Zen in America: Five Teachers and the Search for an American Buddhism (New York: Kodansha International, 1989), 41.
3. Quoted in Louis Nordstrom, ed., Namu Dai Bosa: A Transmission of Zen Buddhism to America (New York: The Zen Studies Society, 1976), 214.
4. Quoted in Tworkov, Zen in America, 217.
5. Erik Fraser Storlie, Nothing on My Mind: Berkeley, LSD, Two Zen Masters, and a Life on the Dharma Trail (Boston: Shambhala, 1996), 67–69.
6. Quoted in Tworkov, Zen in America, 231.
7. “Buddhism at Millennium’s Edge” [online], http://bodhi.zendo.com/sfzc/Pages/millennium/index.html (10/6/98).
8. Dennis Genpo Merzel Roshi, “A Message From the President of White Plum Sangha” [online], http://www.neis.net/kanzeon/Plum.html (1/12/98).
9. Telephone conversation with John Daido Loori Roshi, September 17, 1998.
10. Quoted on Mountain Seat Ceremony: Abbot Installation of Reverend John Daido Loori, October 14, 1989, Zen Mountain Monastery, Mount Tremper, New York (video). Zen Mountain Monastery, Dharma Communications, 1989.
11. Quoted at “Peacemaker Community” [online], http://www.zpo.org/peace_community.htm (10/6/98).
8. The Tibetan Milieu
1. Quoted in “Beastie Boys: The Big Show, On the Road with Adam Yauch,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1994):89.
2. Will Blythe, “Mr. Popular,” Outside Magazine (Nov. 1997) [online], http://outside.starwave.com/magazine/1197/9711pop.html (11/4/98).
3. “Statement by H.H. Penor Rinpoche Regarding the Recognition of Steven Seagal as a Reincarnation of the Treasure Revealer Chungdrag Dorje of Palyul Monastery” [online], http://www.palyul.org/statement.html (11/4/98).
4. William Ellison, “From the Himalaya to Hollywood: The Legacy of Lost Horizon,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1997):62.
5. Kennedy Fraser, “A Private Eye; Buddhism’s Flowering in America: An Inside View,” New York Times (Nov. 3, 1997).
6. Phone conversation with Larry Gerstein, November 14, 1997.
7. Quoted at Erik Davis, “Digital Dharma,” Wired (Aug. 20, 1997) [online], http://www.wired.com/wired/2.08/departments/electrosphere/dharma.html (1/8/98).
8. Layne Russell, “Kalu: Kalu Rinpoche arrives in Vancouver, 1972,” [online], http://www.sonic.net/layne/kalu.html (9/10/98).
9. “Medicine Buddha Sadhana by Thubten Gyatso,” [online], http://www.ism.net/osel/meditate/medicine.html (11/4/98).
10. Joshua Glenn, “The Nitty-Gritty of Nirvana: An Interview with Robert Thurman,” Utne Online (1997), http://www.utne.com/lens/bms/12bmsthurman.html (9/10/98).
11. Robert Thurman, Inner Revolution: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Real Happiness (New York: Riverhead, 1998), 286.
12. Ibid., 287–88.
9. The Theravada Spectrum
1. Walpola Piyananda, “The Difficulties of a Monk.” On Common Ground: World Religion in America, Diana L. Eck and The Harvard Pluralism Project (CD-ROM) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
2. Letter from Robert W. Fodde, Investigative and Protective Service, Florissant, Missouri to Phravisuddi Sombodhi, Wat Vajiradhammapadip, Mount Vernon, New York, October 23, 1990. Copy in possession of the author.
3. Blue Collar and Buddha, produced by Taggart Siegel. (Filmmakers Library, 1989). 57 minutes.
4. “Nine Loving Memory,” Wat Promkunaram, Phoenix, Ariz. (Temple brochure, 1993), n.p.
5. Eric Kaplan, “Arizona Killing Fields: Monks from the East Meet Death in the West,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Spring 1992):46–50.
6. “Bowing To Life Deeply : An Interview with Ruth” Insight Magazine Online (Spring 1997), http://www.dharma.org/insight/ruth.htm (8/16/98).
7. Jack Kornfield, “American Buddhism.” In Don Morreale, ed., The Complete Guide to Buddhist America (Boston: Shambhala, 1998), xxix.
8. Ibid., xxix–xxx.
9. Don Morreale, “Everything Has Changed in Buddhist America.” In The Complete Guide to Buddhist America, xvi–xvii.
10. “Empty Phenomena Rolling On: An Interview with Joseph Goldstein,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1993):13–18.
11. Paul David Numrich, Old Wisdom in the New World: Americanization in Two Immigrant Theravada Buddhist Temples (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 63–74.
12. “Going Upstream: An Interview with Bhante Henepola Gunaratana,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Spring 1995):38.
13. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, “The Economy of Gifts: An American Monk Looks at Traditional Buddhist Economy,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1996):58.
14. Letter from Thanissaro Bhikkhu to the author, August 19, 1998.
10. Other Pacific Rim Migrations
1. Rone Tempest, “Furor Over Donations to Democrats Bewilders Asian Contributors,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 28, 1996.
2. C. T. Shen, “Mayflower II: On the Buddhist Voyage to Liberation” (New York: Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions, 1983), iv–vi.
3. Katherine Kim, “From Elation to Shame: Korean Americans Riding an Emotional Roller Coaster,” Jinn: The Online Magazine of the Pacific News Service (Dec. 30, 1997), http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/3.26/971230-koreans.html (10/6/98).
4. All quoted material from Samu Sunim is found in World Buddhism in North America: A Documentary, produced by the Zen Lotus Society, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1989.
5. Seung Sahn, “Roots of American Buddhism.” Primary Point 1:4 (Fall 1984) [online], http://www.kwanumzen.com/primarypoint/v01n4–1984-fall-DSSN-RootsOfAmericanBuddhism.html (10/6/98).
6. Seung Sahn, “Wearing a Kasa, Carrying the World: Uncovering the Mystery of Form.” Primary Point 6:2 (Oct. 1989) [online], http://www.kwanumzen.com/primarypoint/v06n2–1989-fall-DSSN-WearingAKasaCarryingTheWorld.html (10/6/98).
7. Andrew Lam, “Vietnam After Normalization: Vietnamese in America Bid Farewell to Exile Identity,” Jinn: The Online Magazine of the Pacific News Service (July 11, 1995), http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/columns/pacific-pulse/950711-normal.html (10/6/98).
8. Quoted in Andrew Lam, “A Vietnamese Temple On The Edge Of Cyber-Space.” Jinn: The Online Magazine of the Pacific News Service (Feb. 9, 1996), http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/2.03/960209-temple.html (3/16/98).
9 Quoted in Bert Elger, “Big Plans for Little Saigon.” Asian Week (May 17–23, 1996) [online], http://www.asianweek.com/051796/LittleSaigon.html (9/10/98).
10. Ibid.
11. Quoted in Jeffrey Brody, “Homage to a Buddha, Temple, Garden Grove Comes to Terms,” Orange County Register, Jan. 15, 1990.
12. Lynn Smith, “Prayer to Buddha: Faithful Celebrate Families, Values,” Los Angeles Times, Orange County Edition (Aug. 26, 1991).
13. Quoted in Nam Nguyen, as told to Andrew Lam, “In Their Own Words—Viet Magazine’s Nam Nguyen.” Jinn: The Online Magazine of the Pacific News Service (Jan. 2, 1997), http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/3.22/971028-viet.html (10/6/98).
14. Quoted in Sallie B. King, “Thich Nhat Hanh and the Unified Buddhist Church,” in Christopher S. Queen and Sallie B. King, eds., Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 338–39.
PART THREE: SELECTED ISSUES
Introduction
1. Paul Knitter, Without Buddha I Could Not Be a Christian (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009), 217.
2. Thea Mohr and Jampa Tsedroen, Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns (Boston: Wisdom, 2010), x. http://books.google.com/books/wisdompubs?id=PkHHxy-GposC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed January 6, 2011).
3. “Chaplaincy Training: One Student’s Reflections” Upaya Institute and Zen Center, http://www.upaya.org/training/chaplaincy/reflections.php (accessed January 15, 2011).
4. Willa Miller, phone interview with author, December 9, 2010.
5. Maia Duerr, “A Powerful Silence: The Role of Meditation and Other Contemplative Practices in American Life and Work” (Northampton, Mass.: The Center for Contemplative Mind in Society, 2004), 24, www.contemplativemind.org (accessed February 17, 2011).
6. Diana Winston, phone interview with author, December 10, 2010.
11. Gender Equity
1. Kathy Butler, “Encountering the Shadow in Buddhist America,” Common Ground (May/June 1990):16.
2. Ibid., 16–17.
3. “Authority and Exploitation: Three Voices,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Fall 1991):67.
4. Ibid., 68–69.
5. Helen Tworkov, “Zen in the Balance: Can It Survive America?” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Spring 1994):52.
6. Yvonne Rand, “Abortion: A Respectful Meeting Ground.” Quoted in Karma Lekshe Tsomo, ed., Buddhism Through American Women’s Eyes (Ithaca: Snow Lion, 1995), 89.
7. bell hooks, “Waking Up to Racism,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Fall 1994):44.
8. Joan Halifax, The Fruitful Darkness: Reconnecting with the Body of the Earth (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993), 139–40.
9 “Minutes of Meeting Between His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Gay and Lesbian Leaders, San Francisco, June 11, 1997,” Maitre Dorje Gay and Lesbian Buddhist Society [online], http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/9033/minutesf.html (9/10/98).
10. Don Lattin, “Dalai Lama Speaks on Gay Sex,” San Francisco Chronicle (June 11, 1997).
11. “The Dalai Lama Meets with Lesbian and Gay Leaders.” Press release (June 11, 1997), International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission [online], http://www.iglhrc.org/press/pr_970611.html (10/9/98).
12. Steve Peskind, “‘According to Buddhist Tradition’: Gays, Lesbians, and the Definition of Sexual Misconduct.” Shambhala Sun (March 1998) [online], http://www.shambhalasun.com/PESKIND.htm (3/14/99)
13. Thubten Chodron, “You’re Becoming a What? Living as a Western Buddhist Nun.” In Marianne Dresser, ed., Buddhist Women on the Edge: Contemporary Perspectives from the Dharma Frontier (Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1996), 226–27.
14. Yifa, “The Women’s Sangha in Taiwan.” Quoted in Donald W. Mitchell and James Wiseman, eds., The Gethsemani Encounter: A Dialogue on the Spiritual Life by Buddhist and Christian Monastics (New York: Continuum, 1998).
12. Socially Engaged Buddhism
1. Thich Nhat Hanh, Being Peace, ed. Arnold Kotler (Berkeley: Parallax, 1987), 9.
2. Ibid., 85–87.
3. Thich Nhat Hanh, Interbeing: Fourteen Guidelines for Engaged Buddhism, rev. ed. (Berkeley: Parallax, 1993), 57.
4. Ibid., 58–59.
5. Nhat Hanh, Being Peace, 56.
6. Quoted in Susan Davis, “Working with Compassion: The Evolution of the Buddhist Peace Fellowship,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Spring 1993):59.
7. Gary Snyder, “Buddhism and the Coming Revolution,” Quoted in Carole Tonkinson, ed., Big Sky Mind: Buddhism and the Beat Generation (New York: Riverhead, 1995), 178–79.
8. Diana Winston, “Making a Dent?” Excerpted from Turning Wheel (Winter 1996) and quoted at “Immediate Family, Extended Family, Expanded Family by members of BPF’s BASE Program” [online], http://www.igc.org/bpf/baseart.html (10/11/98).
9 Donald Rothberg, “I Experienced the BASE Program as Temporary Family.” Excerpted from Turning Wheel (Winter 1996) and quoted at “Immediate Family, Extended Family, Expanded Family by members of BPF’s BASE Program” [online], http://www.igc.org/bpf/baseart.html (10/11/98).
10. Quoted at “Buddhist Peace Fellowship” [online], http://www.igc.org/bpf/index.html (10/11/98).
11. Alan Senauke, “History of the Buddhist Peace Fellowship: the Work of Engaged Buddhism” [online], http://www.igc.org/bpf/engaged.html (10/11/98).
12. Alan Hunt Badiner, Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology (Berkeley: Parallax, 1990), xvii.
13. Ibid., xiv–xv.
14. Ibid., xvii–xviii.
15. Joanna Macy, “The Greening of the Self.” In Arnold Kotler, ed., Engaged Buddhist Reader: Ten Years of Engaged Buddhist Publishing (Berkeley: Parallax, 1996), 173–74.
16. Ibid., 180.
17. Jon Kabat-Zinn, “Toward the Mainstreaming of American Dharma Practice: A Case Study.” Buddhism in America: A Landmark Conference on the Future of Buddhist Meditative Practices in the West, January 17–19, 1997, Boston, Mass. (audio recording) (Boulder, Colo.: Sounds True Recordings, 1997).
13. Intra-Buddhist and Interreligious Dialogue
1. Buddhist Sangha Council of Southern California Buddhists and the American Buddhist Congress, “Buddhist Inter-traditions: Consensus on Commitment and Practice.” Hsi Lai Temple, Hacienda Heights, Calif. (Mar. 15, 1997), 2.
2. Ibid., 11–12.
3. Jack Kornfield, “American Buddhism.” In Don Morreale, ed. The Complete Guide to Buddhist America (Boston: Shambhala, 1998), xxii.
4. Ibid., xviii, 323–79.
5. Stephen Batchelor, “The Future is in Our Hands,” Dzogchen Foundation [online], http://www.dzogchen.org/wbtc/sbatchelor.html (5/8/98).
6. Surya Das, “Inquire, Find Out & Speak Out,” Dzogchen Foundation [online], http://www.dzogchen.org/wbtc/speakout.html (5/8/98).
7. Batchelor, “The Future is in Our Hands” (5/8/98).
8. Surya Das, “Inquire, Find Out & Speak Out,” Dzogchen Foundation [online], http://www.dzogchen.org/wbtc/speakout.html (10/14/98)
9. Stephen Batchelor, “The Future is in Our Hands,” Dzogchen Foundation [online], http://www.dzogchen.org/wbtc/sbatchelor.html (10/14/98).
10. “Open Letter to the Buddhist Community,” Dzogchen Foundation [online], http://www.dzogchen.org/wbtc/openletter.html (10/14/98).
11. Leo D. Lefebure, review of Living Buddha, Living Christ by Thich Nhat Hanh. Christian Century 113 (Oct. 16, 1996): 964.
12. Quoted in Michael Mott, The Seven Mountains of Thomas Merton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 544.
13. Quoted in Donald W. Mitchell and James A. Wiseman, eds., The Gethsemani Encounter: A Dialogue on the Spiritual Life by Buddhist and Christian Monastics (New York: Continuum, 1998), xii.
14. “Interview: Envisioning the Future With Ruben Habito,” Maria Kannon Zen Center [online], http://www.mkzc.org/intervie.html (11/8/98).
15. Robert E. Kennedy, Zen Spirit, Christian Spirit: The Place of Zen in Christian Life (New York: Continuum, 1996), 13–14.
16. Rodger Kamenetz, The Jew in the Lotus: A Poet’s Rediscovery of Jewish Identity in Buddhist India (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994), 228–29.
17. Ibid., 231.
18. Rodger Kamenetz, Stalking Elijah: Adventures With Today’s Jewish Mystical Masters (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997), 327–29.
19. “A Complete Seder For Tibet Haggadah,” International Campaign for Tibet (online), http://www.savetibet.org/action/seder/hagg.htm (11/8/98).
20. Sylvia Boorstein, That’s Funny, You Don’t Look Buddhist: On Being a Faithful Jew and a Passionate Buddhist (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996), 3.
21. Ibid., 5.
22. Ibid., 58–59.
14. Making Some Sense of Americanization
1. Stephen Batchelor, Buddhism Without Beliefs: A Contemporary Guide to Awakening (New York: Riverhead, 1997), 15.
2. Helen Tworkov, “Buddhist Voices: Two Buddhisms.” In On Common Ground: World Religion in America, Diana L. Eck and The Harvard Pluralism Project (CD-ROM) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
3. Paul David Numrich, Old Wisdom in the New World: Americanization in Two Immigrant Theravada Buddhist Temples (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 100, 105.
4. Don Morreale, “Everthing Has Changed in Buddhist America.” In Don Morreale, ed., The Complete Guide to Buddhist America, edited by Don Morreale (Boston: Shambhala, 1998), xv.
5. Helen Tworkov, “Zen in the Balance: Can It Survive America?” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Spring 1994):56.
6. John Daido Loori, “Clouds and Water: The Monastic Imperative,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1995):70.
7. Ane Pema Chodron, “No Place to Hide: A Talk by the Director of Gampo Abbey,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1995):43–45.
8. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, “Survival Tactics for the Mind,” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review (Winter 1998):66.