Abba, tombs of, 232–35
Abdichor, 41
Abiramu, 61
Abusir, 23
Abu Zneima, 327
Abydos, 218
Achziv, 152
“Admonitions of Ipu-wer,” 10, 296, 308
Adonis River, 11
Aegean double-ended craft, 76–77
Aegean longships, 69–76, 80, 108–10
Aegean Maritime Museum, 281
Aegean sea routes, 296–99
Aegean ships, 69–82, 351–52nnl–52; anchors from, 275–81; archaeological evidence on, 69; construction of, 227, 242–43; hybridism in, 55–56; iconographic evidence on, 69–80; propulsion of, 251; textual evidence on, 227; waterborne processions/races and, 117–20
Aegina, 77–80
agriculture, 76
Akhenaton, 206
Akhihotep–heri, mastaba of, 258
Akkadian texts, 340–43
Akrotiri, 83
Alalakh, 84
Alashia, 61, 129, 130, 212, 317, 328; piracy and, 320; Sea Peoples and, 163–64; sea routes of, 295–96; trade in, 313. See also Cyprus
Alcinous, 306
Alexandria, 262
Amarna texts, 40, 61, 130, 312, 320, 328
Amenemhet II, tomb of, 33, 36, 238, 253
Amenemhet IV, 273
Amenhotep II, 10, 45, 85–86, 204; tomb of, 24, 29, 242, 245, 248
Amenhotep III, 84, 253, 297, 335, 336
Amenmose, tomb of, 310
Ammishtamru, 340
Ammurapi, 343–44
Amnisos, 154
Amorite chapel, 271
Amun, 11; Temple of, 55, 62, 310
Amun-of-the-Road, 206
Amun Userhet, 11
Amurru, 329
“Amurru Vassal Treaty,” 129–30
An 610, 123, 124, 126, 154, 159, 160
An 710, 161
An 723, 127
An 724, 124, 125, 154, 159, 160, 161
Anani, 224–26
anchors, 11, 26, 41, 62, 255–93, 328, 368–70nnl–154; archaeological evidence on, 258–86; basalt, 270, 288; basket-handle, 296; brobdingnagian, 288; composite-, 255, 274, 279, 280; cultic significance of, 130, 147, 264, 265, 279, 287–88, 292; dummy, 262, 264, 271–73; iconographic evidence on, 256–58; in inland waters, 270–71; iron, 258; limestone, 270, 281, 286; sacred, 287–88; sand-, 255; sandstone, 281, 283; on the seabed, 293; from shipwrecks, 208, 281–86; small, 286–88; textual evidence on, 256; weight-, 255, 272, 274, 283; weight of, 288; wooden, 271, 288. See also stone anchors
Anemospilia, 117
ankh sign, 14
“Annals of Mursilis II,” 129
Antefoker, 23; stele of, 238, 259
Appolonius of Rhodes, 287
Arad, 111
archaeological evidence: on Aegean ships, 69; on anchors, 258–86; on Cypriot ships, 62; on Egyptian ships, 11; on Minoan/Cycladic ships, 84–85; on Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130; on Sea Peoples ships, 166; on Syro-Canaanite ships, 41–42
Archaeological Museum at Iraklion, 138
Arnuwadas I, 129
Arsames, 224
Artacie, 287
Arwad, 314
Arzawa, 129
Ashdod, 329
Asherat-of-the-Sea, 208
askoi, 140, 151–52, 156, 185, 201
Asleifarson, Svein, 320
aspective art, 317
Asphendou, Cave of, 353n96
Atchana Ware, 352nl8
Atchin, 193
Atet, chamber of, 229
Athens Archaeological Museum, 114
Athlit Ram, 158
Attarissiyas, 129
Avaris, 39
awnings, 99
Ayios Andrionikos, 63
Baal, 336; Temple of, 259, 273
Baal I, 323
Balensi, J., 270
Ballard, G. A., 26, 28, 247, 253
Barkal Stele, 239
Barnett, R. D., 252
Basch, L., 45, 52–53, 62, 66, 67, 69–70, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 138, 139, 140, 145, 147, 148, 203–204, 239, 257, 258
basket-handle anchors, 296
basketwork design, 62
Bass, G. F., 39, 80, 140, 155, 206, 208, 211, 288, 297, 299, 303, 307
Bavaria, 178
beam/length ratio: of Aegean ships, 69; of Cypriot ships, 64; of Egyptian ships, 24; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 102–103, 104; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 153
beams: of Cheops ship, 219, 220; of Egyptian ships, 24, 31, 222, 224; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 105; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 148, 150; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 52, 54; through-, 24, 31, 52, 54
Beder, 324–25
Beit Yannai, 209
Beni Hassan, 248
Beyçesultan, 85
Bietak, M., 12
bipod masts, 15, 26–27, 49, 250
bird boats, 178
birds, navigation and, 300
birds/bird-head devices: of Aegean ships, 77, 80, 118; double-headed, 178; Homer on, 186, 199–201, 361–62nnl–27; magical properties attributed to, 194–95; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 99, 103, 111; multiple beaks on, 190–94, 330; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130, 134, 137, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156; recent discoveries of, 201–204; of Sea Peoples ships, 163, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177–97, 202, 329–30, 360n60, 361n64; in ship graffito from Dakhla Oasis, 203–204
Biridiya of Megiddo, 40
Bishop, C. W., 74, 110, 116, 195
“Black Book of the Admiralty,” 376n9
Blitzer, H., 279
Boardman, J., 118
boat graves, 219
Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, 274
Boǧhazköy, 154
Bon Porté, 240
Book of the Dead, 257
boom-footed rigs, 251, 254, 330–31; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130, 142, 156; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 48, 49
booms, 248, 254, 330; of Egyptian ships, 18, 27, 28; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96, 97, 98; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 139; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
Boreux, C, 258
boughs, 125
Bouzek, J., 178
bow, composite (archery), 137, 356–57n65
bows: of Aegean ships, 69, 73–74; of Cypriot ships, 62; horizontal projection of, 157–58; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 94, 104; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 138, 149, 150, 152, 156, 157–58. See also cutwater bows
braces: of Egyptian ships, 28; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 143; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45
brailed rigs, 251–54, 331; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 140, 143, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 171, 175
breezes, land and sea, 301
British Museum, 130
bronze nails, 226
bronze ship models, 104
Buck, R. J., 117
bulwarks. See open bulwarks
butterfly ornaments, 111, 112–13
Byblos, 130, 226, 328; anchors from, 271–73, 283, 288, 292; Egyptian ships and, 9, 11, 327; Syro-Canaanite ships and, 40–41, 52–54
Byblos ships, 19, 224, 241–42; construction of, 245, 246
cabins: of Egyptian ships, 34, 36, 37, 38; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 94; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 53–54
cables, 248–51, 254, 330; of Egyptian ships, 15, 25; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 51
Cadogan, G., 208
Cairo Museum, 222
Çakir, Mehmet, 206
call-up, 126
cannibalism, 116
canoes, 98–99
Cape Gelidonya, 39, 205, 208, 211, 217, 297, 367n43; anchors from, 283–85; piracy at, 321; trade on, 307
Cape Greco, 288
Cape Iria, 205
Cape Kaliakri, 274
Cape Lara, 273
Cape Myti Komeni, 205
Capernaum, 271
Cape Stomi, 279
Capo Graziano, 209
Carmel Coast, 202–203, 208–209
Carnegie Museum, 222
Casson, L., 25, 29, 69, 73, 106, 107, 140, 157, 158, 174, 226, 252, 253
castles: of Egyptian ships, 25, 31, 38; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 137, 141, 145, 147, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 172, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 52, 53. See also forecastles
Catling, H. W., 208
cedarwood, 9, 10, 11, 19, 215, 217, 364n34; Lebanese, 219, 227; trade in, 310, 312
Chadwick, J., 117, 123, 124, 127, 128
Chalandriani, 76
Champ des offrandes, 54
Cheops II ship, 219–20
Cheops ships, 9, 11, 14–15, 211, 312, 327; construction of, 215, 218, 219–20, 222, 224, 229, 239, 245
Chicago Museum of Natural History, 222
Childes, W. J., 197
Christensen, A. E., 164
Christos, 71
Cilicia, 295
Clowes, G. S. L., 223–24
Coates, J. E, 240–41
Code of Hammurabi, 323
composite-anchors, 255, 274, 279, 280
composite bows, 137, 356–57n65
convoys of trading ships, 314
Crete, 154, 279–80, 298–99, 308
crow’s nests: of Cypriot ships, 66; of Egyptian ships, 31–32, 253; hybridism in, 56; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45–47, 51, 252
Crusades, 265
Cult of the Dead, 308
cults: anchors and, 130, 147, 264, 265, 279, 287–88, 292; fertility, 74, 109, 116, 329; vegetation, 111–13, 116, 329; waterborne processions/races and, 105, 106, 107–108, 110–17, 120–22, 328
cutwater bows: of Aegean ships, 77; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 140, 151, 153; of Sea Peoples ships, 175
Cycladic frying pans, 70–71, 74, 76, 106, 109, 193
Cypriot seals, 66
Cypriot ships, 61–67, 254, 350nnl–47; anchors of, 62, 273–74, 292; archaeological evidence on, 62; iconographic evidence on, 62–67; propulsion of, 250; textual evidence on, 61–62
Cyprus, 151–52, 185, 328, 329, 330; sea routes of, 295–96; Syro–Canaanite ships in, 49–51; trade in, 313. See also Alashia
Dagon, Temple of, 273
Dakaronia, F., 131
Dashur, 29, 220–22, 227, 245, 312
Davies, N. de G., 32, 44, 55, 257–58, 310, 313
Dead Sea, 271
De Cervin, G. B. R., 106
decks: of Cypriot ships, 62; of Egyptian ships, 25, 29; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 94, 96, 105; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 142, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 172, 174; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 54
Degania, 265
Deir el Bahri, 18–29, 32, 247, 250, 288, 314, 327, 330. See also Punt ships
de Morgan, J., 220
Demosthenes, 324
Diodorus Siculus, 226, 239, 308
Dirmil, 186
Dor, 48, 163, 164, 209, 265, 266, 272, 273, 292
double-ended craft, Aegean, 76–77
doves, 113
dragon boats, 74–75, 109–10, 116, 195
duck ornaments, 196
dummy anchors, 262, 264, 271–73
Dussaud, R., 62
Eccles, E., 102
Edgerton, W. E, 11, 14, 228, 239
Egypt: Alashia and, 130; Cypriot ships in, 61–62; Graeco–Roman shipbuilding in, 226; Miniature Frieze influenced by, 105–106; Minoan/Cycladic contacts with, 85–86; peace treaty with Hatti, 333; sea routes of, 295–96, 297–99; trade in, 9, 308, 310–13, 327, 329, 332
Egyptian ships, 9–38, 254, 327–28, 330, 345–47nnl–171; anchors from, 11, 26, 256–62, 266, 272, 288; archaeological evidence on, 11; construction of, 215–26, 238–39, 241–42; Cypriot ships compared with, 64; iconographic evidence on, 11–32, 227–38; of Middle Kingdom, 18, 32–33, 36, 52–54; Minoan/Cycladic ships compared with, 97; Mycenaean/Achaean ships compared with, 144, 156; of New Kingdom, 18–32, 35–36; of Old Kingdom, 12–18, 24–25; propulsion of, 248, 251, 252–53; Sea Peoples ships and, 163, 166–75; size of, 23, 345nl6; Syro–Canaanite ships and, 10, 12–14, 15, 39, 40–41, 42–47, 47, 49, 52, 53, 241; textual evidence on, 9–11, 223–26; war and, 317–19
Eileithyia cult cave, 353n96
E-ke-ra2-wo, 124
El, 208
Elephantine Papyrus Cowley No. 26, 224–26
embalming, 308–10, 332, 374n90
Emery, W., 219
Enenkhet, 19
Enkomi, 50, 51, 98, 118, 142, 143, 147, 155, 156, 176, 177, 185, 201
Esarhaddon, 323
Euboea, 209
Eusebius, 226
Evans, A., 83, 99, 101, 106, 116, 120, 279
faenus nauticum, 324
Faulkner, R. O., 24, 27, 29, 31, 44, 45, 238, 248, 250
Fensham, F. C., 323
fertility cults, 74, 109, 116, 329
fire-dog ornaments, 186
First Dynasty boat graves, 219
fish ornaments, 19, 22, 71, 74, 77, 102
forecastles: of Egyptian ships, 25, 38; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 144, 147, 150, 156
Forrer, E., 128
Fortesta, 186
frames, 364nl0; of Cheops ships, 220; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 148, 149, 150; tripartite, 220
Franchthi Cave, 69
Frankfort, H., 218
Frost, H., 209, 255, 256–57, 259, 271, 272, 273, 274, 287–88, 290, 292
frying pans, 70–71, 74, 76, 106, 109, 193
Furumark, A., 298
garboards, 216
Gardiner, A. H., 33–36
Gazi, 138–39, 145, 148, 150, 157, 185, 191
Gela, 240
Gerzean ships, 248
Giglio, 240
Gilgamesh epic, 256
Glanville, S. R. K., 223–24, 312
Goedicke, H., 40
Gordon, “Chinese,” 75
Graeco–Roman shipbuilding, 226
graffiti: of Aegean ships, 71, 73; of birds/bird-head devices, 185, 202–203; of Egyptian ships, 32–38; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 152; of Sea Peoples ships, 176; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 48, 49–50
grain, sheaves of, 111
grapnel, 317, 319, 332, 375nl2
Greek ships, 101, 187–89, 196, 328; anchors from, 279; Mycenaean/Achaen trade with, 154; wrecks of, 205
Grey Minyan Ware, 314
Grünwald, 178
Gulf of Eilat, 11
Haddon, A. C, 193–94
Hagia Triada sarcophagus, 71, 104–105, 115, 120
Hala Sultan Teke, 49–51, 273–74
Haldane, C. W., 218–19, 220, 222–23
halyards, 330; of Egyptian ships, 27, 28; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96–97; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 141–43; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 45, 47, 51
Hand One (Pylian scribe), 127
Harkhuf, 19
Hathor, Temple of, 32
Hatshepsut, 85, 159, 297; obelisk barge of, 26, 41, 367n15; Temple of, 18, 23. See also Punt ships
Hatti, 333
Hattusilis, 129
hawser weights, 286–87
helmsmen, 28, 31, 132, 134, 153
Heltzer, M., 256
Hencken, H., 178
Herihor, royal galley of, 251, 252
Hermes Kranaios, cave of, 355n171
Herodotus, 114, 157, 159, 160, 223, 224, 227, 256, 257, 308
Hesychius, 200
Heteb, 324
Hippus of Tyre, 226
Hishulei Carmel, 209
Hocker, F. M., 227
hogging trusses, 248–50; of dragon boats, 74; of Egyptian ships, 14, 15, 18, 24, 25–26, 228, 242, 346n55; of Hatshepsut’s obelisk barge, 367nl5; hybridism in, 56; lack of on Syro-Canaanite ships, 45; of Punt ships, 246
Holmes, Y. L., 295
Holy Tabernacle, 227
Homer, 39, 95, 128, 149, 157, 186, 199–201, 227, 299, 300, 356n65, 358nl57, 361–62nnl–27
Hood, S., 116
Horemheb, 251
Hornell, J., 29, 77, 158, 194–95, 197, 206, 229, 239, 240
horse-head devices, 139
hulls: of Aegean ships, 69, 71–73, 227; construction of, 215–23; of Cypriot ships, 62, 63, 64, 66–67; of Egyptian ships, 23–24, 29–31, 32, 33–34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 215–23; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 90, 94, 96, 104; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 131, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144–45, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 171–72, 176; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54
human sacrifice, 113–17, 354nl57, 354nl59
Hungary, 178
hybridism, 55–60
Ialysos, 281
Ibnadušu, 164
iconographic evidence: on Aegean ships, 69–80; on anchors, 256–58; on Cypriot ships, 62–67; on Egyptian ships, 11–32, 227–38; on Minoan/Cycladic ships, 85–105; on Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130–53; on Sea Peoples ships, 166–76; on ship construction, 227–38; on Syro-Canaanite ships, 42–51
Idrimi, 40
ikria, 94, 96, 99, 101, 111, 118
Ikria Wall Paintings, 101
“Indictment of Madduwatas,” 129, 130
Iniwia, tomb of, 54–60, 328, 350n119
Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), 208, 283
international trade, 154–55
interregional trade, 154–55
Iolkos, 80
iron anchors, 258
Isidis Navigium, 354nl32
Israel, 201–203, 226–27, 329; anchors from, 262–71, 331; shipwrecks in, 208–209
Israel National Maritime Museum, 152
Italy, 195
Ja 749, 154
Ja 829, 154
Jarrett-Bell, C. D., 29, 223, 247
Jehoshaphat, 299
Jericho, 241
Jesus, 301
Johnstone, P., 107
Jonah, 212
Josephus, 301
Kabri, 84
kalla dhoni, 197
Kambos, 122
Käpitan, G., 255
Karatepe, 186–87
Kassite seals, 307
Kato Zakro, 243
Katsamba, 86
Kazaphani, 63, 66, 67, 242, 250, 328, 330
Kbn ships, 238
keel-planks, 216, 217, 222, 245
keels: of Aegean ships, 69, 73; of Cypriot ships, 63, 64, 66; defined, 245; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 158; proto-, 242; of Punt ships, 241, 242, 245–46, 367nnl–2; of seagoing ships in Late Bronze Age, 241–43; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 52, 53
Kehotep, mastaba of, 258
Kenamun, tomb of, 42–45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 217, 248, 253, 300, 305, 306, 313, 314, 328, 330
Kennedy, D. H., 106
Keos, 104
Khan Minya, 270–71
Khasekhemi, 9
Khenty-khety-wer, 238
Khirbet Kerak, 262. See also Tel Beit Yerah
Khirokitia, 273
Khnumhotep, 19, 37; tomb of, 231–32
Khonsu, Temple of, 251
Khui, tomb of, 19
Kibbutz Beit Zera, 262
Kibbutz Hahotrim, 208
Kibbutz Naveh Yam, 209
Kibbutz Shaar ha–Golan, 262
kidnapping, 212
Killen, J. T., 126
killicks, 275
Kinneret, 270
Kition, 41, 152, 176, 185, 203; anchors from, 255, 272, 273–74, 283, 288, 290, 292; graffiti of, 147–48
Knossos, 61, 83, 86, 154, 243; anchor from, 279; fleet and officers at, 127–28
knots, 28, 254; sacral, 120–21
Kofinas, 105
Korrés, G. S., 185
Kothar-wa-Khasis, 84
KTU 2.38, 334
KTU 2.39, 334-35
KTU 2.42, 335–36
KTU 2.46, 336
KTU 2.47, 336–37
KTU 4.81, 337
KTU 4.352, 338
KTU 4.370, 338–39
KTU 4.390, 339
KTU 4.394, 339
KTU 4.421, 339
KTU 4.647, 339
Kynos, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 243; birds/bird-head devices at, 185, 186, 191, 202; Mycenaean/Achaean ships at, 131–37
Kynos A (ship graffito), 131–34, 156, 172, 174, 176
Labaia, 40
Lacau, P., 227
lacing, 44. See also lashings
ladder design, 131, 133, 148, 151
Laffineur, R., 95
Laganda tomb, 177
Lallemand, H., 227
Lambertis, 62
Lamu Archipelago, 240
Landström, B., 18, 28, 38, 222, 230, 241, 242, 248
“La Parisienne,” 121
Lapithos, 151–52
lashings: of Cheops ship, 14–15, 219–20; of Egyptian ships, 14–15, 27, 218, 222, 224, 227, 228–29, 238–39, 330; evolution of pegged mortise-and-tenon joinery from, 239, 240-41; sticks for tightening, 243; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45
lattice designs, 156
Lavrion, 303
Law of Eshnunna, 323
law of reprisal, 324
laws. See sea laws
laws of Oleron, 376n9
lead isotope ratio analysis, 303, 306, 307
lead ship models, 69–70, 73, 74
Le Baron Bowen, R., 28, 248, 253
Lewis, D., 300
lifts, 330; hybridism and, 60; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96, 97, 101–102; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130, 142; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 45, 47, 49, 51. See also running lifts
limestone anchors, 270, 281, 286
limestone ship models, 105
Linder, E., 41
Linear A texts, 296
Linear B texts, 119, 329; on Aegean ships, 227; on Cypriot contacts, 61; on human sacrifice, 117; on Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 123–28, 154–55, 159, 160, 161; on Syro-Canaanite contacts, 40, 41; on trade, 308
Link Expedition, 270
Lipari, 209
Lisht timbers, 216, 218, 220, 222, 239, 364nll
Liverani, M., 331
Lloyd, S., 85
longships, Aegean, 69–76, 80, 108–10
looms: of Egyptian ships, 28, 34, 36; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 103; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44
Loret, V., 308
Lulî, 159–60
Maagan, Michael, 156
Maa-Palaeokastro, 329
MacGregor, J., 271
Makai, 114
Manapa-Dattas, 356n35
Marathon Bay, 279
Marinatos, N., 105, 114, 115, 116, 120
Marinatos, S., 83, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96, 99, 105, 106, 107, 109, 113–14, 115, 120, 122, 183, 280–81
Maroni Zarukas, 63–64, 66, 67, 152, 185, 201, 250, 328, 330
Marsala, 227
mast caps: of Egyptian ships, 27; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 97; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 139, 142, 156
masts: of Aegean ships, 80; bipod, 15, 26–27, 49, 250; of Cypriot ships, 66; of Egyptian ships, 15, 18, 26–27, 34, 36, 37, 38, 49, 250; hybridism in, 56; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 97, 98, 105; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 125, 132, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 153, 157; pole, 49, 80, 251; of Sea Peoples ships, 172, 176; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 47, 48, 49; tripod, 15, 18, 250
Mataria wreck, 222–23
Medinet Habu, 29–32, 52, 134, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 156–57, 163, 176, 251, 252, 329; birds/bird-head devices at, 177, 178, 185, 201–202; composite bow in, 357n65; description of relief at, 166–75; war scenes at, 317–19
Mediterranean Sea, 9
“Meeting on the Hill,” 88, 89, 90, 121, 122
Melena, J. L., 308
Mellaart, J., 85
Mengebet, 325
Menkheperresonb, tomb of, 55, 310
Menna, tomb of, 253
Mentuhotep Sankhekere, 238
mercenary activities, 129–30
merchant ships, 129, 145, 153, 157, 160, 212
Merrillees, R. S., 50, 64, 297
meru wood, 298
Mesopotamian seals, 111
metal ship models, 54
Middle Kingdom Egypt, 18, 32–33, 36, 52–54
Miltiades, 159
Minet el Beida, 273
Miniature Frieze (at Thera), 83, 86–99, 105–122, 142, 157, 329; additional fragments assigned to, 89; archaic characteristics of processional ships, 108–111; cultic significance of processional ships, 105, 106, 107–108, 110–17, 120–22, 328; damage to, 87–88; description of processional ships, 90–95; discovery of, 86; horizontal stern device on processional ships, 73–74, 106, 108, 109, 111; human sacrifice (?) depicted on, 113–17; interpretation of processional ships, 105–17; locale of processional ships, 105–106; “Meeting on the Hill” on, 88, 89, 90, 121, 122; military significance of processional ships, 105; piracy scene on, 320; placement of processional ships on, 87; sailing ship and rigging on, 96–98; small craft on, 98–99
Minoan artisans, 84–85
Minoan/Cycladic ships, 83–122, 254, 328, 352–55nnl–183; archaeological evidence on, 84–85; iconographic evidence on, 85–105; textual evidence on, 83–84
Minoan seals, 71, 91, 97, 98, 99–104, 111–13, 118–19, 353n66, 355n2; and human sacrifice, 115–16; ships with rigging on, 101–102; significance of ships depicted on, 103–104; talismanic, 99–101, 103, 119; typology of ships on, 103
miši–people, 130
Moluccas, 71
Moran, W. L., 295
Morgan, L., 96, 99, 105, 106, 111, 114, 115, 120, 122, 243
Morricone, L., 141
mortise-and-tenon joinery, 215–16, 219, 220, 222, 227–28, 243, 330, 363n3, 364nll. See also pegged mortise-and-tenon joinery; unpegged mortise-and-tenon joinery
Mount Berenice, 265
Moustafa, Ahmed Youssef, 219
mtepe, 240
mummification, 308
Mycenae, 88
Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 123–61, 176–77, 355–58nnl–165; archaeological evidence on, 130; iconographic evidence on, 130–53; textual evidence on, 123–30
Mycenaeans: culture of, 117–19; human sacrifice and, 116, 117
Mycenaean seals, 211–12
Mycenaean sword, 356n29
Mykonos, 281
Na 568, 227
Nahal ha-Me’arot, 202–203
Nahal Hemar Cave, 254
nails, 227; bronze, 226; iron, 226, 239–40
Nauplius, 320
Naveh Yam, 259, 272, 285–86, 331
navigation, 295–301, 331, 370–72nnl–74
Nebamun, tomb of, 45–47, 50, 51, 56, 217, 253
Nebka, 9
Nefer, tomb of, 228–29
Nefertiti, 306
neutron activation analysis, 154
Newberry, P. E., 238
New Kingdom Egypt, 18–32, 35–36
Nicosia museum, 149
Nikolás, Abbot, 296
Nile River ships, 9, 28, 29, 215, 239–40, 330; anchors of, 256, 257–58; hull remains of, 217–23; invasion of, 41; on Miniature Frieze, 105
Nilsson, M. P., 120
Nineveh, 154
Niqmaddu II, 333
Niqmepa, 340
Noah, 300
North House, 116
North Syrian Coast, 295
Nougayrol, J., 41
oared warships, 155–58
oars, 247–48; of Aegean ships, 80; of Cypriot ships, 67; of Egyptian ships, 18; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 132, 133, 137, 140, 141, 148, 149, 150; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 41, 42, 49, 51. See also steering oars
oarsmen. See rowers
Obelisks, Temple of the, 271
Oceania, 299
Odysseus, 227, 299, 306, 320, 356n65, 358nl57
Old Kingdom Egypt, 12–18, 24–25
open bulwarks: of Cypriot ships, 64–66; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 172, 176; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 48, 49, 51
opening of the eye (rite), 195
Orchomenos, 73
Oropos, 149–50
Osiris, 336
overseers, 333
oxhide ingots, 209, 281, 297, 303, 307, 362n7, 372n7, 372n8, 374n77
paddles, 247–48; of Aegean ships, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 118; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 94, 106–108, 109
Palaikastro, 71–73
Palaima, T. G., 124, 126, 127, 227
Palermo Stone, 9
Pandarus, 356–57n65
papirella, 351n3
Papyrus Harris 1, 10
Papyrus Reisner II, 220, 223–24
Pardee, D., 324
Parsu of Amurru, 341
Payeh, 223
pegged mortise–and-tenon joinery, 216–17, 218, 222, 227, 228, 330, 366nl57; evolution of, 239–41; examples of, 235–38
penteconters: of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 138, 149, 153, 157, 159; of Sea Peoples ships, 174
people of the king, 333
Pepi I, 9
Pepi II, 19
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 32
Persian Gulf, 41
Persson, A. W., 308
Pétrie, W. M. E, 218
Phaistos disk, 77
Philo of Byblos, 226
Phoenician joints, 241
Phoenician ships, 152, 186–87, 347–48nl. See also Syro-Canaanite ships
Phourni, 112
Phylakopi, 73, 94, 134, 140–41, 145, 149, 155, 183
piracy, 106, 320–21, 332, 375nnl–31; Aegean ships and, 75, 76; dragon boats and, 110; Mycenaean/Achaean ships and, 128, 129–30, 158
Pirate’s Walls, 320
pithos burials, 308
Plain White Hand-made Ware, 63
planks: of Cheops ship, 219, 220; of Egyptian ships, 222, 224; of Sea Peoples ships, 174; Tarkhan, 218–19
Pliny, 226
Point Iria, 279
Politiko, 62
Poplin, E, 196
Porada, E., 42
posts: of Aegean ships, 71, 73; of Cypriot ships, 62; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 152; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 54. See also stemposts; sternposts
po-ti-ro, 127-28
pottery, 299; Mycenaean/Achaen, 123, 130, 132, 147, 153; from shipwrecks, 205, 206, 208, 209
Prasa, 86
Prausnitz, M. W, 202
prefects, 333
propulsion, 247–54, 367–68nnl–51
prostitutes, 313
proto-keels, 242. See also keel-planks; keels
Proto-White Painted fabric, 151
Proto-White Painted Ware, 66
Psammetichus I, 232
Ptahhotep, tomb of, 228, 243, 258
Ptah of Memphis, 11
Pudehepa, 323
Puimre, tomb of, 243
Pulak, C. M., 155, 206, 216, 217, 288, 299, 306, 307
Punic shipwreck, 211
Punt ships, 9, 32, 327, 330; construction of, 216, 238–39; hybridism in, 56, 60; iconographic evidence on, 18–29; Iniwia ships compared with, 54; keels of, 241, 242, 245–46, 367nnl–2; knots and rope of, 254; Minoan/Cycladic ships compared with, 97; oars of, 247, 248; Sea Peoples ships compared with, 176; Syro–Canaanite ships compared with, 44, 45
Pylos, 61, 97, 154, 329; population of, 359nl9. See also rower tablets
Pyrgos Livonaton, 131
Qatna, 84
quarter rudders: of Cypriot ships, 66; drawings of on anchors, 265–66; of Egyptian ships, 15, 28, 31, 36; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 103; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145, 147, 155, 157; of Sea Peoples ships, 174–75, 176; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 47, 48, 51
Rabbu-ken, 342
racial prejudices, 348n4
radiocarbon dating, 208, 215, 271
rafts, 103; papyrus, 9, 15, 243; reed, 9, 345n4
Rahotep, Chamber of, 229
rainmaking, 116
Ramses III, 10–11, 27, 29, 31, 47, 50, 163, 166, 204, 239, 253, 317, 320, 357n65
Rapi’u, 336
Ras el Soda, 262
Rechmire, tomb of, 86, 253, 310, 312
Red Polished III Ware, 62
Red Sea, 9, 33, 41, 238, 327, 330
Re of Heleopolis, 11
Reynolds, C. G., 106
Rhodes, 281
Rhodian Sea Law, 324, 325, 376n9
Rib-Addi, 10, 130, 254, 295, 296, 314, 321
rigging: of Aegean ships, 109; of Egyptian ships, 28; in Miniature Frieze, 96–98; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96–98, 101–102, 109; in Minoan seals, 101–102; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 140, 141; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 45, 48, 49. See also boom-footed rigs
Ring of Minos, 354nl36
Rod el cAir, 32–38
rope, 254, 271, 283, 288-92, 367n42, 367n43, 368n44, 368n45
rope grooves, 283, 285, 286, 288, 331
Rothenberg, B., 11
round ships, 145, 147, 153, 157, 176
rowers: of Egyptian ships, 24, 31; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 132, 137, 141, 154, 155–56; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 41
rowers’ galleries: of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 138, 140, 144, 145, 149, 151, 155–56, 157; of Sea Peoples ships, 176
rower tablets, 123–27, 159–61, 329, 359nl4
RS 16.238 + 254, 340
RS 17.133, 340–41
RS 20.18, 343
RS 20.162, 341
RS 20.212, 341
RS 20.238, 344
RS 20.255A, 341–42
RS 26.158, 342
RS 34.129, 343
RS 34.135, 342
RS 34.145, 342
RS 34.147, 342–43
RS L.1, 343–44
rudders. See quarter rudders
Rujm el Bahr, 271
Rumania, 178
running lifts: of Egyptian ships, 27, 28; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 97
Saad, Z. Y., 219
Sacke Gözü, 111
sacral clothing, 120
sacral knots, 120–21
Sahure, 10, 11, 12–15, 18, 19, 23, 26, 28, 44, 218, 256, 312
sails, 248–54, 328, 330, 331; of Aegean ships, 118, 251, 252; of Egyptian ships, 27–28, 251, 252–53; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96, 97, 108, 109; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 137, 139–40, 143–44; of Sea Peoples ships, 175, 176, 251, 252; square, 248, 253
Sakellariou, A., 111
sand-anchors, 255
Saqqara, 173
Satu Mare, 178
Säve–Söderbergh, T., 9, 39, 44, 45, 47, 130
saws, two–handled, 243
Sayed, A. M. A. H., 288
“Scene on the Brook,” 120
Schaeffer, C. R A., 49, 176, 273
Schäfer, H., 29
Schliemann, H., 310
SCUBA, 205
Scylla, 116
sea laws, 323–35, 332, 375–76nnl–24
seals, 306–307; Cypriot, 66; Enkomi, 176; Kassite, 307; Mesopotamian, 111; Mycenaean, 211–12; steatite prism, 102; Tell el Dabṭa, 42, 51; Ugaritic, 49. See also Minoan seals
Sea Peoples ships, 27, 29, 31, 52, 130, 148, 163–97, 202, 204, 329–30, 333, 359–61nnl–85; archaeological evidence on, 166; composite bow and, 357n65; cultures influencing, 360n54; iconographic evidence on, 166–76; Mycenaean/Achaean ships compared with, 133, 134, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 152, 155, 156–57, 176–77; piracy and, 320; propulsion of, 251, 252; Syro–Canaanite ships and, 40, 51, 164, 175, 252; textual evidence on, 163–66; war and, 317
sea trade. See trade
Sebekhotep, tomb of, 310
Sennacherib, 159–60
Sennefer, tomb of, 253
Senusret III, 222
Serabit el Khadem, 32–33
Seraglio, 141
Sesostris II, 273
Seti I, 55
sewn ships, 218
Shaft Grave IV, 88
Shardanu ships, 317
sheer: of Aegean ships, 73; of Cypriot ships, 63; hybridism in, 56; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 48, 49
shell-first ship construction, 224, 226, 239
Sheytan Deresi, 205–206
shfifonim, 262–65, 292, 331, 368n43, 369n54
ship construction, 215–46, 363–68nnl–180; ancillary materials in, 217–23; iconographic evidence on, 227–38; primary materials in, 215–17; shell-first, 224, 226, 239; skeleton-first, 224, 239; textual evidence on, 223–27
ship models, 328; Aegean, 69–70, 73, 74; askoi, 140, 151–52, 156, 185, 201; bronze, 104; Byblos, 241–42; Cypriot, 62–67; lead, 69–70, 73, 74; limestone, 105; metal, 54; Minoan/Cycladic, 104–105; Mycenaean/Achaean, 140, 148–53, 151–52; Syro–Canaanite, 54; wooden, 44. See also terra-cotta ship models
ship sizes: Cheops ships, 219; Egyptian ships, 23, 345nl6; Syro-Canaanite ships, 41
shipwrecks, 205–12, 330, 362–63nnl–65; anchors on, 208, 281–86; ethnic identification problems, 211–12; evidence of trade from, 303–307; laws on dealing with, 323–24; sites of, 205–11; willful, 323–24
shrouds, 176, 250, 254, 330; of Cypriot ships, 350n38; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 102; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 45, 51
Shuppiluliuma II, 317
“Siege Rhyton,” 88, 114, 116, 354nl53
Siginu, 340
Sinda, 329
sinn, 290
skeleton-first ship construction, 224, 239
Skyros, 137, 139–40, 145, 183, 187
smiting-god statuettes, 41–42, 348n40
Sneferu, 9
solub e res, 194
solub wok-wak, 194
Sølver, C. V., 14, 15, 26, 28, 253
Somes River, 178
Somner, F., 129
sons of Ugarit, 333
Sphoungaras, 101
spurs, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158
square hawser holes, 288–92
stanchions: of Cheops ship, 220; of Cypriot ships, 64; of Egyptian ships, 28–29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 95; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 132–33, 137, 138, 145, 149; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 51, 54
stays, 101–102; fore, 28, 137, 143
steatite prism seal, 102
steering oars: of Aegean ships, 73; of Egyptian ships, 15, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 157; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 51, 53, 54
Steiner, G., 129
stellar navigation, 300
stemposts: of Cypriot ships, 62; of Egyptian ships, 24–25, 31; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 138, 140, 144, 149; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 50, 51
stems: of Aegean ships, 74, 77; of Cypriot ships, 63; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 134, 137, 145, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 54
sternposts: of Cypriot ships, 62, 63, 66; of Egyptian ships, 34, 36; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137, 139, 142, 143, 144, 152; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 50, 51
sterns: of Aegean ships, 73–74; of Cypriot ships, 63; horizontal device on Miniature Frieze, 73–74, 106, 108, 109, 111; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 88, 90, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 144, 145, 149, 152, 156; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 54
stick charts, 299
Stieglitz, R. R., 266
stone anchors, 209–10, 216, 217, 256–58, 265–71, 273–74, 275–79, 331
Sudanese Nilotic craft, 239–40
Surata of Acco, 40
Syro-Canaanite coast, 48–49, 226–27; Mycenaean/Achaean ships and, 129; sea routes of, 295–97
Syro-Canaanite ships, 39–60, 254, 327–28, 330, 347–50nnl–120; anchors of, 41, 257, 266; archaeological evidence on, 41–42; characteristics of, 51; construction of, 217, 226–27; Cypriot ships compared with, 66; Egyptian ships and, 10, 12–14, 15, 39, 40–41, 42–47, 49, 52, 53, 241; hybridism in, 55–60; iconographic evidence on, 42–51; Minoan/Cycladic ships compared with, 97; propulsion of, 248, 250, 253; Sea Peoples ships and, 40, 51, 164, 175, 252; ships misinterpreted as, 52–60; sizes of, 41; textual evidence on, 39–41, 226–27; trade and, 39–40, 155, 308, 310, 312, 314, 329; tutelary goddesses of, 206; wrecks of, 212
Syros, 70
Tabaria, 288
“Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor,” 10, 32, 299, 300, 359n4
“Tale of Wenamun.” See Wenamun
talismanic seals, 99–101, 103, 119
Tanagra, 148–49
Tantura A shipwreck, 365n63, 368nl3
Tantura Lagoon, 209
Tarkhan planks, 218–19
Tartous, 288
Tarxien, 73
“Tawagalawas Letter,” 129
“Teachings of Merikare, The,” 298
Tel Ein Gev, 270
Tell Abu Hawam, 48–49, 51, 253, 267, 270
Tell Atchana, 84
Tell el Dabca, 42, 51, 85, 298
Tel Shiqmona, 270
Temple of Dagon, 273
Temple of Hathor, 32
Temple of Khonsu, 251
Temple of the Obelisks, 271
Temple of Userkaf, 259
terebinth resin, 305, 308–310, 332, 372nl8, 374n94
terra-cotta ship models: Aegean, 70–73, 74, 76–77; birds/bird-head devices of, 185, 191, 201; Cypriot, 62, 63–66; Minoan/Cycladic, 104; Mycenaean/Achaean, 148–50, 152, 157, 158; Syro-Canaanite, 50, 51, 52–54
textual evidence: on Aegean ships, 227; on anchors, 256; on Cypriot ships, 61–62; on Egyptian ships, 9–11, 223–26; on Minoan/Cycladic ships, 83–84; on Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 123–30; on Sea Peoples ships, 163–66; on ship construction, 223–27; on Syro–Canaanite ships, 39–41, 226–27
theft in harbor, 324–25
Theocritus, 200
Thera, 86–99, 157, 328–29; anchors from, 280–81; destruction of, 352nl; human sacrifice at, 113–17. See also Miniature Frieze
Tholos Tomb 1, 137
Throckmorton, P., 205
Thucydides, 320
Thutmose I, 306
Thutmose III, 10, 39–40, 51, 55, 85, 86, 223, 239, 241, 297, 308, 310, 312, 313, 314, 321, 327, 330, 352nl
T(161), tomb of, 173–74, 227, 229–31
tillers: of Aegean ships, 73; drawings of on anchors, 265–66; of Egyptian ships, 28–29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 137; of Sea Peoples ships, 171, 176; of Syro-Canaanite ships, 44, 47, 51
Tilley, A. F, 107
timbers: of Aegean ships, 227; of Egyptian ships, 223, 224; trade in, 310–13
tin ingots, 303
Tiryns, 150, 156, 157, 183, 201
Tjeker, 164
Tjekkerbaal, 11, 12, 40, 310, 311–12, 314
toggles, 248
tomb paintings, 212, 310. See also specific sites
“Tower of the Winds,” 300
Tower Temple, 271
trade, 9, 39–40, 303–15, 327, 329, 331–32, 372–75nnl–149; Aegean ships and, 76; convoys of ships in, 314; international, 154–55; interregional, 154–155; invisible items in, 313; manufactured materials in, 306; Mycenaean/Achaean ships and, 154–155; organic materials in, 305–306; personal items and ship’s equipment in, 306–307; port scenes and recreation ashore, 313; prestige items in, 306; raw materials in, 303; Sea Peoples ships and, 163; in timber and ships, 310–13
Tragana, 139, 144, 145, 151, 157, 185, 191, 201
traiectito pecunia, 324
traveling gods, 206
Trésor de bronzes, 253
triaconters, 157
Trianda, 84
tripartite frames, 220
Tudkhaliya II, 356n29
Tudkhaliya IV, 129, 323, 329, 340
Turkey: anchors from, 274; birds/bird-head devices at, 186; shipwrecks in, 205–208, 209
turquoise, 32
Tutankhamen, 24, 29, 31, 206, 242, 245, 312
tutelary deities, 206–208, 307
two-handled saws, 243
Tylissos, 86
Typhis, 287
Uchitel, A., 154
Ugarit, 253; destruction of, 332; sea routes of, 295, 296; supplies dragoman for Minoans at Mari, 83; Syro–Canaanite ships in, 41, 49, 51
Ugaritic alphabetic script, 334–40
Ugaritic seals, 49
Ugaritic ships, 226, 255, 272, 273, 274, 283, 290, 292
Ugaritic texts, 317, 328, 333–44; in Akkadian language, 340–43; on Cypriot ships, 61; on Egyptian ships, 224; on Minoan/Cycladic ships, 84; on Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 154; on piracy, 320; on a seaborne invasion, 343–44; on Sea Peoples ships, 163–64; on shipwreck laws, 323–24; on Syro–Canaanite ships, 39; on trade, 313; in Ugaritic alphabetic script, 334–40
Uhhazitis, 129
Uluburun, 42, 44, 66, 154, 155, 205, 206, 209, 211–12, 226, 243, 245, 300, 328, 330; anchors from, 259, 281–83, 285, 286, 288, 290, 293, 331; construction of ships at, 216–17; evidence of trade from, 303–308; piracy and, 321; sea routes of, 297
Unas, 12, 14, 15–18, 28, 250, 256, 257
unpegged mortise–and-tenon joinery, 215, 218, 227, 228, 239, 330; examples of, 229–35
Ura, 295
Urnfield culture, 137, 178, 330
Useramun, tomb of, 312
Userkaf, Temple of, 259
Utnapishtim, 300
Vathyrkakas, 66
vegetation cults, 111–13, 116, 329
Velem St. Vid, 178
Versailles effect, 84
Vinson, S. M., 218
Virolleaud, C, 224
Vn 865, 227
volutes, 178
V series of texts, 127–28, 227
Wadi Gawasis, 32–33, 215–16, 238, 239, 257, 259, 260, 286, 312, 327, 331
Wadi Tumilat, 238
Waḥpremakhi, 224–26
wales: of Cypriot ships, 63, 66; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 132, 150; of Sea Peoples ships, 175
Wallace, H., 286–87
wall paintings, 84, 85, 97, 101, 297–98, 328, See also specific sites
war galleys, 133
Warren, P., 116
warships, 317–19, 332, 375nnl–31; dragon boats as, 75, 110; oared, 155–58
waterborne processions/races: in Aegean, 117–20; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 143. See also under Miniature Frieze
weather lore, 300–301
We–da-ne-u, 124
wedged stiches, 240–41
weight-anchors, 255, 272, 274, 283
Weinstein, J., 206
Wenamun, 11, 12, 40–41, 61–62, 163, 164, 206, 212, 300–301, 310, 311–12, 314, 324–25, 332, 370nl
West House, 86, 87, 101, 115, 118, 243
White Painted I fabric, 151
White Painted II Ware, 62
White Painted IV Ware, 62
Wiener, M., 84
Williams, R. T., 140
wind roses, 300
Winkler, H. A., 203
Wolley, L., 84
wood. See acacia wood; cedarwood; cypress wood; juniper wood; Lebanese cedar; meru-wood; sidder; sycamore wood
wooden ship models, 44
Wreschner, E., 202
Yadinu, 336–37
Yam Kinneret, 264
Yannai, A., 41–42
yards, 330; of Aegean ships, 80; of Egyptian ships, 27, 28, 37, 252–53; of Minoan/Cycladic ships, 96–97; of Mycenaean/Achaean ships, 130, 134, 139, 143; of Sea Peoples ships, 175; of Syro–Canaanite ships, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 253
Yarim-Lim, 84
Yon, M., 196
Zakynthos, 124
Zau, tomb of, 257
Zawiet el Meitin, 229
Zeus, 116
Zimri-Lim, 83
Ziskind, J. R., 324