Introduction

¹ The book was originally to be titled Playing fair. “Fair play” sounds a little more posh, but it means the same thing. If the book were aimed at younger adults, or a less select group of adults, it would be titled differently.

² Dorling, D. (2010) ‘Putting men on a pedestal: Nobel prizes as superhuman myths?’, Significance, vol 7, no 3, pp 142–4.

³George, S. (2008) Hijacking America: How the religious and secular right changed what Americans think, Cambridge: Polity Press (page 20, footnote for details on Joe and the prize, the angels comment coming from page 37 and being a little unspecific as to who is on-side or off-side with great precision when it comes to the angel team).

⁴Rogoff, K. (2002) ‘An open letter to Joseph Stiglitz’, 2007, from www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/070202.htm

⁵Kay, J. (2004) (2nd edn) The truth about markets: Why some nations are rich but most remain poor, London: Penguin, p 381.

⁶Smith, N. (2005) The endgame of globalization, Abingdon: Routledge, p 132.

⁷Gilbert, D. (2006) Stumbling on happiness, London: Harper Collins, p 170.

⁸Irvin, G. (2008) Super rich: The rise of inequality in Britain and the United States, Cambridge: Polity Press, p 75.

⁹For some strange reason whether he is apparently likeable or not alternates on different days as opposing forces on the internet edit his biography. His Wikipedia entry by 8 May 2008 no longer described him as ‘a lovely man’, but this former chairman of the Federal Reserve was awarded that title on the same web page a day earlier.

¹⁰Later (and now former) chief economist at the International Monetary Fund (Guardian newspaper, 20 August 2008, page 22, described as ‘the nutty professor’ himself on page 23).

¹¹Ball, S.J. (2008) The education debate, Bristol: The Policy Press, p 33, quoting Lawrence Summers’ words of 2001.

¹²Ibid, p 33, quoting Joe Stiglitz from 2002.

¹³Ibid, p 33, quoting Philip Jones writing in 2007.

¹⁴Bombardieri, M. (2005) ‘Summers’ remarks on women draw fire’, Boston Globe, 17 January, www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/

¹⁵Ward, J. (2009) ‘Larry Summers falls asleep while Obama talks’, The Washington Times, 23 April, www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/potus-notes/2009/apr/23/larry-summers-falls-asleep-while-obama-talks/

¹⁶The Economist (2010) ‘Did Larry Summers ruin everything?’, blog, 20 January, www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/01/economic_policy

¹⁷Calmes, J. (2009) ‘Obama’s economic circle keeps tensions high’, New York Times, 7 June,www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/us/politics/08team.html?_r=1, full quote: ‘Larry Summers isone of the world’s most brilliant economists’, said Mr. Orszag, who along with Mr. Geithner, successfully resisted Mr. Summers’s attempts early on to control their access to Mr. Obama. ‘He enriches any discussion he participates in, which is particularly valuable given the complexity and importance of the challenges currently facing us’.

¹⁸Cohen, G.A. (2002) If you’re an egalitarian how come you’re so rich, Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, p 3.

¹⁹Gilbert, J. (2007) ‘Social democracy and anti-capitalist theory’, Renewal: A Journal of Social Democracy, vol 15, no 4, 38-45. (page 42).

Chapter 01

¹Note – Murder and manslaughter are not distinguished in the statistics used here, which strictly speaking concern homicide, although that term is more well known in the United States. This article was last reproduced in the Prison Service Journal from a book chapter in, Hillyard, P., Pantazis, C., Tombs, S., Gordon, D. and Dorling, D. (eds) (2005) Criminal Obsessions: Why Harm Matters More Than Crime, London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, which was itself derived from an earlier academic paper: Shaw, M., Tunstall, H. and Dorling, D. (2005) Increasing inequalities in risk of murder in Britain: Trends in the demographic and spatial distribution of murder, 1981-2000. Health and Place, 11, 45-54. A couple of the more technical paragraphs have been turned into footnotes in this version to make the paper more readable as a first chapter.

²Figure 1 was constructed through examining all the records of deaths in England, Wales and Scotland and identifying those where the cause of death was either recorded as homicide (according to the International Classification of Diseases [ICD] ninth revision, E960-E969) or death due to injury by other and unspecified means (E988.8) which mainly turn out later to be homicides (Noble and Charlton, 1994). Each of these deaths was then given a probability of being a murder according to the year in which death occurred such that the total number of deaths classified here as murder sums exactly in England and Wales to the number of offences currently recorded as homicides per year (Flood-Page and Taylor, 2003, Table 1.01; see also Home Office, 2001). It was assumed that the annual probabilities that a death initially recorded as homicide remains being viewed as homicide would be applicable also to deaths in Scotland, although the system of initially coding cause of death differs in that country. The population denominators used to calculate the rates shown in Figure 1 are derived from mid-year estimates of the population and the data have been smoothed for death occurring over age two.

³Editorial note: When this article was first written it was too early to tell if there really was a “murder spike” at the start of the twenty-first century. However, the murders attributed to Dr Harold Shipman, the deaths of cockle pickers in Morecambe bay declared to be homicide, those of some fifty people hidden in a lorry trying to evade immigration control, the “7/7” murders in London, and several lone gun-man killing sprees, all made analysis of murder trends in recent years practically impossible when considering the use of murder as a marker of wider social trends, other than the trends of our increased inhumanity made even more evident when doctors treat patients as sub-human, officials make immigration illegal, and fanatical young men kill themselves while trying to kill as many others as possible.

⁴Fortunately for this study the index was calculated at the mid-point of the period we are interested in using, among other information, the results of the 1991 Census for over 10,000 local wards in Britain. For each ward we know the proportion of households living in poverty at that time. This tends to change very slowly over time and thus we can divide the country up into 10 groups of wards ranging from those within which people suffer the highest rates of poverty to those in which poverty is most rare. Next, for each of the four time periods we are concerned with, we make use of the changing number of people by their age and sex living in each of these 10 groups of areas. Given that information, and applying the murder rates that people experienced in the first period throughout, we can calculate how many people we would expect to be murdered in each decile area taking into account the changing composition of the populations of those areas. Finally, if we divide the number of people actually murdered in those areas at those times by the number we would expect if place played no part, we derive a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for each area at each time.

Chapter 02

¹Original title began: Inequalities in Britain 1997–2006.

²2 Editorial note: This chapter was originally published in 2006 so it is the then Labour government which is being referred to here. It is worth noting that after that government lost power in 2010, the poorest areas of Britain were allowed to become even poorer by the new

³Editorial note: It turns out they may have been right not to trust. The crash came later in the year this paper was published. Had their savings been in the wrong place, or had the bail out of banks failed, they could have lost all. As things stand, being told to save for a rainy day requires today an even greater leap of faith to believe that banks will be safe places for money, and that future governments will always be able to bail them out.

Chapter 03

¹The paper from which these extracts were taken was written in response to a reply to the “Dream that turned pear-shaped” paper reproduced verbatim in chapter 2 above. Only a brief extract of my reply to that response is included here as you would have to read Tim Blackman and Roberta Blackman-Woods response to understand my full reply and as I don’t think many people would argue today that the New Labour dream did not end badly.

²It is a crumb of comfort that Labour spin doctors early in 1997 did not ruin the song of this name, made famous in the 1996 film Trainspotting, the lyrics of which begin:‘when the taking and the giving starts to get too much’. Although cynicism in the 1990s was rife, the idea that how we were living was wrong was widespread, from high to popular culture, from the pages of Social Justice Commission Tomes to the cinema advertisements, including that for the film just mentioned, a film many more than two thirds could then afford to see: “Choose life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a fucking big television, Choose washing machines, cars, compact disc players, and electrical tin openers. Choose good health, low cholesterol and dental insurance. Choose fixed-interest mortgage repayments. Choose a starter home. Choose your friends. Choose leisure wear and matching luggage. Choose a three piece suite on hire purchase in a range of fucking fabrics. Choose DIY and wondering who you are on a Sunday morning. Choose sitting on that couch watching mind-numbing spirit-crushing game shows, stuffing fucking junk food into your mouth. Choose rotting away at the end of it all, pishing you last in a miserable home, nothing more than an embarrassment to the selfish, fucked-up brats you have spawned to replace yourself. Choose your future. Choose life…” (http://www.generationterrorists.com/quotes/trainspotting.html).

³But still ‘managing’ to. Only 3 per cent of children’s parents could not manage that, even in 1999. http://www.bris.ac.uk/poverty/pse/welcome.htm

⁴Yes she has been promoted since. She became the PPS (for the Right Hon, as they like to say) Peter Hain, now Secretary of State in the Department for Work and Pensions.

Chapter 04

¹Editorial note: The 2007 Labour government as compared to the 1980s Conservative government, not the “1980’s tribute” Coalition government of 2010.

²Poverty, wealth and place in Britain 1968 to 2005 by Danny Dorling, Jan Rigby, Ben Wheeler, Dimitris Ballas and Bethan Thomas from the University of Sheffield, Eldin Fahmy and David Gordon from the University of Bristol and Ruth Lupton from the University of London is published byThe Policy Press. A copy of the findings can be found at www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings

Chapter 05

¹Editorial note: This article is as it was published in the Guardian except that the sources for various statements have been reinserted as footnotes. Understandably, newspaper sub-editors don’t like footnotes.

²Frank said “Had I been asked, I would have argued for a target that was achievable. The 2020 goal isn’t. Any candidate sitting GCSE maths should be able to explain that raising everybody above a set percentage of median income is rather like asking a cat to catch its own tail. As families are raised above the target level of income, the median point itself rises. Not surprisingly, therefore, no country in the free world has managed to achieve this objective, not even those Scandinavian countries whose social models many of us admire.” See: www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/7803983/Poverty-is-about-much-more-than-money.html#disqus_thread

³Households Below Average Income (HBAI) official statistical series, See the copy available on-line at: www.poverty.org.uk/technical/hbai.shtml the latest full report (these statistics are taken from Figure 2.1 on page 15) is here: http://statistics.dwp.gov.uk/asd/hbai/hbai_2009/pdf_files/full_hbai10.pdf

⁴See page 2 of Child poverty and child-well being in the European Union; Policy overview and policy impact analysis;A case study: UK; Jonathan Bradshaw; University of York; Department of Social Policy and Social Work; jrb1@york.ac.uk. UK appendix of www.tarki.hu/en/research/childpoverty/index.html

⁵Ibid. Figure 1.1, page 25 of the full report to which reference 3 above is an appendix. Location, same website.

⁶Unjust rewards, by Polly Toynbee and David Walker; ‘Solutions to inequality found on the Clapham omnibus’, Review by Johann Hari, The Independent, 15 August 2008, www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/unjust-rewards-by-polly-toynbee-and-david-walker-897004.html

⁷The original press reports were titled:“Bush signs law extending unemployment insurance”, Reuters, 21/11/2008: www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4AK3UU20081121

⁸See US Office of Management and Budget: A new era of responsibility: Renewing America’s promise, 2009, inheriting a legacy of misplaced priorities, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/budget2010/fy10-newera.pdf

⁹www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/jun/05/frank-field-review-poverty-cameron

SECTION II

¹Marshall, P. and Laws, D. (2004) The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism, London: Profile Books. Vince Cable, Nick Clegg and Chris Hulme all wrote chapters and are all Cabinet Ministers in government as this book goes to press.

²Beattie, J. (2011) ‘Tories lied about impact of benefit shake-up that could leave 40,000 families homeless’, Daily Mirror, 4 July.

Chapter 06

¹Editorial note: A year later it was unfrozen. Ruddick, G. (2011) ‘The Queen’s income to rise as Crown Estate reveals record profits’, Daily Telegraph, 8 July.

²Editorial note: Within a year George Osborne had arranged for child benefit to be means tested. Families containing any single earner who paid tax at 40% would not receive any and suggestions were floated to end it when children reached age 13 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article7147979.ece”.

Chapter 07

¹These trends are discussed in detail, and sources of data, tabulations and formulae are all given in Chapter 5 of Dorling (2010a).

²For data sources see: Dorling (2010b).

³See Wilkinson and Pickett (2009). A revised edition of their book was published in 2010, since then the book has been under concerted attack by the far-right, which helps illustrate just how powerful this book is. None of the criticisms made by any of the detractors to The Spirit Level survive under even the most cursory of inspections of their complaints. What that shows us is that it is the very idea that ‘greater equality is good’ that a few people on the far right deeply – and without any justifiable basis – hate.

⁴On the argument of how living under high levels of social inequality can corrupt our thinking and make us all more stupid – something of which New Labour may be an example – see: Dorling (2010c), which is reproduced as Chapter 44 within this book.

⁵One of the most acerbic early critics was: Wood (2010).

⁶House of Commons Library, Economic Indicators, March 2010, Research Paper 10/20 02 March 2010, www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2010/rp10-020.pdf

⁷Dorling (2010a)

⁸On Labour’s education record see Dorling (2010d), Chapter 18 in this book, page 147.

⁹On wider sources see Dufour (2008), Kelsey (1997), James (2008), Irvin (2008) and Lawson (2009).

¹⁰All the sources for these quotes are given in Dorling (2010a, p 371).

¹¹With colleagues I was guilty of helping to propagate this myth by not making it clearer that other futures were possible, in particular by not looking further back in the past. See Cornford et al. (1995, pp 123–42). We helped make it look as if Labour could not win in 1997 without it becoming a different political party.

Chapter 08

¹Editorial note: This tax increase was maintained in both the budgets of 2010, but later that year VAT was raised which penalises the poor far more, especially those without earnings. This is because the poor spend a higher proportion of what little income they have on necessities and many necessities are not exempt from VAT.

²Editorial note: The end of this chapter borrows a great deal from the ending of Injustice: Why social inequalitiy persists in a good example of self-plagiarism.

Chapter 09

¹Original title ended “… and his wish to ‘eradicate dependency’ seem wide of the mark”.

²Editorial note: By summer 2011 it became clear that this devolution meant the wholesale contracting out of entire council services where a majority of councillors voted for that. Butler, P. (2011) ‘Every council scandal puts town hall outsourcing reforms in spotlight’, The Guardian, 17 June

³Thomas, B., Pritchard, J., Ballas, D., Vickers, D. and Dorling, D. (2009) A tale of two cities: The Sheffield project, Sheffield: SASI. Copy available here: www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/research/sheffield/index.html

⁴Editorial note: The reference to David Cameron possibly having spent some time in Sheffield is dubious, but found here “The son of a stockbroker, Cameron grew up in Sheffield’s quaintest little village, Totley, before going to a preparatory school in Berkshire and onto Eton, Oxford and the notorious Bullingdon Club.” See the website: www.asylum.co.uk/2009/11/17/posh-or-not-how-do-you-like-your-prime-ministers/. It is possible some confusion arose over the maiden name of his wife, Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield. The more reliable source, when it comes to famous figures, Wikipedia, makes no mention of any Totley connection to Dave and says Sam is the daughter of Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, a Baronet, landowner, thrice descendant of King Charles II of England and at one point husband of Samantha’s mother, Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones. Similarly, David William Donald Cameron is a direct descendant of King William IV and his mistress Dorothea Jordan.

Chapter 10

¹Editorial note: Under the by-line “…With the poorest set to suffer most from cuts, this frontline article looks at the damage the spending review will do to the lives of millions…” this article was published in response to the greatest tranche of spending cuts announced towards the end of 2010.

²Editorial note: Replaced by Ed Balls in early 2011. And now writing his memoirs.

³Editorial note: The first ‘compensation payments’ to affluent Equitable Life policy holders were made on 30 June 2011.

Chapter 11

¹This is the original version of the article, with the original title ‘Ghettos in the sky’, as submitted to the Observer newspaper with 6 tables of evidence. A much shorter edited version with no tables was published under the more provocative (but still accurate) title “Why Trevor is wrong about race ghettos”. This is the full version as submitted to the newspaper.

²Editorial note: This was the case in 2005; it was no longer the case by 2010 as New Labour’s education policies did manage to see the very last batch of extra university places being awarded in slightly higher numbers to those who were previously least likely to go to university. See section IV below on Education and Hierarchy, especially Chapter 18 on page 147. However, the new government of 2010 then abolished baby bonds.

Chapter 13

¹This commentary was published on-line by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (CCJS) and can be found at www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/ehcresponses.html where the article to which it is a response can also be sourced (which is also the single reference at the end of this short piece, all other references are given in the footnotes).

²Lewis, M. and N. Newman (2007) Challenging attitudes, perceptions and myths, Report for the Commission on Integration and Cohesion, London: The Commission on Integration and Cohesion, p 6.

³Evening Standard, London: Tuesday 13 November, 2007, pp 8-9.

⁴In the last few days of August 2008, on Radio 4’s ‘Today’ programme, including on 1 September.

⁵Ball, S. J. (2008) The education debate, Bristol: The Policy Press, p 172.

⁶Ibid, p 173, quoting in turn from the Independent on Sunday’s release of an unpublished Department for Education and Schools report in December 2006.

⁷Ibid, p 172, quoting in turn David Gillborn from 2005.

⁸Hayter, T. (2004) Open borders: The case against immigration controls, London: Pluto Press, pp 108–09.

⁹Timmins, N. (2001) The five giants: A biography of the welfare state, new edition, London: HarperCollins, p 47.

¹⁰The quotation can be found on page 103 of Hayter 2004 (Ibid) – also see pages 108–09 for how those who survive are then treated.

¹¹Cohen, N. (2004) Pretty straight guys, London: Faber and Faber, p 74.

¹²Simpson, L. et al (2009) ‘Jobs deficits, neighbourhood effects, and ethnic penalties: the geography of ethnic-labour-market inequality’, Environment and Planning A, vol 41, no 4, pp 946–63.

¹³Dorling, D. (1995) A new social atlas of Britain, Chichester: Wiley, p 12.

Chapter 14

¹Authors: Kieran Seyan, Trisha Greenhalgh and Danny Dorling. Note that the social class being referred to is that of the medical school students’ families, not of the social class to which such students may be joining. Original title began “The standardised admission ratio for measuring widening participation in medical schools: analysis of …”

²Secretary of State for Education (2004) Medical schools: Delivering the doctors of the future, London: Department for Education and Skills.

³Universities UK (2003) Fair enough: Wider access to university by identifying potential to succeed, London: Universities UK.

⁴Higher Education Funding Council (2003) Social class and participation: Good practicein widening access to education (follow-up to ‘From elitism to inclusion’), London: Higher Education Funding Council.

⁵McManus IC. (2002) ‘Medical school applications – a critical situation’, BMJ, no 325, pp 786–7.

⁶Editorial note: This does not necessarily mean that more from higher social classes might be better ‘suited’ academically. It is very possible that more from lower classes might be better suited practically to working in the medical profession given the average differences in life experience and experience of ill health by social class.

⁷Greenhalgh, T., Seyan, K. and Boynton, P. (2004) ‘“Not a university type”: focus group study of social class, ethnic, and sex differences in school pupils’ perceptions about medical school’, BMJ, no 328, pp 1541–4.

Chapter 15

¹Editorial note: This chapter was written as an editorial looking at the inequalities emanating from the recession, comparing the fortunes of black and minority ethnic groups with those of the white population, analysing the statistics on employment, education and housing and making the claim that: Race is as much made by contemporary inequality as by circumstances of history.

²All figures from www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2009/rp09-072.pdf Unemployment by Constituency, August 2009, Research Paper 09/72 16 September 2009.

³If you doubt that Skipton is part of the London banking world, ask yourself why a direct train runs from that small town to King’s Cross, timed to arrive for ten to ten in the capital each morning?

⁴Here ‘young’ means aged 16 to 24 as a proportion of those in the workforce. Figures from the 1991 census were given on page 92 of Dorling, D. (1995) A new social atlas of Britain, Chichester, John Wiley & sons. Open access copy at: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/publications/new_social_atlas/index.html

⁵[At the time of writing] First Secretary of State, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, President of the Board of Trade and Lord President of the Council, former member of Parliament for Hartlepool (within his constituency there were 3,872 claimants of unemployment benefits as of August 2009, up 1204 in the year).

⁶Member for Tottenham (5,685 claimants of unemployment benefit as of August 2009, up 1544 in the year).

⁷Editorial note: It is worth remembering that the very first, albeit very small, cuts to university places were announced by New Labour in 2009 to take place in 2010. Few people will remember those in the light of the huge cuts to state funding of higher education announced by the Coalition during 2010.

⁸Editorial note: However, by early 2011 we learnt that as many as a fifth of the graduates of 2010 were signing on to receive unemployment benefits. The latest recession was unusally detrimental to the young.

⁹Editorial note: Many are now considering emigrating during 2011, although like most emigrants the majority are not planning to be abroad for long. A huge amount has changed for the worse for university students and recent graduates since the end of 2009 when this article was published, especially for those who are neither white nor ‘privileged’ by wealth.

¹⁰Vince Cable also said that Britain’s £158 billion public sector pay bill should be frozen by reducing the highest incomes in the public sector. This too was partly done before in the 1930s. In contrast, on the same day the ‘bosses union’, the Confederation of British Industry, said tuition fees should be raised, students should pay higher interest rates on their loans, and maintenance grants should be scaled back. They have not yet suggested putting small children back up chimneys but they too are acting much like their predecessors after that last financial crash, being the last to see the light showing that the way out is not endless cuts.

SECTION IV

¹The original presentation, including slides and even a video recording of what I said, was entitled ‘Spatial inequalities in access to university, jobs and ‘good’ schools’ and can be found towards the bottom of this web page: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/

Chapter 16

¹Editorial note: Written with Anna Barford who was the principal author of the paper this chapter is based on.

²Editorial note: There are now over 1,000 maps on the Worldmapper website including new maps of every country in the world drawn by Ben Hennig showing where most people in each country live.

Chapter 17

¹Commentary written jointly with Mark Corver and intended for publication in the Times Higher Education Supplement but not cleared by HEFCE (Mark’s employers) in time for publication, so put up on the web instead, and now printed here for the first time. It should be read in the context of Chapter 18 which immediately follows it and shows how much changed between 2005, when we wrote this, and 2010.

²Chapter 18 which follows this chapter details how that gap then decreased very substantially between 2005 and 2010. The majority of ‘extra’ education towards the end of those years going to those from much less advantaged backgrounds.

³Editorial note: It is even possible that the rise in standard fees to £9,000 a year in some cases from 2012 onwards would see no great fall in participation in elite (and some less elite) institutions as young people, both desperate for a future and optimistic that they will do well despite saddling themselves with huge future debts, continue to apply. Repayment rates are around 3% plus whatever the annual rate of inflation might be in future years for all but the least well-off of future graduates. Coupled with the loans most students will take out to cover their rent and to allow them to eat and buy the odd book, estimates are being made of average debts of £70,000 in today’s money. If fees rise in the future at the rate they have been rising in recent years, then this is an underestimate.

⁴Editorial note: This “near impossibility” is in fact what then occurred for 5 years. See footnote 5.

⁵Editorial note: As the next chapter shows, from 2005 to 2010 we moved with remarkable rapidity towards the point of actually seeing real improvements following the results of the report which this chapter summarised, but sadly then, under the new 2010 Coalition government, in the face of huge rises in the numbers wanting to go to university, we saw a most severe curtailing of funding for university education which will take us back to before even the small progress reported here was realised. These current regressive policies are set to be coupled with a great deal of vacuous and largely fake concern being raised to (it will be repeatedly said) widen participation in a supposedly new way, by allowing through a very tiny number of children from very poor backgrounds to go to the most elite institutions and parading them, and this, as some kind of accomplishment. See the footnote 4 of Chapter 23 below on how this approach failed in the 1930s (p 175 of this volume).

Chapter 18

¹Editorial note: This is the Guardian on-line version of an article on how much changed in widening participation between the situation described in the Chapter above in 2005, and 2010. A shorter version of this text appeared in the Guardian newspaper (28th January, p 10). Note how both this chapter and the previous chapter begin by referring to the work of the Higher Education Funding Council which allows us to monitor widening participation in universities in a constant way over time. That may well not be possible soon. The Coalition government appears to wish to redefine widening participation as allowing just a tiny number of children from very poor backgrounds to go to the most prestigious universities, while some of the universities that cater for the largest numbers of students from the poorest backgrounds in Britain may be shut down.

Chapter 19

¹Editorial note: This chapter is a short commentary which had been placed on the web pages of the political group Compass. It was written because at the time I was a member of the Academic Reference Group advising ministers on the Social Mobility White Paper. I’d received a very nice letter from the Prime Minister’s Private Secretary. In the end my most significant contribution was probably to write this short piece!

²Watt, N. (2008) ‘Social mobility on the rise at last’, says report, The Guardian, 3 November, www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/nov/03/socialexclusion-gordonbrown-social-mobility-labour (Nicholas Watt was the newspaper’s chief political correspondent. Social mobility is more about politics than education or employment).

³Nicholas Timmins (2008) ‘Can do better in the social mobility class’, Financial Times, 4 November.

⁴Editorial note: It is telling to note that less than two years after writing these words I was penning the preceding chapter on university entry no longer polarising. It might be tempting to imagine that this reflected increased social mobility at GCSE level, first identified in the 1990 birth cohort. Maybe these three points did, after all, point to that development, if not a longer-term trend. We will eventually find out.

Chapter 20

¹Editorial note: First published in 2010 on the website of the Journal Social Europe jointly with Benjamin Hennig. original title began “Angles, Saxons, inequality, and …”

²Ben Ansell developed a formal model for the role of politics in higher education reform in which he emphasised the trilemma between mass enrolment, public subsidisation, and total public spending for political parties. (Ansell, B. (2008) ‘University challenges: explaining institutional change in higher education’, World Politics, no 60, pp 189–230). Ansell argues that left-wing policy is not targeted at tertiary education for the masses as they receive their main electoral support from the working class which rarely takes part in tertiary education and thus is not in favour of increased spending in higher education.

³Figures derived from Education in the Federal Republic of Germany 2008, published by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

⁴It must be said that national federal governments have limited power in educational policy in Germany. The federal states (Bundeslaender) control this field of politics, while the national government can only set certain frameworks. Changes thus require the consent of 16 state administrations with a very heterogeneous political structure, consisting of different coalitions with parties from the whole political spectrum, all following their own political agendas and ideologies. The Germany educational landscape thus remains a patchwork of 16 different educational policies, all competing to be better than the others. Financing education, however, is dependent on the national government, as the federal states have no power to levy taxes.

⁵Not discussed here is another dimension of inequality which affects the second generation of migrants that were recruited in the 1960s. Children from migrant families (citizens with migrant backgrounds as they are called in Germany) are more likely to be in lower qualification school types, even those of an otherwise equal social status.

⁶Pfeffer, F. T. (2008) ‘Persistent inequality in educational attainment and its institutional context’, European Sociological Review, vol 24, no 5, pp 543–65, doi:10.1093/esr/jcn026.

⁷Private education is a phenomenon with (still) little importance in Germany: As ‘better’state education remains more elitist, there is hardly any demand for it. With an increasing number of comprehensive schools and growing inequalities, this may change in the near future.

⁸And at 25% of the combined state and private budget for 7% of children this remains more, proportionately, than any other OECD country apart from Chile.

⁹See: Dorling, D. (2010) Injustice: Why social inequality persists, Bristol: The Policy Press.

Chapter 21

¹Also reprinted in the New Statesman’s magazine as “Cash and the class system”, 24 June 2008

²Editorial note: Coincidentally, but giving away something of my class status, Isabella Beeton was probably my great-great-something aunt, her step-father being Henry Dorling (the first clerk of Epsom race course). I wonder what Victorian Henry would have thought of young women being told to wear knickers to enter the Royal Enclosure. Could he have imagined it at Epsom, or of his descendants writing it off as a joke?

³Editorial note: In the end the Scots lost their battle to ask about income in their own census. They will be asking if households have access to 4 or more cars as a new and extremely indirect measure of wealth and as a tiny improvement on the 2001 Census (which did not go above 3 or more cars as a category!). The form can be found here: www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/the-census/scotlands-census-2011-specimen-questionnaire.pdf

⁴Editorial note: The British parliament didn’t want to know. In fact, they were so adamant that they didn’t want to know that the government didn’t just not ask about income in the 2011 census, next the then new Coalition government announced that there would be no census for 2021, no questions on any subject, let alone on income or wealth. We can use other sources to try to estimate what Charles Booth type maps might look like if redrawn today, but official bodies will not release tax and benefit data at a fine enough scale to do this accurately. A census question would be one of the best ways of ensuring that we knew whether we were divided again street by street as we were towards the end of the Victorian era, but first we require a campaign to reinstate the census! Alternatively, the aftermath of the English riots of August 2011 might increase Parliament’s interest in knowing just how segregated every small area has become.

Chapter 22

¹Editorial note: The statistics with which this chapter begins were the most up-to-date concerning the median incomes of each quintile group of earners in Britain at the time of writing.

²The interim report can be downloaded from the Treasury’s website. It was placed there on 1 December 2010 and is titled “Hutton Review of Fair Pay in the Public Sector”. See: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/indreview_willhutton_fairpay.htm Hutton bases his review on Rawls flawed “‘difference principle’, the notion that inequality is permissible only to the extent that those at the bottom can be said to benefit from arrangements which allow others to be very much richer.” (page 13 of the interim review). It is flawed because growing inequality itself is now known to disbenefit society, especially the poor. See page 87 of this book and section entitled “Rawls was wrong: inequality harms us all”.

³Editorial note: This is the ratio for the median income of the best-off and worse-off fifths, which amounts to just over half the rise in inequality that can be measured between the mean levels of household incomes by quintile (which rose form 6.9 to 7.2). This ratio for individuals is lower because it is the ratio of median, not mean incomes, and because inequalities between households tend to be greater than between individuals. Well paid individuals are often married to other well paid individuals. This exacerbates social inequalities overall.

⁴Editorial note: As it happened, in his final report to government Will Hutton did not even recommend a 20 to 1 inequality limit for pay differentials in the public sector. Maybe he and those advising him could see where it might lead and how they might personally lose out? The lists of those whose advice he sought are given in appendices in both reviews, but not the incomes of a single advisor.

Chapter 23

¹In summer 2010 I was invited to write this paper for probable publication within a forthcoming special issue of the National Institute Economic Review which is published quarterly by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research in London. I had received that invitation to write the paper based on a conference presentation and was told at the time that “This is an influential journal which targets policy-makers in the UK and other European countries as well as an academic audience and aims to do so in a timely and topical manner. The articles are assured of quick turnarounds by referees so that issues of immediate policy interest can be addressed.” I submitted the paper in November. The turnaround was quick. In December the editor of the special issue suggested man changes, all of which I accepted (I have reinserted a few of the more interesting deletions in the footnotes which follow so you can see what was excluded). The paper was accepted subject to final review. In January the paper was rejected for publication because a single anonymous referee did not agree with its tone, including my suggestion that the raising of state retirement age was being “forced through”. Apparently I was being “very loaded and inaccurate”. I offered to make changes but to no avail. I’ve included the paper here so you can decide for yourself. I am grateful to the editor of the special issue, Geoff Mason, for all the changes he has made to the copy you can read here and to professors Andy Green and Lorna Unwin who originally asked me to write it. The footnotes to this paper are illustrative of some of the more interesting asides that are often removed from academic papers. The original title of the previously unpublished article ended “… and the prospects for the future.”

²Editorial note: As you can see, the article was at the point of having had its key words assigned and diagrams reformatted into the house style of the journal which had invited me to write it before its last minute rejection.

³Editorial note: See Chapter 17, page 139, for an earlier paper Mark and I wrote on these issues.

⁴Or, as he put it, for every hard working student from a poorer area, how many more extremely lazy youngsters from the upper classes then ‘studied’ at university, Michael Young was basing his assertions on reports produced in the 1930s that showed this to be the case. [Added editorial note: In particular see Chapter 10 by David V Glass and J. L. Gray entitled ‘Opportunity and the older universities: a study of the Oxford and Cambridge scholarship system’, within J. Hogben (1938) Political arithmetic: A symposium of population studies, London: George Allen and Unwin. Reprinted by Routledge in 2010. On page 439 of that volume details are given concerning how the majority (52.7%) of ‘scholarships’ and ‘exhibitions’, designed supposedly to widen participation slightly – even in those times – were being awarded to pupils from “Public and Private Schools” (note also that the word ‘Public” here is the bizarre title given to the most private of private schools, those whose head is invited to a particular annual conference): “The conclusion to be drawn from this last table is that the bulk of State scholarships, in relation to school populations, is going to boys from wealthier families or from families of higher social status than was intended by the authors of the scheme” (page 442). ]

⁵In 2010 Sheffield Hallam was the seat of the Deputy Prime Minister, within the ‘six constituency area’ that is Sheffield city.

⁶This part of Hampstead is a neighbourhood where, if a youngster tells you they have been offered a place at university, you should not be surprised to hear that it is one of those institutions whose names are best known.

⁷The small drop in access for the best-off quintile is thought to be partly due to slightly more pupils from the most elite of public schools aiming for Harvard or the Sorbonne in recent years (Corver, 2010), and also a little lack of imagination over having suitable ‘insurance offers’ amongst some of these children who are then shocked when they don’t necessarily secure a place in the university of their dreams (see the story of Florence on page 181).

⁸Note also that all the complaints about letting more children from poorer areas have a chance are about letting at most an extra one in 25 children have university access from these areas. This achievement could hardly be described as the workers taking over the parapets of power. It is not as if they are being allowed in for any reason other than that they are finally being allowed to get the grades that give a young person a chance at access to university.

⁹At this point the editor suggested that I insert the following sentence and I agreed as a compromise although I have never read Chowdry et al’s paper and was not entirely happy with the implications of including this:“This confirms previous findings by Chowdry et al (2008) that poor attainment in secondary schools is the biggest single barrier to young people from poorer neighbourhoods attending university”. If you are interested in the study that I was asked to add a reference to (although I had not read it), see: Chowdry, H., Crawford, C., Dearden, L., Goodman, A. and Vignoles, A. (2008) Widening participation in higher education: Analysis using linked administrative data, Report R69, Institute for Fiscal Studies: London, UK.

¹⁰Anyone familiar with university applications will note the totemic “grade 8” at various musical instruments (a function of parental financial support), the place in the school sports team (mainly a function of how small the school is and how many teams it has) and the A*s (largely a function of the kind of school you attend).

¹¹Fewer young people were being paid to stand in shops asking if you wanted “help with anything”. This is, in itself not a bad outcome, but even those jobs are much more worthwhile and much less boring for many young adults when compared with the alternative of sitting at home and watching television.

¹²With the loss of 27,000 jobs around Christmas 2008. See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7811187.stm

¹³This figure was removed by the editor as unsuitable for publication before the paper was rejected entirely. It has been a long time since it was asked what the economy could do for us, rather than what we could do for the economy. It has been a very long time since we were in as dire straits as we are in now. It is worth looking back at what we did the last time. It is worth worrying why some economists are so keen to censor such consideration. I did ask if it would be possible to know who the anonymous member of the editorial board of the journal was who said this piece could not be published, but they chose to remain in the shadows.

Looking back at Figure 7 and at the conclusion above, I am still forced to ask, apart from including women as well as men, brown faces as well as white, and not having everyone wearing a cap, how else would you redraw the cartoon shown above for today?

Chapter 25

¹Dorling, D. (2010) Injustice: Why social inequality persists, Bristol: The Policy Press (Chapter 3, footnote 28, page 326 – should you want the details).

²Blond, P. and Milbank, J. (2010) ‘No equality of opportunity’, The Guardian, 28 January 2010, p 28.

³For one of the most insightful discussions, which does not discount the genetic possibilities, but which says they are so tiny that by implicit implication appearance could be as important, see the open access copy of the summary of James Flynn’s December 2006 lecture which was given at Trinity College Cambridge: www.psychometrics.sps.cam.ac.uk/page/109/beyond-the-flynn-effect.htm (accessed 9/7/2009), the full length version of the argument is: Flynn, J. R. (2007) What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

⁴Miller, D. (2005) What is social justice. Social Justice: Building a Fairer Britain. N. Pearce and W. Paxton. London, Politicos: 3-20. (pages 14-15).

⁵Goldthorpe, J. and M. Jackson. (2007) ‘Education-based meritocracy: the barriers to its realisation’, Economic change, quality of life and social cohesion 6th framework network, from www.equalsoc.org/paper_fetcher.aspx?type=2&id=11. (page S3).

⁶Bourdieu, P. (2007) Sketch for a self-analysis (English language edition), Cambridge: Polity Press.

⁷For the full wording of his text about children’s abilities delivered in 2005, see: Ball, S.J. (2008) The education debate, Bristol, The Policy Press, p 12. Tony’s comments about the work which would be beneath his children are recorded in Steel, M. (2008) What’s going on, London: Simon and Schuster, p 8.

⁸Editorial note: In Britain most recently it has been the Australian writer Peter Saunders (not to be confused with the Australian academic of the same name) who has been at the forefront of such arguments, including making the argument that we need to create more servile simple jobs for people he labels as stupid. Whenever someone comes along with such arguments look for their track record and for where they have been dismissed before. Usefully on his website Peter provides examples of how best to deal with him:

“Inrecent days, some politicians and commentators in New Zealand have attacked me for suggesting that, on average, people in higher occupational classes are brighter than people in lower class positions. I have been labelled ‘extreme right wing’ and a ‘nut job’ for pointing out the link between social class and intelligence. …The problem is that one-sixth of the population has an IQ under 85. At this level, people struggle with tasks like reading and understanding official documents, or working out a budget. These are the people who used to do the unskilled jobs that have now disappeared, and many of them are now long-term welfare dependent.”

However, given that most people who are unemployed are young, for Peter’s argument to work we must have very recently become more stupid. I think we can become more stupid, but this is more the case when it comes to arguments such as Peter’s which are themselves good evidence that progress is not inevitable and of how poor argument can be promoted. The quote is from his website: www.petersaunders.org.uk/social_class__intelligence.html (accessed in February 2011).

Chapter 26

¹See Programme for international student assessment, OECD, Paris 2007.

²Editorial note: The 2009 PISA results were released after the original article (which this chapter was based on) was written: OECD (2010), PISA 2009 at a Glance, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264095298-en. They suggested that amongst a larger pool of countries the Netherlands remained towards the top. That country ranked 11th out of 65 countries surveyed and was significantly above the OECD average in the Mathematical proficiency of its children (Ibid, Figure 1.5, page 21); 11 out of 65 in Science (Ibid, Figure 1.8, page 27) and 10th out of 65 in Reading (Ibid Figure 1.2, page 15). The UK ranked 28th, 16th and 25th respectively. The PISA results remain a useful source of information on educational outcomes, just as early experiments on making humans smoke remain a useful source of information on health outcomes. That does not mean that either kind of study is necessarily something we should wish to see repeated.

³OECD, PISA 2006 Technical Report, Paris 2009.

⁴See for example Tuddenham, R. D. (1948) ‘Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II’, American Psychologist, 3; Flynn, J.R. (1984) ‘The mean IQ of Americans: massive gains 1932 to 1978’, Psychological Bulletin, 95; Flynn, J.R. (1987) ‘Massive IQ gains in 14 nations’, Psychological Bulletin 101.

⁵White, J. (2002) The child’s mind, Falmer: Routledge, p 76.

⁶See Dorling, D. (2010) Injustice: Why social inequality persists, Bristol: The Policy Press. For one example see Clark, L. (2009) ‘Middle-class children have better genes, says former schools chief … and we just have to accept it’, Daily Mail, 13 May.

⁷See Chapter 8 (on education) in: Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2009) The spirit level: Why more equal societies almost always do better, London: Allen Lane.

⁸There is not space here to go into all the research on IQ and genetics. But see, for example, footnote 3 on page 195 above on J.R. Flynn’s insightful discussion on identical twins, which argues that it is possible to take his logic one step further and propose that similar appearance could be key to explaining away apparently innate ability. Teachers and other adults tend to treat and teach children differently according partly to their physical appearance. For the tiny differences that would need to be explained by this see: What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect, Cambridge University Press, 2007. See also his open access lecture www.psychometrics.sps.cam.ac.uk/page/109/beyond-the-flynn-effect.htm.

⁹M. Gladwell, (2007) ‘What I.Q. doesn’t tell you about race’, New Yorker, 17 December.

¹⁰Tomlinson, S. (2007) ‘Learning to compete’, Renewal, vol 15, nos 2/3, p 120.

¹¹Gillborn, D. and Youdell, D. (2000) Rationing education: Policy practice, reform and equity, Buckingham: Open University Press.

¹²In Britain in 1997, the then head of the nation’s Economic and Social Research Council andhis colleagues suggested that there was the possibility:‘… that children born to working-class parents simply have less natural ability than those born to higher-class parents’. Documented in White, S. (2007) Equality, Cambridge: Polity Press, p 66.

¹³‘…children of different class backgrounds tend to do better or worse in school - on account, one may suppose, of a complex interplay of sociocultural and genetic factors.’ Goldthorpe, J. and Jackson, M. (2007) ‘Education-based meritocracy: the barriers to its realisation’, Economic change, quality of life and social cohesion 6th framework network; see www.equalsoc.org/uploaded_files/regular/goldthorpe_jackson.pdf.

¹⁴Cited in Ball, S.J. (2008) The education debate, Bristol: The Policy Press, p 180, quoting from the 2005 DfES White Paper on ‘Higher standards: Better schools for all’, p 20, paragraph 1.28 (emphasis added).

Chapter 27

¹Editorial note: References have been inserted back into this chapter from the draft article. They were not included when it was first published. I have also added a few more notes to these footnotes as the changes in just a year have been remarkable.

²Ramesh, R. (2010) ‘London’s richest people worth 273 times more than the poorest’, The Guardian, 21 April, www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/apr/21/wealth-social-divide-health-inequality

³Editorial note: A year later rises of several months were reported in life expectancy in Glasgow for both men and women so it would appear unlikely, as yet that a real fall had begun in 2008. However, even by the start of 2011 most of the public sector cuts to hit Glasgow and the lowering of living standards there were only just beginning.

⁴Editorial note: By the end of 2010 the BBC was reporting that the average price of a home in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea had risen by 12.1% to stand at £1,272,398. The mean price for a detached house rose to £7.1 million, a semi or terraced house was now priced at £3 million, and a flat at £814,000. The increase recorded in that last quarter alone had been 17.7%. See: BBC (2010) UK house prices: July-September 2010, 17 November, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/uk_house_prices/html/aw.stm

⁵Editorial note: There was an error in the original article which read “or £3.3bn each if shared out ‘fairly’”. Although many people commented on the article nobody noticed my inability to divide by 1,000.

⁶Coping, J. (2010) Sunday Times Rich List 2010: Britain’s richest see wealth rise by one third, 24 April, www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/7624159/Sunday-Times-Rich-List-2010-Britains-richest-see-wealth-rise-by-one-third.html

⁷BBC news at 10, 24 April 2010.

⁸Editorial note: This table was not included in the original article. The numbers can either be read as the total wealth of the 1,000 richest in £billions, or their mean average holdings in £millions. The fall in their wealth was reported by Nikkhah, R. (2009) Sunday Times Rich List 2009 – Analysis: The Sunday Times Rich List 2009 reveals that Britain’s wealthiest individuals have lost £155 billion in the last year, April 25, www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/5220243/Sunday-Times-Rich-List-2009-Analysis.html. The subsequent rise is given in the article referenced in footnote 6.

Chapter 28

¹Poverty, wealth and place in Britain 1968 to 2005 by Danny Dorling and others is published by Policy Press, copy available here: http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2007/07/17/JRFfullreport.pdf

²Editorial note: This last point was added to this version of the article as Tatton was George Osborne’s constituency and by 2010 he had become Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Chapter 29

¹Editorial note: See Chapter 1 of this volume, page 13, for more details of changing murder rates. In 2010 the United Nations Development Programme Human Development report was published. It included in its appendix a statistic suggesting that the homocide rate in the UK was amongst the highest in the affluent world, at 48 per million per year. It is probably lower, but we should be wary of thinking our murder rate is so low.

²Editorial note: The supposedly positive thing, later being labelled ‘Big Society’.

³Editorial note: The need to become fairer becomes more acute once the country as a whole stops becoming richer.

Chapter 30

¹Editorial note: See the original article for where the first 5,989 words of this article and seven figures not shown here can be found. The article concludes with the section reproduced here.

²George Walden (MP for Buckingham from 1983 to 1997, and briefly Minister for Higher Education)

³Editorial note: For more detail of George’s suggestions over the terrible effect he thought immigration was having in Britain see the full version of this paper. George wrote of his thoughts on immigrants while living as a very English ex-pat retiree in France. He appeared to think nothing of the follies of hypocrisy.

⁴Editorial note: That full report, the State of the English cities technical report, was never published, even on-line. It was written for the government department ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister). They preferred glossy reports over more down-beat ones.

⁵Editorial note – this is exactly the same table as shown in chapter two of this volume, but sorted by a different column in the version reproduced here. Here the cities are ranked byaverage score in 2003, in Chapter 2, Table 1 of this volume they are ranked by the change column but the data, columns and cities are otherwise identical (see pp 33-4).

⁶Editorial note: It became “The Places Database” to be found here: www.places.communities.gov.uk/ as of March 2011, having begun life in cyberspace here: www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/socr/ (where an original copy can still be found).

⁷Editorial note: If other cities in the United Kingdom were included outside of England, Liverpool might potentially be joined in a group by Swansea, Glasgow, Belfast and other similar Western ports and old industrial centres.

⁸Editorial note: The contributions to that database by the group I work can be found here: State of the English cities report – Sheffield Files, page: www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/socr/

⁹The train time data is mapped in this volume, Chapter 1, Figure 1 (page 35). It was also reproduced in the original version of this paper and the data is available at the following web address: www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/socr/data/SOCD52_train_times_to_london.xls. On line booking systems were used to create this dataset. Journey searches were set to 0800 to London on 10 Feb 2005. From the 5 journeys returned, the fastest journey time was chosen, rounded to nearest five minutes. Note that all these datasets and many more are available from www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/socr/

¹⁰The power centre is in the heart of the capital, wedged between the discrete hedge fund offices in Mayfair and the all imposing and (recently) far less profitable banking towers of Canary Wharf. Parliament is surrounded by bankers.

¹¹Editorial note: see Dorling, D. (2011) So you think you know about Britain?, London: Constable and Robinson, for a discussion on where the most immigrants are to be found and who they are.

¹²The state of the English cities, published 7 March 2006 by what was the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, ISBN 10 1-851128-45-X and to be found here:www.communities.gov.uk/publications/regeneration/state4 (at least as of March 2011. Hardcopy is priced at £60.00 but it is free to download still).

¹³See the map shown in Chapter 23, page 176 of this volume, which reveals that difference – or better still, the colour version of that figure in the plate section.

¹⁴Editorial note: In fact journalists working with the ITV ‘Tonight’ programme, as broadcast on 27th January 2011, travelled to Evesham and reported from the southern end of a constituency there which I placed, as a whole, in the North, as being out of place… See: www.itv.com/news/tonight/episodes/northversussouth/

Chapter 31

¹Editorial note: Footnotes were not included in the original version that was printed. They have been reinstated here.

²Hall, P. (2007) London voices, London lives: Tales from a working capital, Bristol: The Policy Press, 498 pages, £24.99 (paperback).

¹I could not persuade Christopher to let me reproduce one of his images, so here is a more conventional photograph: www.bigstockphoto.com/image-5997958/stock-photo-vintage-london-panorama However, should you be interested in his drawings see:London looking North (by Christopher Rogers, 2004) as now used on a jigsaw puzzle: www.jigsawpuzzlesworld.com/jigsawpuzzle.php?refnum=G830

³Hills, J,. Brewer, M., Jenkins, S.P., Lister, R., Lupton, R., Machin, S., Mills, C., Modood, T., Rees, T. and Riddell, S. (2010) An anatomy of economic inequality in the UK: Report of the National Equality Panel, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28344/

⁴Source: British Library. See: www.bl.uk/reshelp/images/maps/large14281.html

⁵Editorial note: Early on in 2010 Matthew d’Ancona wrote:“We can no longer insulate ourselves against poverty”, London Evening Standard, 5 March 2010, //www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23812470-we-can-no-longer-insulate-ourselves-against-poverty.do in which it was reported that “On 12 October 1843, The Times ran an editorial lamenting the bitter paradox that “within the most courtly precincts of the richest city of GOD’s earth, there may be found, night after night, winter after winter … FAMINE, FILTH AND DISEASE.” This week’s campaign in the Evening Standard on London’s dispossessed has identified precisely the same pathology, more than 160 years later. How is it that the greatest city on the planet, this thriving republic of prosperity, culture and vitality, is still home to the most dreadful poverty?’ One answer to Matthew’s question is to let him know that the wealth of those 1,000 richest people each rose by an average of £60 million from 2010–2011. It is a clue as to where the money has gone (Sunday Times Rich List, revealed late in spring 2011).

⁶Editorial note: The report can also be found here (www.equalitytrust.org.uk/londonequality)(March 2011) – The impact of income inequalities on sustainable development in London where it says:“This is a new report written by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, published bythe London Sustainable Development Commission”.

⁷Editorial note: A figure which rose by some 25% or some £60bn in the year between when this chapter was first published as an article and today.

⁸Editorial note: Mayor of London at the time of writing.

⁹Editorial note: Later that year the eyes of the agents of the wealthy would alight on public spending which they cut by £81bn in the Comprehensive Spending Review of October 2010.

¹⁰http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GreatFireOfLondon1666_VictorianEngravingAfterVisscher300dpi.jpg

Chapter 32

¹Editorial note: Full title is ‘Unemployment and health: health benefits vary according to the method of reducing unemployment’, (2009) BMJ, no 338, b829.

²Morris, J.K., Cook, D.G. and Shaper, A.G. (1994) ‘Loss of employment and mortality’, BMJ, no 308, pp 1135–9.

³Mathers, C.D. and Schofield, D.J. (1998) ‘The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence’, Med J Aust, no 168, pp 178–83.

⁴Kraemer, S. (2007) ‘Review: textbook of men’s mental health’, Br J Psychiatry, no 161, pp 573–4.

⁵David Cameron quoted in the Wall Street Journal’s online reporting from the World Economic Summit, 19 Feb 2009. http://davos.wsj.com/quote/07Ve8YI400cRt?q=David±Cameron.

⁶Bartley, M., Sacker,A. and Clarke, P. (2004) ‘Employment status, employment conditions, andlimiting illness: prospective evidence from the British household panel survey 1991–2001’, J Epidemiol Community Health, no 58, pp 501–6.

⁷Morrell, S.L.,Taylor, R.J. and Kerr, C.B. (1998) ‘Unemployment and young people’s health’, Med J Aust, no 168, pp 236–40.

⁸Branthwaite,A. and Garcia, S. (1985) ‘Depression in the young unemployed and those on youth opportunities schemes’, Br J Med Psychol, no 58, pp 67–74.

⁹Dorling, D. and Gunnell, D. (2003) ‘Suicide: the spatial and social components of despair in Britain 1980–2000’, Trans Inst Br Geographers, no 28, pp 442–60.

¹⁰Mitchell, R., Dorling, D. and Shaw, M. (2000) Inequalities in life and death. What if Britain were more equal?, www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/jr086-inequalities-life-death.pdf.

¹¹Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2009) The spirit level: Why more equal societies almost always do better, London: Penguin (Allen Lane).

¹²Editorial note: These numbers were inserted to attempt to show that there was capacity for universities to increase their intake rapidly to reduce potential graduate competition for scarce jobs and so reduce youth unemployment (mainly amongst young people who had no chance of going to university at all). What occurred was the opposite. By early 2011 it looked as if university places were to be cut for the first time since the 1950s and one in five recent university graduates were reported as being out of work and looking for work, competing for jobs with other young people. Masters, and other easily variably sized courses, increased in intake dramatically, despite even higher debts being amassed. There was talk of forcing other young people into labour gangs regardless of their wishes, hopes, vocations or inclinations, or the likely long-term health consequences.

¹³Corver, M. (2005) Young participation in higher education, Higher Education Funding Council for England report 2005/3, www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2005/05_03/.

¹⁴National Audit Office (2008) Widening participation in higher education, NAO report 725 (2007-2008) www.nao.org.uk/publications/0708/widening_participation_in_high.aspx.

¹⁵Dorling, D. (2004) ‘Top up fees and medicine, waive repayments completely if working life is spent in the NHS’, [letter] BMJ no 328: p 712, doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7441.712.

Chapter 33

¹Written jointly with Mary Shaw and published as a short note of correspondence.

²Roy, E., Boivin, J-F., Haley, N. and Lemire, N. (1998) ‘Mortality among street youth’, Lancet, no 352, p 32.

³Bines, W. (1994) The health of single homeless people,York: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York.

⁴Grenier, P. (1996) Still dying for a home, London: Crisis.

⁵Shaw, M. (1998)A place apart: the spatial polarisation of mortality in Brighton, Bristol: University of Bristol.

Chapter 34

¹Original article had the subtitle …“the stock has just been shared out abysmally – and that’s the fault of the market”

²Dorling, D and Thomas, B (2011) Bankrupt Britain: An atlas of social change, Bristol: The Policy Press (page 39).

Chapter 35

¹Written with Jamie R. Pearce, now at the Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh. Original title ended “… among smokers and nonsmokers on geographical inequalities in health”. Just a small part of the original paper is reproduced here.

²Editorial note: See original article for remainder of introductory text and information on data and methods.

³Editorial note: The remainder of this section and sections on the ‘Effects on Life Expectancy’, ‘Overall Results’, ‘Trends in Smoking Rates: 1981 to 2006’, the ‘Smoking Migration Balance’, the ‘Effects of International Migration’, the ‘Smoking–Migration Balance and Life Expectancy’ and a ‘Discussion’ have all been extracted to aid readability!

Chapter 36

¹Paper written jointly with John Pritchard when he was working at the University of Sheffield in the Social and Spatial Inequalities Group. The original article had the subtitle “because enough is never enough”.

²Editorial note: Of course, a year after this was written we discovered that the wealthy had quickly recouped their losses. See table at the end of Chapter 27 (p 212) in this volume showing just how dramatic the change was.

Chapter 37

¹Editorial note: This rise in the wealth of the super-rich of the UK has been referred to at many points in this book, but it really cannot be referred to enough, given how much money is now held by them, and those just below them, and how from 2010 to 2011 their wealth rose again by a further 25%.

SECTION VII

¹Shaw, M., Dorling, D. and Brimblecombe, N. (1999) ‘Life chances in Britain by housing wealth and for the homeless and vulnerably housed‘, Environment and Planning A, vol 31, pp 2239-48.

SECTION VIII

¹Marmot, M. et al (2010) Fair society, healthy lives, London: The Marmot Review.

Chapter 38

¹Written with Kate Pickett and with Kate as first author (She is based at the Department of Health Sciences, University of York).

²Editorial note: On 21 July 2011 the Associated Press revealed that a judge in Chile had ordered an investigation into whether Pablo Neruda had been mudered in 1973.

Chapter 39

¹Editorial note: In 2011 a group within the very small gun-lobby that exists in Britain questioned whether a claim I had made about people being more likely to be shot in the countryside was valid. They pointed out that officially recorded gun crime was high in some urban areas. What they failed to point out was that in the large majority of these cases no gun was fired. The crime being that someone found carrying a gun. In contrast, it appears very likely that the majority of gun crime recorded in rural areas involves the actual discharging of a fire-arm.

Chapter 40

¹This chapter is made up of the text and images used in a lecture given to the Swiss Public Health Society which took place in Berne, 24 June 2005. I am grateful to Matthias Egger, Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), Finkenhubelweg, Berne, for the invitation to speak there.

²Dorling, D. and Thomas, B. (2004) People and places: A census atlas of the UK, Bristol: The Policy Press. Shows this map in relation to other influences.

³Dorling, D. (2005) Human geography of the UK, London: Sage.

⁴Editorial note: As Chapter Seven of this volume makes clear, that gain was short-lived. See also Shaw, M., Davey Smith, G. and Dorling, D. (2005) ‘Health inequalities and New Labour: how the promises compare with real progress’, BMJ, vol 330, pp 1016–21.

⁵Note the data here refer to the year 2000 – over ten years ago. The figure is now nearer 6.8 billion, by the end of of 2011 it is forecast to pass 7 billion.

⁶Editorial note: Were the figures to be redrawn using data from more up-to-date reports the changes would be so small in most cases as to be imperceptible.

⁷Editorial note: Although unknown to me while I was giving this lecture, my colleague Tomoki Nakaya and his colleagues were mapping the spread of AIDS in Japan even using very small numbers: T. Nakaya, K. Nakase and K. Osaka (2005) ‘Spatio-temporal modelling of the HIV epidemic in Japan based on the national HIV/AIDS surveillance’,’ Journal of Geographical Systems, vol 7, pp 313–36. Later the results were shown here: (www.envplan.com/epa/editorials/a4320.pdf

⁸SII is the Slope Index of Inequality and DII an alternative measure – the ‘Dispersal Index of Inequality’.

Chapter 41

¹Editorial note: This book review first appeared on-line in the series H-HistGeog, H-Net Reviews. It is included here because I really like the title that the review editor chose for it, and because it shows what kind of obscure things people like me worry about when we write about why we draw maps. H-Net is short hand for “the Humanities and Social Sciences”. See: www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=92111211471469

²This extract, translated from the French, appears in Poster, M. (1988) (ed) Jean Baudrillard, Selected writings, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p 166.

³He is described as an American in the text (p xxii); as he worked there towards the end of his life, it is an easy error to make.

Chapter 42

¹Wilkinson, R. (2005) The impact of inequality: How to make sick societies healthier, New York: The New Press.

²Fawcett, J., Blakely, T. and Kunst, A. (2005) ‘Are mortality differences and trends by educationany better or worse in New Zealand? A comparison study with Norway, Denmark and Finland, 1980–1990s’, European Journal of Epidemiology, no 20, pp 683–91.

³Carvalho, R. and Batty, M. (2006) ‘The geography of scientific productivity: scaling in US computer science’, Physics Abstracts: arXiv: physics/0603242v1, available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0603242, accessed 28 March.

⁴Wallerstein, I. (2003) Decline of American power: The US in a chaotic world, New York: The New Press.

⁵Ross, N., Dorling, D., Dunn, J.R., Henriksson, G., Glover, J., Lynch, J. and Weitoft, G.R. (2005) ‘Metropolitan income inequality and working-age mortality: a cross-sectional analysis using comparable data from five countries’, Journal of Urban Health, no 82, pp 101–10.

⁶Lynch, J.W., Smith, G.D., Kaplan, G.A. and House, J.S. (2000) ‘Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions’, BMJ, no 320, pp 1200–04.

⁷Singh, G.K. and Siahpush, M. (2006) ‘Widening socioeconomic inequalities in US life expectancy,1980 2000’, Int J Epidemiol, doi:10.1093/ije/dyl083.

⁸Mackenback, J.P. (2006) Health inequalities: Europe in profile, Independent report commissionedby the UK Presidency of the EU, available at: www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/HI_EU_Profile,0.pdf.

⁹Shaw, M., Orford, S., Brimblecombe, N. and Dorling, D. (2000) ‘Widening inequality in mortality between 160 regions of 15 countries of the European Union’, Social Science and Medicine, no 30, pp 1047–58.

¹⁰Nakaya, T. and Dorling, D. (2005) ‘Geographical inequalities of mortality by income in two developed island countries: a cross-national comparison of Britain and Japan’, SocialScience and Medicine, no 60, pp 2865–75.

¹¹Pearce, J. and Dorling, D. (2006) ‘Increasing geographical inequalities in health in New Zealand, 1980–2001’, International Journal of Epidemiology, no 35, pp 567–603.

¹²Ram, R. (2005) ‘Further examination of the cross-country association between income inequality and population health’, Social Science and Medicine, no 62, pp 779–91.

¹³Dorling, D. (2006) ‘Class alignment renewal’, Journal of Labour Politics, no 14, pp 8–19.

¹⁴Dorling, D., Shaw, M. and Davey Smith, G. (2006) ‘HIV and global health: global inequality of life expectancy due to AIDS’, BMJ, no 332, pp 662–4.

¹⁵Lyrics from hwww.kididdles.com/mouseum/h020.html (available for purchase on cassette on the album ‘Wee Sing in the Car’ from the KIDiddles Online Store).

Chapter 43

¹Editorial note: This is a section entitled in the original paper, “The importance ofcircumstance”, taken from a longer piece entitled:“Anecdote is the singular of data”.

²Thanks to Nick Phelps for this. Source: Lenny Bruce, comedian character, in Don DeLillo’s Underworld, (1998, p 544). ‘Anecdote is the singular of data’ came from an e-mail forwarded to me by Charles Pattie.

³Directions have also been anonymised somewhat.

⁴Children going to private school did not use the subway – I think they must have travelled by car.

Chapter 44

¹ First published in Issue 433 of New Internationalist, pages 20-21.

Chapter 45

¹ Editorial note: See the final Table in Chapter 1 of this book, on page 23.

Chapter 46

¹Speaking on 3rd of April 2006 as then Minister of Communities and Local Government, Presentation for “The Work Foundation”: www.theworkfoundation.com/Assets/pdfs/Ideopolis_DavidMilibandspeech.pdf

²For more details and a summary table showing how each of the 56 cities actually fared see: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/publications/2006/dorling_inequalityinBritain1997_corrected.pdf or Chapters 2 or 30 of this book, pages 33 and 228.

³From press release DCLG 22/3/2007 “Coalfields discover they have a second life”, quote: Housing Minister, Yvette Cooper, 22 March, 2007: www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1002882&PressNoticeID=2382

⁴Extract taken from executive summary of the report the minister was referringto “Regenerating the English Coalfields” – interim evaluation of the coalfieldregeneration programmes, published by DCLG: www.communities.gov.uk/pub/894/InterimEvaluationofthecoalfieldsregenerationprogrammes_id1508894.pdf

⁵Source: Jim Murphy’s blog, www.dwp.gov.uk/welfarereform/blog/index.php/page/2/

⁶Editorial note: A measure of how much an area contributes to increasing GDP and GNP.

⁷Available on-line at www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1206.pdf

⁸Available online at www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmtreasy/1289/2103009.htm

Chapter 47

¹ Editorial note: And then just to ensure no effect, by the abolition of future payments to those funds by the incoming 2010 Coalition.

² Editorial note: This is usually the fastest route. Three and a half years after this commentary was written it was looking as if history would not be repeating itself in quite the same way.

Chapter 48

¹This Supplementary memorandum from Professor Danny Dorling, pages Ev 323- 324, 2008, House of Commons Transport Committee: Ending the scandal of complacency: Road safety beyond 2010.

Chapter 49

¹ When published in The Yorkshire Post, the title was in the present tense. I have changed ‘are’ to ‘were’ here.

Chapter 50

¹Dorling, D. (2010) ‘Expert view: one of Labour’s great successes’, The Guardian, 28 January, p 10 [Reproduced as Chapter 18 of this book, page 147].

²www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/30/the-liberalmoment-has-come

³Quoted in part in The Guardian, 1 May 2010, p 37 and in full at www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/30/lib-dems-torieselection

⁴The sources for all these facts are in Dorling, D. (2010) Injustice: Why social inequality persists,Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 117–43

⁵Spalek, B. and King, S. (2007) Farepak victims speak out: An exploration of the harms caused by the collapse of Farepak. See www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/opus419/Farepak_Web_Final.pdf. For the full report, see www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/farepakvictims.html. In April 2010, ‘Customers who paid for hampers from Farepak are expected to receive less than £50 each, even as accountants and lawyers handling the liquidation rack up millions in fees.’ The Times, 27 April 2010 and http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectorsconsumer_goods/article7108918.ece

⁶The change in the post-tax income ratios can be calculated from figures given in Stratton, A. (2010) ‘Lib Dems to accuse Labour of failing to deliver fair taxes’, The Guardian, 11 April 2010 and at http:www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/apr/11/liberal-democratslabour-unfair-taxes

⁷‘For what you dream of’ is the title and chorus of the song that begins ‘When the taking and the giving starts to get too much’, which appeared in the sound track of the film Trainspotting, released a year before New Labour came to power.

Chapter 51

¹ By Benjamin D. Hennig, John Pritchard, Mark Ramsden, and Danny Dorling, while all were at the Department of Geography, University of Sheffield.

² Editorial note: By 2011 over 1,000 maps are included on the website as every individual country is now also mapped to show its population. See www.worldmapper.org

Chapter 52

¹Editorial note: All the data used to make the claims in this chapter were collected by the author and are documented in www.worldmapper.org in the technical notes to the relevant map.