3Jonah obeyed the word of the LORD and went to Nineveh. Now Nineveh was a very important city—a visit required three days. 4On the first day, Jonah started into the city. He proclaimed: “Forty more days and Nineveh will be overturned.” 5The Ninevites believed God. They declared a fast, and all of them, from the greatest to the least, put on sackcloth.

6When the news reached the king of Nineveh, he rose from his throne, took off his royal robes, covered himself with sackcloth and sat down in the dust. 7Then he issued a proclamation in Nineveh:

“By the decree of the king and his nobles:

Do not let any man or beast, herd or flock, taste anything; do not let them eat or drink. 8But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth. Let everyone call urgently on God. Let them give up their evil ways and their violence. 9Who knows? God may yet relent and with compassion turn from his fierce anger so that we will not perish.”

10When God saw what they did and how they turned from their evil ways, he had compassion and did not bring upon them the destruction he had threatened.


Jonah 4

Jonah’s Anger at the LORD ’s Compassion

1But Jonah was greatly displeased and became angry. 2He prayed to the LORD, “O LORD, is this not what I said when I was still at home? That is why I was so quick to flee to Tarshish. I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in love, a God who relents from sending calamity. 3Now, O LORD, take away my life, for it is better for me to die than to live.”






4But the LORD replied, “Have you any right to be angry?”

5Jonah went out and sat down at a place east of the city. There he made himself a shelter, sat in its shade and waited to see what would happen to the city. 6Then the LORD God provided a vine and made it grow up over Jonah to give shade for his head to ease his discomfort, and Jonah was very happy about the vine. 7But at dawn the next day God provided a worm, which chewed the vine so that it withered. 8When the sun rose, God provided a scorching east wind, and the sun blazed on Jonah’s head so that he grew faint. He wanted to die, and said, “It would be better for me to die than to live.”

9But God said to Jonah, “Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?”

“I do,” he said. “I am angry enough to die.”

10But the LORD said, “You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight and died overnight. 11But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?”

MICAH

Author, Place and Date of Writing

The author of this book, Micah, tells us that he was from Moresheth (1:1), a village in the Shephelah of Judah also known as Moresheth Gath (1:14). We know virtually nothing else about him, although he is one of the few Old Testament prophets to be cited by name in another’s writings (Jer 26:18, citing Mic 3:12). This signifies that Micah’s book was recognized as canonical by the time of Jeremiah’s ministry (the nature of the citation suggests that there was consensus by that time that Micah had been a true prophet). In addition, Habakkuk 2:12 is a modification of Micah 3:10, and 4:2–3 is almost identical to Isaiah 2:2–4, although in this case we cannot be sure whether the oracle originated with Micah or with Isaiah.

Today some scholars believe that only part of the book of Micah came from the prophet himself and that the rest is secondary (written by someone else). The prophecies of judgment in particular are thought to be authentic, with the more optimistic predictions—those that promise salvation for Judah—coming from some other prophet. This approach to the text, which is founded on the premise that a given prophet had only a single, uncomplicated message, is misguided and simplistic.

Micah 1:1 informs the reader that Micah preached during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah. This would place his ministry during the second half of the eighth century B.C., making him a contemporary of Isaiah, Amos and Hosea.

Audience

Micah ministered primarily to the southern kingdom of Judah, but he also addressed the northern kingdom of Israel and predicted the fall of Samaria (1:6), which took place in 722 B.C. His message was aimed in particular at greedy and oppressive landowners (2:1–5) who supported Israel’s corrupt political and religious leaders who had led the nation into moral decay.

Cultural Facts and Highlights

The background of this book is the same as that found in the earlier portions of Isaiah. Biblical passages covering this period are 2 Kings 15:32–20:21, 2 Chronicles 27–32 and Isaiah 7, 20, 36–39. Several significant historical events occurred during this period:


Micah condemned the sin of Judah and anticipated divine judgment against the nation (3:1–4; 4:10a), yet he also forecast her ultimate triumph over all the other nations on Earth (4:10b–13). Even in this Micah was not simply a patriotic Jew looking forward to victory over the Gentiles; to the contrary, he expected Israel in the long term to be a blessing to all the nations (4:2–3). In short, Micah was advancing a theology to deal with the current dilemma of the chosen people of God and the house of David falling under judgment. Far from implying the failure of the covenant promises, this very judgment would be the means by which God would fulfill those covenants.

Timeline

As You Read

Be aware of the alternating oracles of doom and hope in this prophetic book. Do you view such changes in perspective in this and other prophetic works as “mood swings” on the part of the author or as faithful representation of the messages given to the prophet by the God who is characterized by both “kindness and sternness” (cf. Ro 11:22)?

Did You Know?


Themes

The prophecy of Micah includes the following themes:

  1. Judgment against oppressors. Micah predicted that God would justly judge “the sins of the house of Israel” (1:5). The landowners and religious and political leaders had abused their power and conspired to do evil (2:1; 7:3), coveted and defrauded others of their property (2:2; 6:10), stolen and plundered (2:8), hated good and loved evil (3:2), oppressed the poor (3:3), despised justice and distorted truth (3:9), accepted bribes (3:11; 7:3), used their religious positions for profit (3:11), engaged in dishonest business practices (6:11), acted with violence and deceit (6:12) and murdered their own people (7:2). God would bring disaster upon Samaria (1:6–7), Jerusalem (1:12; 3:12; 4:10), the greedy landowners (2:3–5), the corrupted leaders (3:4) and the false prophets (3:5–7).
  2. Restoration. Micah declared that after judgment God would mercifully forgive and restore his people (7:9), bringing them back from exile in Babylon (4:10) and restoring Jerusalem’s dominion (4:8, 13).
  3. Justice. Micah asked a deceptively simple question: “What does the LORD require of you?” The answer: “To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God” (6:8). Israel had failed to live up to this divine expectation, and the nation would suffer the horrible consequences.

Outline

I. Judgment Against Israel and Judah (1–3)

II. Israel and Judah Have Hope (4–5)

III. The Lord’s Case Against Israel (6)

IV. Misery Turns to Triumph (7)


Micah 1

1The word of the LORD that came to Micah of Moresheth during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah —the vision he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.






2Hear, O peoples, all of you,

listen, O earth and all who are in it,

that the Sovereign LORD may witness against you,

the Lord from his holy temple.

Judgment Against Samaria and Jerusalem

3Look! The LORD is coming from his dwelling place;

he comes down and treads the high places of the earth.

4The mountains melt beneath him

and the valleys split apart,

like wax before the fire,

like water rushing down a slope.

5All this is because of Jacob’s transgression,

because of the sins of the house of Israel.

What is Jacob’s transgression?

Is it not Samaria?

What is Judah’s high place?

Is it not Jerusalem?

6“Therefore I will make Samaria a heap of rubble,

a place for planting vineyards.

I will pour her stones into the valley

and lay bare her foundations.

7All her idols will be broken to pieces;

all her temple gifts will be burned with fire;

I will destroy all her images.

Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes,

as the wages of prostitutes they will again be used.”

Weeping and Mourning

8Because of this I will weep and wail;

I will go about barefoot and naked.

I will howl like a jackal

and moan like an owl.

9For her wound is incurable;

it has come to Judah.

It[1] has reached the very gate of my people,

even to Jerusalem itself.

10Tell it not in Gath[2];

weep not at all.[3]

In Beth Ophrah[4]

roll in the dust.

11Pass on in nakedness and shame,

you who live in Shaphir.[5]

Those who live in Zaanan[6]

will not come out.

Beth Ezel is in mourning;

its protection is taken from you.

12Those who live in Maroth[7] writhe in pain,

waiting for relief,

because disaster has come from the LORD,

even to the gate of Jerusalem.

13You who live in Lachish,[8]

harness the team to the chariot.

You were the beginning of sin

to the Daughter of Zion,

for the transgressions of Israel

were found in you.

14Therefore you will give parting gifts

to Moresheth Gath.

The town of Aczib[9] will prove deceptive

to the kings of Israel.

15I will bring a conqueror against you

who live in Mareshah.[10]

He who is the glory of Israel

will come to Adullam.

16Shave your heads in mourning

for the children in whom you delight;

make yourselves as bald as the vulture,

for they will go from you into exile.


Micah 2

Man’s Plans and God’s

1Woe to those who plan iniquity,

to those who plot evil on their beds!

At morning’s light they carry it out

because it is in their power to do it.

2They covet fields and seize them,

and houses, and take them.

They defraud a man of his home,

a fellowman of his inheritance.

3Therefore, the LORD says:

“I am planning disaster against this people,

from which you cannot save yourselves.

You will no longer walk proudly,

for it will be a time of calamity.

4In that day men will ridicule you;

they will taunt you with this mournful song:

‘We are utterly ruined;

my people’s possession is divided up.

He takes it from me!

He assigns our fields to traitors.’ ”

5Therefore you will have no one in the assembly of the LORD

to divide the land by lot.

False Prophets

6“Do not prophesy,” their prophets say.

“Do not prophesy about these things;

disgrace will not overtake us.

7Should it be said, O house of Jacob:

“Is the Spirit of the LORD angry?

Does he do such things?”

“Do not my words do good

to him whose ways are upright?

8Lately my people have risen up

like an enemy.

You strip off the rich robe

from those who pass by without a care,

like men returning from battle.

9You drive the women of my people

from their pleasant homes.

You take away my blessing

from their children forever.

10Get up, go away!

For this is not your resting place,

because it is defiled,

it is ruined, beyond all remedy.

11If a liar and deceiver comes and says,

‘I will prophesy for you plenty of wine and beer,’

he would be just the prophet for this people!

Deliverance Promised

12“I will surely gather all of you, O Jacob;

I will surely bring together the remnant of Israel.

I will bring them together like sheep in a pen,

like a flock in its pasture;

the place will throng with people.

13One who breaks open the way will go up before them;

they will break through the gate and go out.

Their king will pass through before them,

the LORD at their head.”


Micah 3

Leaders and Prophets Rebuked

1Then I said,

“Listen, you leaders of Jacob,

you rulers of the house of Israel.

Should you not know justice,

2you who hate good and love evil;

who tear the skin from my people

and the flesh from their bones;

3who eat my people’s flesh,

strip off their skin

and break their bones in pieces;

who chop them up like meat for the pan,

like flesh for the pot?

4Then they will cry out to the LORD,

but he will not answer them.

At that time he will hide his face from them

because of the evil they have done.

5This is what the LORD says:

“As for the prophets

who lead my people astray,

if one feeds them,

they proclaim ‘peace’;

if he does not,

they prepare to wage war against him.

6Therefore night will come over you, without visions,

and darkness, without divination.

The sun will set for the prophets,

and the day will go dark for them.

7The seers will be ashamed






and the diviners disgraced.

They will all cover their faces

because there is no answer from God.”

8But as for me, I am filled with power,

with the Spirit of the LORD,

and with justice and might,

to declare to Jacob his transgression,

to Israel his sin.

9Hear this, you leaders of the house of Jacob,

you rulers of the house of Israel,

who despise justice

and distort all that is right;

10who build Zion with bloodshed,

and Jerusalem with wickedness.

11Her leaders judge for a bribe,

her priests teach for a price,

and her prophets tell fortunes for money.

Yet they lean upon the LORD and say,

“Is not the LORD among us?

No disaster will come upon us.”

12Therefore because of you,

Zion will be plowed like a field,

Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble,

the temple hill a mound overgrown with thickets.


Micah 4

The Mountain of the LORD

1In the last days

the mountain of the LORD ’s temple will be established

as chief among the mountains;

it will be raised above the hills,

and peoples will stream to it.

2Many nations will come and say,

“Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD,

to the house of the God of Jacob.

He will teach us his ways,

so that we may walk in his paths.”

The law will go out from Zion,

the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.

3He will judge between many peoples

and will settle disputes for strong nations far and wide.

They will beat their swords into plowshares

and their spears into pruning hooks.

Nation will not take up sword against nation,

nor will they train for war anymore.

4Every man will sit under his own vine

and under his own fig tree,

and no one will make them afraid,

for the LORD Almighty has spoken.

5All the nations may walk

in the name of their gods;

we will walk in the name of the LORD

our God for ever and ever.

The LORD ’s Plan

6“In that day,” declares the LORD,

“I will gather the lame;

I will assemble the exiles

and those I have brought to grief.

7I will make the lame a remnant,

those driven away a strong nation.

The LORD will rule over them in Mount Zion

from that day and forever.

8As for you, O watchtower of the flock,

O stronghold[11] of the Daughter of Zion,

the former dominion will be restored to you;

kingship will come to the Daughter of Jerusalem.”

9Why do you now cry aloud —

have you no king?

Has your counselor perished,

that pain seizes you like that of a woman in labor?

10Writhe in agony, O Daughter of Zion,

like a woman in labor,

for now you must leave the city

to camp in the open field.

You will go to Babylon;

there you will be rescued.

There the LORD will redeem you

out of the hand of your enemies.

11But now many nations

are gathered against you.

They say, “Let her be defiled,

let our eyes gloat over Zion!”

12But they do not know

the thoughts of the LORD;

they do not understand his plan,

he who gathers them like sheaves to the threshing floor.

13“Rise and thresh, O Daughter of Zion,

for I will give you horns of iron;

I will give you hoofs of bronze

and you will break to pieces many nations.”

You will devote their ill-gotten gains to the LORD,

their wealth to the Lord of all the earth.


Micah 5

A Promised Ruler From Bethlehem

1Marshal your troops, O city of troops,[12]






for a siege is laid against us.

They will strike Israel’s ruler

on the cheek with a rod.

2“But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah,

though you are small among the clans[13] of Judah,

out of you will come for me

one who will be ruler over Israel,

whose origins[14] are from of old,

from ancient times.[15]

3Therefore Israel will be abandoned

until the time when she who is in labor gives birth

and the rest of his brothers return

to join the Israelites.

4He will stand and shepherd his flock

in the strength of the LORD,

in the majesty of the name of the LORD his God.

And they will live securely, for then his greatness

will reach to the ends of the earth.

5And he will be their peace.

Deliverance and Destruction

When the Assyrian invades our land

and marches through our fortresses,

we will raise against him seven shepherds,

even eight leaders of men.

6They will rule[16] the land of Assyria with the sword,

the land of Nimrod with drawn sword.[17]

He will deliver us from the Assyrian

when he invades our land

and marches into our borders.

7The remnant of Jacob will be

in the midst of many peoples

like dew from the LORD,

like showers on the grass,

which do not wait for man

or linger for mankind.

8The remnant of Jacob will be among the nations,

in the midst of many peoples,

like a lion among the beasts of the forest,

like a young lion among flocks of sheep,

which mauls and mangles as it goes,

and no one can rescue.

9Your hand will be lifted up in triumph over your enemies,

and all your foes will be destroyed.

10“In that day,” declares the LORD,

“I will destroy your horses from among you

and demolish your chariots.

11I will destroy the cities of your land

and tear down all your strongholds.

12I will destroy your witchcraft

and you will no longer cast spells.

13I will destroy your carved images

and your sacred stones from among you;

you will no longer bow down

to the work of your hands.

14I will uproot from among you your Asherah poles[18]

and demolish your cities.

15I will take vengeance in anger and wrath

upon the nations that have not obeyed me.”


Micah 6

The LORD ’s Case Against Israel

1Listen to what the LORD says:

“Stand up, plead your case before the mountains;

let the hills hear what you have to say.

2Hear, O mountains, the LORD ’s accusation;

listen, you everlasting foundations of the earth.

For the LORD has a case against his people;

he is lodging a charge against Israel.

3 “My people, what have I done to you?

How have I burdened you? Answer me.

4I brought you up out of Egypt

and redeemed you from the land of slavery.

I sent Moses to lead you,

also Aaron and Miriam.

5My people, remember

what Balak king of Moab counseled

and what Balaam son of Beor answered.

Remember [ your journey] from Shittim to Gilgal,

that you may know the righteous acts of the LORD.”

6With what shall I come before the LORD

and bow down before the exalted God?

Shall I come before him with burnt offerings,

with calves a year old?

7Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams,

with ten thousand rivers of oil?

Shall I offer my firstborn for my transgression,

the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?

8He has showed you, O man, what is good.

And what does the LORD require of you?

To act justly and to love mercy

and to walk humbly with your God.

Israel’s Guilt and Punishment

9Listen! The LORD is calling to the city—

and to fear your name is wisdom—

“Heed the rod and the One who appointed it.[19]

10Am I still to forget, O wicked house,

your ill-gotten treasures

and the short ephah,[20] which is accursed?

11Shall I acquit a man with dishonest scales,

with a bag of false weights?

12Her rich men are violent;

her people are liars

and their tongues speak deceitfully.

13Therefore, I have begun to destroy you,

to ruin you because of your sins.

14You will eat but not be satisfied;

your stomach will still be empty.[21]

You will store up but save nothing,

because what you save I will give to the sword.

15You will plant but not harvest;

you will press olives but not use the oil on yourselves,

you will crush grapes but not drink the wine.

16You have observed the statutes of Omri

and all the practices of Ahab’s house,

and you have followed their traditions.

Therefore I will give you over to ruin

and your people to derision;

you will bear the scorn of the nations.[22]


Micah 7

Israel’s Misery

1What misery is mine!









I am like one who gathers summer fruit

at the gleaning of the vineyard;

there is no cluster of grapes to eat,

none of the early figs that I crave.

2The godly have been swept from the land;

not one upright man remains.

All men lie in wait to shed blood;

each hunts his brother with a net.

3Both hands are skilled in doing evil;

the ruler demands gifts,

the judge accepts bribes,

the powerful dictate what they desire—

they all conspire together.

4The best of them is like a brier,

the most upright worse than a thorn hedge.

The day of your watchmen has come,

the day God visits you.

Now is the time of their confusion.

5Do not trust a neighbor;

put no confidence in a friend.

Even with her who lies in your embrace

be careful of your words.

6For a son dishonors his father,

a daughter rises up against her mother,

a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law—

a man’s enemies are the members of his own household.

7But as for me, I watch in hope for the LORD,

I wait for God my Savior;

my God will hear me.

Israel Will Rise

8Do not gloat over me, my enemy!

Though I have fallen, I will rise.

Though I sit in darkness,

the LORD will be my light.

9Because I have sinned against him,

I will bear the LORD ’s wrath,

until he pleads my case

and establishes my right.

He will bring me out into the light;

I will see his righteousness.

10Then my enemy will see it

and will be covered with shame,

she who said to me,

“Where is the LORD your God?”

My eyes will see her downfall;

even now she will be trampled underfoot

like mire in the streets.

11The day for building your walls will come,

the day for extending your boundaries.

12In that day people will come to you

from Assyria and the cities of Egypt,

even from Egypt to the Euphrates

and from sea to sea

and from mountain to mountain.

13The earth will become desolate because of its inhabitants,

as the result of their deeds.

Prayer and Praise

14Shepherd your people with your staff,

the flock of your inheritance,

which lives by itself in a forest,

in fertile pasturelands.[23]

Let them feed in Bashan and Gilead

as in days long ago.

15“As in the days when you came out of Egypt,

I will show them my wonders.

16Nations will see and be ashamed,

deprived of all their power.

They will lay their hands on their mouths

and their ears will become deaf.

17They will lick dust like a snake,

like creatures that crawl on the ground.

They will come trembling out of their dens;

they will turn in fear to the LORD our God

and will be afraid of you.

18Who is a God like you,

who pardons sin and forgives the transgression

of the remnant of his inheritance?

You do not stay angry forever

but delight to show mercy.

19You will again have compassion on us;

you will tread our sins underfoot

and hurl all our iniquities into the depths of the sea.

20You will be true to Jacob,

and show mercy to Abraham,

as you pledged on oath to our fathers

in days long ago.

NAHUM

Author, Place and Date of Writing

We know nothing of the author of this book, the prophet Nahum, other than that he came from Elkosh, a village of unknown location. Based on his harsh condemnation of Nineveh, some interpreters suggest that he was a kind of “super-patriot” prophet similar to Hananiah, a false prophet condemned by Jeremiah (Jer 28). This is an unnecessary conclusion; even Jeremiah spoke words of judgment against other nations (Jer 46–51). Nahum did not simply cheer for the fall of Nineveh; he set this event within the context of the Biblical theology of the justice of God.

Nahum 3:8–10 mentions the destruction of Thebes in Egypt, which took place in 663 B.C., and the book of Nahum anticipates the fall of Nineveh, which occurred in 612 B.C. We can therefore assume that the book was written during the latter half of the seventh century B.C., or about 630.

Audience

Nahum addressed his prophecy to the people of Nineveh, the capital city of the ruthless Assyrians, as well as to the nation of Judah. His message of doom for Nineveh (approximately 100 years after the Ninevites’ evidently short-lived repentance under Jonah’s ministry) was a comfort to the people of Judah, who had seen the northern kingdom of Israel defeated and carried into exile by the Assyrians and who were themselves suffering under that nation’s cruelty. Nahum reminded his readers that God is just and that the evil nations of the world cannot and will not escape his judgment.

Cultural Facts and Highlights

Nahum prophesied the fall of Nineveh, the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire at the height of its power (see “Nineveh”). The brutality of the Assyrians was legendary, and their treatment of Israel and Judah had been particularly harsh.

Timeline

As You Read

Pay attention to the literary devices Nahum employed in this poetic book, noting and appreciating his rich vocabulary and the intense moods he attempted to evoke; his masterful use of simile and metaphor; his vivid word pictures; his effective use of repetition; his penchant for short, staccato phrases (see, e.g., 3:1–3); and his frequent rhetorical questions.

Did You Know?


Themes

Nahum’s themes include:

  1. Judgment. According to the prophet the instrument of Nineveh’s destruction would be God himself (1:2–3, 8, 14–15). The Ninevites had failed to live in the light of their earlier and evidently transitory repentance. Nahum made ample use of the divine warrior theme, the picture of God as a military figure who wages war against those who resist him. Nahum taught that God punishes violence (2:12; 3:1, 4), idolatry (1:14), ruthless business practices (3:16), materialism (2:9; 3:4) and cruelty (3:19).
  2. Deliverance. Nahum’s prophecy of judgment was intended to bring hope to the people of Judah, who had suffered Assyrian abuse for many years. God cares for his people and will punish those who abuse them. He will protect them (1:7), free them from oppression (1:13, 15) and restore them (2:2).

Outline

I. The Lord As Nineveh’s Judge (1)

A. God’s Anger Against Nineveh (1:2–8)

B. God’s Judgment on Nineveh and Victory for Judah (1:9–15)

II. Nineveh’s Fall (2)

A. The Siege (2:1–10)

B. The Desolation (2:11–13)

III. Woe to Nineveh (3)

A. Nineveh’s Sins (3:1–4)

B. Nineveh’s Coming Doom (3:5–19)


Nahum 1

1An oracle concerning Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.






The LORD ’s Anger Against Nineveh

2The LORD is a jealous and avenging God;

the LORD takes vengeance and is filled with wrath.

The LORD takes vengeance on his foes

and maintains his wrath against his enemies.

3The LORD is slow to anger and great in power;

the LORD will not leave the guilty unpunished.

His way is in the whirlwind and the storm,

and clouds are the dust of his feet.

4He rebukes the sea and dries it up;

he makes all the rivers run dry.

Bashan and Carmel wither

and the blossoms of Lebanon fade.

5The mountains quake before him

and the hills melt away.

The earth trembles at his presence,

the world and all who live in it.

6Who can withstand his indignation?

Who can endure his fierce anger?

His wrath is poured out like fire;

the rocks are shattered before him.

7The LORD is good,

a refuge in times of trouble.

He cares for those who trust in him,

8but with an overwhelming flood

he will make an end of [Nineveh];

he will pursue his foes into darkness.

9Whatever they plot against the LORD

he[1] will bring to an end;

trouble will not come a second time.

10They will be entangled among thorns

and drunk from their wine;

they will be consumed like dry stubble.[2]

11From you, [O Nineveh, ] has one come forth

who plots evil against the LORD

and counsels wickedness.

12This is what the LORD says:

“Although they have allies and are numerous,

they will be cut off and pass away.

Although I have afflicted you, [O Judah, ]

I will afflict you no more.

13Now I will break their yoke from your neck

and tear your shackles away.”

14The LORD has given a command concerning you, [Nineveh]:

“You will have no descendants to bear your name.

I will destroy the carved images and cast idols

that are in the temple of your gods.

I will prepare your grave,

for you are vile.”

15Look, there on the mountains,

the feet of one who brings good news,

who proclaims peace!

Celebrate your festivals, O Judah,

and fulfill your vows.

No more will the wicked invade you;

they will be completely destroyed.


Nahum 2

Nineveh to Fall

1An attacker advances against you, [Nineveh].

Guard the fortress,

watch the road,

brace yourselves,

marshal all your strength!

2The LORD will restore the splendor of Jacob

like the splendor of Israel,

though destroyers have laid them waste

and have ruined their vines.

3The shields of his soldiers are red;

the warriors are clad in scarlet.

The metal on the chariots flashes

on the day they are made ready;

the spears of pine are brandished.[3]

4The chariots storm through the streets,

rushing back and forth through the squares.

They look like flaming torches;

they dart about like lightning.

5He summons his picked troops,

yet they stumble on their way.

They dash to the city wall;

the protective shield is put in place.

6The river gates are thrown open

and the palace collapses.

7It is decreed[4] that [the city]

be exiled and carried away.

Its slave girls moan like doves

and beat upon their breasts.

8Nineveh is like a pool,

and its water is draining away.

“Stop! Stop!” they cry,

but no one turns back.

9Plunder the silver!

Plunder the gold!

The supply is endless,

the wealth from all its treasures!

10She is pillaged, plundered, stripped!

Hearts melt, knees give way,

bodies tremble, every face grows pale.

11Where now is the lions’ den,

the place where they fed their young,

where the lion and lioness went,

and the cubs, with nothing to fear?

12The lion killed enough for his cubs

and strangled the prey for his mate,

filling his lairs with the kill

and his dens with the prey.

13“I am against you,”

declares the LORD Almighty.

“I will burn up your chariots in smoke,

and the sword will devour your young lions.

I will leave you no prey on the earth.

The voices of your messengers

will no longer be heard.”


Nahum 3

Woe to Nineveh

1Woe to the city of blood,









full of lies,

full of plunder,

never without victims!

2The crack of whips,

the clatter of wheels,

galloping horses

and jolting chariots!

3Charging cavalry,

flashing swords

and glittering spears!

Many casualties,

piles of dead,

bodies without number,

people stumbling over the corpses

4all because of the wanton lust of a harlot,

alluring, the mistress of sorceries,

who enslaved nations by her prostitution

and peoples by her witchcraft.

5“I am against you,” declares the LORD Almighty.

“I will lift your skirts over your face.

I will show the nations your nakedness

and the kingdoms your shame.

6I will pelt you with filth,

I will treat you with contempt

and make you a spectacle.

7All who see you will flee from you and say,

‘Nineveh is in ruins—who will mourn for her?’

Where can I find anyone to comfort you?”

8Are you better than Thebes,[5]

situated on the Nile,

with water around her?

The river was her defense,

the waters her wall.

9Cush[6] and Egypt were her boundless strength;

Put and Libya were among her allies.

10Yet she was taken captive

and went into exile.

Her infants were dashed to pieces

at the head of every street.

Lots were cast for her nobles,

and all her great men were put in chains.

11You too will become drunk;

you will go into hiding

and seek refuge from the enemy.

12All your fortresses are like fig trees

with their first ripe fruit;

when they are shaken,

the figs fall into the mouth of the eater.

13Look at your troops—

they are all women!

The gates of your land

are wide open to your enemies;

fire has consumed their bars.

14Draw water for the siege,

strengthen your defenses!

Work the clay,

tread the mortar,

repair the brickwork!

15There the fire will devour you;

the sword will cut you down

and, like grasshoppers, consume you.

Multiply like grasshoppers,

multiply like locusts!

16You have increased the number of your merchants

till they are more than the stars of the sky,

but like locusts they strip the land

and then fly away.

17Your guards are like locusts,

your officials like swarms of locusts

that settle in the walls on a cold day—

but when the sun appears they fly away,

and no one knows where.

18O king of Assyria, your shepherds[7] slumber;

your nobles lie down to rest.

Your people are scattered on the mountains

with no one to gather them.

19Nothing can heal your wound;

your injury is fatal.

Everyone who hears the news about you

claps his hands at your fall,

for who has not felt

your endless cruelty?

HABAKKUK

Author, Place and Date of Writing

The book of Habakkuk divides naturally into two clearly defined sections: A segment in which the prophet seeks and receives answers from God in response to some hard questions (Hab 1–2) is followed by a psalm of praise (ch. 3). The author, Habakkuk, is unknown to modern readers beyond the little we can glean from the book itself. The prophet’s name appears both in the title of the book at 1:1 and at 3:1, where it serves as the superscript to the psalm (see “The Psalm Superscripts”). In spite of this many scholars have questioned whether Habakkuk wrote the entire book, and in particular whether the psalm of chapter 3 was composed by the same man who wrote chapters 1 and 2. Interestingly, the Habakkuk Pesher (a pesher is an ancient Jewish commentary on a Biblical book) from Qumran (found among the Dead Sea Scrolls) contains only the text of Habakkuk 1–2. This commentary dates to the first century B.C.

Other ancient manuscripts do, however, support the unity of Habakkuk. The Scroll of the Minor Prophets from Wadi Murabbaat (in the Judean desert), dating to the second century A.D., does contain all three chapters of Habakkuk, as does an ancient Greek text of the prophecy contained in the Greek Scroll of the Minor Prophets from Nahal Hever from the first century A.D. In light of this evidence, together with the fact that the book explicitly claims that Habakkuk wrote all three chapters, there is no reason to question the text’s single authorship.

The prophet was clearly aware that Jerusalem and Judah were under threat from the Babylonians (1:6); therefore, most scholars date the manuscript to the late seventh century B.C., perhaps soon after the reign of Josiah.

Audience

The book of Habakkuk, presented as a dialogue between God and the prophet, was composed for the benefit of the people of Judah. Habakkuk was troubled by Judah’s idolatry, indifference to God and social injustice and wondered how long God would ignore the blatant wickedness of his people. God responded by revealing that his judgment would come through the Babylonians.

Cultural Facts and Highlights

Habakkuk, like Job, raised the question of the justice of God, but he did so in the historical context of the coming destruction of Jerusalem and in the literary context of the prophets—not through the more philosophical genre of Wisdom Literature. Habakkuk 1:3 asks how God could tolerate injustice, referring to the disregard for the law in Judah (1:4), and 1:6 delineates God’s answer: He would punish his people through the Babylonians. This answer perplexed Habakkuk even more: How could a just God use the Babylonians, a people even more wicked than Judah, to chastise his own people? Habakkuk reminded God that the Babylonians were a pagan and ruthless nation who, for whatever reason, seemed never to suffer on this account (1:16–17). God assured his prophet by asserting that those who plunder many nations will themselves be plundered (2:8); he then went on to catalog a series of woes against all who practice evil (2:9–20). Habakkuk’s prayer psalm was his response to this revelation. In short, the book of Habakkuk is a defense of the justice of God, a call for believers to maintain their faith even in the face of difficult times (2:4).

Timeline

As You Read

Attempt to enter vicariously into Habakkuk’s frame of mind as he wrestled with God over what appeared to him to be evident injustice. You might want to take the time to compare and contrast Habakkuk’s approach to God with Job’s (skim through the book of Job and look for the passages in which Job addressed his Maker). Follow up by comparing Habakkuk’s public expression of faith in chapter 3 with Job’s eventual affirmations of God’s love and goodness.

Did You Know?


Themes

Habakkuk’s themes include:

  1. Justice. Habakkuk affirmed that God is holy and just (1:12–13; 3:3), never indifferent to sin and injustice. He will eventually punish the wicked (1:5–11; 2:2–20) and has in fact fixed an “appointed time” (2:3) in history for revealing his justice and judgment on evil. Habakkuk apprises the faithful of every generation that the current situation is never to be construed as the true and ultimate state of affairs. The righteous may have to wait for vindication, but it will certainly come.
  2. Faith. Faith is needed to endure injustice (2:4). Even when life seems confusing, God’s people are to wait patiently for his deliverance, trusting that he will eventually make all things right (2:3). “The righteous will live by his faith” (2:4), not by what appears on the face of things to be true (1:4; see Heb 11:1). As Abraham waited patiently for God to fulfill his promise (Heb 6:13–15)—and as Habakkuk and the faithful remnant were to wait for him to respond in justice (2:3; 3:16)—so believers of every age are to wait in faith for God to carry out his purposes (Ro 1:17; 5:1–2).

Outline

I. Habakkuk’s First Question (1:1–4)

II. God’s Answer (1:5–11)

III. Habakkuk’s Second Question (1:12–2:1)

IV. God’s Answer (2:2–20)

V. Habakkuk’s Prayer (3)


Habakkuk 1

1The oracle that Habakkuk the prophet received.






Habakkuk’s Complaint

2How long, O LORD, must I call for help,

but you do not listen?

Or cry out to you, “Violence!”

but you do not save?

3Why do you make me look at injustice?

Why do you tolerate wrong?

Destruction and violence are before me;

there is strife, and conflict abounds.

4Therefore the law is paralyzed,

and justice never prevails.

The wicked hem in the righteous,

so that justice is perverted.

The LORD ’s Answer

5“Look at the nations and watch—

and be utterly amazed.

For I am going to do something in your days

that you would not believe,

even if you were told.

6I am raising up the Babylonians,[1]

that ruthless and impetuous people,

who sweep across the whole earth

to seize dwelling places not their own.

7They are a feared and dreaded people;

they are a law to themselves

and promote their own honor.

8Their horses are swifter than leopards,

fiercer than wolves at dusk.

Their cavalry gallops headlong;

their horsemen come from afar.

They fly like a vulture swooping to devour;

9they all come bent on violence.

Their hordes[2] advance like a desert wind

and gather prisoners like sand.

10They deride kings

and scoff at rulers.

They laugh at all fortified cities;

they build earthen ramps and capture them.

11Then they sweep past like the wind and go on—

guilty men, whose own strength is their god.”

Habakkuk’s Second Complaint

12O LORD, are you not from everlasting?

My God, my Holy One, we will not die.

O LORD, you have appointed them to execute judgment;

O Rock, you have ordained them to punish.

13Your eyes are too pure to look on evil;

you cannot tolerate wrong.

Why then do you tolerate the treacherous?

Why are you silent while the wicked

swallow up those more righteous than themselves?

14You have made men like fish in the sea,

like sea creatures that have no ruler.

15The wicked foe pulls all of them up with hooks,

he catches them in his net,

he gathers them up in his dragnet;

and so he rejoices and is glad.

16Therefore he sacrifices to his net

and burns incense to his dragnet,

for by his net he lives in luxury

and enjoys the choicest food.

17Is he to keep on emptying his net,

destroying nations without mercy?


Habakkuk 2

1I will stand at my watch

and station myself on the ramparts;

I will look to see what he will say to me,

and what answer I am to give to this complaint.[3]

The LORD ’s Answer

2Then the LORD replied:

“Write down the revelation

and make it plain on tablets

so that a herald[4] may run with it.

3For the revelation awaits an appointed time;

it speaks of the end

and will not prove false.

Though it linger, wait for it;

it[5] will certainly come and will not delay.

4“See, he is puffed up;

his desires are not upright—

but the righteous will live by his faith[6]

5indeed, wine betrays him;

he is arrogant and never at rest.

Because he is as greedy as the grave[7]

and like death is never satisfied,

he gathers to himself all the nations

and takes captive all the peoples.

6“Will not all of them taunt him with ridicule and scorn, saying,

“ ‘Woe to him who piles up stolen goods

and makes himself wealthy by extortion!

How long must this go on?’

7Will not your debtors[8] suddenly arise?

Will they not wake up and make you tremble?

Then you will become their victim.

8Because you have plundered many nations,

the peoples who are left will plunder you.

For you have shed man’s blood;

you have destroyed lands and cities and everyone in them.

9“Woe to him who builds his realm by unjust gain

to set his nest on high,

to escape the clutches of ruin!

10You have plotted the ruin of many peoples,

shaming your own house and forfeiting your life.

11The stones of the wall will cry out,

and the beams of the woodwork will echo it.

12“Woe to him who builds a city with bloodshed

and establishes a town by crime!

13Has not the LORD Almighty determined

that the people’s labor is only fuel for the fire,

that the nations exhaust themselves for nothing?

14For the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD,

as the waters cover the sea.

15“Woe to him who gives drink to his neighbors,

pouring it from the wineskin till they are drunk,

so that he can gaze on their naked bodies.

16You will be filled with shame instead of glory.

Now it is your turn! Drink and be exposed[9]!

The cup from the LORD ’s right hand is coming around to you,

and disgrace will cover your glory.

17The violence you have done to Lebanon will overwhelm you,

and your destruction of animals will terrify you.

For you have shed man’s blood;

you have destroyed lands and cities and everyone in them.

18“Of what value is an idol, since a man has carved it?

Or an image that teaches lies?

For he who makes it trusts in his own creation;

he makes idols that cannot speak.

19Woe to him who says to wood, ‘Come to life!’

Or to lifeless stone, ‘Wake up!’

Can it give guidance?

It is covered with gold and silver;

there is no breath in it.

20But the LORD is in his holy temple;

let all the earth be silent before him.”


Habakkuk 3

Habakkuk’s Prayer

1A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet. On shigionoth.[10]

2LORD, I have heard of your fame;

I stand in awe of your deeds, O LORD.

Renew them in our day,

in our time make them known;

in wrath remember mercy.

3God came from Teman,

the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah[11]

His glory covered the heavens

and his praise filled the earth.

4His splendor was like the sunrise;

rays flashed from his hand,

where his power was hidden.

5Plague went before him;

pestilence followed his steps.

6He stood, and shook the earth;

he looked, and made the nations tremble.

The ancient mountains crumbled

and the age-old hills collapsed.

His ways are eternal.

7I saw the tents of Cushan in distress,

the dwellings of Midian in anguish.

8Were you angry with the rivers, O LORD?

Was your wrath against the streams?

Did you rage against the sea

when you rode with your horses

and your victorious chariots?

9You uncovered your bow,

you called for many arrows. Selah

You split the earth with rivers;

10the mountains saw you and writhed.

Torrents of water swept by;

the deep roared