“Community Development Plan for the Village of Chama and Surrounding Area” (Albuquerque: Design and Planning Assistance Center, University of New Mexico, 1980).
“Village of San Ysidro de los Dolores, Sandoval County, New Mexico: A Handbook of Issues, Opinions, Choices for the Future” (Albuquerque: Rural Planning Studio, Community and Regional Planning Program, University of New Mexico, June 1985).
“Proposal for a Quality Environment” (Essex, Vermont: Essex Planning Commission, 1972).
Interviews with Ann Harroun, Vermont state legislator, and Noah Thompson, former chair of the Essex Town Planning Commission, July 1989.
Linda S. Cordell, Prehistory of the Southwest (Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1984), p. 190.
Ibid., pp. 222–23.
Ibid., p. 246.
Among others, see William Lumpkins, “Reflections on Chacoan Architecture,” in David Grant Noble, ed., New Light on Chaco Canyon (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1984), p. 20.
Ordinance 35, cited and translated in Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo, Spanish City Planning in North America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982), p. 8.
Crouch, Garr, and Mundigo, Spanish City Planning, p. 67.
John Friedmann and Clyde Weaver, Territory and Function: The Evolution of Regional Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 30.
Ibid., p. 31.
Benton MacKaye, The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning, 1928, cited in Friedmann and Weaver, Territory and Function, p. 32.
Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 1938, cited in Friedmann and Weaver, Territory and Function, p. 33.
Howard Odum, American Social Problems, 1939, revised 1947, cited in Friedmann and Weaver, Territory and Function, p. 37.
Howard Odum, “Regional Quality and Balance of America,” in H. W. Odum and K. Jocher, eds., In Search of the Regional Balance of America, cited in Friedmann and Weaver, Territory and Function, p. 38.
Friedmann and Weaver, Territory and Function, p. 89.
During the period from 1965 to 1989, the Universities of Vermont and New Mexico sponsored over thirty REP projects. For more information, see addresses noted in Preface, REP Exchange.
See early Reagan reports such as Better Country: A Strategy for Rural Development in the 1980s, 1983, and Rural Communities and the American Farm: A Partnership for Progress, 1984 (Washington, D.C.: USDA, Office of Rural Development Policy).
Donald K. Larson, “Will Employment Growth Benefit All Households? A Case Study in Nine Non-Metro Kentucky Counties,” Rural Development Research Report 55 (Washington, D.C.: USDA Economic Research Service, January 1986).
For a recent state case study see R. D. Sloan, “The Colorado ‘Urban and Rural Enterprise Zone Act’ of 1986: Legislative Passage and Administrative Implementation,” The Western Governmental Researcher, vol. 3, no. 1 (summer 1987): pp. 39–48. Also, contact the Department of Housing and Urban Development in Washington, D.C., for updates and comparative data across the states.
See in particular the reports produced by the Rural Development Policy Project, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley: Edward J. Blakely, Ted K. Bradshaw, Phil Shapira, and Nancey Leigh-Preston, “New Challenges for Rural Development,” Working Paper Four Hundred (January 1983), and Edward J. Blakely and Ted K. Bradshaw, “Rural America: The Community Development Frontier,” Research in Rural Sociology and Development vol. 2 (1985): pp. 3–29.
Frederic O. Sargent, “An Economic Model of Rural-Agricultural Sectors,” Growth and Equity in Agricultural Development (Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1982, published in 1983).
Joseph Doherty, “The Out-of-Towners,” Planning (November 1987): p. 10.
John Herbers, “Take Me Home, Country Roads,” Planning (November 1987): p. 4.
Ibid., p. 5.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.
Edward T. Ward, “Rural and Small Town Planning in a New Era,” unpublished paper presented at the American Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, Los Angeles, California, November 1987.
Ibid., p. 4 and 7.
John Dewey, Experience and Nature, cited in John Friedmann, Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), p. 189.
For a discussion of the permit system as a substitute for zoning, see Frederic O. Sargent and Blaine P. Sargent, Rural Water Planning (South Burlington, Vermont: Vervana Press, 1979), p. 50.
Frederic O. Sargent, “Public Goals and the Planning Process” (University of Vermont, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1971).
Rick Saunders, “A Quality Environment Plan for Henniker, New Hampshire, 1975,” masters thesis, Department of Resource Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington.
“Village of San Ysidro de los Dolores, Sandoval County, New Mexico: A Handbook of Issues, Opinions, Choices for the Future” (Albuquerque: Summary publication of student research projects in Rural Planning Studio, Community and Regional Planning Program, School of Architecture and Planning, University of New Mexico, June 1985).
Frederic O. Sargent, “The Resource Allocation Process: A Distinguishing Characteristic of Land Economics,” Land Economics vol. 40, no. 3 (August 1964).
See Miguel A. Altieri, Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture (Berkeley: Division of Biological Control, University of California, 1983); William Lockeretz, Sustaining Agriculture near Cities (Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society, 1987); and Bill Mollison, Permaculture: A Designers’ Manual (Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari Publications, 1988).
James H. Mann, “Information-Education Approach to Improve Water Supply Quality,” masters thesis, University of Vermont, 1974.
David Lujan, “Natural Resource Needs Assessment Report” (Albuquerque, New Mexico: Tonantzin Land Institute, 1988).
“Community Development Plan for Chama and Surrounding Area” (Albuquerque: Design and Planning Assistance Center, University of New Mexico, 1980).
Frederic O. Sargent and Justin H. Brande, “Classifying and Evaluating Natural Areas for Planning Purposes,” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol. 31, no. 8 (June 1976): pp. 113–16.
For more information on methods to ensure scientific objectivity and to insulate against challenge by alternative scientific opinion, see John Clark’s landmark work, The Sanibel Report: Formulation of a Comprehensive Plan Based on Natural Systems (Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1976), summarized in Judith de Neufville, ed., Land Use Policy Debate in the United States (New York: Plenum Press, 1981).
New England Natural Areas Project, Vermont Natural Resources Council, Montpelier, Vermont, 1971.
Duane D. Barber and Donald A. Bourdon, “Proposed Quality Environment Plan for Ferrisburg Vermont” (Department of Resource Economics, University of Vermont, 1972).
Frederic O. Sargent, “Camels Hump Park: A Proposal to Keep a Promise to a Mountain” (Resources Research Center, University of Vermont, October 1967).
South Dakota Codified Laws, Section 47-9A-3 (1974).
Techniques adapted and updated from Frederic O. Sargent, “Alternative Methods for Keeping Land in Agriculture,” Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council, vol. 2, no. 2 (October 1973).
Robert D. Yaro, Randall G. Arendt, Harry L. Dotson, and Elizabeth A. Brabec, Dealing with Change in the Connecticut River Valley: A Design Manual for Conservation and Development (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1988), p. 169.
For additional information on and examples of the application of transferable development rights, see Linda A. Malone, “The Future of Transferable Development Rights in the Supreme Court,” Kentucky Law Journal 73 (1985): pp. 759–93, and Myre L. Duncan, “Toward a Theory of Broad-Based Planning for the Preservation of Agricultural Land,” Natural Resources Journal 24 (January 1984): pp. 121–29.
“Tax Stabilization Contracts” (Montpelier, Vermont: Vermont Tax Department, 1972).
James G. Ahl and Gordon Bachman, Land Economics, vol. 54, no. 2 (May 1973).
See Growing Our Own Jobs: A Small Town Guide to Creating Jobs through Agricultural Diversification (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Towns and Townships, 1988).
Robert E. Coughlin and John C. Keene, eds., “The Protection of Farmland: A Reference Guidebook for State and Local Governments” (Amherst, Massachusetts: Regional Science Research Institute, 1981), pp. 281–84.
Example from Anita P. Miller, “Keeping Them on the Farm in New Mexico: Innovative Ideas for the Preservation of Agricultural Land” (Albuquerque: Potter and Kelly Law Firm, March 1987).
Ibid.
“Town of Mesilla Master Plan Update” (Mesilla, New Mexico, November 18, 1987).
Letter from Ken White, town of Mesilla planner, to Dr. William Stevens, secretary of the New Mexico Department of Agriculture, February 23, 1987.
Ibid.
Ibid.
See Water in the West, vol. 1, What Indian Water Means to the West; vol. 2, Water for the Energy Market; and vol. 3, Western Water Flows to the Cities (Santa Fe: Western Network, 1988).
This system of indices was developed by Philip Berke and Frederic O. Sargent of the University of Vermont.
This section was adapted from F. O. Sargent and Frank J. Zayac, “Index of Lake Basin Land Use for Land Use Planning Purposes,” Water Resources Bulletin 13 (1977): pp. 365–72.
Peter Warshall, Septic Tank Practices (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1979).
Sargent and Zayac, “Lake Basin Land Use.”
Robert Ward, “The Granite Lake Study: A Water-Related Land Use Plan” (Concord, New Hampshire: New Hampshire Office of State Planning in Cooperation with the Granite Lake Association, July 1972).
Don Meals, “Seymour Lake Watershed Plan,” masters thesis, University of Vermont, Department of Resource Economics, 1977.
Sanilogical Sewage Treatment Plants, Sanilogical Corporation, Denver, Colorado.
Solar Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment Plant, Hercules, California.
Sim Van der Ryn, The Toilet Papers (Santa Barbara, California: Capra Press, 1978).
Frederic O. Sargent, “A Critique of Floodplain Planning in the Connecticut River Basin,” Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council, vol. 4, no. 1 (1975).
David F. Lamont, “A Plan for the Winooski River,” masters thesis, University of Vermont, Burlington, 1978.
Project sponsors at the University of New Mexico were the Natural Resources Center, the Southwest Hispanic Research Institute, and the Native American Studies Center.
“The Course of Upper Rio Grande Waters: A Declaration of Concerns” (Albuquerque: The Upper Rio Grande Working Group, University of New Mexico, 1985).
“Upper Rio Grande Waters: Strategies” (Albuquerque: proceedings of a conference on traditional water use, University of New Mexico, 1987).
“Shelburne, Vermont, Quality Environment Plan” (University of Vermont: Department of Resource Economics, 1973).
Frederic O. Sargent, “A Scenery Classification System,” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol. 21, no. 1 (1966).
Frederic O. Sargent, “New Approaches to Rural Recreation Planning,” Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council, vol. 5, no. 1 (1976).
Credit goes to Randolph T. Hester, Jr., and Marcia J. McNally, “Protecting Rural Landscapes and Lifestyles from Tourism” (University of California at Berkeley: Department of Landscape Architecture, September 1983).
Randolph T. Hester and Marcia J. McNally, “Manteo, North Carolina, Avoids the Perils of Boom-or-Bust Tourism,” Small Town, vol. 14, no. 3 (1983): p. 4.
Hester and McNally, “Protecting Rural Landscapes,” p. 3.
Ibid., p. 6.
Randolph T. Hester, “Subconscious Landscapes of the Heart,” Places, vol. 2, no. 3 (1985): pp. 13–14.
Hester and McNally, “Protecting Rural Landscapes,” p. 13.
See Mark Francis et al., Community Open Spaces; Greening Neighborhoods through Community Action and Land Conservation (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1984).
Frederic O. Sargent, “Social Impact Analysis for Water Resource Projects” (University of Vermont: Agricultural Experiment Station, research report no. 42, January 1985).
Adapted from Frederic O. Sargent, “Town Plan Analysis System,” Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council, vol. 4, no. 2 (October 1975).
The Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1989).
Frederic O. Sargent, “A Resource Economist Views a Natural Area,” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol. 24, no. 1 (1969): pp. 8–11.
Frederic O. Sargent, “Growth and Decline of Rural Towns: A Proposed Model” (University of Vermont: Agricultural Experiment Station, research report no. 17, 1982).
Frederic O. Sargent and Blaine P. Sargent, Rural Water Planning (South Burlington, Vermont: Vervana Press, 1979), p. 182.
See “Depressed Rural Towns Develop Jobs from within as Industrial Lures Fail,” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
See John Herbers, “Take Me Home, Country Roads,” Planning (November 1987).
See Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo, Court of Appeals of New York, 1972, 30 N.Y. 2d 359, 285 N.E. 2d 291.
Ibid.
From “Environmental Assessment: Proposed Amendment to Zoning Local Law, Town of Ramapo, New York, May 6, 1983,” p. 1.
Personal correspondence with Joan Weissman, deputy administrative assistant to boards and commissions, town of Ramapo, Suffern, New York, July 1989.
Matthew Witten, “State Ruling Prompts Golf Course Debate,” Vermont Business Magazine (January 1989); and interview with Kristin Juergens, Sherman Hollow Association, February 10, 1989.
Robert Healy, Land Use and The States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1976), pp. 64–102.
Ibid., pp. 103–38.
Articles by George Hatch, Talahassee bureau, and Craig Pittman, staff writer, Sarasota, Florida, Herald-Tribune, March 5, 1989.
Paul L. Pryde, “Human Capacity and Local Development Enterprise,” in Expanding the Opportunity to Produce: Revitalizing the American Economy through New Enterprise Development, Robert Friedman and William Schweke, eds. (Baltimore: The Corporation for Enterprise Development, 1981), p. 523.
Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
Al Shapero, “Entrepreneurship,” Proceedings of the Community Economic Development Strategies Conference (Iowa State University: North Central Regional Center for Rural Development, 1983), p. 132.
An earlier version of this case example appeared in Sara K. Gould and Jing Lyman, “A Working Guide to Women’s Self-Employment” (Washington, D.C.: The Corporation for Enterprise Development, February 1987).
An earlier version of this case example appeared in Growing Our Own Jobs: A Small Town Guide to Creating Jobs through Agricultural Diversification (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Towns and Townships, 1988).
An earlier version of this case example appeared in Shanna Ratner and Peter Ide, “Strategies for Community Economic Development through Natural Resource Use in Northern New York” (Ithaca: Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, A. E. res. 85-10, May 1985).
Kentucky Highlands Investment Corporation survey, cited in Pryde, “Human Capacity,” p. 522.
Han Singer, cited in Pryde, “Human Capacity,” p. 522.
Charles Kindelberger, cited in Pryde, “Human Capacity,” p. 522.
Pryde, “Human Capacity,” p. 522—23.
An earlier version of this case example appeared in Yin-May Lee, The Workbook vol. 14, no. 1 (Albuquerque: Southwest Research and Information Center, January/March 1989). Yin-May Lee is a member of the Ramah Navajo Weavers Association.
Mention should be made that one of the REP co-authors, María Varela, helped to found Ganados del Valle and the subsequent projects described in the case study.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Number of Inhabitants: United States Summary, 1980.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County Population Estimates, July 1988, series P-26, no. 884 (August 1989).
John R. Van Ness, “Hispanic Land Grants: Ecology and Subsistence in the Uplands of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado,” in Charles L. Briggs and John R. Van Ness, eds., Land, Water, and Culture: New Perspectives on Hispanic Land Grants (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987).
“Community Development Plan for the Village of Chama and Surrounding Area” (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, Design and Planning Assistance Center, 1980).
For the experiment in Oregon, see editorial in the Albuquerque Tribune, June 6, 1989. For reports on time-controlled uses of rangelands in South America, Africa, and elsewhere, see Allan Savory, Holistic Resource Management (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1988).
Donald Dale Jackson, “Around Los Ojos, Sheep and Land Are Fighting Words,” Smithsonian (April 1991), pp. 37—47.
See Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., “Environmental Planning: Law of Land and Resources,” North American International (1974).
Nollan v. the California Coastal Commission, 107 S. Ct. at 3141 (1987).
Id. at 3142.
Id. at 3143.
Id. at 3151.
In his dissent, Justice Blackmun expounded on the majority “nexus” requirement, stating that land-use problems cannot be advanced by the majorities’ “eye for an eye mentality... which imposes a rigid, close nexus between benefits and burdens created by development and a condition imposed pursuant to a state’s police power” (id. at 3162).
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation, 458 U.S. 419 (1982).
Nollan, at 3142.
Richard F. Babcock, ed., Law and Contemporary Problems (Durham, North Carolina: School of Law, Duke University), vol. 50 (Winter 1987), Foreword p. 1.
Robert K. Best, “New Constitutional Standards for Land Use Regulation; Portents of Nollan and First English Church,” Proceedings of the Institute on Planning, Zoning and Eminent Domain (New York: Matthew Bender, 1988), 6.1/.25.
See generally Smith, “From Subdivision Improvement Requirements to Community Benefit Assessments and Linkage Payments: A Brief History of Land Development Exactions” 50, Law and Contemporary Problems 5—6 (1987): The Constitutionatity of Subdivision Control Exactions: The Quest For A Rationale 52 Cornell L.Q. 871 (1967).
Best, at 10.
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. the County of Los Angeles, 107 S. Ct. 2378, 2381 (1987).
Id. at 2389.
Id. at 2389.
Review of and input into this chapter by Susan L. McMichael of the University of New Mexico’s School of Law are much appreciated.