INDEX
A
Abdominal wall scarring 333–334
Active Release Technique® (ART) 269
Acupuncture 126 , 151–152
Adaptation patterns, ascending/descending 93
Adheremeters 107
Adhesions/fixations 323 , 333–335
Adhesive capsulitis 129–130
Aging
adverse effects of 130–131
and fascia 39 , 50 , 130–131
proteins and 130
Agonist–antagonist interaction, fascial mediation of 187–188
Ah shi points 278
Algometers 107
Alkalosis 53
ALs. See Arm lines
American NMT 266–267 , 274
Anandamide 115
Anatomy Trains 65
Anatomy Trains model 32 , 65–67
lines 67–72 ( See also specific lines )
rules and terminological considerations 66–67
ANS. See Autonomic nervous system
Antemotion 186–187
Anticipatory Postural Activity (APA) 294
Anti-nociceptive effect 372
APA. See Anticipatory Postural Activity
Appropriate/minimal adaptive compensation 90
Areolar. See Superficial fascia
Arm lines (ALs) 70
ART. See Active Release Technique®
Articular compression or ‘crush,’ 306
Assisted vertical lifts 330
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 161
B
BA. See Body awareness
Ba guan (cupping) 215
biological measures 220
biomechanism/physiology of 220–222
blood stasis surface ischemia, signs and indications for 218
connective tissue model 222–224
contraindications of 219–220
directionality 223–224
evidence of 218–219
ferroheme metabolism 221–222
history 215
indications of 216
interoception 221
nitric oxide mediation 220–221
observation 220
palpation and palpation literacy of 216–218
perfusion 220
risks 224
safety 224
temperature and 220
universal precautions 224
Balanced ligamentous tension (BLT) 205–206
assessment 206–207
background 206
balance 208
disengagement 208
exaggeration 208
functional diagnosis 208
holding 208–209
mechanisms 210–211
of mid-cervical vertebrae, protocol for practical exercise 207–210
objectives 206
for osteopathic treatment 209–210
reassessment 208
release 208
Balanced tension 14
Barnes study 277–278
Beginning of form 63
Bend, bodyreading lines 73
Bending loading 326
Bindegewebsmassage. See Connective tissue manipulation/massage (CTM)
Biomechanical–myofascial dysfunction 97–99
assessment findings 98
osteopathic STAR palpation 98
Biotensegrity model 3–4
BLT. See Balanced ligamentous tension
Body awareness (BA) 295
Bodyreading lines 73–83
bend 73
front-back balance 74–83
head forward posture 74–83
rotation 73–74
shifts 74
tilt 73
Body-wide fascial network 179
Bowen, Tom 147–148
Bowen moves
acupuncture/acupressure points 151–152
application of 149–151
definition of 148–149
location of 151–152
motor points 151
neurolymphatic points 152
Bowen therapy 147
action, mechanisms of 152–153
application of moves 149–151
for breast cancer symptoms 157
and employee health 157
for fibromyalgia 157
for flexibility 156
for frozen shoulder 156
future of 157
location of moves 151–152
for lymphedema 157
mechanotransduction 153–154
for migraine headaches 157
moves, definition of 148–149
for neck pain 157
for pain management 155–156
philosophy 148
for posture and pain thresholds 156
psychological effects 156–157
sacral cranial relationship, optimization of 153
treatment, response to 152
on vagal tone 155
BPDs. See Breathing pattern disorders
Breast cancer 157
Breast scarring 333
Breathing, in GPR 311–312
Breathing pattern disorders (BPDs) 53
assessment of 95–96
hyperventilation, symptoms of 95–96
physiological effects 116
to somatic dysfunction 128–129
Burn scars 332–333
C
CABG. See Coronary artery bypass graft
Calcaneal taping 137
Calf stretching 138
Cat stretch 178
CC. See Center of coordination
CCP. See Common compensatory pattern
Cell-matrix adhesion complexes (CMACs) 16–17
Cells ecosystem 251–252
Center of coordination (CC) 186 , 194–195
Center of perception (CP) 186
Central nervous system (CNS) 369
Cerebral palsy (CP) 131–133
Cervical fascial continuity 30
Cervico-thoraco-abdomino-pelvic fascia (CTAP) 311
Chronic neck pain 268
Circulatory plexi 165
Circulatory system 61 , 62
CMACs. See Cell-matrix adhesion complexes
Collagen 6 , 12–14 , 154
deposition 115
fibers 50 , 173–174
self-repair process 14
Colloids 5–6
quality of 5
thixotropic property of 6
Combined loading 326
Common compensatory pattern (CCP)
appropriate/minimal adaptive compensation 90
classifications 89
compensated 89 , 90
definition 89
etiological features 89
ideal compensation 89
for testing tissue preference 90–92
uncompensated 89
Compression loading 326
Connectin. See Titin
Connective tissue 63 . See also Telocytes
collagenous 173–174
deep 22–23
fibrillin for 17
layers 3
manipulation 161–171
matrix 154
model 222–224
reflex 161
in sports medicine 173
superficial 20–22
viscoelastic property of 7
Connective tissue manipulation/massage (CTM) 161
background 161–163
clinical effects of 166
contraindications to 167
effects on fascia 171
fascial stroke of 167–169
objective assessment 164
objectives 163
proposed mechanisms of 166
protocol 167–171
skin rolling in 161 , 162 , 163 , 170–171
subjective assessment 163–164
theoretical model of physiological mechanisms 164–166
Contractions
fascia 124–126
muscular 125
physiology of 125–126
Contracture 323
Contralateral hip rotation 104–105
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) 286–287
Cortical body matrix 118
Counterstrain. See Strain counterstrain (SCS)
CP. See Center of perception; Cerebral palsy
Creep concept 311
Crossed syndromes 96–97
CSDS. See Cyclic short-duration stretches
CTAP. See Cervico-thoraco-abdomino-pelvic fascia (CTAP)
CTM. See Connective tissue manipulation/massage
Cyclic short-duration stretches (CSDS) 9
D
Davis’ law 174
Deep fascia 22–23 , 321
dynaments 22–23
extremity and trunk differences in 24–25
of limbs 24
tendons 23
tenocytes 23
Deep front line (DFL) 72 , 75–76
Densification 189
Depth of pressure 353
DFL. See Deep front line
Drag 353–354
Dry needling 369–377
Dupuytren’s disease 133
E
Eccentric exercise 138
Eccentric isotonic stretch 232
ECM. See Extracellular matrix
Ectoskeleton 5
Edema 331
Elasticity, of fascia 192
Elastic recoil
exercise 176 , 177–178
properties, training of 174–178
Elastin 17
Elastography 105–106
Electromyography, fascial connections and 31–32
Employee health 157
Epimysial fascia 321
Evidence-based medicine 113
Extracellular matrix (ECM) 16 , 139
of loose connective tissue 21–22
network 9 , 10
Extramuscular myofascial force transmission 230
F
Facilitated positional release (FPR) 280–282
Fascia
acupuncture and 126
and aging 130–131
basic science into clinical relevance 34–38
biomechanical and functional connections 29–32
biotensegrity model 3–4
cell-matrix adhesion complexes 16–17
clinical features 8–10
clinical implications and considerations 32
collagen 12–14
compression 26
deep 22–23 , 24–25
definitions 1–3 , 245
dysfunction 38–39 , 45–53 , 246
elastin 17
extracellular matrix 16
fascial lubricants 18
fascicular 25–26
fibrillin 17
fibroblasts 10–11
fibronectin 17
fluid dynamics and 18–19
force transmission and 28–29
functional characteristics of 4–8 , 25–26 , 246
heat and 127
high velocity manipulation and 128
as holistic communicating system 60–63
integrins 17–18
intermuscular connections 255
layers and bags 20–24
linking 25
load transfer and 28–29
and massage therapy 351–467
as matrix 251–252
as mechanosensitive structure 254–256
mediastinal 23–24
meningeal 23
muscle 25–26 , 27
muscle chains, tracks and trains 32–34
myofibroblasts 11–12
neurophysiology 9
oscillation and 298
properties 5
resilience as descriptor 38
separation 26
smooth muscle cells 14–15
sports science and 173–174
stretching and 123–126
structural characteristics of 20–28
superficial 20–22
system 85
taping and 127–128
telocytes 15–16
transforming growth factor beta-1 18
visceral 23–24
Fasciagenic pain model 51
Fascial compensatory pattern 88
Fascial continuity 103–104
Fascial dysfunction
adaptation 45–46
aging 50
densification and loss of fascial sliding function 46–48
fascia 50
features of 45–46
fibrosis 52–53
keloids 52–53
load transfer/force transmission issues 48
myofascial ‘trigger point’ pain 50–51
trauma and wounds 51–52
Fascial fitness training 180
Fascial glide
enhancement 121–123
tangential oscillation and vibration 121
Fascial health, stretching for 178–180
Fascial lubricants 18
Fascial Manipulation® method 183–184
application of 190
logo 183 , 184
to low back pain 194–195
movement assessment 191
myofascial sequences and 188–189
palpation assessment 191
Stecco’s biomechanical model 184–196
treatment 191–196
Fascial stroke 167–169
Fascial tissue 303
Fascial unwinding (FU) 199
assessment of 200
background 199
mechanisms of 203–205
objectives 200
self-unwinding 203
of upper limb, protocol for practical exercise 202–203
of wrist/hand, protocol for practical exercise 200–202
Fascial vs. neurological patterns 57–60
Fascicular fascia 25–26
Felt-like fascial adhesions 60
Ferroheme metabolism 221–222
FFT. See Functional fascial taping
Fiber/gel matrix 63
Fibrillin 17
Fibroblasts 9 , 10–11
to connective tissue tension 19
glycosaminoglycan and 124
modeled myofascial release to 35
to strain–counterstrain 282
Fibrocontractive diseases 133
Fibromyalgia 157
Fibronectin 17
Fibrosis 50 , 52–53 , 323
Fibrosis phase 342–344
Firm upside-down ‘J’ technique 328 , 329
Flat/shallow (flashige) technique 167
Flexibility 156
FLs. See Functional lines
Fluid dynamics, fascia and 18–19
Foam rollers 179 , 180
FPR. See Facilitated positional release
Free nerve endings 120
Front–back balance 74–83
Frozen shoulder 156
FU. See Fascial unwinding
Functional fascial taping (FFT) 128
Functional lines (FLs) 70–72
Functional positional release (FuPR) 285
examples of 286
integrated neuromuscular release of 287–288
methodology 285–286
post-surgical use of 286–287
FuPR. See Functional positional release
G
GAGs. See Glycosaminoglycans
Gautschi’s Swiss variation 270
Gliding strokes 274
Global postural assessment
Anatomy Trains 65–67
arm lines 70
beginning of form 63
bodyreading lines 73–83
deep front line 72
fascia as holistic communicating system 60–63
fascial vs. neurological patterns 57–60
functional lines 70–72
lateral line 69–70
spiral line 70
superficial back line 68–69
superficial front line 67–68
whole systems engineering 63–65
Global postural re-education (GPR)
in active work 309–310
articular compression or ‘crush,’ 306
breathing in 311–312
clinical example 313–316
dynamic function 304–306
globality 306–307
historical overview 303
introduction 303
inverse stretch reflex 309
isometric contraction 309
method overview 303
micro and macro alterations 303–304
objective of 303
postural coordination muscle chain 308
session 312–313
static function of 304–306
in therapeutic postures 311
Gluteus maximus, knee pain and 31
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 16 , 18 , 50 , 63
Golgi end organs 120
Golgi receptors 7 , 120
Golgi tendon organs 5 , 120 , 309
Goodheart’s SCS guidelines 281
GPR. See Global postural re-education (GPR)
Graston Technique® 127
Gross stretch, of scar 327
Gua sha (press-stroking) 215
biological measures 220
biomechanism/physiology of 220–222
blood stasis surface ischemia, signs and indications for 218
connective tissue model 222–224
contraindications of 219–220
directionality 223–224
evidence of 218–219
ferroheme metabolism 221–222
history 215
indications of 216
interoception 221
nitric oxide mediation 220–221
observation 220
palpation and palpation literacy of 216–218
perfusion 220
risks 224
safety 224
temperature and 220
universal precautions 224
Guimberteau’s alternative sliding model 26–28
H
Hamstrings 30–31
Harmonic technique 269
Head forward posture 74–83
Heat, fascia and 127
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 221–222
High velocity low amplitude (HVLA) thrust technique 238
High velocity manipulation, fascia and 128
Hill’s equation 309
HO-1. See Heme oxygenase-1
Homo erectus 174
Hooke’s law 5
Hyaluronan 18 , 121 , 239–240
Hyaluronic acid. See Hyaluronan
Hyperalgesic skin zones 99–102
Hypermobility
cautions with 135
therapeutic options 134
Hypertrophic scarring 323
Hyperventilation, symptoms of 95–96
Hysteresis 6 , 7 , 112–114
I
IASI. See International Association of Structural Integrators
IASTM. See Instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization
IIPs. See Interoceptive-insular pathways
IndentoPRO 107–108
Inflammation 139 , 322
Inhibitions 294–295
INIT. See Integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique
Instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization (IASTM) 127 , 135–136
Integrated neuromuscular inhibition technique (INIT) 135 , 269
Integrins 17–18
International Association of Structural Integrators (IASI) 291
Interoception 221
Interoceptive-insular pathways (IIPs) 295
Interoceptors. See Interstitial mechanoreceptors
Interstitial mechanoreceptors 8 , 120
Intramuscular fascial lengthening 124–126
Intramuscular force transmission 230
Inverse stretch reflex 309
Isometric contraction 232 , 309
Isometric eccentric contraction 124–126
Isotonic concentric contraction 232
Isotonic eccentric contraction 124–126 , 232
J
Janda and Lewit’s postural patterns 96–97
Jaw pain 267
JHS. See Joint hypermobility syndrome
Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) 134
Joint restrictions 86 , 230–231
Jump training. See Plyometric training
K
Keloids 52–53
Knee pain, gluteus maximus and 31
Knee rehabilitation 239
L
Lateral line (LL) 69–70
Latissimus dorsi contraction 104–105
Latissimus dorsi-hip-gluteus maximus connection 31
Lederhose’s disease 133
Lewit’s hyperalgesic skin zones 99–102
LIFT. See Lumbar interfascial triangle
Ligamentomuscular reflexes 120
Ligamentous articular strain (LAS). See Balanced ligamentous tension (BLT)
Ligamentous reflexes 120–121
Living tissues 37–38
LL. See Lateral line
Longitudinal taping 137
Loose connective tissue. See Superficial fascia
Lower crossed syndrome 97
Lumbar interfascial triangle (LIFT) 28–29
Lymphedema 157
M
Macro alteration, GPR 303–304
Malleability, of fascia 192
Manual stretching 138
Massage therapy and fascia 351–467
application 358
application of mechanical forces 352
bending stress 352
compression stress 352
shear stress 352
torsion stress 352
directional patterns 354 , 355
duration of 354
frequency of 354
methods 355–358
compression 355
friction 357
gliding/stroking 355
holding tissue 355
kneading stroke 356
lifting 356 , 357
movement and mobilization 357–358 , 358
percussion 356
vibration/oscillation 356
outcomes 359
myofascial pain 359
reduced range of motion 359
overview 351–352
rhythm of 354
sensing bind 354
speed of 355
tissue movement methods 364–367
process 364
stretching/elongation methods 364–365
treatment during 362–363
treatment interventions 363–364
Maturation/remodeling phase, wound healing 322
Mechanoreceptors 119–123 , 294
Mechanotransduction 4 , 9–10 , 153–154 , 247
Mediastinal fascia 23–24
Meissner corpuscles 120
Melting stretches 178–179
Meningeal fascia 23
Merkel cells 120
MET. See Muscle energy techniques
MFR. See Myofascial release
MFT. See Myofascial force transmission
MFUs. See Myofascial units
Micro alteration, GPR 303–304
Migraine headaches 157
Minasny’s theory 203–204
Multimicrovacuolar collagenous absorbing system (MVCAS) 26–27
Muscle energy techniques (MET) 86 , 88–89 , 229
basic 234–237
clinical objectives of 237–240
definitions 231–232
extramuscular myofascial force transmission 230
fascial and other mechanisms of 240–241
form of 229
on glenohumeral joint 239
and hyaluronic acid 239–240
isolytic contraction 237
isometric contraction in 232 , 234–235 , 242
isotonic concentric contraction in 232
isotonic eccentric contraction in 232 , 235 , 243
joint restrictions 230–231
origins of 232–234
PIR in 241 , 242
pulsed 232 , 235–236 , 243
quotes from pioneers on 232–234
RI in 241–242
sarcomeres and 232 , 233
skills in 241
Spencer technique and 237–238
Muscle energy techniques (MET) 369
Muscles 321
barriers, end-feel and ‘preferred direction of movement,’ 88–89
chains 32–34
contractions 125
end 85
fascia 25–26 , 27
layers assessment 88
palpation assessment 87–88
skeletal 85 , 229
SMCs 14–15
static vs. dynamic, anatomical and functional differences 304–306
stretching of 124
voluntary 58
Muscle injuries 337
MVCAS. See Multimicrovacuolar collagenous absorbing system
Myers’ meridians/lines 33
Myofascial force transmission (MFT) 230 , 231 , 254
Myofascial induction therapy (MIT®) 245
application mechanisms 251–257
approach protocol 257–260
assessment process 249–250
clinical procedure principles 257–258
complementary treatment recommendations 249
conceptual reasoning 251–252
deep global technique procedures 259–260
deep local technique procedures 259–260
general treatment recommendations 249
healthy subjects, clinical research in 257
intercellular communication and 247–248
manual force application in 252–256
matrix 251
matrix restriction process 251–252
mechanical characteristics of 249
mechanotransduction and 247
objectives of 248–249
pathology, research related to 256
piezoelectricity and 247
process 246 , 252–256
protocols of treatment 257–260
schematic analysis of 247
superficial (local) technique procedures 257–259
training 260
treatments goals 248–249
validation for 246–248
viscoelasticity and 247
Myofascial injury repair
regeneration and repair by connective tissue 339
role in repair process 339–340
destruction and inflammation phase 340
illustrative case history 347–348
regeneration and fibrosis phase 342
muscle healing in fibrotic phase 342–344
manual matrix remodeling in regeneration and fibrotic phases 344–345
RICE protocol 341–342
Myofascial release (MFR) 112 , 121 , 245
Myofascial sequences 188–189
Myofascial structural integration 133
Myofascial tissue 183
Myofascial ‘trigger point’ pain 50–51 , 135–136
Myofascial units (MFUs) 185–186
Myofascial upper trapezius pain 268
Myofibers 176
Myofibrils 125
Myofibroblasts 11–12 , 53
MyotonPRO 108
N
Neural influences, fascial structure and 119–123
gliding 121–123
ligamentous reflexes 120–121
sliding 121–123
Neuromuscular technique (NMT)
aims of 264
American version of 266–267 , 274
approaches 264
biochemical features 264
biomechanical factors 264
complementary modalities of 274
European version of 265–266
evolution of 267–268
introduction 263–264
methods and modalities 263
myofascial pain, evolution of 267
palpation exercise 271–274
psychosocial factors 264
soft-tissue methods 269–271
therapeutic objectives of 274
thumb stroke 272–273
validating studies 267–268
versions of 263–264 , 265–267
Neurophysiology 9
Nitric oxide (NO) 220–221
NMT. See Neuromuscular technique
NO. See Nitric oxide
Notochord 62
N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine 115
O
Organ of form 63
Osteopathic STAR palpation 98
P
Pacinian corpuscles 119–120
Pacini and Paciniform mechanoreceptors 8
Pain
management 155–156
thresholds 156
Palpation
assessment, degrees of pressure 87–88
of atlanto-occipital junction 90–91
of cervicothoracic transition area 91 , 92
and latissimus contraction on contralateral hip 104–105
of lumbosacral transition area 91 , 92
NMT and 271–274
of skin 101–102
superior thoracic inlet assessment 93–95
of thoracolumbar transition area 91 , 92
Pandiculation 124
Parallel elastic components (PEC) 125–126
Parietal peritoneum 321
Passive manual stretching (PMS) 239
PEC. See Parallel elastic components
Peritoneal adhesions 334–335
Peritoneum 321
Peyronie’s disease 133
PGs. See Proteoglycans
Piezoelectricity 247
PIR. See Post-isometric relaxation
Plantar fasciosis (PF) 136–138
instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization for 137
stretching methods and 138
taping and 137
Plantar heel pain 268
Plasticity, of fascia 192
PLF. See Posterior lumbar fascia
Plyometric training 174
PMS. See Passive manual stretching
Positional release techniques (PRT)
Barnes study 277–278
facilitated positional release 280–282
functional positional release 285–288
introduction 277
strain–counterstrain 277 , 278–280
Position of ease 278–279
Posterior lumbar fascia (PLF) 47
Post-isometric relaxation (PIR) 241 , 242
Postural alterations 303–304
Postural sway 156
Preparatory strokes 167
Proliferation phase, wound healing 322
Prolotherapy 128
Proprioceptive refinement 179–180
Proprioceptive theory 282 , 283
Proprioceptors 5
Proteoglycans (PGs) 18
PRT. See Positional release techniques
Pulsed muscle energy techniques 232 , 243
Q
Qi stasis pain 215–216
R
Radial force transmission 231
RDCT. See Regular dense connective tissue
Rebalance tests 313
Reciprocal inhibition (RI) 241–242
Reflex muscle relaxation 240
Regular dense connective tissue (RDCT) 22
Resilience 38
Retromotion 186–187
RI. See Reciprocal inhibition
RISI. See Rolf Institute of Structural Integration
RMI. See Rolf Movement Integration
Rolfing® structural integration (RSI) 291
context 298–299
hypotheses 293–298
lesion vs. inhibition 294–295
mechanisms 293–298
neurophysiologic mechanisms 294
objectives of 292–293
oscillation and fascia 298
outcomes 292
overview 291–292
research evidence 296
RISI 301
segmental order, change in 295–296
Ten-Series 299–301
Rolf Institute of Structural Integration (RISI) 291 , 301
Rolf Movement Integration (RMI) 295–296
Rotation
bodyreading lines 73–74
loading 326
RSI. See Rolfing® structural integration
Ruffini corpuscles 120
Ruffini mechanoreceptors 8 , 375
S
Sarcomeres 125 , 232 , 233
‘S’ bends 330–331
SBL. See Superficial back line
Scalenes 29–30
Scar modeling technique 345–347
Scar movement 319
Scars and adhesions management 319–335
abdominal wall 333–334
anatomy of tissue layers 321–322
deep fascia 321
epimysial fascia 321
peritoneum 321
skin 321
superficial fascia 321
approaches of treatment 325–326
assisted vertical lifts for 330
barrier phenomenon of 324
basic techniques for 327–331
firm upside-down ‘J,’ 328–329 , 329
gentle circles 327–328 , 328
gross stretch 327 , 327
skin rolling 330 , 330
vertical lifts 328–330 , 329
wringing or ‘S’ bends 330–331
breast 333
burn 332–333
cautions during treatment 325
clinical consequences of 320–321
early intervention of 331–332
essentials, need to know 321–323
evaluation of 324–325
fascial glide, assessment of 325
formation of 322
gentle circles movement of 327–328
gross stretch of 327
guidelines for 323–324
healing and remodeling 139–140
inflammatory phase 331
interface 322
layers, anatomy of 321
loading approaches 326
manipulation 326
manual techniques for 326–331
massage/mobilization/manipulation 319
movement, assessment of 325
outcomes, wound healing 322–323
overview of 319–320
pathological barrier of 324
peritoneal and visceral adhesions 334–335
physiological barrier of 324
post-surgical 320–321
principles of treatment 325
problems 320–321
proliferative phase of 331–332
rate of wound healing, influencing factors 323
release techniques 270–271
scar movement: 319
scar tissue massage 319
skin rolling for 330
strategy for management 321–323
tissue barriers
direct tissue loading approaches 326
manipulating tissues 326
touch, depth and grading of 324
treatment 325–326
vertical lifts for 328–330
wound healing
factors influencing outcomes 323
outcomes 322–323
phases of 322
wringing for 330–331
Sclerotherapy. See Prolotherapy
SCS. See Strain–counterstrain
SEC. See Series elastic components
SEIS. See Slowly applied isotonic eccentric stretching
Self-applied contemplation 296–297
Self-myofascial release (SMFR) 135–136 . See also Instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization (IASTM)
Self-stretching, fascia and 124
Self-unwind fascia 203
Series elastic components (SEC) 125–126
SFL. See Superficial front line
Sha syndrome 216
Shearing loading 326
Shifts, bodyreading lines 74
Shoulder fascial continuity 30
Shoulder impingement pain 268
SI. See Structural integration
Skeletal muscles 85 , 229
Skin 321
glide assessment 101
layers of 165
Lewit’s method for assessment 100
lifting 102
palpations 101–102
rolling 161 , 162 , 163 , 170–171 , 330
sliding 99
Skin (haut) technique 167
SL. See Spiral line
Sliding/gliding potential of tissues, assessment of 99
Slowly applied isotonic eccentric stretching (SEIS) 239 , 242
SMCs. See Smooth muscle cells
SMFR. See Self-myofascial release
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 14–15
Soft tissues 6
Bowen therapy for 147–159
changes, objective assessment of 105–108
density/stiffness measurement 106–108
‘end-feel,’ qualities of 86–87
layers assessment 88
mobilization for PF, instrument-assisted 137
palpation assessment 87–88
restrictions 86 , 230–231
skeleton 5
sliding/gliding potential of 99
stiffness 278
target 86–87
therapeutic load application to 118–119
therapeutic methods for 112–114
Somatic dysfunction 98
breathing pattern disorders to 128–129
Souchard method. See Global Postural Re-education (GPR)
Spencer technique 237–238
Spiral line (SL) 70
Sports science, fascia and 173–174
STAR palpation model 98
Stecco’s biomechanical model 184–196
agonist-antagonist interaction, fascial mediation of 187–188
assessment 190–191
center of coordination in 186
center of perception in 186
clinical reasoning in 189–190
movement, terminology for 186–187
movement assessment 191
myofascial sequences and 188–189
myofascial units in 185–186
palpation assessment 191
treatment and 191–196
Strain–counterstrain (SCS) 136–137 , 277
altered fibroblast responses 282
basic method 278–279
cautions 284
effects 282–285
facilitated positional release with 280–281
fibroblast to 282
Goodheart’s guidelines 281
guidelines for achieving tender-point ease 281–282
ligamentous reflexes 282 , 284
neurological changes 282
position of ease 278–279
as prescriptive approach 279–280
proprioceptive theory 282 , 283
protocol 279
studies 284–285
Strain transmission 124
Stretching
benefits of 178–179
calf 138
contractions and intramuscular fascial lengthening 124–126
fascia and 123–126
for fascial health 178–180
manual 138
for plantar fasciosis 138
self 124
strain transmission during 124
superficial fascia 126
tolerance 240
water 123–124
Strokes 157 , 167
Bowen therapy for 157
fascial 167–169
preparatory 167
Structural integration (SI) 291
effectiveness of 291
Ten-Series 299–301
Subcutaneous (unterhaut) technique 167
Superficial back line (SBL) 31 , 68–69 , 103–104
Superficial connective tissue 20–22
Superficial fascia 20–22 , 126 , 321
Superficial front line (SFL) 67–68
Superior thoracic inlet, palpatory assessment of 93–95
clinical usefulness of 94–95
myofascial dysfunction of 94
palpation method 94–95
Systemic sclerodermal disorders 133
T
Taping 127–128
calcaneal 137
longitudinal 137
plantar fasciosis and 137
TCM. See Tissue compliance meter; traditional Chinese medicine
TEAM. See Traditional East Asian Medicine
Telocytes 15–16 , 154 , 248
Tender points 278
Tendons 23 , 35–38
Tendon stem cells (TSCs) 23
Tenocytes 23
Tensegrity 3–4 , 64–65 , 254 , 291
Ten-Series 291 , 299–301
Tension loading 326
TGF-ß1. See Transforming growth factor beta-1
Therapeutic load application variables 117–119
Therapeutic methods
altered acid–base balance and 115–116
altered viscosity, stiffness and lubrication and 115
autonomic balance and 114
cellular changes and 114–115
circulatory changes and 115
clinical effects, explanations of 114–116
collagen deposition and 115
direct approach 112–114
dosage and 116–119
endocannabinoid upregulation and 115
evidence 113–114
fascia-related objectives of 111–112
fascia-related pathologies and conditions, selection of 129–140
force transmission, alterations in 115
indirect approach 112–114
load application variables 117–119
neural input and 114
objectives of 111
pain modification and 115
potential 112–114
for soft-tissues 112–114
Therapeutic postures 303 , 311
active work 311
slow and controlled progression 311
static correction 310–311
Thermography 108
Thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) 103 , 183–184
deep layer of 29 , 103 , 200
load transfers 48
Thorax 29–30
Thumb stroke 272–273
Tilt, bodyreading lines 73
Tissue
interfaces 322
layers, anatomy of 321
Tissue compliance meter (TCM) 108
Titin 125
TLF. See Thoracolumbar fascia
Touch, depth and grading of 324
TrA. See Transversus abdominis
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 126
Traditional East Asian Medicine (TEAM) 215
Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) 18
Transversus abdominis (TrA) 121
Trauma 51–52
Trauma-induced energy 199
Trigger point release methods 369–377
assessment 370–371
compressive 374
dry needling (TrP-DN) 375–376
mechanisms 371–373
overview 369–370
protocol 373–376
Trunk fascial continuity 30
TSCs. See Tendon stem cells
U
Ultrasound 105–106
Upper crossed syndrome 96
Upper limb, fascial unwinding of 202–203
V
Vagal tone 155
VAS. See Visual analog scale
Vertical lifts 328–330
Vesalius nervous system 61–62
Visceral adhesions 333–335
Visceral fascia 23–24
Visceral peritoneum 321
Viscoelasticity 247
Viscoelastic/muscle property 240
Visual analog scale (VAS) 279
Voluntary muscles 58
W
Water, of fascia 123–124
Wet cupping 215
Whiplash 268
Whole systems engineering 63–65
Wolff’s law 5 , 174
Wound healing
factors influencing outcomes 323
hypertrophic scarring 323
maturation/remodeling 322
outcomes 322–323
phases of 322
Wounds 51–52
care 319
characteristics 323
clinician factors and 323
healing 53 , 138–139 , 322–323
inappropriate management of 323
local factors of 323
systemic factors of 323
Wringing 330–331
Wrist/hand, fascial unwinding of 200–202
evaluation 201–202
induction 202
reassessment 202
release 202
still point 202
unwinding 202
Z
‘Zink’ test 92 , 93