Figure I.1. Justice Harlan's note to Chief Justice Earl Warren. From the papers of William O. Douglas, part 2, box 1470, no. 13, Library of Congress.

Figure 1.1. The public hanging of John Morgan. Courtesy of West Virginia Archives and History.

Figure 1.2. Kemmler execution as reported in the New York Herald on August 7, 1890.

Figure 1.3. New York Times article from August 7, 1890.

Figure 1.4. Warden Frank Blackburn. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 1.5. Execution by lethal injection. Artist sketch courtesy of United Press International ©Bettman/CORBIS.

Figure 1.6. Warden Burl Cain. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 2.1. Troy Gregg. Courtesy of Georgia Department of Corrections.

Figure 2.2. William Furman. Courtesy of Georgia Department of Corrections.

Figure 3.1. Professor Anthony Amsterdam. Courtesy of New York University School of Law.

Figure 3.2. Murder victims John Mayeski and Michael Baker. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.3. Robert and Daniel Harris. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.4. One of the boys’ bodies. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.5. Mug shot of Robert Alton Harris. Courtesy of California Department of Corrections.

Figure 3.6. Robert Harris arrested. Courtesy of California Department of Corrections.

Figure 3.7. Detective Steven Baker. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.8. California Deputy Attorney General Michael Wellington. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.9. Michael Wellington surveying the crime scene. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.10. Last-minute reprieve. Courtesy of ABC News.

Figure 3.11. Daniel Harris mug shot. Courtesy of California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Figure 3.12. Sandra Lockett. Courtesy of Ohio Department of Corrections.

Figure 3.13. Albert O. Young. Courtesy of Ohio Department of Corrections.

Figure 4.1. Officer Frank Schlatt. Courtesy Atlanta Police Department (Public Record Department).

Figure 4.3. Warren McCleskey. (Photograph by Marlene Karas.)

Figure 4.4. Jury verdict in State of Georgia v. Warren McCleskey.

Figure 5.1. Earl Warren. Photograph by Harris and Ewing, courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Figure 5.2. Eric Nesbitt family photo. Photograph used as evidence admitted in court exhibit; Commonwealth v. Daryl Atkins, Case No. RI-8229.

Figure 5.3. Eric Nesbitt, shortly before being shot to death. Courtesy Newport News Daily Press.

Figure 5.4. Courtesy Newport News Daily Press.

Figure 5.5. Nesbitt's body at the crime scene. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit; Commonwealth v. Daryl Atkins, Cir. Ct., York Cty., Va. No. RI-8229.

Figure 5.6. Autopsy sketch. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit; Commonwealth v. Daryl Atkins, Cir. Ct., York Cty., Va. No. RI-8229.

Figure 5.7. Justice Antonin Scalia. Photograph by Mollie Isaacs, courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Figure 5.8. Daryl Atkins. Courtesy of Virginia Department of Corrections.

Figure 5.9. William A. Jones. Courtesy of Virginia Department of Corrections.

Figure 5.10. Ellis turned the country around. Photograph by Mark Holm, courtesy of the University of New Mexico School of Law.

Figure 6.1. Shirley Crook. From the trial record, Circuit Court for Jefferson County (Missouri) Case No. 193-1592.

Figure 6.2. The crime scene. Courtesy PBS/Religion and Ethics Newsweekly.

Figure 6.3. The railroad trestle. Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, THIRTEEN/WNET.

Figure 6.4. Simmons arrested at Fenton High School. From the trial record, Circuit Court for Jefferson County (Missouri) Case No. 193-1592, on motion for change of venue.

Figure 6.5. Simmons confesses to police. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit; State v. Simmons, Cir. Ct. for Jefferson Cty., Mo.

Figure 6.6. Pertie Mitchell. Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, THIRTEEN/WNET.

Figure 6.7. Simmons in court. Courtesy PBS/Religion and Ethics Newsweekly.

Figure 6.8. President Reagan names Anthony Kennedy to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Figure 6.9. Cheryl Hayes. Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, THIRTEEN/WNET.

Figure 7.1. Downtown Lake Arthur. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 7.2. Chester and Grace Perry. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit;19th Judicial District, Parish of East Baton Rouge, Honorable Cecil C. Cutrer, Judge ad hoc, Case No. 84-1127.

Figure 7.3. Randy Perry and Brian LeBlanc. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit;19th Judicial District, Parish of East Baton Rouge, Honorable Cecil C. Cutrer, Judge ad hoc, Case No. 84-1127.

Figure 7.4. Anthony Bonin. Photograph used as evidence in court exhibit;19th Judicial District, Parish of East Baton Rouge, Honorable Cecil C. Cutrer, Judge ad hoc, Case No. 84-1127.

Figure 7.5. Michael Perry. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 7.6. Dr. Aris Cox. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 7.7. The Supreme Court of the United States. Courtesy Tim O'Brien.

Figure 7.8. Letter from Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Courtesy U.S. Supreme Court.

Figure 7.9. The Honorable L. J. Hymel. Courtesy Hymel Davis & Petersen Attorneys and Counselors at Law.

Figure 7.10. Point Lookout Cemetery. Courtesy of Louisiana State Penitentiary.

Figure 8.1. Jefferson Parish sheriff Harry Lee. From Supreme Court exhibit, Kennedy v. Louisiana, No. 07-343.

Figure 8.2. Patrick Kennedy. From Supreme Court exhibit, Kennedy v. Louisiana, No. 07-343.

Figure 8.3. Newspaper clippings. Images courtesy PBS/Religion and Ethics Newsweekly.

Figure 8.4. Amalee Gordon. From the video of interview, Supreme Court Case No. 07-343.

Figure 8.5. Pete Schneider. Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, THIRTEEN/WNET.

Figure 8.6. Kennedy's mug shot. Courtesy Louisiana Department of Corrections.

Figure 8.7. Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Figure 8.8. Judy Benitez. Religion and Ethics Newsweekly, THIRTEEN/WNET.

Figure 8.9. Erlich Coker. Courtesy Georgia Department of Corrections.

Figure 9.1. Earl Enmund. Courtesy Florida Department of Corrections.

Figure 9.2. Sampson Armstrong. Courtesy Florida Department of Corrections.

Figure 9.3. Ray and Ricky Tison in custody. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 9.4. Randy Greenawalt. Courtesy Arizona Department of Corrections.

Figure 9.5. Raymond Tison. Courtesy Arizona Department of Corrections.

Figure 9.6. Ricky Tison. Courtesy Arizona Department of Corrections.

Figure 10.1. Irwin Bronstein. From the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, case no. 18318813 (1984).

Figure 10.2. Rose Bronstein. From the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, case no. 18318813 (1984).

Figure 10.3. John Booth. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 10.4. The murder weapon. From the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, case no. 18318813 (1984).

Figure 10.5. The Bronsteins’ abandoned Impala. From the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, case no. 18318813 (1984).

Figure 10.6. Demetrius Gathers. Courtesy of South Carolina Department of Corrections.

Figure 10.7. Pervis Payne. Courtesy of Tennessee Department of Corrections.

Figure 10.8. Charisse Christopher. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 10.9. A crime-scene photograph. Photograph admitted into evidence in State v. Pervis Tyrone Payne, Criminal Court for Shelby County, No. 87-04408.

Figure 10.10. Charisse's hand. Photograph admitted into evidence in State v. Pervis Tyrone Payne, Criminal Court for Shelby County, No. 87-04408.

Figure 10.11. Three-year-old Nicholas and his two-year-old sister, Lacie. Courtesy Mary Zvolanek.

Figure 10.12. Mary Zvolanek. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 10.13. Attorney General Richard “Dick” Thornburgh. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 10.14. Justice Thurgood Marshall. Photograph by Abdon Daoud Ackad, courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Figure 11.1. Willie Francis. AP Phot/Bill Allen.

Figure 11.2. John Evans on death row. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 11.3. A gas chamber. Courtesy California Department of Corrections.

Figure 12.1. Trooper David Rucker. Courtesy Texas Department of Corrections.

Figure 12.2. Texas State Trooper Enrique Carrisalez died after being shot by a motorist on September 29, 1981. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.3. Leonel Hererra in custody. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.4. Attorney Hector Villareal. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.5. Raul Herrera. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.6. Newspaper clip. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.7. Delia Carrisalez. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.8. Talbot “Sandy” D'Alemberte. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 12.9. The Sigmor Shamrock gas station. From the public files of the Nueces County district attorney, State of Texas v. Carlos DeLuna, 28th Jud. Dist. Ct., Nueces Co., TX, No. 83-CR-194-A.

Figure 12.10. Carlos DeLuna. Courtesy Corpus Christi Police Department.

Figure 12.11. Police crime-scene photographs. From the public files of the Nueces County district attorney, State of Texas v. Carlos DeLuna, 28th Jud. Dist. Ct., Nueces Co., TX, No. 83-CR-194-A.

Figure 12.12. Photograph of the murder weapon. From the public files of the Nueces County district attorney, State of Texas v. Carlos DeLuna, 28th Jud. Dist. Ct., Nueces Co., TX, No. 83-CR-194-A.

Figure 12.13. Carlos DeLuna and Carlos Hernandez. Courtesy Corpus Christi Police Department.

Figure 13.1. George McFarland. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.2. Eddie Lee Ross. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.3. James Venable. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.4. Venable in Ku Klux Klan attire. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.5. Judge Clarence Peeler. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.6. Rebecca Machetti and John Eldon Smith. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.7. Stephen Bright. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 13.8. Gary Nelson. Courtesy ABC News.

Figure 14.1. Justice John Paul Stevens. Photograph by Steve Petteway, courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Figure 14.2. Justice Harry A. Blackmun. Photograph by National Geographic Society, courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Figure 14.3. Justice Antonin Scalia. Courtesy of the Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.