ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

FIGURES

  0.1. Ruptare (“Rook tar hee”) and Mitutanka (“Muntootonka”) (Clark-Maximilian sheet 18. Reproduced by permission of the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska)

  0.2. The site of Mitutanka as it appeared in 2002 (Photograph by the author)

  1.1. Aerial view of Double Ditch Village, 2008 (Photograph by Michael Frohlich, June 29, 2008. Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota)

  1.2. The Hidatsa sign talker Horn Weasel (Photograph by Summer W. Matteson, ca. 1906, in possession of the author)

  1.3. Mandan Village, Back View and Cemetery (Reproduced by permission of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California)

  1.4. Magnetic gradiometry of Double Ditch Village (Courtesy of Kenneth L. Kvamme, University of Arkansas)

  1.5. The author on the CANDISC bike tour (Photograph in possession of the author)

  2.1. The Mandan chief Mato-Topé (Four Bears) with his pipe (Courtesy of the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

  2.2. A 1613 map by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain (From Les voyages du sieur de Champlain [Paris: Chez Iean Berjon, 1613]. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

  2.3. Lahontan’s map of the Long River (Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan, “Carte de la rivière Longue” in Mémoires de l’Amérique septentrionale, vol. 2, Nouveaux voyages [La Haye, Netherlands: n.p., 1703]. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography & Map Division)

  3.1. Mandan Earthen Lodge (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division)

  3.2. Mandan earth lodges reconstructed at On-a-Slant Village (Photograph by the author)

  3.3. The Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

  3.4. Buffalo Bird Woman (Maxidiwiac) (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, B0191)

  3.5. An Indian woman gardening with her digging stick, 1914 (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0086-0290)

  3.6. Indian woman, probably Hidatsa, gardening with an antler rake, 1914 (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0086-0283)

  3.7. Scattercorn (Photograph by Edward S. Curtis, The North American Indian, ed. Frederick Webb Hodge [Seattle: E. S. Curtis, 1909], 5: facing page 18. Courtesy of the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library)

  3.8. An eagle trapper in his pit (Drawing by Edward Goodbird, from Gilbert Livingstone Wilson, Hidatsa Eagle Trapping, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 30, pt. 4 [New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1928], 130.)

  3.9. Måndeh-Påchu, a Young Mandan Man (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

  3.10. Mint, a Pretty Girl (Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C./Art Resource, N.Y.)

  4.1. Mandan moccasins decorated with quillwork (Courtesy of the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Catalog No. 50/ 5376 AB)

  5.1. Bison-dance of the Mandan Indians in Front of Their Medecine Lodge in Mih-Tutta-Hankush (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

  5.2. A Mandan shrine on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0086-0823)

  5.3. Crow’s Heart—Mandan (Photograph by Edward S. Curtis. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division)

  5.4. Black Bear inside a fish trap using a fish basket (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2000-P-12-04)

  5.5. Ptihn-Tak-Ochatä, Dance of the Mandan Women (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

  5.6. Mandan men playing the game of the arrow (Reproduced by permission of the Picture Collection, the Branch Libraries, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

  5.7. Bear on the Water and his wife, Yellow-Nose (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, A0126)

  5.8. Game of Tchungkee (Reproduced by permission of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California)

  5.9. Winter Village of the Minatarres (Reproduced by permission of the Rare Books Division, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

5.10. Eagle Nose Butte (also called Bird Bill Butte) (Photograph by the author)

5.11. Ready for Okípe Buffalo Dance—Mandan (Edward S. Curtis, The North American Indian, ed. Frederick Webb Hodge [Seattle: E. S. Curtis, 1907–30], 5: facing page 32. Courtesy of the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library)

5.12. A Test of Magic (the Okipa Maker confronts the Foolish One) (© The Trustees of the British Museum, all rights reserved)

5.13. The Foolish One mounts a buffalo dancer (© The Trustees of the British Museum, all rights reserved)

5.14. The triumphant women return (© The Trustees of the British Museum, all rights reserved)

5.15. Young men suspended by the flesh of their chests (Courtesy the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

  6.1. A Mandan saddle made of hide, wood, sinew, and metal (Collected by Robert H. Lowie on the Fort Berthold Reservation, probably 1910–13. Courtesy of the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Catalog No. 50.1/ 4351)

  6.2. Badlands in western North Dakota (Photograph by the author)

  6.3. A mounted bison surround (Courtesy of the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

  6.4. Plan de la Ville de St. Louis des Illinois sur le Mississippi (Reproduced by permission of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis)

  7.1. A Bangladeshi child with smallpox, 1975 (Photograph by Stanley O. Foster. Courtesy of the CDC/World Health Organization)

  7.2. American Horse—Ogalala (Photography Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

  7.3. The Yankton Sioux chief Medicine Bear, 1872 (Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration)

  7.4. Running Face (E-Sta-Poo-Sta) (Courtesy of the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

  7.5. Detail from William Clark’s route map showing abandoned Mandan towns (Clark-Maximilian sheet 17. Reproduced by permission of the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska)

  8.1. The David Thompson Memorial overlooking the Souris River valley (Photograph by the author)

  8.2. Meriwether Lewis after David Thompson, Bend of the Missouri River, 1798 (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography & Map Division)

  8.3. The gentle rise of the Turtle Mountains, viewed from the south (Photograph by the author)

  8.4. Detail from the Peabody Museum’s painted bison robe (Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 99-12-10/53121)

  9.1. The Medicine Rock oracle stone (Photograph by the author)

  9.2. A Mandan war hatchet (Codex C:158, Lewis and Clark Journals, American Philosophical Society. Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society Library)

  9.3. A Mandan battle ax (Codex C:165, Lewis and Clark Journals, American Philosophical Society. Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society Library)

  9.4. Mato-Tope Adorned with the Insignia of His Warlike Deeds (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

11.1. Sheheke—“Big White” (Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society, No. 1860.95)

11.2. Sheheke’s Wife, Yellow Corn (Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society, No. 1860.96)

12.1. “Many had the whooping cough” (From Garrick Mallery, Picture-Writing of the American Indians, Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1888–’89 [Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893], 2:588.)

12.2. Detail from a Mandan map of the Missouri (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, SHSND 679-1)

12.3. Mandan Village (a bird-eye view) (Reproduced by permission of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California)

12.4. Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch, a Mandan village (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

12.5. Fort Clark, Mih-tutta-hang-kusch, and the “Little” Mandan village of Ruptare (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, SHSND 800)

12.6. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site (Photograph by the author)

12.7. Fort Clark on the Missouri (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

13.1. Mus decumanus, Brown, or Norway Rat … Male, female & young (Print from John James Audubon’s Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America [New York: J. J. Audubon, 1845–48], plate 54. Rare Books Division, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)

13.2. A Hidatsa cache pit (From Gilbert Livingstone Wilson, Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1917], 87)

13.3. Snags (Sunken Trees) on the Missouri (the steamboat Yellow Stone) (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

13.4. Ha-na-tah-numauk (the Wolf Chief) (From George Catlin, The Manners, Customs and Condition of the North American Indians [London: The author, 1841], 1: plate 49.)

13.5. Mah-To-Toh-Pah. The Mandan Chief (Courtesy of the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

13.6. Mato-Tope: Mandan Chief (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book & Special Collections Division)

14.1. A dried prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta) (Courtesy of the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Herbarium)

15.1. Red Dog Attacks a Mandan Village at Night, Shot through Three Tents and Killed Four Indians (Courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, MS 2372, 08742609)

15.2. The Real Site of FishHook Village, 1834–1886 (Reproduced by permission of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, SHSND 799)

15.3. Red Buffalo Cow and Bad Gun (Courtesy of the Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

15.4. Cedric Red Feather, Mandan Okipa Maker, 2011 (Photograph by Lisa Wigoda)

MAPS

All maps were created by the author.