Page numbers in bold indicate photos and figures.
Abdulmajid, Iman. See Iman
Achner, Bernard, 146
Adamic, Louis, 75
Adams, Amy, 258
Aigner, Lucien, 107
Albright, Madeleine, 131
Algerian War, 185
Alien Land Law of California in 1913, 73
American born, stories of
Johannes von Trapp's story, 120–27, 121
Sister Christine Feagan's story, 314–28
American Dream Act. See DREAM Act
American Farmer (ship), 116, 120
American Field Service, 268
American Immigration Council, 205
American–Mexican border. See Mexican–American border, crossing of
American Red Cross, 206
amnesty, 1986 immigration law allowing for, 257, 261
more than 105 million seek amnesty in 1988, 258
anarchists denied entry to US in 1903, 55
Anconia (ship torpedoed by submarine), 82–83
Anderson, Pamela, 279
Angel Island, 152
“Angel of Queens.” See Munoz, Jorge
Ann-Margret, 131
Antin, Mary, 45
Argentina as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
Arizona desert, crossing illegally, 297
Arizona Senate Bill 1070, 25, 35, 205, 206, 307, 327
Arnaz, Desi, 107
Ashland, KY, 248
Asian immigration to the US, 277, 305
arriving at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay in 1940, 152
dwarfs from Asia, photo of from 1900, 68
See also individual countries, i. e., China, Vietnam, etc.
Asimov, Isaac, 88
asylum
becoming responsibility of Citizenship and Immigration Services, 305–306
difficulty of winning, 338
Mexicans not eligible for, 324
US State Department issuing guidelines in 1972, 231
See also refugees
Atlas, Charles, 56
Auer, Mischa, 88
Austin Powers (movie), 259
Australia as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
Austria and Austrian immigration to US
Bertha Renner Zeichner's story, 90–94
Maria Franziska von Trapp's story, 115–19
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1950s, 164
Rado-Harte's escape to Austria from Hungary, 36, 168–70
Sister Mary Tesar's story, 77–80
“Autumn in New York” (song), 88
Avengers, The (TV show), 164
Aykroyd, Dan, 232
Balkan region, immigration from, 15
Barge Office, 46
used as a temporary location after 1897 fire at Ellis Island, 44
used before Ellis Island, 14
Barnard College, 242
Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 232
Bastianich, Lidia, 192
Batali, Mario, 192
Batista, Fulgencio, 227
Baum, Joe, 190
Bavarian immigrant, photo of, 65
See also Germany and German immigration to US
Bay of Pigs invasion, 228
Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, NY, 299
Beame, Abraham, 57
Beard, James, 191
Beatles (music group), 232
Belarsky, Clarunia, 236
Belarsky, Isabel, 234, 235, 236, 237
Belarsky, Sidor, 106, 234, 236, 237
Belgium, Hitler's conquests in leading to “stateless” aliens, 18
Bemelmans, Ludwig, 75
Bergensfjord (ship), 121
Berlin, Irving, 45
Bethe, Hans, 107
Bethlehem, PA, 85
Bikel, Theodore, 125
Board of Emigration Commissioners (New York State), 13
Board of Immigration, 337
Boiardi, Ettore, 75
Bolivia and Christine Feagan's story, 314, 316
Bond, Kit, 333
Border Patrol
becoming Customs and Border Protection in 2003, 306
founding of in 1924, 16
increasing size of in 1996, 278
Supreme Court ruling in 1975 not allowing profiling by, 231
surveillance by, 33, 34, 296, 308
checking vehicles, 322
See also Mexican–American border, crossing of
Border Wars (TV show), 35
Bordoni, Irène, 57
Boston, MA, 53
Boston University, 180, 188, 193, 194, 202
Boulud, Daniel, 218
Brazil as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
Brin, Sergey, 233
British-American Club, 238
Brooklyn College, 302
Brosnan, Pierce, 258
Brown University, 341
Bruce, Nigel, 107
Brynner, Jules “Yul,” 131, 132
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 164
Bulgaria and Bulgarian immigration to US, 14, 15
Bulgarian-American Arts Festival, 309
Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church (New York City), 309
Bureau of Immigration formed in 1891, 14, 44
merging again in 1933 with Bureau of Naturalization, 106. See also Immigration and Naturalization Service
name changed to Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization in 1906, 55
and rise in number of Jews from eastern Europe, 15
setting up immigrant inspection agencies across US, 14
splitting of Immigration and Naturalization Bureaus in 1913, 73
stepping up domestic enforcement of illegal aliens in 1920s, 17
Bureau of Naturalization
merging again in 1933 with Bureau of Immigration, 106. See also Immigration and Naturalization Service
splitting of Immigration and Naturalization Bureaus in 1913, 73
Byrne, David, 198
Byrne, Gabriel, 258
Cage, Nicholas, 290
Cambodia, 231
Cameron, James, 232
TSS Cameronia (ship), 95
Canada and Canadian immigration to US, 18
as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
illegal immigrants from other countries coming to US via Canada, 319
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1910s, 74
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 279
Pastor Jim Macnee's story, 248–56
Supreme Court in 1974 upholding Canadians and Mexicans commuting freely, 231
Canseco, José, 198
Capra, Frank, 56
Cardin, Pierre, 172
Cardoza, David, 33
Carey, Hugh, 217
Caribbean women at Ellis Island, 84
See also individual countries, i.e., Cuba, Haiti, etc.
Carnegie, PA, 157
Carnera, Primo “The Ambling Alp,” 106
Caruso, Enrico, 56
Castle Garden Emigrant Landing Depot, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14
Betty Dornbaum processed at, 66, 70
Ellis Island replacing in 1892, 44
opening of in 1855, 43
Castro, Fidel, 164, 195, 222, 224, 227–28
CBP. See Customs and Border Protection
CBS News (TV show), 278
Center for Emerging Art, 166
Chan, Charlie (fictional character). See Oland, Warner
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 107
Chaplin, Charles “Charlie,” 75, 88, 147
Chaplin, Hannah, 88
Chauchoin, Lily. See Colbert, Claudette
“Chef Boyardee.” See Boiardi, Ettore
Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres award, 180
Chevalier de L'Ordre du Mérite Agricolec award, 180, 210
Chez Hansi restaurant (Paris), 213, 214
Child, Julia, 180, 190–91, 192–94, 210
children, immigrant
impact of illegal immigration on, 323, 324–25
See also DREAM Act
China and Chinese immigration to US, 28
arriving at Angel Island in 1940, 152
during California Gold Rush, 43
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1940s, 130
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 279
in 2000s, 307
popularity of Sound of Music movie in, 125
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 13, 44
repealed in 1943, 130
Chopra, Deepak, 199
Citizenship and Immigration Services, 317
taking over some of INS duties in 2003, 305–306
Civil War (1861–1865)
decline in immigration after, 11
immigrants serving on both sides during the war, 43
Claiborne, Anne Elisabeth Jane “Liz,” 107
Clark, William, 30
Cleese, John, 199
Cleveland, Grover, 44
Cleveland Clinic, 266, 269, 270, 271
Clinton, Bill, 278
Clive, E. E., 75
CNN/Gallup poll, 25
Coan, Peter Morton
firsthand experience with modern-day immigration, 35–36
writing of Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words, 26, 36
Coen Brothers, 234
Cohen, Leonard, 199
Cohen, Sacha Baron, 308
Colbert, Claudette, 57
Colombia and Colombian immigration to US, 307
Columbia University, 187–88, 190, 191–92, 242
Com
neci, Nadia, 259
Comerford, Cristeta, 258
Commission on Immigration Reform, 1997 report of, 278
Communism
difficulty of living under, 166, 222, 223–24, 311
growing fear of in US during the 1950s, 18
Internal Security Act of 1950, 163
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 36, 164
Ava Rado-Harte's story, 166–69
Refugee Relief Act of 1953 saving people from, 163–64
spread of in Southeast Asia in the 1970s, 231
Congo and Martine Kalaw's story, 335–37
“Cooking in Concert” (TV show), 193
Cornell University, 191
Corps of Discovery, 30
Cortez, Ricardo, 56
Costa Rica and Costa Rican immigration to US
Cubans using as an access point to US, 228–29
Marie Gonzalez's story, 331–34
Costello, Frank, 45
coyote guides and crossing the Mexican–American border. See Mexican–American border, crossing of
“criminal alien” category, 278
Crisp, Donald, 57
Croatia and Croatian immigration, 13, 319
Cuba and Cuban immigration to US
Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, 198
Cuban refugees paroled into US in 1960, 197
Emilio Estefan's story, 222–29
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 2000s, 307
photo of refugees in Port Everglades, FL, in 1963, 195
spiking after Castro becomes dictator in 1959, 164
US response to Cuban refugee crisis in 1980, 257
Cugat, Xavier, 75
Customs and Border Protection taking over some of INS duties in 2003, 306
Customs Service run by Treasury Department, 14
Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovakian immigration to US
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
Czolgosz, Leon, 55
Daché, Lilly, 75
Danbury, CT., prison in, 322–23
Dante Alighieri (ship), 83
D'Artagnan (food stores), 240, 244–46, 247
D'Artagnan in New York (Daguin), 240
Declaration of Intention to become a US citizen
of Albert Einstein, 108
of Yul Brynner, 132
Decré, Fred, 189
Decré, Martin, 189
de Kooning, Willem, 89
de la Renta, Oscar, 198
De Laurentiis, Agostino “Dino,” 232
Democratic Republic of the Congo and Martine Kalaw's story, 335–37
Denmark and Danish immigration to US, 55
Department of Homeland Security allowing a one-year delay in deportation for Marie Gonzalez, 333
created in 2002, 305
Bahamian government ordering for Haitian refugees in 1978, 231
based on Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, 278
and “criminal alien” category, 278
Ellis Island as national headquarters for from 1920 through 1940s, 17
fears in 1919 of anarchists leading to deportations, 74
Immigration and Customs Enforcement taking responsibility for in 2003, 306, 321, 324, 325
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift meatpacking raid, 320–23
major government crackdown in 2009, 306
Mexican repatriation program in 1931 to discourage immigration, 105
question about Zeituni Onyango being deported, 26–27, 308
Supreme Court narrowing residency deportation in 1984, 257
threat of for potential DREAM Act beneficiaries, 329, 332–33, 335, 336, 337, 340, 341
See also illegal immigration
detention at Ellis Island, 18
of enemy aliens in 1941, 129
Faye Lundsky in detention because of sickness, 49–50
photo of legal detainees in 1893, 54
Detweiler, Max, 125
Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors. See DREAM Act
Devvarman, Somdev, 307
Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 130, 163
Divac, Vlade, 259
“Dog Boy” [El Perrero]. See Millan, Cesar
Dog Psychology Center (Los Angeles, CA), 280, 290
Dog Whisperer, The (TV show), 36, 280, 292, 293–94
Domingo, Placido, 198
Dominican Republic as one of top ten emigration countries
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 2000s, 307
Doyle, Jack “The Gorgeous Gael,” 107
DREAM Act, 105, 206–207, 327, 329–30
Marie Gonzalez's story, 331–34
sponsors and supporters of, 330
Dubin, Al, 45
Dubinsky, David, 75
Duke, Vernon, 88
Dumas, Alexandre, 240
Durbin, Richard, 333
Dushats, Galina, 234, 236, 238, 239
Dutch immigration. See Netherlands and Dutch immigration to US
Dvorák, Antonín, 45
dwarfs from Asia, photo of from 1900, 68
East Side of New York, 50
economic recession of 2007, 306
Einstein, Albert, 107
Declaration of Intention to become a US citizen, 108
taking oath of allegiance in 1940, 109
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 185
Ellis Island, 14, 21–23, 36, 43
becoming national headquarters for deportation beginning in the 1920s, 17
becoming overcrowded in 1900s, 15
closure of in 1954, 19, 21, 22, 26, 164
Ellis Island Oral History Project, 37–38
few blacks coming through, 84
fire at in 1897, 44
fresh surge of immigrants in 1920s, 17
new, fireproof building opening in 1900, 55
photo of dwarfs from Asia outside of, 68
reopened in 1990 after restoration, 277–78
opening of in 1892, 14, 44, 51
photos from, 22, 51, 54, 58, 62, 65, 68, 76, 84, 94, 98
reasons for immigration during the Ellis Island era, 27
Registry Room (Great Hall), 76, 116, 144–47
renaming as Ellis Island: The National Museum of Immigration, 22, 23
reopening to the public in 1990 after restoration, 277–78
as a security center for suspected subversives during 1950s, 18–19
twelve million processed during its operation, 26, 27
uses of during World War II, 18, 129
See also post-Ellis Island era
Ellis Island Immigration Museum, 19, 21
Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words (Coan), 26, 234
“Ellis Island of the West,” 152
“El Perrero” [Dog Boy]. See Millan, Cesar
El Salvadore and El Salvadoran immigration
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1990s, 279
in 2000s, 307
and Temporary Protected Status, 319–20
Elwes, Cary, 258
Emerson Electric Co., 317
enemy aliens, 129
“Energetic Mind: The Revolutionary Style of Dog Training, The” (Millan), 289
Episcopal Church, 16
Estefan, Emilio, 199, 222–29, 223
Estefan, Gloria, 165, 222, 223, 227–28
Estefan Enterprises, 222
E-Verify, 317
Ewing, Patrick, 232
Factor, Max, 56
Feagan, Christine (Sister), 314–28
Federov, Sergei, 279
Felix and Cynthia, mistreatment by the legal system, 323–25
Fermi, Enrico, 107
Fessaguet, Roger, 189
Field of Dreams (movie), 314
Filipinos. See Philippines
Firth, Colin, 232
Fisher Controls, 317
Flanagan, Edward “Father,” 56
Food Channel (TV network), 193, 272
Forbes, Malcolm, 216
Forbes, Steve, 216
Ford, Gerald, 231
Fox, Michael J., 233
France and French immigration to US
de Gaulle changing constitution, 185
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
Jacques Torres's story, 272–76
not always filling quota for immigrants, 186, 214
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
Franey, Pierre, 188–89, 190, 191
Frankel, Max, 131
Frankfurter, Felix, 45
Fraser, Douglas, 88
French Culinary Institute (New York City), 180, 210, 272, 273
French immigration. See France and French immigration to US
“French White House,” 180, 185–86, 190
Fuentes, Daisy, 199
Gagnere, Olivier, 172
Garbo, Greta, 88
Garvey, Marcus, 75
General Harry Taylor (ship), 149, 157
“Gentlemen's Agreement” of 1907, 16
Georgetown University, 260
Germany and German immigration to US
mail-order brides (picture brides), 93
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
returning to Germany before World War II, 18
in steerage on the SS Bremen in 1925, 92
tattooed German stowaways in 1911, 79
treatment of immigrants during World War II, 18
Gibran Kahlil, 45
Godfather Part III, The (movie), 199
Goldman, Emma, 75
Goldwyn, Samuel, 45
Gonzalez, Marie Nazareth, 330, 331–34
Google, 233
Gorky, Arshile, 88
Gosling, Ryan, 279
Got, Midori, 258
Graf, Steffi, 307
Graham, Bill, 131
Grammy Award, 222
Grant, Cary, 88
Grant, Madison, 74
Great Dictator, The (movie), 147
Great Hall at Ellis Island. See Ellis Island, Registry Room
Greece and Greek immigration to US, 13, 14, 15, 17
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1960s, 198
Greeley, Horace, 30
green cards (permanent resident alien cards), 33, 36, 177, 187, 188, 214, 246, 261, 275, 291, 298, 310, 335–37
same rules applied to green card holders as other immigrants, 204, 207
See also visas; work permits
Gretzky, Wayne, 259
Grove, Andréw, 165
Guastavino's restaurant (New York City), 246
Guglielmi, Rodolfo. See Valentino, Rudolph
Haiti and Haitian immigration to US
admission of refugees after Bahamian government orders them to leave, 231
given temporary protected status after the earthquake, 205
Hamilton College, 335
Hansard, Glen, 279
Harrison, Benjamin, 14
Hart-Celler Act. See Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Harvard University Medical School, 270
Hatch, Orrin, 329
Hayek, Salma, 259
Hayman, Fred, 165
Haymes, Dick, 107
“head tax” on new immigrants in 1880s, 12
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 236–37
Herkimer, NY, 158
Hernandez, Juano, 75
Hersholt, Jean, 75
HIAS. See Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society
Hill, Joe, 56
Hillman, Sidney, 57
Himmler, Heinrich, 122
Hispanic immigration, 277
impact on US population demographics in 2050, 343
and Marshalltown, Iowa, 314–15, 318–19, 320, 325, 327
See also individual countries, i. e., Cuba, Mexico, etc.
Hispanic Ministry Office, 314, 315
Hitler, Adolf, 105, 106, 121–22, 343
Ho, David, 199
Hodur, Francis, 45
David Saltman's story, 103
homosexual immigrants, 232
Hong Kong refugees, special permission given in 1962, 197
Hoover, Herbert, 87
Hopkins, Anthony, 232
Houdini, Harry, 75
House Beautiful (magazine), 191
Hovnanian, Kevork S., 165
Howard Johnson Company, 180, 188–89
Howe, James Wong, 56
How Green Was My Valley (movie), 57
Hungarian Refugee Act of 1956, 163
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 36, 164
Ava Rado-Harte's story, 166–69
Hungary and Hungarian immigration to US
Ava Rado-Harte's story, 166–73
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
Hurok, Sol, 57
I-9 forms, 318
ICE. See Immigration and Customs Enforcement
illegal immigration
along Mexico–US border, 33, 34, 35
Carlos Escobar's story, 295–98
crossing the Mexican–American border, 308
film about, 327
impact of on children, 323, 324–25
legal status of illegal immigrants
Felix and Cynthia, mistreatment by the legal system, 323–25
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift meatpacking raid, 320–23
Martha and Moises gaining citizenship, 325
major government crackdown in 2009, 306
Marie Gonzalez's story, 331–34
and Marshalltown, Iowa, 314–15, 317–21
need for a Social Security number to have “good papers,” 318
rise in children born to illegal immigrants in 2000s, 306
seen as a Mexican problem even though there are illegal Canadians too, 328
and Social Security numbers, 318, 324
black market for, 314
fraudulent use carrying prison time, 321–23
Martine Kalaw's story, 336
surge of in 2000s, 33
See also deportation
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, 278
Iman, 232
comparison of numbers between Ellis Island era and the post-Ellis Island era, 27
as a contentious political issue
in 2000s, 306
in 2010s, 25
education levels of immigrants arriving in 2000s, 305
effect of 9/11 attacks, 305
legal status of lawful immigrants, 204–207
levels of
between 1880 and 1890, 43
in 1890s, 45
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 277
1993 poll showing Americans favoring decreases in immigration, 278
number of legal immigrants becoming naturalized citizens in 2005, 306
reverse immigration
after World War II, 18
during economic recession 2007–2008, 306
tied with America's quest to conquer the Western frontier, 30, 31
treatment of lawful immigrants, 204–207
See also green cards; illegal immigration; migration flows; “New Immigrants” (1954–2010); “Old Immigrants” (1892–1954); visas
Immigration Act of 1882, 12–13
Immigration Act of 1903, 15
Immigration Act of 1990, 277
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 314, 317, 321, 324
cracking down on illegal immigration in 2009, 306
going door to door looking for illegal immigrants, 325–26
taking over some of INS duties in 2003, 306
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 197
amendment to in 1969, 198
Supreme Court narrowing residency deportation provision in 1984, 257
Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, 163
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 317
banning admission of homosexuals in 1979, 232
Border Patrols increased because of 1996 legislation, 278
formed in 1933, 106
merged into Department of Homeland Security in 2002, 305
moved from Labor Department to Justice Department in 1940, 129
organizing internment and detention facilities during World War II, 129
Supreme Court upholding Canadians and Mexicans commuting freely, 231
Immigration Quota Act of 1924. See National Origins Act of 1924 (setting permanent quotas)
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 257
Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 (setting temporary quotas), 17, 87, 105
Impellitteri, Vincent, 56
India and Indian immigration to US, 305
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 279
in 2000s, 307
Paul Laric immigrating from Yugoslavia to US through India, 133–48
INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service
Internal Security Act of 1950, 18, 163
internment. See Japanese Americans, interned during World War II
Iowa Veterans Home, 317
Ireland and Irish immigration to US
being checked for glaucoma in the early 1920s, 98
Irish potato famine of 1845–1852, 43, 60
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
Patricia Fitzgerald's story, 60–65
Irglová, Markéta, 308
Istanbul University Medical School, 268
Italy and Italian immigration to US
Giacomo “Jack” Ubaldi's story, 81–86
in the 1880s, 13
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
and World War II, 18
It's a Wonderful Life (movie), 56
J-1 visa. See visas
Jacques Torres Chocolate, 272
Jade (hip-hop artist), 291
Jamaica as one of top ten emigration countries
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
James, C. L. R., 164
James Beard Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, 210
Japan and Japanese immigration to US
barred by Alien Land Law of California in 1913, 73
and the “Gentlemen's Agreement” of 1907, 16
in the 1880s, 13
Japanese and Korean Exclusion Movement in 1905, 55
popularity of Sound of Music movie in, 125
treatment of immigrants in US during World War II, 18
Japanese Americans, interned during
World War II, 18
Redress Act of 1988 providing compensation, 258
“War Relocation Camps,” 129–30, 135
photo of Shibuya family, 139
Jefferson, Arthur Stanley. See Laurel, Stan
Jefferson, City, MO, 331
Jennings, Peter, 199
Jewish Daily Forward (newspaper), 96
Jewish Federation of San Jose, 234, 236
Jewish immigration
Ava Rado-Harte's story, 166–73
Golda Meir remembering, 29
growth in immigration of eastern European Jews (1903–1906), 15
Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, 105–106
Justice Department approving entry of Soviet Jewish immigrants in 1977, 231
medical examination of Jewish immigrants in 1907, 62
Stella Dushats's story, 234–39
Johnson, Lyndon B., 197
Jolson, Al, 45
Josephson, Barry, 291
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift meatpacking raid, 320–23
Julie & Julia (movie), 194, 258
Kahn, Gus, 45
Kalaw, Martine Mwanj, 330, 335–37
Károlyi, Béla, 258
Kazan, Elia, 75
Keeler, Ruby, 75
Keller, Thomas, 218
Kennedy, Edward, 204
Kennedy, Joseph P., 189
Keschl, Steve, 36, 174–79, 175
Khrushchev, Nikita, 221
Khrushchev, Sergei, 221
Kim, Byung-Hyun, 279
Kipling, Rudyard, 45
KISS (rock group), 165
Kissinger, Henry, 107
Kluge, John, 88
Knauff, Ellen, 19
Knights of Labor, 13
Koppel, Ted, 164
Korea and Korean immigration to US
Japanese and Korean Exclusion Movement in 1905, 55
Korean War, start of in 1950, 163
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 279
Korean War, 163
Kournikova, Anna, 279
KQED (TV station, San Francisco, CA), 192–93
Krebs, Richard. See Valtin, Jan
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 165
Kunis, Milena “Mila,” 279
Kuznets, Simon, 88
La Côte Basque restaurant (New York City), 189
Lansbury, Angela, 130
Lansky, Meyer, 75
Lantos, Tom, 131
Laos, 231
Laotian immigration, 320
Laric, Vilko, 133–34, 136, 147–48
La Société des Cuisiniers de Paris [Society of Chefs of Paris], 184
La Technique: An Illustrated Guide to the Fundamental Techniques of Cooking (Pépin), 191
Latina (magazine), 331
Laurel, Stan, 75
Leach, Archibald Alexander. See Grant, Cary
Le Caravelle restaurant (New York City), 189, 217
Le Cirque restaurant (New York City), 217, 272
Le Cygne restaurant (New York City), 217
Lee, Ang, 233
legal status
of illegal immigrants
Felix and Cynthia, mistreatment by the legal system, 323–25
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift meatpacking raid, 320–23
Martha and Moises gaining citizenship, 325
Légion d'Honneur award, 210
Le Grenouille restaurant (New York City), 217
Lennon, John, 232
Lennox Industries, 317
Le Pavillon restaurant (New York City), 187, 188–89, 190
Levantine region, immigrants from, 15
Levitt, Alfred, 75
Lewis, Meriwether, 30
Lin, Yutang, 106
Literacy Act of 1917, 16–17, 74
Long Island, NY, 110
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 292
Lotsky, Jacob, 26
Luciano, Charles, 57
Lutèce Cookbook, The (Soltner and Britchky), 210
Lutèce restaurant (New York City), 210, 212, 215, 216–17, 219–20
Lutringhauser, Ernest, 186
Luxembourg, Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
M&M Company, 275
Ma, Yo-Yo, 198
Maccioni, Sirio, 272
MacMillan, Harold, 185
Macnee, Patrick, 164
Macnee, Sara, 249–50, 251, 252, 253–54, 255, 256
Macpherson, Elle, 258
Madame Chocolat, 272
Mahler, Gustav, 57
mail-order brides (picture brides), 93
main building at Ellis Island. See Ellis Island
Malisse, Xavier, 279
Mandelbrot, Benoît, 165
Manhattan Community College, 302
Mann, Thomas, 107
Maribor Remembered (Laric), 147–48
Marine Hospital Service run by Treasury Department, 14
Mars, Frank C., 275
Martha and Moises gaining citizenship, 325
Martin, Mary, 125
Massachusetts General Hospital, 270
Master Chefs of France, 210
Mastering the Art of French Cooking (Child), 192, 194
Matsui, Hideki, 307
Matthews, Dave, 199
Mazurki, Mike, 75
McAdams, Rachel, 307
McCarthyism, 163
McKay, Claude, 75
McKinley, William, assassination of, 55
Mehta, Zubin, 198
Meilleurs Ouvriers de France award, 210
men immigrating to America first, then bringing family, 48
Menotti, Gian Carlo, 89
Meskwaki [Bingo] Casino, 317
Mexican–American border, crossing of, 296–98, 308
Border Patrol checkpoints, 296, 316, 319, 326
checking vehicles, 322
and coyote guides, 33, 280, 282–85, 295, 296–98
crossing the Arizona desert, 297
Tijuana border, 35, 280, 282–85, 285, 296
See also Border Patrol
Mexico and Mexican immigration to US, 277, 305
Carlos Escobar's story, 295–98
crossing the Mexican–American border, 282–85
in the 1880s, 13
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift meatpacking raid, 320–23
Mexican repatriation program in 1931 to discourage immigration, 105
Mexican Revolution (1910), 16, 73
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1910s, 74
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 278
in 2000s, 307
Supreme Court in 1974 upholding Canadians and Mexicans commuting freely, 231
taking advantage of amnesty offer in 1986, 257
Meyzin, Robert, 189
Mezei, Ignatz, 19
MGH. See Massachusetts General Hospital
Miami, FL, 201–202, 203, 225–26
Miami Beach, FL, 166, 168, 171, 172–73
Miami Sound Machine (music group), 227, 228
Miami University of Ohio, 271
Michigan State University, 202
migration flows of top ten emigration countries
during 1890s, 45
during 1900s, 56
during 1910s, 74
during 1920s, 88
during 1930s, 106
during 1940s, 130
during 1950s, 164
during 1960s, 198
during 1970s, 232
during 1980s, 258
during 2000s, 307
Millan, André, 290
Millan, Cesar, 36, 279, 280–94, 281
Ming, Yao, 307
Mogilny, Alexander, 259
mojado [the illegal ones]. See illegal immigration
Montalbán, Ricardo, 130
Moody Bible Institute, 248
Moore, Annie, 45
Moreno, Antonio, 56
Moreno, Wenceslao “Señor Wences,” 107
Mowbray, Alan, 88
Mulberry Street, photo of, 59
Murray, Arthur, 45
Murray, Philip, 56
Mussolini, Benito, 343
Myers, Mike, 259
My Life (Meir), 29
Nabokov, Vladimir, 131
Naismith, James, 45
National Basketball Association, 260, 291
National Defense Authorization Act of 2010, 329
National Football League, 291
National Geographic Channel, 35
National Immigration Law Center, 206
National Origins Act of 1924 (setting permanent quotas), 17, 87
National Park Service, 37
Navratilova, Martina, 232
Albert Einstein's growing concerns about, 108
and Maria Franziska von Trapp, 115–16
Sweden sympathetic to during World War II, 121
NBA. See National Basketball Association
Neeson, Liam, 258
Negri, Pola, 88
Netherlands and Dutch immigration to US
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
photo of Dutch boys, 46
Nevelson, Louise, 89
Newfoundland, 106
“New Immigrants” (1954–2010), 11–12, 30, 344
coming after closure of Ellis Island, 19, 21, 22
differing from those who came through Ellis Island, 28–29, 36
difficulties in obtaining a visa, 32, 33, 36
settling in the West, 30
See also specific decades in index of dates
Newman, Pauline, 56
Newsweek (magazine), 217
New York City
longest serving doorman in, 174, 174, 177
receiving largest number of immigrants, 13
New York Times (newspaper), 190, 217, 264, 265
1993 poll showing Americans favoring decreases in immigration, 278
New York Tribune (newspaper), 30
New Zealand as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
NFL. See National Football League
Nichols, Mike, 107
NILC. See National Immigration Law Center
9/11 attacks, 305
Kiril Tarpov's story, 309, 312–13
Nixon, Richard M., 198, 217, 218
Nizer, Louis, 56
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, dealing with, 250–56
Norway and Norwegian immigration to US, 55
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1920s, 88
Nureyev, Rudolf, 232
honoring Jorge Munoz as an American hero, 261
and Zeituni Onyango, 26–27, 308
Ocean's Eleven (movies), 199
O'Dwyer, William, 75
Officier du Mérite National award, 210
Olajuwon, Hakeem, 258
Oland, Warner, 45
“Old Immigrants” (1892–1954), 11
coming through Ellis Island, 21
differing from “New Immigrants,” 28–29, 36
See also specific decades in index of dates
On Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross), 165
Ono, Yoko, 131
On the Waterfront (movie), 75
Onyango, Zeituni “Aunty Zeituni,” 26–27, 308
Oz, Frank, 131
Ozawa, Seiji, 198
Padilla, Daniel, 336
padrones, 13
Palmer raids of 1919, 74
Papashvily, George, 88
Papers (movie), 327
Parker, Tom, 89
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 74
Patriot Act of 2001, 305
PBS (TV network), 192, 193, 272
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 97, 129
Pei, Ieoh Ming (I. M.), 107
Peopling of America Center on Ellis Island, 21
Pépin, Gloria, 194
Pépin, Jacques, 165, 180–95, 181
Perlman, Itzhak, 165
permanent resident alien cards. See green cards
Pew Hispanic Center, 277
Phifer, Roman, 291
Philippine Independence Act. See Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 (Philippine Independence Act)
Philippines and Filipino immigration to US
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 278
in 2000s, 307
restriction of Filipino immigration in 1934, 106
Phoenix, Joaquin, 233
Pickford, Mary, 57
“picture brides.” See mail-order brides (picture brides)
Pittsburgh, PA, 171
Veterans Administration Hospital in, 271
Playboy (magazine), 217
Plummer, Christopher, 115, 119, 120, 125
Poland and Polish immigration to US
Aniela Szeliga's story, 149–59
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
Poland given to Russia at end of World War II, 157
population
of US
contemporary immigrants younger than native population, 277
in 1890s, 43
in 1930, 105
Mexican population in US in 1990s, 277
percentage of Hispanics in 2050, 343
Portugal and Portuguese immigration to US, 14, 17
one of top ten emigration countries in 1960s, 198
See also “New Immigrants” (1954–2010)
pre–Ellis Island era of immigration, 11–14, 36
key historic events during, 43–44
reasons for immigration since the Ellis Island era, 27–28
See also Ellis Island; “New Immigrants”; “Old Immigrants”
Presidential Citizen's Medal, 261
Presley, Elvis, 89
Previn, André, 107
Princeton University, 336
profiling not allowed in 1977 Supreme Court ruling, 231
Providence, RI, 64
Puccini, Giacomo, 57
Puck, Wolfgang, 232
Puerto Rican migration occurring in 1945, 130
Puglia, Frank, 57
quotas
changing to a preference system in 1965, 197
during the Hungarian Revolution, 170, 171, 176
for Filipinos, 106
France not always filling quota for immigrants, 186, 214
Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, 163
not lifted in 1933 for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, 106
permanent quotas established in National Origins Act of 1924, 17, 87, 105
quotas not filled during the Great Depression, 17
restriction of Filipino immigration in 1934, 106
temporary quotas established in Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, 17, 87
Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 75
Rado-Harte, Ava, 36, 166–73, 167
Rand, Ayn, 89
Ratoff, Gregory, 88
Redman (rapper), 291
Redress Act of 1988, 258
Refugee-Escapee Act of 1957, 163
Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 163–64
refugees, 305
after US withdrawal from Vietnam, 231, 257
Cuban refugees after Castro takeover, 196, 197, 202, 226, 257
Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 130, 163
Haitian refugees, 231
Hong Kong refugees, special permission given in 1962, 197
from the Hungarian Revolution, 163, 166, 169, 170, 171
measures allowing to stay in US in 1997, 278
from the Mexican Revolution of 1910, 16
Refugee-Escapee Act of 1957, 163
Refugee Relief Act of 1953 rescuing people from Communism, 163
refugee status, 149, 226, 318, 319
foreigners ineligible for refugee status if they committed a nonpolitical crime in own country, 278
War Refugee Board, 18
and World War I, 17
See also asylum
Registry Room (Great Hall) at Ellis Island. See Ellis Island, Registry Room
Reichmann, Heidi, 26
Reston, James, 88
reverse immigration
Germans, Italians, and Japanese returning home before World War II, 18
immigrants returning home because of lack of work in 2007–2008, 30, 32, 306
“reverse revenues,” 306
Rickover, Hyman G., 56
Rin Tin Tin (TV show), 282, 287
Ritz-Carlton Hotel (Palm Springs, CA), 272, 274
Robinson, Edward G., 56
Rockne, Knute, 45
Rodriguez, Rita M., 165
Romania and Romanian immigration to US, 15, 17, 29
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 18
moves INS to the Department of Justice in 1940, 129
sending Japanese Americans to relocation centers, 129–30, 135, 139
Rossellini, Isabella, 232
Roybal-Allard, Lucille, 330
Russia and Russian immigration to US
and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 163–64
Ava Rado-Harte's story, 166–69
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1990s, 278
in 2000s, 307
Stella Dushats's story, 234–39
treatment of Jews in the 1970s, 234–36
Russian Tea Room restaurant (New York City), 190
Sacco, Nicola, 57
Santana, Carlos, 198
School of the Sisters of Notre Dame (Wilton, CT), 77
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 199
Scotland and Scottish immigration
photo of Scottish family, 49
See also United Kingdom
Secada, Jon, 232
September 11, 2001, attacks, 305
Kiril Tarpov's story, 309, 312–13
Serious Man, A (movie), 234
Shahn, Ben, 57
Sharapova, Maria, 279
Shatner, William, 164
Shibuya, Ryohitsu and family, 139
Siciliano, Angelo. See Atlas, Charles
Sikorsky, Igor, 75
Simmons, Gene, 165
Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 26
Skouras, Spyros, 75
Smith, Charles Kingsford, 89
Social Security numbers and illegal
black market for, 314
fraudulent use carrying prison time, 321–23
Martine Kalaw's story, 336
Society of Chefs of Paris [La Société des Cuisiniers de Paris], 184
Soltner, Simone, 210, 214, 219
Somalis having refugee status, 319
Sosa, Sammy, 259
Sound of Music, The (movie), 36, 77, 115, 119, 120, 121
comparisons with real von Trapp experiences, 125
original poster for, 118
South Africa as a destination for migrants in the 1900s, 16
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 249
South Korea. See Korea and Korean immigration to US
South Vietnam, US withdrawal from in 1975, 231
See also Vietnam and Vietnamese immigration to US
Stalin, Joseph, 343
“stateless” aliens during World War II, 18
Statue of Liberty
Betty Dornbaum's memory of, 66, 70
Patricia Fitzgerald's memory of, 63
Paul Laric's memory of, 146
unveiling of in 1886, 30, 32, 44
Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, 21, 23
steerage of a steamship, 46, 49, 63, 89, 92, 92
Stewart, Patrick, 259
stock market crash of 1929, 87
Stokowski, Leopold, 57
Strasberg, Lee, 57
Streetcar Named Desire, A (movie), 75
“Street Singer, The.” See Tracy, Arthur
Stroheim, Erich von, 57
student visas. See visas
Styne, Jule, 75
Sudanese immigration, 319, 320
Sumac, Yma, 131
Supreme Court
foreigners ineligible for refugee status if they committed a nonpolitical crime in own country, 278
narrowing residency deportation provision in 1984, 257
not allowing profiling by Border Patrol in 1977, 231
upholding Canadians and Mexicans commuting freely in 1974, 231
Surmain, André, 213–14, 215, 217, 220
Sweden and Swedish immigration to US, 55
holding Nazi sympathies during World War II, 121
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1920s, 88
Swift meatpacking plant, 314, 317, 318, 320, 325
Juan and Elizabeth after Swift raid, 320–23
Talking Heads (music group), 198
Taylor, Elizabeth, 107
Taylor, Susan Douglas, 337
Teichman, Moses. See Murray, Arthur
Teller, Edward, 107
Temporary Protected Status, 319
Three Little Pigs (charcuterie in New York City), 242–44
Three Musketeers, The (Dumas), 240
Tijuana border. See Mexican–American border, crossing of
RMS Titanic (ship), sinking of in 1912, 73
Tito, Josip Broz, 185
Torres, Jacques, 259, 272–76, 273
“Tortilla Curtain.” See Mexican–American border, crossing of
tourist/visitor's visa. See visas
Townes, Leslie. See Hope, Bob
TPS. See Temporary Protected Status
Tracy, Arthur, 57
Trapp Family Singers. See von Trapp, Georg; von Trapp, Maria Franziska
Treasury Department
put in charge of immigration in 1890, 14
requiring Ellis Island fireproofed after 1897, 44
Trebek, Alex, 232
Trénet, Charles, 131
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, 73
Trigére, Pauline, 107
Trinidad, Golly Ramnath's story of immigrating from, 299–303
Try to Remember (Gomez), 200, 202–204
Tsai, Ming, 192
Tsiang, H. T., 89
Turkey and Turkish immigrants to US, 14, 15
Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 (Philippine Independence Act), 106
underclass, 29
United Kingdom as one of top ten emigration countries
in 1890s, 45
in 1900s, 56
in 1910s, 74
in 1920s, 88
in 1930s, 106
in 1940s, 130
in 1950s, 164
in 1960s, 198
in 1970s, 232
in 1980s, 258
See also Scotland
University of Miami, 227
University of Missouri, 334
USCIS. See Citizenship and Immigration Services
US–Mexican border. See Mexican–American border, crossing of
Utica, NY, 158
Valentino, Rudolph, 75
Valtin, Jan, 107
Van Halen, Eddie, 199
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 57
Vietnam and Vietnamese immigration to US, 277
boat people, 338
US response to, 257
one of top ten emigration countries
in 1980s, 258
in 1990s, 279
in 2000s, 307
Vietnam War, 231
expiration of, 143, 144, 179, 301, 309
staying on illegally after, 328
granting to refugees of the Hungarian Revolution, 164, 171
J-1 visa, 275
“New Immigrants” difficulties in obtaining, 32, 36
student visas, 33, 137, 226, 274, 301
for physician training, 269, 270
tourist/visitor's visa, 33, 137, 301–302, 324, 335
See also green cards (permanent resident alien cards); work permits
Vitae Society, 331
Vongerichten, Jean-George, 218
von Trapp, Agathe Whitehead, 115, 122
von Trapp, Georg, 36, 107, 120, 122
von Trapp, Joahnnes, 120–27, 121
von Trapp, Kristina, 126
von Trapp, Maria Augusta, 115, 120, 126
von Trapp, Maria Franziska, 36, 107, 115–19, 116
von Trapp, Werner, 117
Voskovec, George, 164
Walcott, Derek, 165
Wang, An, 131
Wang, Wayne, 199
war brides, 19
and War Brides Act of 1945, 18, 130
War Refugee Board, 18
“War Relocation Camps.” See Japanese Americans, interned during World War II
“We are Marie” campaign, 332
Weissmuller, Johann “Johnny,” 56, 141
Weisz, Rachel, 308
“We're in the Money” (song), 45
West, Barbara, 75
West, importance of in the history of immigration, 30, 31
Westminster College (Fulton, MO), 331
WGBH (TV station, Boston, MA), 192
Wiesel, Elie, 164
Wilander, Mats, 307
Wilder, Billy, 107
Williamsburg, Brooklyn, NY, 93
Wilson, Woodrow, 74
Winwar, Frances, 57
WNET (TV station, New York City), 192
work permits, 206, 319–20, 336, 339–40, 341
See also green cards (permanent resident alien cards); Social Security numbers; visas
work visas. See visas
World's Fair in 1939, 189
World Trade Center, 190
World War I, 343
Bertha Renner Zeichner's story, 90–91
effecting mass immigration from Europe, 74
Giacomo “Jack” Ubaldi's story, 82–83
impact on immigration, 16
Sister Mary Tesar's story, 78–79
Aniela Szeliga's story, 154–56
impact on immigration to US, 129
internment of Japanese Americans during, 129–30, 135, 139
Paul Laric's story, 137
Poland given to Russia at end of World War II, 157
preludes to in 1932 and 1933, 106
“stateless” aliens during, 18
Sweden holding Nazi sympathies during, 121
US entry into in 1941, 129
Yahoo!, 233
Yang, Jerry, 233
Yezierska, Anzia, 56
YMCA, 16
Yoelson, Asa. See Jolson, Al
Young, Neil, 199
Youngman, Henny, 57
Yugoslavia and Yugoslavian immigration
Hitler's conquests leading to “stateless” aliens from, 18
Zeichner, Bertha Renner, 90–94
Zeta-Jones, Catherine, 307
Zucco, George, 75