1. Robert Louis Stevenson, “Pulvis et Umbra,” II, in Across the Plains (London: Chatto & Windus, 1892).
2. Northrop Frye, Notebook 3:128, in Northrop Frye Unbuttoned: Wit and Wisdom from the Notebooks and Diaries, selected by Robert D. Denham (Toronto: Anansi, 2004).
3. Francesco Petrarca, “On His Own Ignorance and That of Many Others,” in Invectives, ed. David Marsh (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2003).
4. M. le Comte de Mondion, “Mondion, le chateau—la paroisse, 1096–1908,” in Bulletins de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest (Poitiers, second quarter of 1909).
5. R.L. Stevenson (in collaboration with Mrs. Stevenson), “The Dynamiter,” in More New Arabian Nights (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1885).
6. Walter Benjamin, “Unpacking My Library,” in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1968).
7. Lucan, The Civil War (Pharsalia), ed. J.D. Duff, IX:973 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1988).
8. Essais de Montaigne, ed. Amaury-Duval (Paris: Chassériau, 1820).
9. Ibid.
10. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Literary Remains, II: 206, ed. Henry Nelson Coleridge (New York: Harper, 1853).
11. Virginia Woolf, “Hours in a Library,” in The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume ii, 1912–1918, ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: The Hogarth Press, 1987).
12. Genesis 11:5–7.
13. Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I (Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
14. Strabo, Geography, Book XIII, quoted by Luciano Canfora, “Aristote, ‘fondateur’ de la Bibliothèque d’Alexandrie,” in La nouvelle Bibliothèque d’Alexandrie, ed. Fabrice Pataut (Paris: Buchet/Chastel, 2003).
15. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, translated by and with an introduction by John Healy (London: Penguin, 1991); Book XII, 69–70.
16. Luciano Canfora, La biblioteca scomparsa (Palermo: Sellerio Editore, 1987).
17. Charles A. Goodrum & Helen W. Dalrymple, Guide to the Library of Congress, rev. edition (Washington: Library of Congress, 1988).
18. Christoph Kapeller, “L’architecture de la nouvelle Bibliothèque d’Alexandrie,” in Pataut, La nouvelle Bibliothèque d’Alexandrie.
19. Hipólito Escolar Sobrino, La biblioteca de Alejandría (Madrid: Gredos, 2001).
20. Mustafa El-Abbadi, La antigua biblioteca de Alejandría: Vida y destino, trans. José Luis García-Villalba Sotos (Madrid: UNESCO, 1994).
21. Strabo, Geography, Book XVII.
22. Franz Kafka, Die Erzählungen: Originalfassung (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 2000).
23. See Saint Augustine, The City of God, trans. Henry Bettenson, Book XXI:9 (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1984).
24. Escolar Sobrino, La biblioteca de Alejandría.
25. Quoted in Canfora, La biblioteca scomparsa.
26. Geo. Haven Putnam, A.M., Books and Their Makers during the Middle Ages, Vol. I (reprint) (New York: Hillary House, 1962).
27. “Le monde est fait pour aboutir à un beau livre,” Stéphane Mallarmé, in “Réponses à des enquêtes, Sur l’évolution littéraire,” in Proses diverses (Paris: Gallimard, 1869).
28. Joseph Brodsky, “In a Room and a Half,” in Less Than One (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1986).
29. I discuss this project in my chapter “Peter Eisenman: The Image As Memory,” in Reading Pictures (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000).
30. Quoted in Escolar Sobrino, La biblioteca de Alejandría.
31. Quoted in Roberto Calasso, I quarantanove gradini (Milano: Adelphi, 1991).
32. These references are from Canfora, La biblioteca scomparsa.
33. “Polvo serán, mas polvo enamorado,” Francisco de Quevedo, in “Amor constante meas allá de la muerte,” in Antología poética (selected by, and with a prologue by, Jorge Luis Borges) (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1982).
34. Pepys bequeathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge, exactly three thousand numbered volumes, beginning with the smallest and ending with the largest.
35. Pliny the Younger, Letters I-X, ed. R.A.B. Mynors, II:17:8 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963).
36. “Sa chambre de douleur était un arc-en-ciel … réservant à l’oeil et au souvenir des surprises et des bonheurs attendus,” Michel Melot, in La sagesse du bibliothécaire (Paris: L’oeil neuf éditions, 2004).
37. Georges Perec, in Penser/Classer (Paris: Hachette, 1985).
38. Benjamin, “Unpacking My Library.”
39. John Wells, Rude Words: A Discursive History of the London Library (Macmillan: London, 1991).
40. Terry Belanger, Lunacy and the Arrangement of Books (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1985).
41. G.K. Chesterton, “Lunacy and Letters,” in On Lying in Bed and Other Essays, selected by Alberto Manguel (Calgary: Bayeux Arts, 2000).
42. Jean-Pierre Drège, Les bibliothèques en Chine au temps des manuscrits (Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient, 1991).
43. W.F. Mayers, “Bibliography of the Chinese Imperial Collection of Literature,” China Review, Vol. VI, no. 4 (London, 1879).
44. Michel Foucault, Les mots et les choses (Paris: Gallimard, 1966). Foucault considers this kind of eclectic list a “distortion of classification that prevents us from conceiving it [the classification]” (“cette distorsion du classement qui nous empêche de le penser”).
45. Wolfgang Bauer, “The Encyclopaedia in China,” Cahiers d’histoire mondiale, Vol. IX, no. 3 (Paris, 1966).
46. Sergei A. Shuiskii, “Khallikan,” in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph R. Strayer, Vol. 7 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1986).
47. El-Abbadi, La Antigua biblioteca de Alejandría.
48. Dorothy May Norris, A History of Cataloguing and Cataloguing Methods: 1100–1850, with an Introductory Survey of Ancient Times (London: Grafton & Co., 1939).
49. Houari Touati, L’armoire à sagesse: Bibliothèques et collections en Islam (Paris: Aubier, 2003).
50. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Vol. I:57 (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1972).
51. Youssef Eche, Les bibliothèques arabes publiques et semi-publiques en Mésopotamie, en Syrie et en Egypte au Moyen-âge (Damascus: Institut français de Damas, 1967).
52. Touati, L’armoire à sagesse.
53. Bayard Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
54. D. Mallet, “La bibliothèque d’Avicenne,” in Studia Islamica, Vol. 83, 1996. Quoted in Touati, L’armoire à sagesse.
55. Suetonius, “Julius Caesar,” in The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 1989).
56. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001).
57. T. Birt, Die Buchrolle in der Kunst (Leipzig, 1907).
58. Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, M.A. F.R.S., ed. Henry B. Wheatley F.S.A. (19 December, 1666), (London: George Bell & Sons, 1899).
59. Melvil Dewey, “Decimal Classification Beginning,” in Library Journal 45 (2/15/20). Quoted in Wayne A. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago and London: American Library Association, 1996).
60. The latest revision of Dewey’s system, the XXI edition of 1998, has altered some of these classifications, so that now, while 200 is still attributed to Religion and 260 to Christian theology, 264 is reserved for Public Worship, and God can be found under three different headings: 211 (Concepts of God), 212 (Existence and Attributes) and 231 (Trinity and Divine Nature). See Lois Mai Chan, John P. Comaromi, Mohinder P. Satija, Classification décimale de Dewey: guide pratique (Montréal: Editions ASTED, 1995).
61. Dewey’s reading notebook entries, quoted in Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer.
62. Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer.
63. Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend.
64. Dewey’s reading notebook entries, quoted in Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer.
65. The Spanish method of granting priority to the father’s surname, e.g., García, doesn’t work if the author is known by his second surname.
66. Henry Green, Pack My Bag: A Self-Portrait (London: The Hogarth Press, 1940).
67. Jules Verne, Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Paris: Hetzel, 1870). This same passage, in a similar context, is quoted by Perec in Penser/Classer. I am grateful to Cyril de Pins for pointing it out to me.
68. Belanger, Lunacy and the Arrangement of Books.
69. A.N.L. Munby, Some Caricatures of Book-Collectors: An Essay (London: privately printed, 1948); quoted in Belanger, Lunacy and the Arrangement of Books.
70. Lewis Carroll, Sylvie and Bruno (1889), in The Complete Works of Lewis Carroll (London: The Nonesuch Press, 1922).
71. Emanuele Tesauro, Il cannocchiale aristotelico (1670) (Savigliano: Editrice artistica Piemontese, 2000).
72. Anthony Grafton, “Une bibliothèque humaniste: Ferrare,” in Le pouvoir des bibliothèques: La mémoire des livres en Occident, under the direction of Marc Baratin and Christian Jacob (Paris: Albin Michel, 1996).
73. Quoted in Grafton, “Une bibliothèque humaniste: Ferrare.”
74. Ibid.
75. Robert D. McFadden, “Recluse buried by paper avalanche,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 31 December, 2003).
76. See Nicholson Baker, “The Author vs. the Library,” The New Yorker (New York, 14 October, 1996).
77. Goodrum & Dalrymple, Guide to the Library of Congress.
78. Nicholson Baker, Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper (New York: Random House, 2001).
79. Quoted in Baker, Double Fold, p. 257.
80. Robin McKie and Vanessa Thorpe, “Digital Domesday Book,” in The Observer (London, 3 March, 2002).
81. Katie Hafner, “Memories on Computers May Be Lost to Time,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 28 November, 2004).
82. Robert F. Worth, “Collecting the world’s books online,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 1–2 March, 2003).
83. The New York Times (14 December, 2004).
84. Genesis 11:1–9.
85. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, I:1 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
86. Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Poet at the Breakfast-Table (London: Dent, 1872).
87. Gabriel Naudé, Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque, seconde édition revue corrigée & augmentée (Paris: Chez Rolet le Duc, 1644).
88. Marie-Catherine Rey, “Figurer l’être des hommes,” in Visions du futur: Une histoire des peurs et des espoirs de l’humanité (Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2000).
89. Quoted in P.N. Furbank, Diderot (London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1992).
90. Jean-François Marmontel, in his Memoirs, quoted in Furbank, Diderot.
91. “Le but de l’Encyclopédie est de rassembler les connaissances éparses sur la surface de la terre; d’en exposer le système général aux hommes qui viendront après nous, afin que les travaux des siècles passés n’aient pas été des travaux inutiles pour les siècles à venir…. Que l’Encyclopédie devienne un sanctuaire où les connaissances des hommes soient à l’abri des temps et des revolutions.” Denis Diderot, in “Encyclopédie,” in D. Diderot et Jean d’Alembert, L’Encyclopédie, ou, Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Paris, 1751–72).
92. Guillaume Grivel, L’Isle inconnue, ou Mémoires du chevalier de Gastines. Recueillis et publiés par M. Grivel, des Académies de Dijon, de La Rochelle, de Rouen, de la Société Philosophique de Philadelphie etc. (Paris: Moutard, 1783–87).
93. Quoted in Furbank, Diderot.
94. Ibid.
95. Rebecca Solnit, Motion Studies: Time, Space and Eadweard Muybridge (London: Bloomsbury, 2003).
96. Seneca, The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca: Essays and Letters, translated by and with an introduction by Moses Hadas (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1958).
97. Gustave Flaubert, Bouvard et Pécuchet (Paris: Mercure de France, 1923).
98. Jorge Luis Borges, “La biblioteca total,” in Sur (Buenos Aires, August 1939), later developed as “La Biblioteca de Babel,” in Ficciones (Buenos Aires: Sur, 1944).
99. Idem, El congreso (Buenos Aires: El Archibrazo, 1971).
100. Muhammad b. ’Abd al-Rahman al-’Uthmani, Idah al-ta’rif bi- ba’d fada’il al-’ilm al-sharif, Princeton University Library, Yahuda Ms. No. 4293, quoted in Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
101. Quoted in Hipólito Escolar, Historia de las bibliotecas (Madrid: Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez, 1985).
102. Fritz Milkau, Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft, ed. Georg Leyh (Wiesbaden: G. Harrassowitz, 1952).
103. Emile Zola, L’assommoir.
104. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Le passage (Paris: Laffont, 1994).
105. Juan Domingo Perón, “Discurso del Presidente de la Nación Argentina General Juan Perón pronunciado en la Academia Argentina de Letras con motivo del Día de la Raza y como homenaje en memoria de Don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra en el cuarto centenario de su nacimiento” (Buenos Aires, 12 October, 1947).
106. Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World.
107. Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays, ed. Edward C. Kirkland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962).
108. Long Overdue: A Library Reader, ed. Alan Taylor (London and Edinburgh: The Library Association Publishing and Mainstream Publishing Company, 1993).
109. Thomas Carlyle, letter dated 18 May, 1832, in The Letters of Thomas Carlyle, ed. Charles Eliot Norton (London: Macmillan, 1888).
110. Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
111. Quoted in John K. Winkler, Incredible Carnegie (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931).
112. Thomas Morrison, “Rights of Land,” unpublished manuscript quoted in Peter Krass, Carnegie (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002).
113. Quoted in Wall, Andrew Carnegie.
114. Krass, Carnegie.
115. Andrew Carnegie, speech at Grangemouth, Scotland, September 1887, quoted in Burton J. Hendrick, The Life of Andrew Carnegie (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1932).
116. Quoted in Krass, Carnegie.
117. Quoted in Winkler, Incredible Carnegie.
118. Krass, Carnegie.
119. Quoted in George S. Bobinski, Carnegie Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1969).
120. Krass, Carnegie.
121. Andrew Carnegie, Round the World (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1884).
122. John Updike, “I Was a Teen-Age Library User,” in Odd Jobs (London: André Deutsch, 1992).
123. Eudora Welty, One Writer’s Beginnings (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1984).
124. H.L. Mencken, Prejudices: Fourth Series (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924).
125. Quoted in Bobinski, Carnegie Libraries.
126. Archibald MacLeish, “Of the Librarian’s Profession,” in A Time to Speak (London: Faber, 1941).
127. Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1964).
128. David Diringer, The Book before Printing (New York: Dover, 1982).
129. Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World.
130. Escolar, Historia de las bibliotecas.
131. Jean Bottéro, Mésopotamie. L’écriture, la raison et les dieux (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
132. Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World.
133. He was also the celebrated author of a treatise on the prostitutes of Attica.
134. Escolar, Historia de las bibliotecas.
135. Primo Levi, The Periodic Table, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Schocken, 1984).
136. Brodsky, “To Please a Shadow,” in Less Than One.
137. Eduardo Anguita and Martín Caparrós, La voluntad: Una historia de la militancia revolucionaria en la Argentina 1973–1976, Volume II (Buenos Aires: Norma, 1998).
138. Varlam Chalamov, Mes bibliothèques, trans. Sophie Benech (Paris: Editions Interférences, 1988).
139. “Tiene hijos que lo vieron quemar sus libros,” in Germán García, La fortuna (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de la Flor, 2004).
140. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Don’t Count the Pope among Harry Potter Fans,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 16–17 July, 2005).
141. William Blake, “The Everlasting Gospel” a.I.13, in The Complete Poems, ed. Alicia Ostriker (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1977).
142. Luciano Canfora, La Bibliothèque du Patriarche: Photius censuré dans la France de Mazarin, trans. Luigi-Alberto Sanchi (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2003).
143. See Leo Löwenthal, “Calibans Erbe,” in Schriften IV (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1984).
144. The same story is told by the fourteenth-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, but applied to the Islamic conquest of Persia. According to this version, when General Sa’d ben Waqqas entered the conquered kingdom, he found large numbers of books and asked Omar Ibn al-Kdattab if he should distribute this loot among the faithful. Omar replied, “Throw them into the water! If they hold a guide to the Truth, God has already given us a better one. And if they hold nothing but lies, God will have rid us of them.” That, says Ibn Khaldun, is how we lost the knowledge of the Persians. In Ibn Khaldun, Al-Muqaddima: Discours sur l’histoire universelle (Paris: Sindbad, 1967–68).
145. Thanks to Irving Wardle for suggesting this poem by A.D. Hope, in Collected Poems 1930–1970 (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1972).
146. William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico and History of the Conquest of Peru (orig. 1843–1847) (New York: Random House, Modern Library, 1986).
147. Jacques Lafaye, Albores de la imprenta: El libro en España y Portugal y sus posesiones de ultramar (siglos XV–XVI) (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002). A maravedi was worth 14 shillings.
148. Richard E. Greenleaf, Zumárraga y la Inquisición mexicana 1536–1543, trans. Victor Villela (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1998).
149. See Miguel León Portilla, El reverso de la conquista (Mexico: Editorial Joaquín Motiz, 1964).
150. Diego Durán, Historia de las Indias de Nueva España y Islas de la Tierra Firme, I: Introduction, quoted in Tzvetan Todorov, La conquête de l’Amérique (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1982).
151. Tacitus, Annales, trans. after Burnouf, and annotated by Henri Bornecque (Paris: Garnier Frères, 1965).
152. Eche, Les bibliothèques arabes publiques et semi-publiques en Mésopotamie.
153. A large number of the Corvina books were spared because they had been stored in the royal castle of Buda, which the Turks found it unseemly to burn down. See Csaba Csapodi & Klára Csapodi-Gárdonyi, Bibliotheca Corviniana (Budapest: Magyar Helikon, 1967).
154. Johannes Pedersen, Den Arabiske Bog (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1946).
155. Le Monde (Paris, 4 September, 1995).
156. Lawrence Donegan, “Anger as CIA homes in on new target: library users,” in The Observer (London, 16 March, 2003).
157. Richard F. Tomasson, Iceland: The First New Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980).
158. Joseph Kahn, “Yahoo helped Chinese to prosecute journalist,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 8 September, 2005).
159. Tom Stoppard, The Invention of Love (London & Boston: Faber & Faber, 1997); Act I.
160. Seneca, The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca.
161. “Un bibliothécaire est toujours un peu architecte. Il bâtit sa collection comme un ensemble à travers lequel le lecteur doit circuler, se reconnaître, vivre.” Melot, La sagesse du bibliothécaire.
162. Angelo Paredi, A History of the Ambrosiana. trans. Constance and Ralph McInerny (Notre Dame, IN: University Press of Notre Dame, 1983).
163. Johannes Duft, The Abbey Library of Saint Gall (St. Gallen: Verlag am Klosterhof, 1990).
164. Simone Balayé, La bibliothèque nationale des origines à 1800 (Geneva: Droz, 1988).
165. The objection was made by Count Léon de Laborde, quoted in Bruno Blasselle and Jacqueline Melet-Sanson, La bibliothèque nationale, mémoire de l’avenir (Paris: Gallimard, 1991).
166. Blasselle and Melet-Sanson, La bibliothèque nationale.
167. P.R. Harris, The Reading Room (London: The British Library, 1986).
168. Ibid.
169. William E. Wallace, Michelangelo at San Lorenzo: The Genius as Entrepreneur (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
170. H.M. Vaughan, The Medici Popes, Leo X and Clement VII (London: Macmillan, 1908).
171. Rime e lettere di Michelangelo, ed. P. Mastrocola (Turin: UTET, 1992).
172. Quoted in Wallace, Michelangelo at San Lorenzo.
173. “Quand’avvien c’alcun legno non difenda/ il proprio umor fuor del terrestre loco,/ non può far c’al gran caldo assai o poco/ non si secchi o non s’arda o non s’accenda.// Così’l cor, tolto da chi mai mel renda,/ vissuto in pianto e nutrito di foco,/ o ch’è fuor del suo proprio albergo e loco,/ qual mal fie che per morte non l’offenda?” in Michelangelo Buonarroti, Rime, ed. E.N. Girardi (Bari: Laterza, 1960).
174. Giorgio Vasari, “Michelangelo Buonarroti,” in Lives of the Artists, Vol. I, trans. George Bull (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1987).
175. Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3d edition (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1964).
176. Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World.
177. See Kenneth Clark, “The Young Michelangelo,” in J.H. Plumb, The Horizon Book of the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1961).
178. Luca Pacioli, Divine Proportion (New York: Abaris, 2005).
179. Henry James, “The Figure in the Carpet,” in Embarrassments (London: William Heinemann, 1896).
180. Robert Louis Stevenson, “Travel,” in A Child’s Garden of Verses (London: The Bodley Head, 1896).
181. Théodore Monod, Méharées (Arles: Actes Sud, 1989).
182. A.M. Tolba, Villes de sable: Les cités bibliothèques du désert mauritanien (Paris: Hazan, 1999).
183. Pausanias, Guide to Greece, trans. Peter Levi (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1971); Vol. II, VI:6.
184. Jacques Giès and Monique Cohen, “Introduction” to Sérinde, Terre de Bouddha (Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1995).
185. Susan Whitfield and Ursula Sims-Williams (ed.), The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith (London: British Library, 2004).
186. Pieces shown in Giès and Cohen, Sérinde, Terre de Bouddha, and in Whitfield and Sims-Williams, The Silk Road.
187. Liu Jung-en, ed., introduction to Six Yuan Plays (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1972).
188. Mark Aurel Stein, Serindia, Vol. I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921).
189. Quoted in Whitfield and Sims-Williams, The Silk Road.
190. Battista Guarino, “A Program of Teaching and Learning,” in Humanist Educational Treatises, ed. and trans. Craig W. Kallendorf (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2002).
191. Dora Thornton, The Scholar in His Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1997).
192. Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, trans. S.G.C. Middlemore (London, 1878).
193. Cicero, “Cicero to Atticus, April 59,” in Selected Letters, trans. D.R. Shackelton Bailey (London: Penguin, 1986).
194. “Cicero to Atticus, 10 March 45,” ibid.
195. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (London: The Hogarth Press, 1929).
196. N. Sanz and Ruiz de la Peña, La Casa de Cervantes en Valladolid (Valladolid: Fundaciones Vega-Inclán, 1993).
197. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, ed. Celina S. de Cortazar and Isaías Lerner (Buenos Aires: EUDEBA, 1969); I:VI.
198. Jorge Luis Borges, “Poema de los dones,” in El hacedor (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1960).
199. Jorge Luis Borges, “Autobiographical notes,” in The New Yorker (New York, 19 September, 1970).
200. Borges, “Al iniciar el estudio de la gramática anglosajona,” in El hacedor.
201. Seneca, The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca.
202. William Blake, “Milton,” Pl.35, 42–45 in The Complete Poems, ed. Alicia Ostriker (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1977).
203. Badr al-Din Muhammed Ibn Jama’a, Tadhkirat al-sami,’ quoted in Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo.
204. Nasir al-Din Tusi, Risala, ibid.
205. Quoted in Robert Irwin, Night & Horses & the Desert: An Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature (London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 1999).
206. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Literary Works of Machiavelli, ed. John Hale (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961).
207. Philippe Ariès, Essais sur l’histoire de la mort ven occident: du moyen âge à nos jours (Paris: Seuil, 1975).
208. Revelation 20:12.
209. See Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo.
210. Toni Cassirer, Mein Leben mit Ernst Cassirer, Hildesheim, 1981, quoted in Salvatore Settis, “Warburg continuatus,” in Le pouvoir des bibliothèques: La mémoire des livres en Occident, ed. Marc Baratin and Christian Jacob (Paris: Albin Michel, 1996).
211. Ernst Cassirer, “Der Begriff der symbolischen Form im Aufbau der Geisteswissenschaften,” in Vorträge der Bibliothek Warburg, I, 1921–1922 (Leipzig & Berlin, 1923).
212. “Ein kleiner Herr mit schwarzem Schnurrbart der manchmal Dialektgeschichten erzählt,” quoted in Ernst Gombrich, Aby Warburg: An Intellectual Biography (London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1970). I have revised Gombrich’s English translation.
213. “dadurch offenbar das Mittel gefunden, mich von einer erschütternden Gegenwart, die mich wehrlos machte, abzuziehen…. Die Schmerzempfindung reagierte sich ab in der Fantasie des Romantisch- Grausamen. Ich machte da die Schutzimpfung gegen das aktiv Grausame durch …,”in Aby Warburg, Notes for Lecture on Serpent Ritual, 1923, pp. 16–18, quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
214. Ron Chernow, The Warburgs (New York: Random House, 1993).
215. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Dichtung und Wahrheit, II:8 in Goethes Werke, Band IX, Autobiographische Schriften I, Ed. Liselotte Blumenthal (Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1994).
216. Ernst Cassirer, “Der Begriff der symbolischen Form im Aufbau der Geisteswissenschaften.”
217. As Gombrich notes.
218. “Das Gedächtnis als organisierte Materie,” in Ewald Hering, Über das Gedächtnis als eine allgemeine Funktion der organisierten Materie (Lecture, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Vienna, 30 May, 1870), 3 ed. (Leipzig, 1921).
219. The story of the controversy is told by Salvatore Settis in “Warburg continuatus,” in Quaderni storici, 58/a XX, no. 1, (April 1985).
220. Fritz Saxl, “The History of Warburg’s Library (1886–1944),” appendix to Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
221. “Aalsuppenstil,”quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
222. Richard Semon, Die Mneme als erhaltendes Princip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens, 2d ed. (Leipzig: W. Engelman, 1908).
223. “Gespenstergeschichte für ganz Erwachsene.” Aby Warburg, Grundbegriffe, I, p.3, quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
224. “das Nachleben der Antike,” quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
225. “Wie ein Seismograph hatten seine empfindlichen Nerven die unterirdischen Erschütterungen schon dann verzeichnet, als andere sie noch völlig überhörten.” Carl Georg Heise, in Persönliche Erinnerungen an Aby Warburg (Hamburg: Gesellschaft der Bücherfreunde, 1959).
226. “Du lebst und tust mir nichts.”
227. “Die Wiederbelebung der dämonischen Antike vollzieht sich dabei, wie wir sahen, durch eine Art polarer Funktion des einfühlenden Bildgedächtnisses. Wir sind im Zeitalter des Faust, wo sich der moderne Wissenschaftler—zwischen magischer Praktik und kosmologischer Mathematik—den Denkraum der Besonnenheit zwischen sich und dem Objekt zu erringen versuchte.” Aby Warburg, Gesammelte Schriften, II:534, quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
228. I’m grateful to Professor W.F. Blisset for this information.
229. “warum das Schicksal den schöpferischen Menschen in die Region der ewigen Unruhe verweist, ihm überlassend ob er seine Bildung im Inferno, Purgatorio oder Paradiso findet.” Aby Warburg, in Schlussübung, Notebook 1927–28, pp. 68–69, quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
230. Aby Warburg, Le rituel du serpent: récit d’un voyage en pays pueblo, introduction by Joseph Leo Koerner, text by Fritz Saxl and de Benedetta Cestelli Guidi, trans. Sibylle Muller, Philip Guiton and Diane H. Bodart (Paris: Macula, 2003).
231. “Die Bilder und Worte sollen für die Nachkommenden eine Hilfe sein bei dem Versuch der Selbstbesinnung zur Abwehr der Tragik der Gespanntheit zwischen triebhafter Magie und auseinandersetzender Logik. Die Konfession eines (unheilbaren) Schizoiden, den Seelenärtzen ins Archiv gegeben.” Aby Warburg, Note 7, quoted in Gombrich, Aby Warburg.
232. “Annahme des Kunstwerkes als etwas in Richtung auf den Zuschauer feindlich Bewegtes.” Aby Warburg, in Fragmente (27 August, 1890).
233. See William V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1989).
234. W. Jaeger, Aristotle, trans. R. Robinson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948).
235. Plato, “Phaedrus,” trans. R. Hackforth, in The Collected Dialogues (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961).
236. “They read your will: they choose it to be theirs: they cherish it. They read it without cease and what they read never passes away. For it is your own unchanging purpose that they read, choosing to make it their own and cherishing it for themselves.” Saint Augustine, Confessions, translated by and with an introduction by R.S. Pine-Coffin (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1961); Book XIII:15.
237. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Maximen und Reflexionen, no. 838 in Goethes Werke, ed. Hans Joachim Schrimpf (Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1981); Vol. XII.
238. Ecclesiastes 12:12.
239. Adolfo Bioy Casares, “Libros y amistad,” in La otra aventura (Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1968).
240. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (London: Harvard University Press, 1999).
241. Nicholas de Cusa, “De docta ignorantia,” in Selected Spiritual Writings, translated and introduced by H. Lawrence Bond (New York: Paulist Press, 2005).
242. Julie Flaherty, “New Testament on a Chip,” in The New York Times (New York, 23 June, 2003).
243. Announced on the BBC evening news, 26 May, 2003.
244. The Venerable Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book II, chapter XIII, in Opera Historica, Vol. I, ed. J.E. King (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd, 1971).
245. Bill Gates, The Road Ahead (New York: Penguin, 1996).
246. Walter Benjamin, Schriften, edited by and with an introduction by Hannah Arendt (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1955).
247. The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 18 January, 1999).
248. Will Eisner, interview on France Info Radio, broadcast 19 December, 2004.
249. Paul Duguid, “PG Tips,” in The Times Literary Supplement (London, 11 June, 2004).
250. Garrick Mallery, Picture Writing of the American Indians (Washington, 1893).
251. “Mucho más que libros,” Semana (Bogotá, 4 June, 2001).
252. Personal interview, Bogotá, 25 May, 2001.
253. Philip Friedman, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, ed. Ada June Friedman (New York and Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980).
254. Tuvia Borzykowski, Ben kirot noflim, trans. Mosheh Basok (Tel Aviv: Ha-Kibbuts ha-Meuhad, 1964).
255. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960).
256. Quoted in Friedman, “The Fate of the Jewish Book,” in Roads to Extinction.
257. Donald E. Collins and Herbert P. Rothfeder, “The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg and the Looting of Jewish and Masonic Libraries During World War II,” in Journal of Library History 18, 1983.
258. Founded by the exiled son-in-law of Samuel Fischer, the celebrated German publisher.
259. Quoted in Friedman, “The Fate of the Jewish Book,” in Roads to Extinction.
260. Nili Keren, “The Family Camp” in Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, ed. Yisrael Gutman and Michael Birnbaum (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), quoted in David Shavit, Hunger for the Printed Word: Books and Libraries in the Jewish Ghettos of Nazi-Occupied Europe (Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Co., 1997).
261. Shavit, Hunger for the Printed Word.
262. “Mensh, oyf tsu shraybn geshikhte darf men hobn a kop un nisht keyn tukhes,” quoted in Yitzhak Zuckerman, “Antek,” in A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, trans. and ed. Barbara Harshav (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
263. Quoted in Shavit, Hunger for the Printed Word.
264. Deborah Dwork, Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Nazi Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
265. Moshe Kligsberg, “Die yidishe yugent-bavegnung in Polyn tsvishn bey de vel-milkhumes (a sotsyologishe shtudie),” in Studies in Polish Jewry 1919–1939, ed. Joshua A. Fishman (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1974).
266. Graham Greene, The Heart of the Matter (London: Heinemann, 1948).
267. Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (entry for 2 September, 1942), ed. Kazimierz Smolen, in KL Auschwitz seen by the SS, second edition (O’swieçim, 1978), quoted in Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (London: William Collins, 1986).
268. Martin Buber, Die Erzählungen der Chassidim (Frankfurt am Main: Manesse Verlag, 1949).
269. Victor Hugo, Inferi: La légende des siècles (Paris, 1883).
270. Romain Gary, La danse de Genghis Cohn (Paris: Gallimard, 1967).
271. Nunca Más: A Report by Argentina’s National Commission on Disappeared People (London and Boston: Faber & Faber in association with Index on Censorship, 1986).
272. Amin Maalouf, Les croisades vues par les Arabes (Paris: Editions Jean-Claude Lattès, 1983).
273. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2000).
274. Dante, Inferno, XXXIV, 129–132.
275. Quoted in Gilbert, The Holocaust.
276. Virgil, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid I-VI, ed. and trans. H. Rushton Fairclough (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1974).
277. Robert Musil, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (Berlin: Ernst Rowohlt, 1930).
278. Flann O’Brien, “Buchhandlung,” in The Best of Myles (London: Picador, 1974).
279. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by and with an introduction and appendices by David Womersley (London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 1994); Vol. I, chapter 7.
280. Harald Weinrich, Lethe. Kunst und Kritik des Vergessens (Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1997).
281. “Shah Muhammad, libraire,” in Le Monde (Paris, 28 November, 2001). Curiously, a year after this article appeared, the Norwegian journalist Åsne Seierstad published her account of an Afghani book- seller’s life under the title The Bookseller of Kabul. Seierstad’s hero is given the name Sultan Khan but many of the incidents and quotations are the same.
282. Andrew Murray, foreword to Presbyterians and the Negro: A History (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Historical Society, 1966).
283. Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (1901).
284. Janet Duitsman Cornelius, “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991).
285. Eliza Atkins Gleason, The Southern Negro and the Public Library (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941).
286. James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953).
287. Nina Berberova, La disparition de la bibliothèque de Turgeniev (Arles: Actes Sud, 1999).
288. Interview with Dr. Irene Kupferschmitt, Montreal, 3 May, 2004. Unpublished.
289. Robert Fisk, “Library books, letters and priceless documents are set ablaze,” in The Independent (London, 15 April, 2003).
290. Irwin, Night & Horses & the Desert.
291. Jabbar Yassin Hussin, Le lecteur de Bagdad (Aude: Atelier du Gué, 2000).
292. Johannes Pedersen, Den Arabiske Bog (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1946).
293. Milbry Polk and Angela M.H. Schuster (ed.), The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2005).
294. Luciano Canfora, Il copista come autore (Palermo: Sellerio editore, 2002).
295. Jean Bottéro, Mésopotamie.
296. Henry Fielding, Amelia, I:10 (1752), Vol. VI and VII of The Complete Works of Henry Fielding, Esq. (London: William Heinemann, 1903).
297. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews; vol. I, p. 5.
298. “The sun itself is but the dark simulacrum, and light but the shadow of God.” Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus, II.
299. Dylan Thomas, “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,” in Collected Poems 1934–1952 (London: Dent, 1952).
300. Shakespeare, Othello, V:2.
301. Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England: 1815–1865 (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1936).
302. Christmas Humphreys, Buddhism (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1951).
303. In conversation with the author.
304. Borges, “Autobiographical Notes,” in The New Yorker.
305. Idem., “Poema de los dones,” in El hacedor.
306. Idem., “Examen de la obra de Herbert Quain,” “El acercamiento a Almostásim,” “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius,” in El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (Buenos Aires: Sur, 1941); “El milagro secreto,” in Ficciones; “El libro de arena,” in El libro de arena (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1975).
307. François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel, trans. Sir Thomas Urquhart and Pierre Le Motteux (1693–94), introduction by Terence Cave (New York & Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994).
308. Henri Lefebvre, Rabelais (Paris: Editeurs français réunis, 1955).
309. Antonine Maillet, Rabelais et les traditions populaires en Acadie (Laval: Les Presses Université de Laval, 1971).
310. Lucien Febvre, Le problème de l’incroyance au seizième siècle: La religion de Rabelais (Paris: Albin Michel, 1942).
311. Jean Plattard, La vie et l’oeuvre de Rabelais (Paris: Boivin, 1930).
312. Mijail Bajtin, La cultura popular en la edad media y en el Renacimiento: El contexto de françois rabelais, trans. Julio Forcat and César Conroy (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1987).
313. Edwin H. Carpenter, Jr., Some Libraries We Have Not Visited: A Paper Read at the Rounce & Coffin Club, August 26, 1947 (Pasadena, CA: Ampersand Press, 1947).
314. Sir Thomas Browne, “Tract XIII,” in Certain Miscellany Tracts (London, 1684).
315. Carpenter, Some Libraries We Have Not Visited.
316. “Qu’est-ce que tu fais, Paul?” “Je travaille. Je travaille de mon métier. Je suis attaché au catalogue de la Nationale, je relève des titres.” “Oh…. Tu peux faire cela de mémoire?” “De mémoire? Où serait le mérite? Je fais mieux. J’ai constaté que la Nationale est pauvre en ouvrages latins et italiens du XVe siècle…. En attendant que la chance et l’érudition les comblent, j’inscris les titres d’oeuvres extrèmement intéressantes, qui auraient dû être écrits … qu’au moins les titres sauvent le prestige du catalogue….” “Mais … puisque les livres n’existent pas?” “Ah!” dit-il, avec un geste frivole, “je ne peux pas tout faire!” Colette, in Mes apprentissages (Paris: Ferenczi et fils, 1936).
317. Rudyard Kipling, “The Finest Story in the World,” in Many Inventions (London: Macmillan & Co., 1893).
318. The Necronomicon is first mentioned in a 1922 Lovecraft story, “The Hound;” the location of a copy is detailed in “The Festival” (1923). Both stories are collected in L.P. Lovecraft and Others, Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos (Sauk City: Arkham House, 1969).
319. H.P. Lovecraft, A History of the Necronomicon, (Oakman, AL: Rebel Press, 1938).
320. H.P. Lovecraft and August Derleth, “The Shadow Out of Space,” in The Shuttered Room (London: Victor Gollancz, 1968).
321. Verne, Vingt mille lieues sous les mers.
322. Shakespeare, As You Like It, II:1.
323. Carlo Collodi, Le avventure di Pinocchio, ed. Ornella Castellani Pollidori (Pescia: Fondazione nazionale Carlo Collodi, 1983).
324. Information provided by the director of the Provincial Archives of Oulu, Ms. Vuokko Joki.
325. Timothy W. Ryback, “Hitler’s Forgotten Library: The Man, His Books and His Search for God,” in The Atlantic Monthly (May 2003).
326. The idea was proposed by K.W. Humphreys in his splendid Panizzi lectures. See K.W. Humphreys, A National Library in Theory and in Practice (London: The British Library, 1987), which I have closely followed for this chapter.
327. U. Dotti, Vita di Petrarca (Rome and Bari: Laterza, 1987).
328. Quoted by Humphreys in A National Library in Theory and in Practice.
329. Ibid.
330. Harris, The Reading Room.
331. Quoted by Humphreys in A National Library in Theory and in Practice.
332. Report from the Select Committee on the British Museum together with the Minutes of Evidence, appendix and index (London: House of Commons, 14 July, 1836), quoted by Humphreys in A National Library in Theory and in Practice.
333. Edward Miller, Prince of Librarians: The Life and Times of Antonio Panizzi (London: The British Library Publications, 1988).
334. Edmund Gosse, “A First Sight of Tennyson,” in Portraits and Sketches (London: William Heinemann, 1912).
335. Quoted by Ann Thwaite in Edmund Gosse: A Literary Landscape (London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1984).
336. Quoted by Humphreys in A National Library in Theory and in Practice.
337. Quoted by Harris in The Reading Room.
338. Judith Flanders, “The British Library’s Action Plan,” in The Times Literary Supplement (London, 2 September, 2005).
339. Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, L’apparition du livre (Paris: Albin Michel, 1958).
340. Maud Stéphan-Hachem, La Bibliothèque Nationale du Liban, entre les aléas de l’histoire et l’acharnement de quelques-uns. (Paris: Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, ENSSIB, January 2005).
341. Blaine Harden, “For Immigrants, U.S. Still Starts at a Library,” in The International Herald Tribune (Paris, 29 April, 1998).
342. Bram Stoker, Dracula, introduction, notes and bibliography by Leonard Wolf (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1975), chapter 3.
343. Ibid., chapter 2.
344. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, introduction and notes by Leonard Wolf (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1977); Vol. II, chapter 4.
345. Ibid., volume III, chapter 7.
346. Ibid., volume II, chapter 4.
347. Ibid., chapter 6.
348. These words (“Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay/ To mould me man? Did I solicit thee/ From darkness to promote me?”) are from Paradise Lost, Book 3, and were set as an epigraph on the title page of the first volume of Shelley’s Frankenstein. Leonard Wolf, annotator of Mary Shelley’s novel, has this to say about the monster’s touching, perfect words: “As an epigraph (or an epitaph) for humanity, ‘Pardon this intrusion’ is unsurpassed.”
349. Shelley, Frankenstein, volume II, chapter 7.
350. Seneca, “On the Shortness of Life,” in The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca.
351. Plutarch, Moralia, Vol. IV, ed. and trans. Frank Cole Babbitt (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd, 1972).
352. Dante, De vulgari eloquentia, introduction, translation and notes by Vittorio Coletti (Milan: Garzanti, 1991).
353. Erasmus von Rotterdam, “Adagen” (Festina lente), in Ausgewählte Schriften, ed. W. Welzig (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1967–1969); II:I:1.
354. Steven Wilson, Related Strangers: Jewish-Christian Relations, 70 to 170 CE (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1995).
355. “Alors que dans la modalité du temps, elle présentifiait l’Antiquité grecque et arabe comme modèles culturels exemplaires, dans celle de l’espace, elle s’acharnait à réunir ce qui était dispersé et à rapprocher ce qui était éloigné.” “Rendre visible l’invisible … ce souci de possession du monde.” Touati, L’armoire à sagesse.
356. “Défiez-vous de ces cosmopolites qui vont chercher loin dans leurs livres des devoirs qu’ils dédaignent de remplir autour d’eux. Tel philosophe aime les Tartares, pour être dispensé d’aimer ses voisins.” Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation, Book I.
357. Thomas Traherne, Centuries of Meditations (London, 1908); I:29.
358. Hermann Broch, Der Tod des Vergil (1945).
359. Sir Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, edited with an introduction by Geoffrey Keynes (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1940); I:6.
360. Richard Rorty, “The Inspirational Value of Great Works of Literature,” in Raritan, volume 16, no. 1 (New Brunswick, NJ: 1996).
361. Naudé, Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque.
362. El libro de los veinticuatro filósofos, ed. Paolo Lucentini, trans. Cristina Serna and Jaume Pòrtulas (Madrid: Siruela, 2000).
363. I thank Edgardo Cozarinsky for this information. Vladimir Nabokov/Elena Sikorskaja, Nostalgia, letter of 9 October, 1945 (Milano: Rosellina Archinto, 1989).
364. “La présence de la bibliothèque est le signe que l’univers est encore tenu pour pensable.” Jean Roudaut, Les dents de Bérénice: Essai sur la représentation et l’évocation des bibliothèques (Paris: Deyrolle Éditeur, 1996).
365. The First Epistle General of John, 2:16.
366. Penelope Fitzgerald, The Blue Flower (London: HarperCollins, 1995).
367. Northrop Frye, Notebooks.