References are to section numbers except where specified as page (p.), figure (fig.), table, or note (n) number.
abbreviations
for academic degrees, 24.2.3
in addresses, 24.3.2
for agencies, companies, and organizations, 24.2.4
in author-date style citations (common examples), 18.1.6, 18.3.2, 24.7; Bible and other sacred works, 19.5.2; books (additional examples), 19.1.2, 19.1.5, 19.1.7, 19.1.8; classical works, 19.5.1.1; dissertations, 19.6.1; manuscript collections, 19.6.4.2; microform editions, 19.5.7; public documents, 19.9; US Constitution, 19.9.5
capitalization of, 24.1.3
conventions for use of, 24.1.2
in date and time references, 23.1.5, 24.4
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
formatting of, 24.1.3
list of (in paper), 24.1.2, A.1.3, A.2.1.10, fig. A.7
in names and professional titles, 22.1.3, 24.2.1, 24.2.2
in notes-bibliography style citations (common examples), 16.1.6, 16.4.1, 24.7; Bible and other sacred works, 17.5.2; books (additional examples), 17.1.4, 17.1.6, 17.1.7; classical works, 17.5.1.1; dissertations, 17.6.1; manuscript collections, 17.6.4.2; microform editions, 17.5.7; public documents, 17.9; US Constitution, 17.9.5
for place-names, 24.3.1
plural forms of, 20.1.2.2, 20.1.2.3, 24.7
possessive forms of, 20.2.1, 20.2.2.1
punctuation of, 24.1.3
in scholarly contexts, 24.7
in tables and figures, 24.1.2, 24.2.4, 24.3.1, 24.4.2, 26.2, 26.3
types of, 24.1.1
with units of measure, 23.1.1, 24.5, 26.2.4
abstracts
citation of: in author-date style, 19.5.5; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.5
in dissertations and theses, A.2.1.13
locating sources via, 3.3.4, 3.3.7
academic terms
abbreviations for degrees, 24.2.3
names of courses and subjects, 22.1.3
scholarly abbreviations, 24.7
access dates, in citations, 3.2.2, 15.4.1.3
acknowledgments, A.2.1.8, A.2.1.9
addresses
e-mail, 20.4.2
street, 23.1.7, 23.2.2, 24.3.2
adjectives, compound forms of, 20.3.1, 20.3.2
advertisements, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1.2, 19.8.3.4
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1.2, 17.8.3.4
alphabetization, principles of, 16.2.2.1, 18.2.1.1
Annals of the Congress of the United States, 17.9.2.1, 19.9.2.1
anthologies, citation of works in
in author-date style, 19.1.9.3
in notes-bibliography style, 17.1.8.3
Apocrypha, abbreviations in, 24.6.2. See also Bible and other sacred works
apostrophes, 20.1, 20.2, 21.11
appendixes
format requirements for, A.2.3.2
multimedia files in, 26.3, A.2.3.2
tables and figures in, 8.3.2, 26.1.1, 26.1.2, A.2.3.2, A.3.1.3, A.3.1.4
appositives, punctuation of, 21.2.4
Arabic, names in, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2
argument, building an, 5.1–5.6, fig. 5.1, 9.1. See also claims; drafts; evidence; hypothesis; questions, research; reasons; warrants
art exhibition catalogs, citation of
in author-date style, 19.8.5.1
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.5.1
artworks
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1
titles of, 22.3.2.1
author-date style citations, 3.2.1, 26.1.3
basic form of, 15.3.2, pp. 216–17, 18.1–18.3, fig. 18.1
specific types of sources in: abstracts, 19.5.5; artworks and graphics, 19.8.1; Bible and other sacred works, 19.5.2; blogs, 19.7.2; books, 19.1; CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, 19.5.8; classical, medieval, and other early English literary works, 19.5.1; dissertations and theses, 19.6.1; electronic discussion groups and mailing lists, 19.7.4; government documents, 19.9; interviews and personal communications, 19.6.3; journal articles, 19.2; lectures and papers presented at meetings, 19.6.2; legal cases, 19.9.7; live performances, 19.8.2; magazine articles, 19.3; manuscript collections, 19.6.4; microform editions, 19.5.7; movies, television, radio, and the like, 19.8.3; newspaper articles, 19.4; online collections, 19.5.9; pamphlets and reports, 19.5.6; public documents, 19.9; reference works, 19.5.3; reviews, 19.5.4; social networking services, 19.7.3; sound recordings, 19.8.4; texts in the visual and performing arts, 19.8.5; US Constitution, 19.9.5; websites, 19.7.1
See also parenthetical citations; reference lists; and specific elements of citations by name
author’s name, in citations, 3.2.2, 15.4.1.1
author-date style, 18.1, fig. 18.1, 18.2.1.1, 18.3, 19.1.1, 19.2; anonymous authors, 19.1.1.5; multiple authors, fig. 18.1, 18.2.1.1, 19.1.1; pseudonyms, 19.1.1.4, 19.7.2, 19.7.4, 19.8.3.5
notes-bibliography style, 16.1, fig. 16.1, 16.2.2.1, 17.1.1, 17.2; anonymous authors, 17.1.1.5; multiple authors, fig. 16.1, 16.2.2.1, fig. 16.2, 17.1.1; in parenthetical notes, 16.4.3.2; pseudonyms, 17.1.1.4, 17.7.2, 17.7.4, 17.8.3.5; in shortened notes, 16.4.1, fig. 16.2
See also names
back matter, A.1.4, A.2.3. See also specific elements of back matter by name
bar charts. See charts
Bible and other sacred works
abbreviations in, 24.6
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.5.2; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.5.2
titles of, 22.3.2.3
Bibliographic Index, 3.3.4
bibliographies
arrangement of entries in, 16.2.2
assembly of, 15.5
basic pattern of, 15.3.1, pp. 144–45, 16.1, fig. 16.1, 16.2
omission of sources from, 16.2.3, 26.1.3
relationship to notes, 16.1, fig. 16.1, 16.2
sample page from, A.2.3.5, fig. A.15
spacing of, A.1.3
bibliographies, specialized (source type), locating topics and sources in, 2.1.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.9
bibliography style citations. See notes-bibliography style citations
blogs
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.7.2;
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.7.2
books
citation of, 3.2.2; in author-date style, fig. 18.1, 19.1; in notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, fig. 16.2, 17.1
evaluation of, as sources, 3.1.2, 3.4.1, 3.4.2
titles of, 22.3.2.1
See also chapters and other parts of books
brackets, 21.8.2
in citations: author-date style, 19.1.1.5, 19.1.2, 19.1.3.3, 19.1.4.2, 19.1.7.1, 19.1.9.3, 19.5.2; notes-bibliography style, 16.2.1, 17.1.1.4, 17.1.1.5, 17.1.2.3, 17.1.6.1, 17.1.6.3
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
with modifications in quotations, 7.5, 25.3.1
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.2.2
brand names, 22.1.3
British government documents, citation of
in author-date style, 19.9.10
in notes-bibliography style, 17.9.10
Canadian government documents, citation of
in author-date style, 19.9.9
in notes-bibliography style, 17.9.9
capitalization
in abbreviations, 24.1.3
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.3; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.3
of foreign-language terms, 22.2.1
headline-style, 22.3.1.1
modification of, in quotations, 25.3.1.2
of names, 22.1
of paper title and titles of elements, A.1.5
sentence-style, 22.3.1.2
in tables and figures, 26.2, 26.3
of titles of works, 22.3.1
CD-ROMs, citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.8
in notes-bibliography style, 17.5.8
chapters and other parts of books
citation of: in author-date style, fig. 18.1, 19.1.1.1, 19.1.9; in notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, 17.1.1.1, 17.1.8
titles of, 22.3.2.2
chapter-title pages, A.2.2.3
charts
area charts, table 8.7
bar charts, 8.2, fig. 8.1, 8.3, fig. 8.4, fig. 8.5, fig. 8.6, fig. 8.7, table 8.7
bubble charts, table 8.7
definition of, 8n1
effective use of, 8.2–8.4, table 8.7
ethical use of, 8.4, fig. 8.10
histograms, table 8.7
image charts, table 8.7
labels within, 8.3.2, fig. 8.7
pie charts, 8.3.3.2, table 8.7
relationship to text, 8.3.1, fig. 8.4, fig. 8.5
scatterplots, table 8.7
See also figures
Chicago Manual of Style, The
on abbreviations, p. 331, 24.5
on citations: author-date style, 18.2.1.1, p. 231; notes-bibliography style, 16.2.2.1, p. 166
on copyright registration, A.2.1.3
on en dashes, 21n1
on foreign languages, 22.2.1
on mathematical expressions, 23.1.9
on names, 22.1
on permissions for material under copyright, p. 346, 26.1.3, A.3.2
Chinese, names in, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2
citation of sources
electronic vs. print, 15.4
information required for, 15.2.2
and plagiarism, 7.9, 15.1, 25.1
reasons for, 15.1
recording information for, 3.2.2, 4.2.1, 15.5, 15.6, 16.1, fig. 16.1
situations requiring, 7.9, 15.2.1
See also author-date style citations; notes-bibliography style citations
claims
anticipation of readers’ questions, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4.3, 6.2.5
in building an argument, 4.1, 5.1–5.6
evaluation of, in sources, 2.1.3, 4.1, 4.3.3
statement of, 6.2.2, 9.2, 10.1.4, 10.2.1
on storyboard, 6.2.1
See also evidence; hypothesis; questions, research; reasons
classical, medieval, and early English literary works, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.5.1
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.5.1
class papers, 7.10
format requirements for, pp. 371–72, A.2, fig. A.1
submission requirements for, pp. 371–72, A.3.2–A.3.3
clauses, punctuation of, 21.2.1, 21.2.3, 21.3, 21.4
Code of Regulations, 17.9.3, 19.9.3
colons, 21.4
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.2.1
in notations of time, 23.1.5
color and shading, use of, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 26.2.3, A.3.1.2, A.3.1.3, A.3.1.4
commas, 21.2
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.2; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.2
introducing quotations, 25.2–25.3
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12
within numbers, 23.2.2
series, 21.2.2
and titles, 22.3.3
Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 17.9.3, 19.9.3
compound terms, spelling of, 20.1.2.1, 20.2.2.2, 20.3.1–20.3.2
conclusion
format requirements for, A.2.2.7
in oral presentations, 13.2.3
planning and writing, 6.2, 9.2, p. 104, 10.2
Congressional Globe, 17.9.2.1, 19.9.2.1
congressional publications, citation of
in author-date style, 19.9.2
in notes-bibliography style, 17.9.2
Congressional Record, 17.9.2.1, 17.9.2.3, 19.9.2.1, 19.9.2.3
“Copyright Law & Graduate Research” (Crews), A.3.2
copyright page, A.2.1.3
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.1
2-em, 21.7.3
3-em, 16.2.2.1, 18.2.1.1, 21.7.3
data. See evidence; graphics; sources
databases, commercial, 15.4.1.4. See also specific types of sources accessed through databases by name (e.g., journals and journal articles)
date of publication, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, 18.2.1.1, 18.3.2; books, 19.1.2, 19.1.4, 19.1.9.3; journals, 19.2.2; magazine articles, 19.3
notes-bibliography style: books, 17.1.3, 17.1.4.2, 17.1.6, 17.1.8.3; journals, 17.2.4.2; magazine articles, 17.3
dates and time, references to, 20.4.2
decades, centuries, and eras, 23.3.2, 24.4.3
month, day, and year, 23.2.4, 23.3.1, 24.4.2
names of days, months, holidays, and the like, 22.1.2
decimals and fractions, 20.3.2.2, 23.1.3, 23.1.4, 23.2.2
dedication, A.2.1.4
diaries and letters (published), citation of, in
notes-bibliography style, 17.1.9. See also
manuscripts, unpublished
dictionaries, selection of, p. 281. See also encyclopedias and dictionaries
dissertations and theses
abstract, A.2.1.13
appendixes, A.2.3.2
binding of, A.3.3
chapter-title pages, A.2.2.3
citation of: in author-date style, 19.6.1; in notes-bibliography style, 17.6.1
citations in, sample pages with: author-date style, fig. A.11, A.2.3.5, fig. A.16; notes-bibliography style, fig. A.10, fig. A.14, A.2.3.4, A.2.3.5, fig. A.15
conclusion, A.2.2.7
copyright page, A.2.1.3
dedication and epigraph, A.2.1.4, A.2.1.5, fig. A.9
department or university guidelines for, pp. 371–72
editorial or research method, A.2.1.12
elements of, A.2
external repositories for, 26.1.3, p. 371, A.3.2, A.3.3
file preparation of, A.3.1
footnotes vs. endnotes in, 16.3.1
format requirements for, pp. 371–72, A.1–A.2
front matter for, A.2.1
glossary, A.2.1.11, fig. A.8, A.2.3.3
illustrations (in back matter), A.2.3.1
inappropriate assistance with, 7.10
introduction, A.2.2.1
list of abbreviations, A.2.1.10, fig. A.7
lists of tables, figures, and illustrations, A.2.1.7, fig. A.5, fig. A.6
literature review, 3.5, 10.1.1
multivolume, A.1.4.1, A.2.1.2, A.2.1.6
open access to, A.3.2
pagination of, A.1.4
part-title pages, A.2.2.2
permissions for material under copyright, p. 346, 26.1.3, A.2.1.9, A.3.2
preface and acknowledgments, A.2.1.8, A.2.1.9
publication of, A.3.2
subheadings, 6.2.4, 9.2, 9.3, A.1.5, A.2.1.6, A.2.2.4
submission page, A.2.1.1
submission requirements for, A.3.2–A.3.3
table of contents, A.2.1.6, fig. A.3, fig. A.4
tables and figures, sample pages with, fig. A.12, fig. A.13
titles of, 22.3.2.2
writing support groups for, 2.4
DOIs (digital object identifiers), in citations, 15.4.1.3, fig. 16.1, fig. 18.1
Dominion Law Reports (Canada), 17.9.9, 19.9.9
dots, 21.1. See also ellipses; URLs (uniform resource locators)
drafts
and argument, 5.1–5.6
and citation of sources, 15.5
planning, 6.1–6.3
revising, 9.1–9.5, 10.1–10.3, 11.1–11.5
writing, 7.1–7.11
See also storyboard
DVD-ROMs, citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.8
in notes-bibliography style, 17.5.8
e-books, citation of
in author-date style, 19.1.10
in notes-bibliography style, 17.1.10
See also books
edition numbers (books), in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, fig. 18.1, 18.1.6, 19.1.2, 19.1.4
notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, 16.1.6, 17.1.3, 17.1.6.3
editorial or research method, A.2.1.12
editor’s name, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, fig. 18.1, 18.1.6, 18.2.1.1, 18.3.2, 19.1.1, 19.1.5, 19.1.6
notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, 16.1.6, 16.2.2.1, fig. 16.2, 16.4.1, 17.1.1, 17.1.4, 17.1.5
See also author’s name, in citations
electronic discussion groups and mailing lists citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.7.4; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.7.4
and research topics, 2.1.1, 2.1.3
electronic sources, citation of, 15.4. See also online sources; and specific types of sources by name
Elements of Typographic Style, The (Bringhurst), A.1.2
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
and omissions from quotations, 25.3.2
addresses, 20.4.2
messages, citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.6.3; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.6.3
em dashes. See dashes (em)
encyclopedias and dictionaries
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.5.3; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.3
evaluation of, as sources, 3.1.2, 3.1.3
locating topics and sources in, 2.1.2, 3.3.5
en dashes, 21n1
endnotes, p. 145
compared to footnotes, 16.3.1
formatting of, 16.3.2–16.3.4, A.2.3.4
and parenthetical notes, 16.4.3.1
sample page of, fig. A.14, A.2.3.4
substantive vs. bibliographical, 7.6, 16.3.1, 16.3.5.2
See also notes
epigraphs, 25.2.2.3, A.2.1.5, fig. A.9
equations and formulas, 23.1.9, A.3.1.2
evidence
in building an argument, 5.1–5.6, 9.1, 14
and competing points of view, 3.1.2, 14
and note-taking, 4.3.2
organizing and introducing in draft, 6.2.8, 7.7
and reasons, 3.1.1, 4.2.2, 5.4.2
on storyboard, 2.3.3, 4.5, 6.2.1
and warrants, 5.5
See also claims; reasons
Exchequer Court Reports (Canada), 17.9.9, 19.9.9
exclamation points, 21.6
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.1, 21.12.2.1
in titles, 17.1.2.1, 19.1.3.1, 22.3.3
Federal Courts Reports (Canada), 17.9.9, 19.9.9
Federal Register, 17.9.3, 19.9.3
Federal Reporter, 17.9.7, 19.9.7
Federal Supplement, 17.9.7, 19.9.7
feedback, learning from, 12.1–12.2
figures
in appendix of paper, 26.1.1, 26.1.2, A.2.3.1, A.2.3.2, A.3.1.4
captions for, 8.3.1, 26.1.1, 26.1.3, 26.3.2, A.2.1.7, fig. A.6, A.3.1.4
citation of: in author-date style, 19.1.8.2, 26.1.3; in notes-bibliography style, 17.1.7.2, 26.1.3
color and shading in, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, A.3.1.4
design of, 8.3, 26.1.2, A.3.1.4
effective use of, 8.1–8.3, table 8.7
ethical use of, 8.4, fig. 8.10, fig. 8.11, fig. 8.12
file preparation for, A.3.1.4
labels within, 8.3.2
list of (in paper), A.1.3, A.2.1.7, fig. A.6
numbering of, 26.1.1, 26.3.2, A.3.1.4
position of, in text, 26.1.1, 26.3.3.2
relationship to text, 8.3.1, fig. 8.3, fig. 8.4, fig. 8.5, 26.3.3.1
resolution and scaling of, A.3.1.4
sample page with, fig. A.12
size and orientation of, 26.1.2, A.3.1.4
source lines for, 26.1.3, 26.3.3.2
See also charts; graphs
file preparation and management, A.3.1
films. See movies
first-person pronouns, appropriate use of, 11.1.7, 13.1.2
fonts. See typographic options
footnotes, p. 145
with author-date style citations, 18.3.3
compared to endnotes, 16.3.1
formatting of, 16.3.2–16.3.4
with parenthetical notes, 16.4.3.1
sample page with, fig. A.10
substantive vs. bibliographical, 7.6, 16.3.1, 16.3.5.2
to tables, 26.1.3, table 26.2, table 26.3, 26.2.7
See also notes
foreign languages
titles in, 17.1.2.3, 17.2.2, 17.4.1, 19.1.3.2, 19.2.3, 19.4.1, 22.3.1
words and phrases in, 22.2.1
format, paper
block quotations, 7.5, 25.2.2, A.1.3
color and shading in, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 26.2.3, A.3.1.2, A.3.1.3, A.3.1.4
and file preparation, A.3.1
headers and footers, A.1.4
hyperlinks, 20.4.2, A.2.3.2, A.3.1.2, A.3.2
hyphenation and justification, 20.4, A.3.1.2
indentation, 16.1.7, 16.3.4, 18.1.7, A.1.3
lists, 23.4.2.1
margins, A.1.1, A.3.1.2, A.3.1.3
multiple volumes, A.1.4.1, A.2.1.2, A.2.1.6
outlines, 23.4.2.2
pagination, A.1.4
paper stock, A.3.3
spacing, A.1.3
subheadings, A.1.5, A.2.1.6, A.2.2.4
titles (main, parts, and chapters), A.1.5, A.2.1.6, A.2.2.2, A.2.2.3
typographic options, 8.3.2, A.1.2, A.1.5 , A.2.2.4
See also bibliographies; notes; reference lists; and specific elements of papers by name
front matter, A.1.3, A.1.4, A.2.1. See also specific elements of front matter by name
German, capitalization in, 22.3.1.2
glossary, A.2.1.11, fig. A.8, A.2.3.3
Google Scholar, 3.3.2
governmental and political bodies
citation of publications of: in author-date style, 19.9; in notes-bibliography style, 17.9
graphics
effective use of, 8.1–8.4, table 8.7, p. 358
ethical use of, 8.4, fig. 8.10, fig. 8.11, fig. 8.12
in poster presentations, 13.3
software for, 8.2, 8.3, 13.3, pp. 358–59, A.3.1.3, A.3.1.4
See also figures; tables
graphs
definition of, 8n1
effective use of, 8.2–8.4, table 8.7
ethical use of, 8.4, fig. 8.11, fig. 8.12
labels within, 8.3.2
line graphs, 8.2, fig. 8.2, 8.3, fig. 8.4, fig. 8.8, fig. 8.9, table 8.7
relationship to text, 8.3.1, fig. 8.3
See also figures
humanities
abbreviation style in, pp. 330–31, 24.5
citation style in, 3.2.1, 15.3, pp. 144–45
models for research in, 3.1.2
number style in, p. 317, 23.1.1
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing in, 7.4
research questions in, 1.2.1, 2.1.4
hyperlinks, 20.4.2, A.2.3.2, A.3.1.2, A.3.2
hyphens, 21.7.1
in compounds and words formed with prefixes, 20.3
at ends of lines, 20.4
in hyperlinks, 20.4.2
in number spans, 20.3.2.2, 23.2.4, table 23.2
See also dashes (em)
hypothesis
development of, 2.2, 4.1.2, 5.3
on storyboard, 2.3.1
See also claims; questions, research
Ibid., use of, 16.4.2, 17.5.1.1
illustrations. See graphics
indentation, use of, 16.1.7, 16.3.4, 18.1.7, A.1.3
indexes, specialized, 2.1.1
Internet. See online sources; and specific types of sources by name
interviews
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.6.3, 19.8.3.3; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.6.3, 17.8.3.3
conducting, 3.1.1
introduction
format requirements for, A.2.2.1
in oral presentations, 13.2.1
planning and writing, 6.2, 9.2, p. 104, 10.1
issue numbers, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, 19.2.5
notes-bibliography style, 17.2.4.1
italics
in abbreviations, 24.1.3, 24.7
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.4; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.4
in foreign-language terms, 22.2.1
modification of, in quotations, 25.3.1.3
in names, 22.1.3
and plural forms, 20.1.2.2, 20.1.2.4
and possessive forms, 20.2.2.4
in titles of works, 22.3.2.1
in words defined as terms, 22.2.2
Japanese, names in, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2
Jewish Bible, abbreviations in, 24.6.1. See also Bible and other sacred works
journals and journal articles
access through commercial databases, 15.4.1.4, 17.2, 19.2
citation of, 3.2.2; in author-date style, fig. 18.1, 19.2; in notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, fig. 16.2, 17.2
evaluation of, as sources, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.3.8, 3.4
key terms
locating sources via, 3.3.2, 3.3.6, 3.4.1, 4.3.4
in note-taking, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.3.4, 4.5.3
in paper, 6.2.2–6.2.4, 7.3, 10.1.5
Law Reports (United Kingdom), 17.9.10, 19.9.10
leaders (punctuation), 21.1, 26.2.6.1, A.2.1.6, A.2.1.7, fig. A.4, fig. A.5
League of Nations Treaty Series, 17.9.6, 19.9.6
lectures and papers presented at meetings, 13.1–13.3
citation of: in author-date style, 19.6.2; in notes-bibliography style, 17.6.2
titles of, 22.3.2.2
legal cases
citation of: in author-date style, 19.9.7; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.9.7
names of, 22.1.3
letters of the alphabet
as grades, 22.2.2
plural forms of, 20.1.2.2
possessive forms of, 20.2.1
referred to as letters, 22.2.2
See also alphabetization; capitalization
library, locating topics and sources in, 2.1.1, 3.3, 3.4.3
Library of Congress data, 3.2.2, 3.3.6, 3.3.8
line graphs. See graphs
lists
of abbreviations, 24.1.2, A.1.3, A.2.1.10, fig. A.7
of tables and figures, A.1.3, A.2.1.7, fig. A.6
in text, 23.4.2.1
literary studies, quotation practices in, 25.2.2.1, 25.3.1.2, 25.3.2.3–25.3.2.5
literature review, 10.1.1, 13.1.1
live performances, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.2
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.2
magazines and magazine articles, 3.1.3
citation of: in author-date style, 18.3.2.3, 19.2, 19.3; in notes-bibliography style, 17.2, 17.3
manuscripts, unpublished
citation of: in author-date style, 19.6.4; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.6.4
maps
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1
source lines for, 26.1.3
margins, general guidelines for, A.1.1 measure, units of, 23.1.1, 24.5, 26.2.4
Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary, 16.2.2.2, p. 281, 22.1.1
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, p. 281, 22.2.1, p. 331
Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary, p. 281
microform editions, citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.7
in notes-bibliography style, 17.5.7
money, references to, 23.1.4
movies
citation of: in author-date style, 19.8.3.1; in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.3.1
musical compositions, titles of, 22.3.2.1, 22.3.2.2, 22.3.2.3
musical scores, citation of
in author-date style, 19.8.5.3
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.5.3
names
of academic courses and subjects, 22.1.3
brand, 22.1.3
capitalization of, 22.1
compound forms of, 16.2.2.2 , 18.2.1.2, 20.3.2.1, 22.1.1
of electronic technology, 22.1.3
of ethnic and national groups, 20.1.1, 22.1.1
governmental and political, 22.1.3, 23.1.6
of historical events and cultural terms, 22.1.2, 23.1.6
initials in, 17.1.1, 18.3.2.1, 19.1.1, 20.4.2, 24.2.1
of legal cases, 22.1.3
with numbers, 23.1.6
personal: and abbreviations, 24.2.1; alphabetization of, 16.2.2.1, 18.2.1.1; and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2; in foreign languages, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2, 22.2.1; with particles, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2, 22.1; plural forms of, 20.1.1; possessive forms of, 20.2
of places, p. 241, 21.2.4, 22.1.1, 24.3.1
of plants and animals, 22.1.3
and professional titles, 22.1.1, 24.2.2
of religious and secular organizations, 23.1.6
of ships, aircraft, and other vessels, 22.1.3
spelling of, p. 281
See also author’s name, in citations; publisher’s name, in citations
natural and physical sciences
abbreviation style in, 20.1.2.3, p. 331, 24.5
citation style in, 3.2.1, 15.3, pp. 216–17
number style in, p. 317, 23.1, 23.2.2
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing in, 7.4
research questions in, 1.2.1
newspapers and newspaper articles, 3.1.3
citation of: in author-date style, 18.3.2.3, 19.4; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.4
New Testament, abbreviations in, 24.6.3. See also Bible and other sacred works
note numbers, in citations
author-date style, 19.1.8.2
notes-bibliography style, 17.1.7.2
notes
basic pattern of, 15.3.1, pp. 144–45, 16.1, fig. 16.1, 16.3
footnotes vs. endnotes, 16.3.1
formatting of, 16.3.2–16.3.4, A.2.3.4
judicious use of, 7.6, 16.3.5.2
for multiple citations, 16.3.5.1
parenthetical, pp. 144–45, 16.4.3, 25.2.1.1
relationship to bibliography entries, 16.1, fig. 16.1, 16.2
sample pages with, fig. A.10, fig. A.14, A.2.3.4
shortened, 15.3.1, pp. 144–45, 16.4.1
spacing of, A.1.3
superscripts in text for, 16.3.2, 16.3.4, 25.2.1.1, 25.2.2.1
notes-bibliography style citations, 3.2.1, 26.1.3
basic form of, 15.3.1, pp. 144–45, 16.1–16.4, fig. 16.1, fig. 16.2
specific types of sources in: abstracts, 17.5.5; artworks and graphics, 17.8.1; Bible and other sacred works, 17.5.2; blogs, 17.7.2; books, 17.1; CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, 17.5.8; classical, medieval, and other early English literary works, 17.5.1; dissertations and theses, 17.6.1; electronic discussion groups and mailing lists, 17.7.4; government documents, 17.9; interviews and personal communications, 17.6.3; journal articles, 17.2; lectures and papers presented at meetings, 17.6.2; legal cases, 17.9.7; live performances, 17.8.2; magazine articles, 17.3; manuscript collections, 17.6.4; microform editions, 17.5.7; movies, television, radio, and the like, 17.8.3; newspaper articles, 17.4; online collections, 17.5.9; pamphlets and reports, 17.5.6; public documents, 17.9; reference works, 17.5.3; reviews, 17.5.4; social networking services, 17.7.3; sound recordings, 17.8.4; texts in the visual and performing arts, 17.8.5; US Constitution, 17.9.5; websites, 17.7.1
See also bibliographies; notes; and specific elements of citations by name
note-taking, 4.2–4.5, fig. 4.1
nouns
compounds and forms with prefixes, 20.3
effective use of, 11.1
plural forms of, 20.1
possessive forms of, 20.2
proper (see names)
numbers
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.5; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.5
compounds including, 20.3.2.2
decimals and fractions, 20.3.2.2, 23.1.3, 23.1.4, 23.2.2
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
equations and formulas, 23.1.9, A.3.1.2
graphic presentation of, 8.1–8.4, table 8.1, table 8.2
in lists, 23.4.2.1
money, 23.1.4
in outlines, 23.4.2.2
in pagination of paper, A.1.4
in parts of published works, 23.1.8
plural forms of, 20.1.2.2, 23.2.1
possessive forms of, 20.2.1
punctuation within, 23.2.2, 23.2.3
spans of, 20.3.2.2, 23.2.4, table 23.2
spelled out vs. numerals, 23.1
in tables and figures, 26.2, 26.3
time references, 23.1.5, 23.2.2, 24.5
units of measure, 23.1.1
verbal presentation of, 8.1, table 8.1, table 8.2
See also page numbers and other locators
numerals
arabic, 23.1
roman, 23.2.4, table 23.1
See also numbers
Old Testament, abbreviations in, 24.6.1. See also Bible and other sacred works
online collections, citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.9
in notes-bibliography style, 17.5.9
online sources, 22.1.3
categories of, 15.4.1.2
citation of, 15.4.1
evaluation of, 3.1.3, 3.3, 3.4.3, 15.4.1
and research topics, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3
revision dates on, 15.4.1.1
See also specific types of sources by name
oral presentations, 13.1–13.2
outlines, 2.3, 6.2.1, 23.4.2.2. See also storyboard
Oxford Classical Dictionary, 17.5.1.1, 19.5.1.1
page numbers and other locators
in author-date style citations: basic pattern, 3.2.2, 18.1.1, 18.1.5; Bible and other sacred works, 19.5.2; books, 19.1.8; e-books, 19.1.10; journals, 19.2.6; magazine articles, 19.3; manuscript collections, 19.6.4.2; microform editions, 19.5.7; newspaper articles, 19.4.2; reference works, 19.5.3
in notes-bibliography style citations: basic pattern, 3.2.2, 16.1.1, 16.1.5; Bible and other sacred works, 17.5.2; books, 17.1.7; e-books, 17.1.10; journals, 17.2.5; magazine articles, 17.3; manuscript collections, 17.6.4.2; microform editions, 17.5.7; newspaper articles, 17.4.2; in parenthetical notes, 16.4.3.2; reference works, 17.5.3; in shortened notes, 16.4.1
spans of, 20.3.2.2, 23.2.4, table 23.2
pagination, general guidelines for, A.1.4
paintings
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1
titles of, 22.3.2.1
pamphlets, citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.6
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.6
paraphrasing, 25.3.1.4
and citation of sources, 15.2.1
in drafting, 7.4
and plagiarism, 7.9
parentheses, 21.2.4, 21.8.1, 23.4.2
in citations: author-date style, 18.3; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.2, 16.4.3
and definitions of foreign terms, 22.2.1
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.2.2
parenthetical citations
basic pattern of, 15.3.2, pp. 216–17, 18.1, fig. 18.1, 18.3, p. 231
with footnotes, 18.3.3
formatting of, 18.3.2
for multiple citations, 18.3.2.5
placement of, in text, 18.3.1, 25.2.1.1, 25.2.2.1
relationship to reference lists, 18.1, fig. 18.1, 18.2.1.1
sample page with, fig. A.11
parenthetical citations–reference list style citations. See author-date style citations
part-title pages, A.2.2.2
PDF, submission of paper as, A.3.1.2, A.3.2
periodicals. See journals and journal articles; magazines and magazine articles; newspapers and newspaper articles
periods, 21.1
in abbreviations, 21.12.1, 24.1.3
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.2; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.2
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12
space after (terminal), A.1.3 permissions, for material under copyright, p. 346, 26.1.3, A.2.1.9, A.3.2
personal communications, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.6.3
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.6.3
photographs
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1
titles of, 22.3.2.1
physical sciences. See natural and physical sciences
place-names, p. 241, 21.2.4, 22.1.1, 24.3.1
place of publication, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, 19.1.7
notes-bibliography style, 17.1.6
plagiarism, avoiding, 4.2.3, 7.9, 15.1, 25.1
plays
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.5.2; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.8.5.2
quotation of dialogue from, 25.2.2.2
titles of, 22.3.2.1
plural terms, spelling of, 20.1, 20.2.1, 23.3.1
podcasts, citation of
in author-date style, 19.8.3.5
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.3.5
poetry
citation of: in author-date style, 19.1.8.2, 19.5.1.3; in notes-bibliography style, 17.1.7.2, 17.5.1.3
quotations from, 25.2.1.2, 25.2.2.2, 25.3.2.5
possessive terms, spelling of, 20.2
poster presentations, 13.3
preface, A.2.1.8
prefixes, spelling of words with, 20.3.3
presidential publications, citation of
in author-date style, 19.9.3
in notes-bibliography style, 17.9.3
procrastination. See time management
professional titles, 22.1.1, 24.2.2
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database, p. 371, A.2.1.13, A.3.2
pseudonyms, in citations
author-date style, 19.1.1.4, 19.7.2, 19.7.4, 19.8.3.5
notes-bibliography style, 17.1.1.4, 17.7.2, 17.7.4, 17.8.3.5
public documents, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.9
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.9
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 17.9.3, 19.9.3
publisher’s name, in citations, 3.2.2, 15.4.1.1
author-date style: books, 19.1.4.2, 19.1.7; websites, 19.7.1
notes-bibliography style: books, 17.1.3.2, 17.1.6; websites, 17.7.1
punctuation, 21.1–21.12
in abbreviations, 20.1.2.3, 24.1.3
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.2, 18.3.1; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.2, 16.3.2
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
modification of, in quotations, 25.3.1.2, 25.3.2
within numbers, 23.2.2, 23.2.3
space after (terminal), A.1.3
of titles, 22.3.3
See also specific punctuation marks by name
question marks, 21.5
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.5, 21.12.1, 21.12.2.1
in titles, 17.1.2.1, 19.1.3.1, 22.3.3
questions, research
development of, 1.1–1.2, 2.1–2.2
types of, 1.2
See also claims; hypothesis
quotation marks, 21.10
in citations: author-date style, 18.1.4; notes-bibliography style, 16.1.4
around definitions of foreign-language terms, 22.2.1
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
ironic use of, 22.2.2
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.10, 21.12.2.1
and plural forms, 20.1.2.4
and possessive forms, 20.2.2.4
around quoted material, 25.2–25.3
single, 21.10, 21.12.2.1, 25.2.1.2, 25.3.1.2
around titles of works, 22.3.2.2
around words defined as terms, 22.2.2
quotations
block style, 7.5, 25.2.2, A.1.3
citation of, from secondary sources: in author-date style, 19.10; in notes-bibliography style, 17.10
in drafting, 7.4
in endnotes or footnotes, 16.3.5.2
epigraphs, 25.2.2.3, A.2.1.5, fig. A.9
from foreign languages, 22.2.1
incorporating into text, 7.5, 25.2
insertions into, 25.3.1.4
omissions from, 25.3.2
placement of source citations for: in author-date style, 18.3.1, 25.2.1.1, 25.2.2.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.3.2, 16.4.3.2, 25.2.1.1, 25.2.2.1
and plagiarism, 7.9, 15.2.1, 25.1
spacing of, A.1.3
Qur’an, 24.6.5. See also Bible and other sacred works
radio programs
citation of: in author-date style, 19.8.3.2; in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.3.2
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature, 3.3.7
reasons
in building an argument, 2.3.2, 5.1–5.6, 14
and evidence, 3.1.1, 4.2.2, 5.4.2
and note-taking, 4.3.2
organizing in draft, 6.2.5, 6.2.8
See also claims; evidence
reference lists
arrangement of entries in, 18.2.1
assembly of, 15.5
basic pattern of, 15.3.2, pp. 216–17, 18.1, fig. 18.1, 18.2
omission of sources from, 18.2.2
relationship to parenthetical citations, 18.1, fig. 18.1, 18.2.1.1
sample page from, A.2.3.5, fig. A.16
spacing of, A.1.3
reference works, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.5.3
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.3
See also encyclopedias and dictionaries
Register of Debates, 17.9.2.1, 19.9.2.1
reports (source type), citation of
in author-date style, 19.5.6
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.6
research
academic, p. 5, 1.2, 2.1.1, 2.4
as conversation, 3.1.2, p. 37, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4.3, 10.1.1, 10.2.2, 13.1–13.4, 14, 15.1
spirit of, 14
reviews (books and live performances)
citation of: in author-date style, 19.5.4; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.5.4
locating sources via, 3.3.4
Revised Statutes of Canada, 17.9.9, 19.9.9
revising, 9.1–9.5, 10.1–10.3, 11.1–11.5
sculptures
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.8.1; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 16.4.3.1, 17.8.1
titles of, 22.3.2.1
search engines, 2.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.4.2. See also online sources
in citations: author-date style, 18.3.2.5; notes-bibliography style, 16.3.5.1
and multiple punctuation marks, 21.12.2.1
sentences, revising, 11.1–11.5
series titles
in citations: author-date style, 19.1.6; notes-bibliography style, 17.1.5
titles of, 22.3.2.3
sic, use of, 25.3.1.1
social networking services, citation of, 15.4.1.2
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.7.3
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.7.3
social sciences
abbreviation style in, pp. 330–31, 24.5
citation style in, 3.2.1, 15.3, pp. 144–45, pp. 216–17
models for research in, 3.1.2
number style in, p. 317, 23.1.1
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing in, 7.4
research questions in, 1.2.1, 2.1.4
software functions
alphabetizing names, 16.2.2.1, 18.2.1.1
automated numbering of elements, A.3.1.1
citation management, 3.2.2, 15.6
defining styles, A.1.5, A.3.1.1
file preparation and management, A.3.1
graphics, 8.2, 8.3, 13.3, pp. 358–59, A.3.1.3, A.3.1.4
hyphenation and justification, 20.4, A.3.1.2
section breaks, A.1.4.1, A.3.1.1
special characters, 21.11, 25.3.2.1, A.3.1.2
word-processing (general), 21.11, p. 372, A.2.2.4, A.3.1.1, A.3.1.2
sound recordings, citation of
in author-date style, 19.8.4
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.4
sources
availability of, 2.1.4
citation of (see citation of sources)
critical engagement with, 2.1.3, 3.1.2, 4.1–4.6
limiting number of, 2.1.2, 2.1.4, 6.2.2
note-taking from, 4.2–4.5
online (see online sources)
plagiarism of, 7.9, 15.1, 25.1
selection and evaluation of, 3.1–3.5, 15.1, 15.4.1.1
See also specific types of sources by name
So what? question, 1.1–1.2, 2.1, 5.4.1, 6.2.2, 10.1.3, 13.4
Spanish, names in, 16.2.2.2, 18.2.1.2
spelling
checking for errors in, 11.4, 12.1–12.2, p. 282
of compounds and words with prefixes, 20.3
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4
modification of, in quotations, 25.3.1.1
of numbers, 23.1
of plural terms, 20.1, 20.2.1, 23.3.1
of possessive terms, 20.2
software for checking, 11.4, p. 282
Statutes at Large of the United States of America, 1789–1873, 17.9.2.5, 19.9.2.5
Statutes of Canada, 17.9.9, 19.9.9
storyboard, 2.3, 4.5, p. 49, 5.4–5.6, 6.2
subheadings, 6.2.4, 9.2, 9.3, A.1.5, A.2.1.6, A.2.2.4
submission page, A.2.1.1
summarizing
in drafting, 7.4
Supreme Court Reporter, 17.9.7, 19.9.7
Supreme Courts Reports (Canada), 17.9.9, 19.9.9
table of contents, A.2.1.6, fig. A.3, fig. A.4
tables
abbreviations in, 26.2
in appendix of paper, 26.1.1, 26.1.2, A.2.3.2, A.3.1.3
citation of: in author-date style, 19.1.8.2, 26.1.3; in notes-bibliography style, 17.1.7.2, 26.1.3
color and shading in, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 26.2.3, A.3.1.3
column heads, 26.2, table 26.2, A.3.1.3
data in, 26.2
design of, 8.3, table 8.5, table 8.6, 26.1.2, 26.2, A.1.3.3
effective use of, 8.1–8.4
ethical use of, 8.4
file preparation for, A.3.1.3
footnotes to, 26.1.3, table 26.2, table 26.3, 26.2.7, A.3.1.3
labels within, 8.3.2
list of (in paper), A.1.3, A.2.1.7, fig. A.5 numbering of, 26.2.2, A.3.1.3
position of, in text, 26.1.1
relationship to text, 8.3.1, table 8.3, table 8.4, 26.2.2.1
rules in, 26.2.3
sample page with, fig. A.13
size and orientation of, 26.1.2, A.3.1.3
source lines for, 26.1.3, table 26.1, table 26.3 stub, 26.2.1, 26.2.5, A.3.1.3
titles of, 8.3.1, table 8.5, table 8.6, 26.1.1, 26.2.2, A.2.1.7, fig. A.5, A.3.1.3
television programs
citation of: in author-date style, 19.8.3.2;
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.3.2
text messages, citation of
in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.6.3
in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.6.3
theses. See dissertations and theses
time management, 4.4, 4.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.8, 7.11, 9.5
time references. See dates and time, references to
title page, A.2.1.2, fig. A.1, fig. A.2
titles in paper
main title, 10.3, A.1.5, A.2.1.2
of parts and chapters, A.1.5, A.2.1.6, A.2.2.2, A.2.2.3
titles of works
in author-date style citations: basic pattern, 3.2.2, 18.1.3, 18.1.4; blogs, 19.7.2; books, 19.1.3, 19.1.5, 19.1.6; foreign-language titles, 19.1.3.2, 19.2.3, 19.4.1; journals, 19.2.3, 19.2.4, 19.2.7; live performances, 19.8.2; magazine articles, 19.3; manuscript collections, 19.6.4.2; movies, television programs, and the like, 19.8.3; newspapers, 19.4.1; subtitles, 19.1.3, 19.2.3; unpublished works, 19.6; websites, 19.7.1
capitalization of: headline-style, 22.3.1.1; sentence-style, 22.3.1.2
in foreign languages, 22.3.1
italics in, 22.3.2.1
in notes-bibliography style citations: basic pattern, 3.2.2, 16.1.3, 16.1.4; blogs, 17.7.2; books, 17.1.2, 17.1.4, 17.1.5; foreign-language titles, 17.1.2.3, 17.2.2, 17.4.1; journals, 17.2.2, 17.2.3, 17.2.6; live performances, 17.8.2; magazine articles, 17.3; manuscript collections, 17.6.4.2; movies, television programs, and the like, 17.8.3; newspapers, 17.4.1; in parenthetical notes, 16.4.3.2; in shortened notes, 16.4.1, fig. 16.2; subtitles, 17.1.2, 17.2.2; unpublished works, 17.6; websites, 17.7.1
punctuation within and around, 22.3.3
quotation marks around, 22.3.2.2
spelling of, 22.3
topics, research, 1.1–1.2, 2.1–2.2. See also questions, research
transitional words, 6.2.6
translator’s name, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, fig. 18.1, 18.1.6, 18.2.1.1, 18.3.2, 19.1.1
notes-bibliography style, fig. 16.1, 16.1.6, 16.2.2.1, fig. 16.2, 17.1.1
See also author’s name, in citations
treaties
citation of: in author-date style, 19.9.6; in notes-bibliography style, 17.9.6
names of, 22.1.3
Treaties and Other International Acts Series, 17.9.6, 19.9.6
typographic options, 8.3.2, A.1.2, A.1.5, A.2.2.4
United Nations Treaty Series, 17.9.6, 19.9.6
United States Code, 17.9.2.5, 19.9.2.5
United States Statutes at Large, 17.9.2.5, 17.9.6, 19.9.2.5, 19.9.6
United States Supreme Court Reports, 17.9.7, 19.9.7
United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, 17.9.6, 19.9.6
Upanishads, 22.3.2.3. See also Bible and other sacred works
URLs (uniform resource locators), 3.2.2, 15.4.1.3
alternate forms of, 15.4.1.3, 15.4.1.4
changeability of, 15.4.1.1
and DOIs, 15.4.1.3, fig. 16.1, fig. 18.1
and end-of-line breaks, 20.4.2
as hyperlinks, 20.4.2
US Constitution
capitalization of name of, 22.1.3
citation of: in author-date style, 18.2.2, 19.9.5; in notes-bibliography style, 16.2.3, 17.9.5
Vedas, 24.6.5. See also Bible and other sacred works
verbs, effective use of, 11.1
videos, citation of
in author-date style, 19.8.3.5
in notes-bibliography style, 17.8.3.5
volume numbers, in citations, 3.2.2
author-date style, 18.1.6, 19.1.5, 19.2.5
notes-bibliography style, 16.1.6, 17.1.4, 17.2.4.1
warrants, 5.4.4, fig. 5.1, 5.5, 6.2.8. See also claims; reasons
websites
citation of, 15.4.1.1; in author-date style, 19.7.1; in notes-bibliography style, 17.7.1
See also online sources; and other specific types of websites by name (e.g., blogs)
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, p. 281
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 17.9.3, 19.9.3
Wikipedia, reliability of, 3.1.3. See also encyclopedias and dictionaries
working hypothesis. See hypothesis
writer’s block, 7.1, 7.2, 7.11
writing
first draft, 7.1–7.11
preparatory, 4.4
and revising, 9.1–9.5, 10.1–10.3, 11.1–11.5
writing support groups, 2.4