Tables
Table 2.1. Clergy and nobility in France, 1380–1780 (as percent of total population)
Table 2.2. Clergy and nobility in France, 1380–1780 (as percent of total adult male population)
Table 3.1. Progressive tax proposals in eighteenth-century France
Table 4.1. Composition of Parisian wealth in the period 1872–1912 (in percent)
Table 6.1. The structure of the slave and free population in the United States, 1800–1860
Table 8.1. The structure of the population in Indian censuses, 1871–2011
Table 8.2. The structure of high castes in India, 1871–2014 (percentage of population)
Table 13.1. The rise of top global wealth holders, 1987–2017
Table 17.1. Circulation of property and progressive taxation
Table 17.2. A new organization of globalization: Transnational democracy
Illustrations
Figure I.1. Health and education in the world, 1820–2020
Figure I.2. World population and income, 1700–2020
Figure I.3. The rise of inequality around the world, 1980–2018
Figure I.4. Inequality in different regions of the world in 2018
Figure I.5. The elephant curve of global inequality, 1980–2018
Figure I.6. Inequality, 1900–2020: Europe, United States, and Japan
Figure I.7. Top income tax rates, 1900–2020
Figure I.8. Parental income and university access, United States, 2014
Figure 1.1. The structure of ternary societies: Europe-India, 1660–1880
Figure 2.2. Share of nobility in Paris inheritances, 1780–1910
Figure 2.3. The Church as property-owning organization, 1750–1780
Figure 4.2. The distribution of property in France, 1780–2015
Figure 4.3. The distribution of income in France, 1780–2015
Figure 5.1. The weight of the clergy in Europe, 1530–1930
Figure 5.2. The weight of the nobility in Europe, 1660–1880
Figure 5.3. Evolution of male suffrage in Europe, 1820–1920
Figure 5.4. Distribution of property in the United Kingdom, 1780–2015
Figure 5.5. Distribution of property in Sweden, 1780–2015
Figure 5.6. Extreme wealth inequality: European ownership societies in the Belle Époque, 1880–1914
Figure 5.7. Income inequality in European ownership societies in the Belle Époque, 1880–1914
Figure 6.1. Atlantic slave societies, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Figure 6.2. A slave island in expansion: Saint-Domingue, 1700–1790
Figure 6.3. Proportion of slaves in the United States, 1790–1860
Figure 6.4. The rise and fall of Euro-American slavery, 1700–1890
Figure 7.1. The proportion of Europeans in colonial societies
Figure 7.2. Inequality in colonial and slave societies
Figure 7.3. Extreme inequality in historical perspective
Figure 7.4. The top centile in historical and colonial perspective
Figure 7.5. Extreme inequality: Colonial and postcolonial trajectories
Figure 7.6. Subsistence income and maximal inequality
Figure 7.7. The top centile in historical perspective (with Haiti)
Figure 7.9. Foreign assets in historical perspective: The Franco-British colonial apex
Figure 8.1. Population of India, China, and Europe, 1700–2050
Figure 8.2. The religious structure of India, 1871–2011
Figure 8.3. The evolution of ternary societies: Europe-India 1530–1930
Figure 8.4. The rigidification of upper castes in India, 1871–2014
Figure 8.5. Affirmative action in India, 1950–2015
Figure 8.6. Discrimination and inequality in comparative perspective
Figure 9.1. State fiscal capacity, 1500–1780 (tons of silver)
Figure 9.2. State fiscal capacity, 1500–1850 (days of wages)
Figure 9.3. The evolution of ternary societies: Europe-Japan 1530–1870
Figure 10.1. Income inequality in Europe and the United States, 1900–2015
Figure 10.2. Income inequality, 1900–2015: The diversity of Europe
Figure 10.3. Income inequality, 1900–2015: The top centile
Figure 10.4. Wealth inequality in Europe and the United States, 1900–2015
Figure 10.5. Wealth inequality, 1900–2015: The top centile
Figure 10.6. Income versus wealth inequality in France, 1900–2015
Figure 10.7. Income versus wealth in the top centile in France, 1900–2015
Figure 10.8. Private property in Europe, 1870–2020
Figure 10.9. The vicissitudes of public debt, 1850–2020
Figure 10.10. Inflation in Europe and the United States, 1700–2020
Figure 10.11. The invention of progressive taxation, 1900–2018: The top income tax rate
Figure 10.12. The invention of progressive taxation, 1900–2018: The top inheritance tax rate
Figure 10.13. Effective rates and progressivity in the United States, 1910–2020
Figure 10.14. The rise of the fiscal state in the rich countries, 1870–2015
Figure 10.15. The rise of the social state in Europe, 1870–2015
Figure 10.16. Demography and the balance of power in Europe
Figure 11.1. Divergence of top and bottom incomes, 1980–2018
Figure 11.2. Bottom and top incomes in France and the United States, 1910–2015
Figure 11.3. Labor productivity, 1950–2015 (2015 euros)
Figure 11.4. Labor productivity in Europe and the United States
Figure 11.5. The fall of the bottom 50 percent share in the United States, 1960–2015
Figure 11.6. Low and high incomes in Europe, 1980–2016
Figure 11.7. Low and high incomes in the United States, 1960–2015
Figure 11.8. Low incomes and transfers in the United States, 1960–2015
Figure 11.9. Primary inequality and redistribution in the United States and France
Figure 11.10. Minimum wage in the United States and France, 1950–2019
Figure 11.11. Share of private financing in education: Diversity of European and American models
Figure 11.12. Growth and inequality in the United States, 1870–2020
Figure 11.13. Growth and progressive taxation in the United States, 1870–2020
Figure 11.14. Growth and inequality in Europe, 1870–2020
Figure 11.15. Growth and progressive tax in Europe, 1870–2020
Figure 11.16. Composition of income in France, 2015
Figure 11.17. Composition of property in France, 2015
Figure 11.18. Inequalities with respect to capital and labor in France, 2015
Figure 11.19. Profile of tax structure in France, 2018
Figure 12.1. Income inequality in Russia, 1900–2015
Figure 12.2. The top centile in Russia, 1900–2015
Figure 12.3. The income gap between Russia and Europe, 1870–2015
Figure 12.4. Capital flight from Russia to tax havens
Figure 12.5. Financial assets held in tax havens
Figure 12.6. The fall of public property, 1978–2018
Figure 12.7. Ownership of Chinese firms, 1978–2018
Figure 12.8. Inequality in China, Europe, and the United States, 1980–2018
Figure 12.9. Regional inequality in the United States and Europe
Figure 12.10. Inflows and outflows in Eastern Europe, 2010–2016
Figure 13.1. Population by continents, 1700–2050
Figure 13.2. Global inequality regimes, 2018
Figure 13.3. Inequality in Europe, the United States, and the Middle East, 2018
Figure 13.4. Global inequality regimes, 2018: The bottom 50 percent versus the top 1 percent
Figure 13.5. Inequality between the top 10 percent and the bottom 50 percent, 2018
Figure 13.6. Inequality between the top 1 percent and the bottom 50 percent, 2018
Figure 13.7. The global distribution of carbon emissions, 2010–2018
Figure 13.8. Top decile wealth share: Rich and emerging countries
Figure 13.9. Top centile wealth share: Rich and emerging countries
Figure 13.10. The persistence of hyperconcentrated wealth
Figure 13.11. The persistence of patriarchy in France in the twenty-first century
Figure 13.12. Tax revenues and trade liberalization
Figure 13.13. The size of central bank balance sheets, 1900–2018
Figure 13.14. Central banks and financial globalization
Figure 14.1. Social cleavages and political conflict in France, 1955–2020
Figure 14.3. Legislative elections in France, 1945–2017
Figure 14.4. The electoral left in France: Legislatives, 1945–2017
Figure 14.5. The electoral right in France: Legislatives, 1945–2017
Figure 14.6. Presidential elections in France, 1965–2012
Figure 14.7. The evolution of voter turnout, 1945–2020
Figure 14.8. Voter turnout and social cleavages, 1945–2020
Figure 14.9. Left vote by level of education in France, 1956–2012
Figure 14.10. The reversal of the educational cleavage in France, 1956–2017
Figure 14.11. The left and education in France, 1955–2020
Figure 14.12. Political conflict and income in France, 1958–2012
Figure 14.13. Political conflict and property in France, 1974–2012
Figure 14.14. The religious structure of the French electorate, 1967–2017
Figure 14.15. Political conflict and Catholicism in France, 1967–2017
Figure 14.16. Political conflict and religious diversity in France, 1967–1997
Figure 14.17. Political conflict and religious diversity in France, 2002–2017
Figure 14.18. Political attitudes and origins in France, 2007–2012
Figure 14.19. Borders and property: The four-way ideological divide in France
Figure 14.20. The European cleavage in France: The 1992 and 2005 referenda
Figure 15.1. Presidential elections in the United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.2. Democratic vote by diploma, 1948–2016
Figure 15.3. The Democratic Party and education: United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.5. Political conflict and income in the United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.6. Social cleavages and political conflict: United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.7. Political conflict and ethnic identity: United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.8. Political conflict and racial cleavage in the United States, 1948–2016
Figure 15.9. Political conflict and origins: France and United States
Figure 15.10. Legislative elections in the United Kingdom, 1945–2017
Figure 15.11. Labour Party and education, 1955–2017
Figure 15.14. Political conflict and income in the United Kingdom, 1955–2017
Figure 15.15. Social cleavages and political conflict: United Kingdom, 1955–2017
Figure 15.16. Political conflict and religious diversity in the United Kingdom, 1964–2017
Figure 15.17. Political conflict and ethnic categories in the United Kingdom, 1979–2017
Figure 15.18. The European cleavage in the United Kingdom: The 2016 Brexit referendum
Figure 16.3. Political conflict and income in Poland, 2001–2015
Figure 16.4. Political conflict and education in Poland, 2001–2015
Figure 16.5. Catalan regionalism and income, 2008–2016
Figure 16.6. Catalan regionalism and education, 2008–2016
Figure 16.7. Legislative elections in India (Lok Sabha), 1962–2014
Figure 16.8. The BJP vote by caste and religion in India, 1962–2014
Figure 16.9. Congress party vote by caste and religion in India, 1962–2014
Figure 16.10. The left vote by caste and religion in India, 1962–2014
Figure 16.11. The BJP vote among the high castes, 1962–2014
Figure 16.12. The BJP vote among the lower castes, 1962–2014
Figure 16.13. The BJP and the religious cleavage in India, 1962–2014
Figure 16.14. The BJP vote by caste, religion, and state in India, 1996–2016
Figure 16.15. The politicization of inequality in Brazil, 1989–2018
Figure 17.1. Inequality of educational investment in France, 2018