Page numbers in italic indicate a figure.
Act for the Promotion of Nature Restoration 282, 287–291
adaptation 6, 50, 129, 165, 168, 177, 181, 295, 306–308; OA-related 48; technical 48
adaptive capacity 4, 50, 79, 91, 168, 218, 247, 257
adaptive management 84–85, 89–91, 242, 290, 292
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of the Philippines (AFMA) 162–163
Ajonina G. N. 259
Alaska 49
Amvrakikos Gulf massive fish mortality crisis 5, 9, 99–108, 100, 301; background information 99–103; crisis episode 103; crisis operational field management 104; ecosystem effects 105; fisherman 106; fish farmers 106; governance 102–103; governance management of the crisis 104; introduction 103; results 104–107; site description 99–100; socioeconomic description 100–101; socioeconomic effects 105–106; stakeholders 101–102; technical limitations 104–105; tourist industry 106–107
anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) 139, 193, 195–197, 200–202
Angkatan Laut (navy) 74
anoxic water masses 5, 99, 103, 105, 107–108, 297
anthropogenic stressors 1, 84, 307
appraisal 4, 9, 11, 18–20; Bangladesh Sundarbans 179–181; clam mortality in Uruguay 248; climate, overfishing, and transformation 201–202; ICM system for Omura Bay 144–145; mass mortality of oysters in France 60–62; Spermonde Archipelago 77–78; responses 3; success 3; SNC organizational structure 292–293; Tokyo Bay mantis shrimp fishery 233–234; for a Typology 1
aquaculture 5–6, 9, 23, 25, 28–29, 48, 60–61, 71, 99, 107, 114–115, 122, 126–127, 130, 139, 157–158, 158, 160–164, 176, 179, 187, 189, 208, 217, 222, 238, 261, 273, 285, 308; bivalve 196; clam farming 131; commercial shellfish 45; giant clam 272; Japanese tiger prawn 285; Manila clam 129; Matsushima Bay 37; Miyagi Prefecture 30, 37; multi-trophic 296; oyster 9, 137; Pacific oyster 46, 48; Pacific Northwest 40, 42; pearl 137; shellfish 45–46, 303; Washington 41, 45–46
Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center 212
artisanal fishers 256–258, 261–263
Ascending Hierarchical Classification 8
assessment: Baltic Sea ecosystem health 89; clam mortality in Uruguay 131, 244, 246; coral reef restoration 289, 291–292; environmental impact 256, 258, 263; I-ADApT 238, 239; integrated 1; Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment 135; Omura Bay 145; risk 49; Tokyo Bay mantis shrimp fishery 227
Australia 55; Western Current 42
autonomous management measures 143, 149, 230, 232
awareness 296, 299; Cameroon’s mangroves 264; coral reef restoration 291; engagement of stakeholders 167; environmental 67, 78, 83, 309; Jin-shanzui fishing village 190; OA 48; oyster fishery 214; public awareness 290
Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam 74
Baltic Sea 5, 9, 83–91, 309; background 83; adaptive management 84–85; governance and governability 84–88; governance history 85; management response 88–90; stressors and their impact 83–84
Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) 86–90, 297; HELCOM indicators 87, 91
Bangladesh see Sundarbans mangrove forest
Bantay Dagat (Sea Guards) 163
barnacles (Balanus spp.) 31
Baylor, J. B. 210
Baylor grounds 210
Bay of Bourgneuf oyster farming description of issue 54–55; governing system 58–59, 61–62; major crises 55; map of Bay of Bourgneuf 56; mass mortality 54–62; more investment as main social response 59–60; natural environment 55–57; natural system appraisal 60; social context 57; social system appraisal 61
beach clams 238
BEE see Black economic empowerment
Biodiversity 67, 86–87, 135, 177, 253, 259, 288, 297, 299, 305
Bivalve shellfish 43, 49, 100, 113, 115, 117, 125, 148, 196, 247–248
Black economic empowerment (BEE) 197–198
blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) 139, 159, 206, 208, 213–214, 217
Blue Growth initiatives 188
Blue Ribbon Oyster Panel 215
Boldt Decision 47
boundaries 141, 211, 243, 243, 298
BP oil spill 213
British Columbia 49
Bross, R. 198
Brown, Edmund 49
brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) 110–112
bryozoa (Bugula neritina) 31
BSAP see Baltic Sea Action Plan
Bureau of Fisheries and Agriculture 161, 163, 163, 164, 166, 169
bycatch management 200
Cameroon mangrove degradation 253–265; background information 253–255; description of main issue 257–258; diagram of major causes of degradation 260; governance and governability 262–264; impacts of the changes on the natural, social and governing systems 259–260; instructional framework 256; introduction 253; key stakeholders 256–257; main stressors that affect the system 258–259; map 254; materials and methods 253–258; social structure in the area 255–257; vulnerability 260–261
Cape hakes (Merluccius capensis/ m. paradoxus) 194, 196
Cape Point 193
carbon dioxide 42
celebes 69
Chatonella fish kill of Maliakos Gulf (Greece) 110–119, 116; background information 112–113; coastal society structure 114; distribution 116; ecosystem approach 117–118; evolution 111–112; governance 115, 116; map of Maliakos Gulf 113; main habitats 113; methods 112–116; results and discussion 117–118; site description 112–113; socioeconomic description 114–115; socioeconomic effects 118; stakeholders 114–115
chemical oxygen demand (COD) 30, 137, 137, 145
Chen, L. 188
Chesapeake Bay Foundation 211
China see Jin-shanzui fishing village
citizens 48, 106, 132, 230, 291–292, 300, 310n2
clam harvesting in Venice Lagoon (Italy) 6, 9, 121–132, 298; chronology of the introduction of the exotic Manila clam Tapes philippinarum 129; clam exploitation 127–128; DPSIR schematic 124; environment 124–127; institutional governing system 131; map of habitats 123; progression of clam production and prices in Italy 122; social aspects and governing system 129–132
classification 7, 8, 128, 131, 272, 274
Clean Water Act 47
Clean Water Act of the Philippines: Water Quality Management Area (WQMA) 164
climate 1, 130, 132, 183; change 2, 7, 49, 54, 67, 76, 84, 126, 171, 194, 212, 248, 295, 308; microclimate 254; pattern 70; variability 201–203; zone 206
Coastal Marine Authority 242–243
Coast Seafoods Hatchery 45
coastal communities 41, 104–105, 110, 114, 118, 148, 160–161, 164, 167, 171, 196, 255, 261, 264, 298
‘Coastal Waters Activity Coordination Board’ 279
COD see chemical oxygen demand
coding for typology key questions 13–20
co-management 11, 132, 135, 144, 157–158, 163, 165, 167–168, 199–200, 229, 240–242, 243, 244–245, 245, 247–248, 291–293, 299–300, 303–305, 309
Comités Régionaux de la Conchyliculture (CRC) 58–59, 61
committees 143–144, 282, 304; local water 57; shellfish regional 58
common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) 110–111, 113
communities 49, 101, 149, 177, 246, 285, 307; animal and plant 43; coastal 41, 101, 104–105, 110, 114–115, 118, 148, 160–161, 164, 166, 171, 196, 237, 255, 261, 264, 298; coral 70, 282–284; downstream 165; employment 202; fishing 247, 253, 258; island 79, 127; local 46, 75, 78, 99, 105, 135, 151, 163, 176, 179, 220, 248, 296–297, 310n2; mangrove 178–179, 181, 261; phytoplankton 117; poor 168; riparian 261, 263; sensitivity 4; survival 180
community-based management 75
complexity 7, 132, 157, 248, 298, 300
Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP) 75–76, 78, 297
coral reef restoration in Sekisei Lagoon (Okinawa, Japan) 5, 10–11; Act for the Promotion of Nature Restoration 287–291; conservation with conventional system and limitation 287–288; coral reef coverage changes 284; coral reef degradation 283–285; coral reef restoration 282–293; ‘Implementation Plan for the Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Project’ 290; map 283; marine transportation 286; natural restoration process flowchart 289; nature 283; starfish 299; use of and degradation of coral reefs; Yaeyama area community and coral reef use 285–286
Coral Triangle Initiative 73
COREMAP see Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oysters) 40, 54, 296
Crassostrea sikamea (Kumamoto oysters) 41
CRC see Comités Régionaux de la Conchyliculture
Cyclone Aila 172–173, 174, 175–176, 178–179, 180–181
Cyclone Bijli 171
Cyclone Sidr 173, 174, 176, 178–179
Cymodocea nodosa 125
Department of Environment (DOE) 46–48
Department of Forest: Aquatic Resources Division 177
Department of Health (DOH) 46–47, 169
Dewey, Bill 46
DINARA see National Direction of Aquatic Resources
Dinas Kelautau dan Perikanaan (DKP) 74–77
disaster 103, 105–106, 110, 118–119, 176, 180, 297, 308; blue crab 213; climatic 173; environmental 302; humanitarian 179; natural 264, 298; risk management 141; tsunami 9, 23, 25, 29–32, 35–38, 296, 305; see also Cyclone Aila
dissolved inorganic nitrogen 25, 87
dissolved oxygen 99, 126, 187, 212, 223, 224
DKP see Dinas Kelautau dan Perikanaan
DOE see Department of Environment
DOH see Department of Health
Douala-Edea National Park 260
Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve 259–261
DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) 3, 123, 124
dredging 24, 47, 105, 111, 121–122, 128, 130, 208, 210, 215, 286
EAF see Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
Eastern Cape Pelagic Association 198
economic impact 36, 130, 241, 246, 275; marine 3; threatening 1
ecosystem 4, 6, 7, 9–11, 43, 50, 60, 78, 83–84, 89, 117–118, 126, 167, 202, 241, 253, 256, 263–264, 297, 299, 301; aquatic 107; bay 31; Chatonella fish kill 117–118; coastal 291; coral reef 283, 289–291; effects 105; Forestry Ecosystems in Central Africa 262; Group for Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach 88; lagoon 103, 108, 297; mangrove 5, 171, 173, 175–176, 179–181, 258–259; marine 47, 67, 74, 77, 79, 158, 164, 167, 193, 197, 287, 302; MMORS 160, 164; natural 309; Omura Bay 142; oyster 214; Principles for a Code of conduct for the Management and Sustainable Use of Mangrove Ecosystems 262; Puget Sound 43–45; reef 271; Sekisei Lagoon 288; self-sustaining 142; shellfish 44, 45, 62; Tokyo Bay 224; see also Baltic Sea Action Plan; Sustainable Use of Mangrove Ecosystems
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) 199–201, 203, 241–242, 243, 244–245, 245, 247–248
effectiveness 11, 42, 50, 69, 74, 78, 88, 90–91, 167, 181, 237, 305
El Niño Southern Oscillation event 247
environmental protection 102, 128, 228, 303
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 45
equity 131, 198, 201, 305; economic 194; poverty 307; social 162, 166, 194; socioeconomic 128
estuary 56, 112, 206; Cameroon 254–255, 257–259, 261, 265n1; Rio del Rey 254–255, 257, 259–262; Wouri 263
eutrophication 9–10, 25, 47, 83, 85–88, 90, 137, 165, 175, 188, 224, 259, 285, 297
exploitation 100, 175, 177–179, 187, 237, 240, 242, 256–257, 264, 298, 302; clam 127–128; commercial 224; fodder 176; forest 302; mangroves 258, 261; nypa palm 176; overexploitation 5, 121, 175, 177, 187, 237, 260; oysters 261; timber 181; wood 181, 263
family business 57
FARMCs see Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils
FCAs 140, 143, 145, 149, 229–230, 232, 280, 308; Yokohama 151, 227, 230; see also Fisheries Cooperative Associations; Fisherman’s Cooperative Associations; Fishery Cooperative Association
fish kill of Maliakos Gulf (Greece) 110–119, 116; background information 112–113; coastal society structure 114; distribution 116; ecosystem approach 117–118; evolution 111–112; governance 115, 116; map of Maliakos Gulf 113; main habitats 113; methods 112–116; results and discussion 117–118; site description 112–113; socioeconomic description 114–115; socioeconomic effects 118; stakeholders 114–115
fisheries in Spermonde Archipelago (Sulawesi) 67–79; appraisal 77–78; background, objectives, and procedure 67–69; civil society responses 76; construction of wooden folloros 72; governance system 73–74; government responses 75–76; natural system 69–70; social system 70–73; study area description and main issues 69; trader estimates value of fisherman’s catch 72; wave breakers 77
Fisheries Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 25, 31, 37
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) 163, 163–166
Fisheries Authority 111, 115, 117
Fisheries Code of the Philippines 158, 162, 167, 307
Fisheries Cooperative Associations (FCA) 278; Onna Village 269; Yokohama City 227
Fisheries Directorate of Aitoloacarnania Prefecture 102
Fisheries Policy Act 230
Fisherman’s Cooperative Associations (FCA) 137
fishers 25, 58, 69, 70–71, 73, 76, 121, 132, 139–141, 154n1, 166, 175–180, 196, 200, 237, 240–243, 243, 245–247, 258, 264, 275, 289, 297, 301–302, 305, 308; activities 143–144; clam 127, 129–131, 248; artisanal 256–257, 259, 262–263; commercial 122, 158; immigrant 255, 263; licensed 127; local 165, 168, 239, 244; municipal 158; recreational 211; small-scale 157, 160–161, 164
Fishers’ Assembly 242
Fishery Tokyo Bay mantis shrimp 233–234
Fishery collapse 54, 62, 103, 118, 157, 176, 189, 195, 202, 227, 233, 285, 296, 301
Fishery Cooperative Association (FCA) 135, 149
Fishery Management Organization 4, 135
Fishery Promotion Fund 274–275, 278
fishery–tourism conflict in Onna Village (Okinawa, Japan) 269–293; coastal uses 273; current state 277; economic rationality of social responses 279; global changes 269–273; introduction 269; local rules 274–275; map 270; pollution in Akase Coast 277; pollution of marine environment 271–272; reasons for success 278–279; response of society to global change 274–278; results of response 275–278; spatial conflicts 272–273; suspended particle in sea sediment 272; tourism 269–270, 271; trends in population and net domestic product and fishery catch, production value, and fish price 276
fishing effort 114, 197, 230, 240, 244
fishing gear 9, 23, 69, 71, 74–76, 87, 111, 175, 177, 179, 189, 233, 260, 263–264
fishing rights 29, 60, 135, 140, 193, 194, 229–230, 301; abandoned 231; commercial 148
fish mortality crisis see Amvrakikos Gulf massive fish mortality crisis
fishponds 159–160, 162, 164–165; operator 157, 160–161, 164; owner 161
FishSA 198
focus group 69
Food and Drug Administration 46
formation of local rules 167, 274
France see Oyster farming in Bay of Bourgneuf (France), mass mortality
Fu, D. 183
Functional Unit of Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management (Unidad Funcional de Manejo Ecosistémico Pesquero) 241
gender complement 202
Genroku earthquake 224
Gestione Risorse Alieutiche Lagunari (GRAL) 128–131
Giant Pacific oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) 184
global change 1–20, 269–278; Ascending Hierarchical Classification Analysis 8; case studies by typology 4–6; I-ADApT framework and case studies 2–7; I-ADApT typology 7; multiple factor analysis results 8; outline of different steps for Description and Response component of IMBeR-ADApT 3
goods and services 171, 253, 258
governability: Baltic Sea 84–88; Cameroon 262–264; Japan 228–230
governance: Baltic Sea 84–88; Cameroon 262–264; Japan 228–230
governance response 48–50, 199–201
governance system 2, 11, 42, 48–49, 79, 298, 300; Bangladesh Sundarbans 175–178, 181; Chatonella fish kill in Greece 115, 116; greater Saldanha Bay area 194; MMORS fishery industry 164; South Africa 199; Spermonde fisheries 73–74, 77–78, 304; Uruguay 238, 242, 246–248; Virginia 212
governing systems: Bangladesh 177–181; Bay of Bourgneuf 58–59, 61–62; Cameroon 259–260; Italy 129–132; Japan 140
Great Barrier Reef 283
Great East Japan Earthquake 23, 25
Greece fish kill of Maliakos Gulf 110–119, 116; background information 112–113; coastal society structure 114; distribution 116; ecosystem approach 117–118; evolution 111–112; governance 115, 116; map of Maliakos Gulf 113; main habitats 113; methods 112–116; results and discussion 117–118; site description 112–113; socioeconomic description 114–115; socioeconomic effects 118; stakeholders 114–115
greenhouse gas 49
HAB see harmful algal bloom
Hangzhou Bay 183, 186, 188–189
harmful algal bloom (HAB) 115, 117–118, 238, 247
Harper, Prime Minister 49
hatcheries clam 121, 128; oyster 40, 46, 57, 59–60, 62, 209, 212, 217; private 59, 62; shellfish 41–42, 45, 48, 58
Hawaii 48
HDWG see Human Dimensions Working Group
health 29, 47, 70, 89, 104, 106, 118, 121, 130–131, 160, 165, 179, 202–203, 290–291, 307
HELCOM see Helsinki Commission
Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) 85–91
hierarchical levels 8, 58–59, 73, 135, 177, 210, 256, 303–305
Holling, C. S. 60
horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) 194, 196
Hu, Z. 183
ICM see Integrated Coastal Management
I-ADApT 1–2, 54, 112, 160, 168, 181, 248, 300; framework 2–3, 11, 23, 38, 42, 62, 67, 136, 172, 194, 202, 238, 269, 295–296, 309; template 79, 145, 244; tools 234; typology 4, 6–7, 303
IMBeR see Integrated Marine Biosphere Research project
income 278, 307; alternative 179; Bangladesh 173, 177, 179; Cameroon 257, 259; China 186, 188, 190; decline 101, 118, 176, 180, 241; family 180; farmers 9; growth 143, 173; household 10, 160; insufficient 177, 179; Japan 228, 233; oyster farmers 29–30, 36; Pacific Northwest 40, 45; Philippines 157, 160; Spermonde Archipelago 67, 70, 73; supplementary 101–102, 114; Uruguay 241
Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ)
Indonesia see Fisheries in Spermonde Archipelago (Sulawesi)
industrial development 223, 228, 233
industry resilience 49
informal rules 10, 78–79, 89, 151, 307
Institute for Agricultural Development 130
institutional design 292
Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) in Omura Bay (Japan) 135–146; activities by municipalities 142–143; annual chemical oxygen demand 137; annual marine fisheries production 139; annual total nitrogen 138; annual total phosphorus 138; appraisal 144–145; biota 139; fisheries 139–140; fishers’ activities 143–144; governing system 140; main issues 137–140; map 136; natural and social system 136–137; Omura Bay Restoring and Revitalizing Action Plan 135–136, 138, 140–142, 141, 144; resident groups and NPOs 144; responses and results 140–144; revitalization 140–141; stressors of main issue 140; water quality 137–139
Integrated Marine Biosphere Research project (IMBeR) 1, 3, 244, 310
integrated river basin approach 164
Interactive governance 3
International Tropical Tiber Organisation 262
Inter-sectoral tensions 302–303
Isaacs, M. 198
Italian Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 130
Japan: governance 228–230; income 228, 233; tiger prawn 285
Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment 135
Jinshan District Tourist Administration 189
Jinshan Islands 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 191n2
Jin-shanzui fishing village (Shanghai, China) 5, 183–191, 299; achievement 190; background 183; depletion of fishery resources 187–188; development history 183–186; diminished fishing area due to legislation 186–187; environmental degradation 187–188; main species caught by fishermen 185; main species living off the coast 184–185; map 184; marginalization of fishing industry and mainstreaming of other marine industries 188; overfishing 187; recession 186–188; transition 188–189
Job crises 193
Kanazawa-tu (Yokohama, Japan) 149, 150, 151
Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah (KKLD) 75
KKLD see Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah
Kumamoto oysters (Crassostrea sikamea) 41
Kumamoto Prefecture 149
land reclamation 148, 222, 222–224, 227–228, 230, 233
larvae 46, 59, 171, 175, 177, 209, 212; oyster 6, 25, 32, 40–41, 54, 206, 211, 296; shrimp 173, 176, 178
Latin America 237–238; see also yellow clam (Mesodesma mactroides) small-scale fisheries in Uruguay
law enforcement 69, 71, 79, 166
Law of Fisheries and Aquaculture 242
Law on the Territorial Sea 140
Liu, S. 187
livelihood 1, 6, 9, 45, 67, 69, 101, 157, 167, 162, 164–168, 171, 173, 176, 179–181, 187, 189, 194, 203, 220, 237, 241–242, 246, 253, 256, 259, 261, 285, 290–291, 299–300, 307, 309; alternative 10, 71, 73, 76, 78–79; coastal 73
MAFF see Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Magnuson-Stevens Act 47
Maliakos Chatonella fish kill 110–119, 116; background information 112–113; coastal society structure 114; distribution 116; ecosystem approach 117–118; evolution 111–112; governance 115, 116; map of Maliakos Gulf 113; main habitats 113; methods 112–116; results and discussion 117–118; site description 112–113; socioeconomic description 114–115; socioeconomic effects 118; stakeholders 114–115
Mallick, B. 173
Management Agency of Amvrakikos Gulf 102
management organization 4, 106, 135, 141, 279
management response 10, 85, 88–91, 112, 298, 300
management rules 58, 61, 292, 298, 307
mangrove degradation in Cameroon 253–265; background information 253–255; description of main issue 257–258; diagram of major causes of degradation 260; governance and governability 262–264; impacts of the changes on the natural, social and governing systems 259–260; instructional framework 256; introduction 253; key stakeholders 256–257; main stressors that affect the system 258–259; map 254; materials and methods 253–258; social structure in the area 255–257; vulnerability 260–261
Manila Bay (Philippines) 159, 161–162
Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) 137, 185
Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) in Tokyo Bay (Japan) 5, 10, 220–234, 303, 305; annual catch 227; appraisal 233–234; changes in production 231; commercial species 225; dissolved oxygen in bottom water 223; drawing of fisheries 225; fisheries 224–227; fisheries catch, seaweed cultivation and number of fishery households 226; fisheries rights distribution 231; governance and governability 228–230; how fishery is affected 227–230; I(MBER)-ADApT description and response stages 233; individuals occupied directly in fisheries sector 221; introduction 220; land reclamation and heavy industry 222–224; land reclamation history 222; local responses to change 230–232; map of Tokyo Bay 221; stressors and impacts 222–224; vulnerability 228; water quality changes 229
Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS, Philippines) 5, 157–169, 299; annual fisheries production of Philippines 158; background 157–160; Clean Water Act of the Philippines: Water Quality Management Area (WQMA) 164; co-management and multi-stakeholder engagement 167; environmental damage of fresh water and marine waters 162; fisheries plans and projects 162–163; fishery industry 164–165; map 159; institutional linkages in Philippine fisheries and natural resources governance 163; livelihood and ecosystem-based approach to fisheries and water resource management 167; natural resource management in the Philippines 163–164; practices that work and areas for improvement 166–168; RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of the Philippines (AFMA) 162–163; Republic Act (RA) 8550 Fisheries Code of the Philippines 162; responses and challenges 165–166; river quality monitoring 166; scientific and local ecological knowledge integration 168; traditional fish farming practices and management structure 160–161; upstream and downstream stressors and impacts 161–165; Water Quality Management Area (WQMA) 166, 168–169; whole-of-policy cycle approach 167; women in fisheries 161
marine culture 190
marine protected areas (MPAs) 75, 78, 200
marine resources 67, 69, 73–74, 77–78, 85, 159, 163, 183, 187–189, 234, 302, 306–307, 309
Marine Resources Advisory Committee (MRAC) 48–49
Maryland 206; see also Oyster fishery in Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay
mass mortality of aquatic animals 110
mass mortality of clams 6, 238, 240, 246, 246, 247–248; pre- 241–242
mass mortality of farmed oysters in France see Oyster farming in Bay of Bourgneuf (France), mass mortality
mass mortality of fish 101–103, 105, 107, 110, 117; see also Amvrakikos Gulf massive fish mortality crisis
Matsushima Bay see Oyster farming in Matsushima Bay, Japan
Mesodesma mactroides see yellow clam (Mesodesma mactroides) small-scale fisheries in Uruguay
MINFOF see Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife
Ministry of Agriculture and Environment 115
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 131
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) 25, 31
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (RSA) 200
Ministry of Defence 256
Ministry of Environment 131
Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection and Sustainable Development (MINEPDED) 256
Ministry of Forestry 74
Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) 256, 260, 263
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 228, 275
Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries 256, 260
Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation (MINATD) 256
Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative 25, 28
Miyagi Prefecture 23–24, 28; earthquake 37–38; fisheries management system 28; Norovirus 31; oyster harvesting zone 27; radioactive pollution 35; research 37; sewage treatment damages 31; tsunami 30
Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute 25
MMORS see Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System
mortality rate 54, 59–60, 62, 217
Mossel Bay 201
MPAs see Marine protected areas
MRAC see Marine Resources Advisory Committee
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 211, 215; Fisheries 47; National Shellfish Initiative 48
Nagasaki Prefecture 136, 138, 140–144
National Direction of Aquatic Resources (DINARA) 239–243
National Shellfish Council 58
National Shellfish Initiative 48
Native American tribes 40, 46–47
natural productivity 57
natural system 3, 7, 23–25, 50, 59–60, 63, 69–70, 78, 171, 175–176, 179–180, 194, 196–197, 202–203, 218, 233, 247, 297, 308–309
Nature Restoration Committee 288; Sekisei Lagoon 282
NGOs see Non-governmental organizations
NOAA see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 76, 89–90, 105, 118–119, 176, 178–179, 181, 211, 260, 263, 310n2
Norovirus contamination 5, 23, 25, 31–32, 35–38, 296, 301
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (NWIFC) 46–47
NWIFC see Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
Nypa fruticans 260
O. Angulata (Portuguese oyster) 54
OBRRAP see Omura Bay Restoring and Revitalizing Action Plan
ocean acidification 300; global warming 63
ocean acidification and Pacific oyster larval failures in Pacific Northwest United States 6, 40–50, 301, 308–309; governance of shellfish industry 46–47; map of Washington State’s location 41; map of Washington State’s shellfish areas 44; natural responses 47; Puget Sound ecosystem 43–45; Puget Sound social system 45–46; regional oceanography 42–43; responses 47–50; shellfish industry introduction 40–42; social and governance responses 48–50
oceanographic change 38
O. edulis 54
Okinawa Development Finance Corporation 269
Okinawa (Japan) Sekisei Lagoon 5, 10–11; Act for the Promotion of Nature Restoration 287–291; conservation with conventional system and limitation 287–288; coral reef coverage changes 284; coral reef degradation 283–285; coral reef restoration 282–293; ‘Implementation Plan for the Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Project’ 290; map 283; marine transportation 286; natural restoration process flowchart 289; nature 283; starfish 299; Yaeyama area community and coral reef use 285–286
Okinawa Prefecture 271, 279, 285–286, 289; Fisheries Adjustment Regulations 287–288; map of Onna Village 270
Okinawa Statistical Yearbook 275
Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) 41
OMPs see Operational Management Plans
Omura Bay (Japan) Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) 135–146; activities by municipalities 142–143; annual chemical oxygen demand 137; annual marine fisheries production 139; annual total nitrogen 138; annual total phosphorus 138; appraisal 144–145; biota 139; fisheries 139–140; fishers’ activities 143–144; governing system 140; main issues 137–140; map 136; natural and social system 136–137; Omura Bay Restoring and Revitalizing Action Plan 135–136, 138, 140–142, 141, 144; resident groups and NPOs 144; responses and results 140–144; revitalization 140–141; stressors of main issue 140; water quality 137–139
Omura Bay Restoring and Revitalizing Action Plan (OBRRAP) 135–136, 138, 140–142, 141, 144
Onna Village (Okinawa, Japan) fishery–tourism conflict 269–293; coastal uses 273; current state 277; economic rationality of social responses 279; global changes 269–273; introduction 269; local rules 274–275; map 270; pollution in Akase Coast 277; pollution of marine environment 271–272; reasons for success 278–279; response of society to global change 274–278; results of response 275–278; spatial conflicts 272–273; suspended particle in sea sediment 272; tourism 269–270, 271; trends in population and net domestic product and fishery catch, production value, and fish price 276
open access harvesting 129, 132, 180, 210, 237, 239, 241
Operational Management Plans (OMPs) 199–201, 203
organizational principle 291–292
Ostrea edulis (native oysters) 54
Ostrea lurida (Olympia oysters) 43
Overfishing 5, 9, 54, 69, 83, 123, 140, 148, 153, 157, 187, 189, 194–195, 201–203, 214, 297
Oyashio Current 24
oyster bars 36
oyster breeding 212
oyster farming in Bay of Bourgneuf (France), mass mortality 54–62; description of issue 54–55; governing system 58–59, 61–62; major crises 55; map of Bay of Bourgneuf 56; more investment as main social response 59–60; natural environment 55–57; natural system appraisal 60; social context 57; social system appraisal 61
oyster farming in Matsushima Bay (Japan) 5, 9, 23–38, 296, 301; annual production in Miyagi and Japan 26; challenges 25; damage and restoration efforts following March 2011 tsunami 30–31; direct retailing 36–37; economic and social issues 35–36; education and mechanization 37; farmers 29; fisheries management system in Miyagi Prefecture 28; fisheries workers by age group 35; future 36–37; governance 25–29; grading 36; harvesting zone division in Miyagi Prefecture 27; irregularity of larval settlement 33, 34; map 24; marketing 29–30; natural system 23–25; Norovirus contamination 31–32, 301; production and farmers 26–27; production and annual turnover 30; radioactive pollution misconceptions 35; spawning changes due to high summer temperatures 32–35; unresolved problems 31–36
Oyster fishery in Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay (United States) 206–218; background 206–212; case study 215–217; environmental stressors 212; geography 206–208; governance 210–212; map 207; map of oyster management areas 216; market forces 213–214; oyster landings in Virginia 209; productiveness 208–210; stressors and their impacts on public grounds fishery 212–214
Pacific Coast Collaborative (PCC) 49
Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) 40, 54, 296; see also Pacific Northwest (United States) ocean acidification and Pacific oyster larval failures
Pacific Northwest (United States) ocean acidification and Pacific oyster larval failures 6, 40–50, 296, 301, 308–309; governance of shellfish industry 46–47; map of Washington State’s location 41; map of Washington State’s shellfish areas 44; natural responses 47; Puget Sound ecosystem 43–45; Puget Sound social system 45–46; regional oceanography 42–43; responses 47–50; shellfish industry introduction 40–42; social and governance responses 48–50
Pacific Shellfish Growers’ Association 46
Pacific Shellfish Institute 46
Pangkep district 75
pathogen 2, 9, 41, 54–55, 59, 62, 247, 310n1
patron-client relationship 71, 177, 307
PCC see Pacific Coast Collaborative
pH 25, 42–43, 47–48, 56–57, 212
Philippines: income 157, 160; see also Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of the Philippines; Clean Water Act of the Philippines: Water Quality Management Area; Fisheries Code of the Philippines; Manila Bay; Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System; Republic Act (RA) 8550 Fisheries Code
phytoplankton 99, 117, 125, 139–140, 193
pilchard 195, 198; see also sardine
POKWASMAS (kelompok pengawas masyarakat) 75
Polair/Polairut (water police) 74
pollution: Akase Coast 277; marine 5, 104, 224; marine environment 271–272; radioactive 35; red clay 272, 275; water pollution 2, 5, 9, 32, 137, 162, 164–165, 168, 269, 297
Portuguese oyster (O. Angulata) 54
poverty 171, 173, 176, 253, 298, 304–305, 307
precautionary upper catch limit 200
predation 210–211, 215, 217–218, 284
prefectural government 23, 148, 152, 229, 291; Japan 32; MAFF 25; Menidi 106; Miyagi 25, 28; Nagasaki 136, 138, 140–144; oyster trade 32; Tokyo Bay 228; see also Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) in Omura Bay (Japan)
price 59, 61, 202; blue crab 214; buyer’s 30, 32; clam 122, 122, 127–128, 131, 244, 246, 248; fisheries 71, 143, 165, 177–178, 199, 224, 274, 275, 276, 306; market 30, 177; oil 186; oyster 29, 36–38, 61–62, 210, 213–214, 217
Principles for a Code of Conduct for the Management 262
private grounds 104
Public Environmental Agency 105
Puget Sound: ecosystem 43–45; social system 45–46
Punggawas 71
punggawa-sawi 71
Rafeedie, Judge 47
Ramsar Convention Site 102, 175, 179, 262
Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay (United States) oyster fishery 206–218; background 206–212; case study 215–217; environmental stressors 212; geography 206–208; governance 210–212; map 207; map of oyster management areas 216; market forces 213–214; oyster landings in Virginia 209; productiveness 208–210; stressors and their impacts on public grounds fishery 212–214
reclamation: land 148, 222, 222–224, 227–228, 230, 233; Kanazawa-ku 151; Tokyo Bay 222, 222–224, 227–228, 230, 233; Yokohama 151
Reclamation of Publicly Owned Water Surfaces 151
red eye round herring (Eriumeus whiteheadii) 194, 196
redistributing fishing rights 194, 197–198
reef construction 211
reform 193–194, 197–198, 247, 297–298
‘Reform and Opening’ policy 186
regulatory 161, 163, 166, 169, 262–264
Ren, G. 188
Republic Act (RA) 8550 Fisheries Code of the Philippines 162
resilience 1, 11, 23, 50, 60, 63, 84, 176, 179–181, 238, 244, 246, 246, 247–248, 249n1, 296
resource degradation 79
resource management 59, 75, 77, 89, 148–149, 151–153, 177, 228–230, 278–279, 291, 296; marine 73–74, 302; natural 163–164, 167, 304; water resource 167, 307
Resource Management Working Group 200
Rhizophora 259–260; racemosa 255
Rio del Rey 253–255, 257, 259–261
risk hedging 62
river quality monitoring (RQM) 166
rotational harvest plan 216
round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) 110–111, 113
Ruditapes philippinarum (short-necked clam) 148, 298; see also short-necked clam in Yokohama
rule breaking 304
runoff 84, 107; agricultural 303; fresh water 6, 299; industrial 303; land-based 253; nutrient 46–47; red clay 271; red soil 286, 290; red soil and sediment 285; river 117, 212, 230; soil 212; toxic 49
Saccostrea cucullata (Giant Pacific oyster) 184
Saldanha Bay Canning 198
salinity 5, 9, 25, 56, 70, 83–84, 113, 117, 121, 175, 187, 207–208, 212, 215, 247, 255
sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) 110–113
sandy beach clams (Mesodesma) 238
SAPFIA see South African Small Pelagic Association
sardine (Sardinops sagax/pilchard) 193, 195–198, 200–202; eastward shift 197
Sargassum muticum 126
Sargassum horneri (seaweed) 31
sato-umi 135, 141–142, 144–146, 300, 305, 310n2
Scientific Working Group 200
sea bream (Sparus aurata) 101, 110, 111
sea cucumber 69–71, 72, 73, 137, 139, 143, 234
sea surface temperature (SST) 9, 194, 197, 238, 247–248
Seattle 45
sectorally diffused governance 228
sedimentation 70, 105, 175, 211, 213, 215, 218
Sekisei Lagoon (Okinawa, Japan) 5, 10–11; Act for the Promotion of Nature Restoration 287–291; conservation with conventional system and limitation 287–288; coral reef coverage changes 284; coral reef degradation 283–285; coral reef restoration 282–293; ‘Implementation Plan for the Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Project’ 290; map 283; marine transportation 286; natural restoration process flowchart 289; nature 283; starfish 299; use of and degradation of coral reefs; Yaeyama area community and coral reef use 285–286
Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Committee (SNC) 282, 300; bylaws 290; composition 290; establishment 288–289; initiatives 290–291; organizational principles and challenges 291–292; organizational structure 292–293
‘Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Master Plan’ 289
‘Sekisei Lagoon Nature Restoration Overall Plan’ 290
sewage treatment facilities 25, 30–31, 38, 145
Shanghai see Jin-shanzui fishing village
Shanghai Chemical and Industrial Park 183, 187
Shanghai Jinshan Industrial Park 191n3
shellfish farming 47, 55, 61–62
shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) 110, 112
short-necked clam in Yokohama (Japan) 148–154; comparison of conservation methods 153; fisheries resource management 149; map of Kanazawa-Ku 150; map of Yokohama Seaside Park 150; problems in managing fishery resources without fishery rights 149–152; Yokohama Seaside Park 150, 152; Yokohama Seaside Park regulations for clam resource management 152–153
Sino-Japanese Fishery Agreement 186
Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Company Limited 187
Sino-Vietnam Beibu Bay Fishery Cooperation Agreement 186
small pelagics in South Africa 5, 193–203; appraisal 201–202; governance responses 199–201; greater Saldanha Bay area 194–196; introduction 193–194; map of spawning grounds of Agulhas Bank 195; natural system 196–197; social responses 197–199
small-scale fisheries of yellow clam in Uruguay 237–249; background 238–240; Barra del Chuy beach 239; formal evaluation of system responses 244–247; introduction 237–238; long-term responses 241–243; map of study area 239; mass mortality events 239–240; multidimensional resilience framework 246; response ratios for six bioeconomic indicators of EAF/co-management 245; short-term responses 240–241; study area and environmental settings 238–239; zoning scheme used to implement EAG/co-management 243
social ecological systems 2, 9–10, 42, 132, 157, 164, 237–238, 244, 247–249, 295, 297–298, 300, 303, 309
social responses 110, 112, 119, 197–199, 201, 203, 275, 278–279, 300; economic rationality 279; long-term 241–243; short-term 240–241; see also fishery–tourism conflict in Onna Village, Okinawa (Japan)
social system: Bay of Bourgneuf 61; Integrated Coastal Management 136–137; Japan 136–137; Puget Sound 45–46; Spermonde Archipelago 70–73
South Africa small pelagics 5, 193–203; appraisal 201–202; governance responses 199–201; greater Saldanha Bay area 194–196; introduction 193–194; map of spawning grounds of Agulhas Bank 195; natural system 196–197; social responses 197–199
South African Small Pelagic Association (SAPFIA) 198
Southern Benguela 5, 10, 193–195, 298
spat 32, 40–41, 48, 57–62, 213
spat on shell 209–210, 213, 217
spatial conflicts 269, 272–273
spatial planning 74, 108, 124; common Spatial Planning Framework for Aquaculture 102
Spermonde Archipelago (Sulawesi/Indonesia) fisheries 67–79; appraisal 77–78; background, objectives, and procedure 67–69; civil society responses 76; construction of wooden folloros 72; governance system 73–74; government responses 75–76; natural system 69–70; social system 70–73; study area description and main issues 69; trader estimates value of fisherman’s catch 72; wave breakers 77
SST see sea surface temperature
Stakeholders 50, 74, 84, 101–102, 107, 114–115, 119, 127, 130–132, 136, 141, 143, 145, 164–165, 173, 200, 228, 232, 234, 242, 247, 262, 278–279, 289, 291–293, 300, 307; key 256–257; individual 298; local 1, 62, 144, 166–167, 169, 305; multi- 48, 89, 167–168, 186, 297, 308–309; non-government 304; tourism 102
Striped bream (Lithognathus mormyrus) 110–113
Sulawesi (Indonesia) Spermonde Archipelago fisheries 67–79; appraisal 77–78; background, objectives, and procedure 67–69; civil society responses 76; construction of wooden folloros 72; governance system 73–74; government responses 75–76; natural system 69–70; social system 70–73; study area description and main issues 69; trader estimates value of fisherman’s catch 72; wave breakers 77
Sundarbans mangrove forest (Bangladesh) 4, 10, 171–181, 300; appraisal 179–181; cyclone 171–173, 298; Cyclone Aila 172–173, 174, 175–176, 178–181; Cyclone Bijli 171; Cyclone Sidr 173, 174, 176, 178–179; governing system 177–178; governing system appraisal 180–181; governing system response 178–179; introduction 171–172; natural system 175–176; results and discussion 175–181; social system 176–177; social system appraisal 179–180; social system response 178; study area 173–174
Sustainable Use of Mangrove Ecosystems 262
Sustainability 1, 38, 46, 77, 78, 130–131, 142, 165, 172, 177, 179–180, 189, 194, 248, 253, 256–257, 299, 309
TAC see total allowable catch
Taylor Shellfish Hatchery 45
Tapes philippinarum (Manila clam) 129
Target species switching 178, 180, 308
temperature 43, 47, 54, 56, 70, 117, 121, 175, 310n1; air 25, 125; bay 32; fluctuation 23; high water 31; ocean 284; seawater 38, 103, 299; surface 9, 84, 107, 194, 238, 247; water 56, 59, 107, 125, 183, 197, 207
tipping points 84, 247–248, 301
total phosphorus (TP) 138, 145
Tokyo Bay (Japan) mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) 5, 10, 220–234, 303–305; annual catch 227; appraisal 233–234; changes in production 231; commercial species 225; dissolved oxygen in bottom water 223; drawing of fisheries 225; fisheries 224–227; fisheries catch, seaweed cultivation and number of fishery households 226; fisheries rights distribution 231; governance and governability 228–230; how fishery is affected 227–230; I(MBER)-ADApT description and response stages 233; individuals occupied directly in fisheries sector 221; introduction 220; land reclamation and heavy industry 222–224; land reclamation history 222; local responses to change 230–232; map of Tokyo Bay 221; stressors and impacts 222–224; vulnerability 228; water quality changes 229
total allowable catch (TAC) 195–196, 200, 242
TP see total phosphorus
T. philippinarum (Manila clam) 121, 129, 132
Tragedy of the Commons 282
tsunami disaster 5–6; Great Tohoku Tsunami 9, 23, 25, 29–32, 35–37, 296, 305
Tulalip tribe 46
Turtle Island 183
turtles 69–70; loggerhead sea 100; sea 102, 274–275
typology 1; case studies 4–6; coding for typology key questions 13–20; I-ADApT 4, 6–7, 303
Tzanatos, E. 101
UN Atlas of the Oceans 301
uncertainty 112, 242, 248, 300–301
UNESCO World Heritage site 175, 179
University of Washington 48
upstream 57, 157, 160–165, 175
upwelling 5, 9, 41–43, 48, 99, 103, 106–108, 193–194, 195, 197, 298, 310n1
Uruguay small-scale fisheries of yellow clam 237–249; background 238–240; Barra del Chuy beach 239; formal evaluation of system responses 244–247; introduction 237–238; long-term responses 241–243; map of study area 239; mass mortality events 239–240; multidimensional resilience framework 246; response ratios for six bioeconomic indicators of EAF/co-management 245; short-term responses 240–241; study area and environmental settings 238–239; zoning scheme used to implement EAG/co-management 243
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 47, 211, 214–215
USACE see U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Usongo, L. 259
Venice Lagoon (Italy) clam harvesting 6, 9, 121–132, 298; chronology of the introduction of the exotic Manila clam Tapes philippinarum 129; clam exploitation 127–128; DPSIR schematic 124; environment 124–127; institutional governing system 131; map of habitats 123; progression of clam production and prices in Italy 122; social aspects and governing system 129–132
Venice Sanitary District 130
Venice Water Authority 130–131
Veterinary Directorate 102
Virginia 206, 208, 210, 212–216, 303; Constitution 210; oyster landings 209; see also oyster fishery in Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay
Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program 211, 215
Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences (VIMS) 212
Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) 210–211, 213, 215–216
Virginia Oyster Heritage Program (VOHP) 211, 215
Virginia Oysters (C. virginica) 41, 208, 212
VMRC see Virginia Marine Resources Commission
VOHP see Virginia Oyster Heritage Program
voluntary: action 305; activities 144, 145, 305; fisher participation 240, 292; initiatives 232; policies 11, 299–300
vulnerability 1, 3–4, 7, 9, 13–14, 54, 132, 164, 168, 170–172, 228, 256, 260, 298
Washington state 309; governance response to ocean acidification 49–50; map of location 41; map of shellfish areas 44; Pacific oysters 40; shellfish industry 40, 45; see also Pacific Northwest (United States) ocean acidification and Pacific oyster larval failures; Puget Sound
Washington State OA Center 48
water management 164
Water Management Authority 126–127, 130
Water Management Quality Area 299
water pollution 2, 5, 9, 32, 137, 162, 164–165, 168, 269, 297
water quality 6, 9–10, 41, 45–47, 49, 137–139, 153, 187–188, 206, 211, 224, 228; classification 131; coastal 297; degradation 5, 140; indicators 145; inspection 115, 118; MMORS 160, 162, 164, 299; monitoring 115, 130, 140, 142; Omura Bay 297; Ona Village 276; poor 41, 145, 164–165; regulations 145; river 168; Tokyo Bay 229, 230; see also runoff
West Coast Pelagic Association 198
Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery 45
white sea bream (Diplodus sargus sargus) 110, 113
whole-of-policy cycle approach 167
Wide-area Fisheries Coordinating Committees 229
Wild World Fund for Nature 262
Yaeyama area community and coral reef use 285–286; fishery use 285; tourism use 285–286
yellow clam (Mesodesma mactroides) small-scale fisheries in Uruguay 237–249; background 238–240; Barra del Chuy beach 239; formal evaluation of system responses 244–247; introduction 237–238; long-term responses 241–243; map of study area 239; mass mortality events 239–240; multidimensional resilience framework 246; response ratios for six bioeconomic indicators of EAF/co-management 245; short-term responses 240–241; study area and environmental settings 238–239; zoning scheme used to implement EAG/co-management 243
Yokohama (Japan) short-necked clam 148–154; comparison of conservation methods 153; fisheries resource management 149; map of Kanazawa-Ku 150; map of Yokohama Seaside Park 150; problems in managing fishery resources without fishery rights 149–152; Yokohama Seaside Park 150, 152; Yokohama Seaside Park regulations for clam resource management 152–153
Yokohama Seaside Park (Japan) 148–150, 150, 151, 152; regulations for clam resource management 152–153