INDEXES
(A) PERSONAL NAMES
The listing and indexing of Islamic names present difficulties because of the frequent complexity of the complete name and titles of a ruler or other leading person (see Introduction, pp. xxii-xxiii). Also, a person may be best known by one particular element of the complete name, hence al-Mutawakkil rather than Ja‘far b. Abī Ishāq al-Mu‘taṣim, Sayf al-Dawla rather than ‘Alī b. ‘Abdallāh, and al-Malik al-Kāmil rather than Muḥammad b. Muḥammad or Aḥmad.
Faced with this problem – but on a much greater scale than in the present book – the two compilers of the standard works on Arabic biobibliography, Carl Brockelmann and Fuat Sezgin, opted in their extensive indexes to their respective Geschichte der arabischen Litterature and Geschichte des arahischen Schrifttums for listing everyone under ism plus further isms of the nasab, patronymics and honorifics as required for distinguishing purposes. Ordering essentially by ism has seemed to be the best procedure here, but an endeavour has been made to give well-known honorifics also, hence al-Rashīd as well as Hārūn b. Muḥammad al-Mahdi and al-Malik al-Kāmil as well as Muḥammad b. al-‘Ādil I Muḥammad, and also to give conventional European forms like Boabdil and Saladin. Even so, as users of the GAL and GAS have always found, a certain amount of detective work may be necessary as the price of not excessively and tediously overloading an index of personal names.
The arrangement is in word-by-word alphabetical order, hyphens being treated as spaces but diacritics and other punctuation being ignored. The references are to the pages on which names appear in the dynastic lists.
Abaq, Börid, ref1
Abaqa, Il Khānid, ref1
Abba Muṣṭafā I and II, Mais of Dikwa, ref1
‘Abbād, ‘Abbādid of Seville, ref1
‘Abbās
I, II and III, Ṣafawids, ref1
(or Ya ‘qūb) b. al-Mutawakkil I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Ghūrid, ref1
‘Abbās Ḥilimī I and II, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
al-‘Abbās al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1
al-‘Abbās al-Makarram, Zuray‘id, ref1
‘Abd al-Aḥad, Mangīd, ref1
‘Abd al-‘Aziz
II, amīr in Riyāḍ, King of Ḥijāz and Najd, and King of Su‘ūdī Arabia, ref1
I and II, Marīnids, ref1
Āl Rashīd, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Dulafid, ref1
Ḥafṣid, ref1
al-Manṣūr ‘Āmirid, ref1
al-Manṣūr of Valencia and Almería, ref1, ref2
Ottoman, ref1
Toqay Temürid, ref1
(‘Abd) al-Ḥafīẓ, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
‘Abd al-Ḥalīm, Marīnid, ref1
‘Abd al-Ḥamīd I and II, Ottomans, ref1
‘Abd al-Ḥaqq I and II, Marīnids, ref1, ref2
‘Abd al-Jalīl (Jīl) or Selema, ruler of Kanem, ref1
‘Abd al-Karīm
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Khān of Astrakhan, ref1
Sultan of Harar, ref1
‘Abd al-Laṭīf
‘Abd al-Laṭīf
Khān of Kazan, ref1
Shïbānid, ref1
‘Abd al-Majīd
I and II, Ottomans, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
‘Abd al-Malik
I and II, Sāmānids, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
‘Āmirid, ref1
b. Hāshim, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Lashkarī, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Maḥammad al-Shaykh, al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Manṣūr, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Zaydān al-Nāṣir, Abū Marwān, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
‘Imād al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1
Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1
Umayyad caliph, ref1
‘Abd al-Mu’min
Almohad, ref1
Ḥafṣid, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Qarakhānid, ref1
Shïbānid, ref1
Toqay Temürid, ref1
‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib, Hāshmite Sharīf, ref1
‘Abd al-Nabī, Mahdid, ref1
‘Abd al-Raḥmān
I, II and III, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1
I–V, Spanish Umayyads, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Bārakzay, ref1
(Danyen Kasko), Fulani, ref1
governor of Riyāḍ, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Khān of Astrakhan, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Rustamid, ref1
Sultan of Harar, ref1
‘Abd al-Rashīd, Ghaznawid, ref1
‘Abd al-Razzāq, Sarbadārid, ref1
‘Abd al-Shakūr Muḥammad I, Sultan of Harar, ref1
‘Abd al-Wahhāb, Rustamid, ref1
‘Abd al-Wāḥid
‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1
b. Idrīs I, Almohad, ref1
b. Yūsuf I, Almohad, ref1
‘Abdallāh
I, ‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1
II, ‘Abd al-wādid, ref1
I and II, Aghlabids, ref1
I and II, Shïbānids, ref1
I and II, Sultans of Harar, ref1
I, II and III, Su‘ūdīs, ref1
(Abdallahi), Fulani, ref1
Abū Fāris al-Wāthiq, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
Afṭasid Of Badajoz, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Almohad, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Mazrū‘ī, ref1
b. ‘Alī, Āl Rashīd, ref1
b. ‘Alī, Ibn Ashqīlūla, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Ashkam, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
b. Faraj al-Thaghrī, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. al-Ḥasan, Mahadali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Ḥusayn, Amīr and later king of Transjordam, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
b. Isḥāq, Ṭāhirid Of Khurasan, ref1
b. ‘Iyāḍ, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Kade, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Maḥammad, al-Shaykh, Abū Muḥammad al-Ghālib, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Maḥammad, al-Shaykh al-Ma’mūm, al-Ghālib, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Abu ’l-Qāsim al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
b. Muḥammad, al-Imām, Abu’l-‘Abbās al-Saffāḥ, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Muḥammad, al-Imām, Abū Ja‘far al-Manṣur, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Mazrū‘ī, ref1
b. Muḥammad, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1
b. al-Muktafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mustanṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph Baghdad, ref1
b. Mut‘ab II, Āl Rashīd, ref1
b. al-Qādir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Rashīd, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Ṭāhir I, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1
b. T.r.k.s.bātha, Afrīghid Khwārazm, ref1
b. ‘Umar, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Yūsuf, Fāṭimid, ref1
Āl Bū Sa‘īd, ref1
Bikur, ruler of Kanem, ref1
Ḥamdānid, ref1
Hamdānid, ref1
Isḥāq, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1
Kalbid, ref1
al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1
al Manṣur, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Midrārid, ref1
al-Murtaḍā, ruler of Majorca, ref1
al-Muẓaffar, Tujībid, ref1
Qungrat, ref1
Quṭb Shāhī, ref1
Sāmānid commander in Sīstān, ref1
Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Spanish Umayyad, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
(‘Ubaydallāh) b. Ḥusayn, Fāṭimid, ref1
Yu‘firid, ref1
Zīrid of Granada, ref1
Ziyādid, ref1
Abdul Hakk Mubin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Abdul Jalilul Akbar, posthumously called Marhum Tuha, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Abdul Jalilul Jabbar, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Abdul Kahhar, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Abdul Mumin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
‘Abdūn Ibn Khazrūn, Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1
Abdurrahman Mangkubuwana or Hămengkubuwana I-X, Sultans of Jogjakarta, ref1
Ābish Khātūn, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1
Abū ’l-‘Abbās, Badr al-Dawla, Naṣrid Malik, ref1
Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad, Rey Lobo or Lope, ruler of Valencia, ref1
Abū ‘Abdallāh al-Shī‘ī, propagandist, ref1
Abū ‘Alī, Ghūrid, ref1
Abū ’l-‘Arab, Ya‘rubid, ref1
Abū Bakr or Bakari, King of Songhay, ref1
Abū Bakr
I and II, Ḥafṣids, ref1
I and II, Sultans of Harar, ref1
b. ‘Abd al-Ḥaqq I, Marīnid, ref1
b. Dāwūd, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Fāris, Marīnid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate (840/1346), ref1
b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate (900/1495), ref1
b. Shehu, Fulani, ref1
b. ‘Umar, Almoravid, ref1
governor of Sharwān for the Ottomans, ref1
‘Imād al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
King of Songhay, ref1
al-Manṣūr, ‘Āmirid, ref1
Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Eldigüzid, ref1
Rustamid, ref1
Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Abū Bakr ‘Atīq (Atiku) b. ‘Uthmān, called Mai Katuru, Fulani, ref1
Abū Bakr ‘Atīq (Atiku na Rabah) b. Muḥammad Bello, Fulani, ref1
Abū Bakr Bwana Gogo, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Abū Bakr Shāh, Tughluqid Sultan of Delhi, ref1
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, ‘Rightly-Guided’ Caliph, ref1
Abū ’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Abū ’l-Fatḥ, Zand, ref1
Abū ’l-Fatḥ al-Daylamī al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Abū ’l-Fatḥ Ismā‘īl Shāh Nāṣir al-Dīn (Ismā‘īl Mukh), Bahmanid, ref1
Abū ’l-Fawāris, Būyid in Kirman, ref1
Abū ’l-Fayḍ, Toqay Temürid ref1
Abū ’l-Ghanā’im, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Abū ’l-Ghārāt, Zuray‘id, ref1
Abū Ghashshām, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Abū ’l-Ghāzī, Toqay Temürid, ref1
Abū ’l-Ḥasan, Quṭb Shāhī, ref1
Abū Ibrāhīm Isḥāq b. Muḥammad, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1
Abū Ishāq, Jamāl al-Dīn Inju’id, ref1
Abū ’l-Jaysh, Mukramid, ref1
Abū Kālījār Marzubān ’Imād al-Dīn, Būyid in Fars and Khūzistān, ref1
Abū ’l-Khayr, khān at Tura and ruler in northern Khwārazm, ref1
Abū ’l-Ma‘ālī, Raḍī ’l-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Abū Manṣūr
‘Alā’ al-Dīn, or Malik Shāh, Saltuqid, ref1
‘Annāzid, ref1
Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Abū Manṣūr Khān, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
Abū Muḥammad, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Abū Muḥammad II, Mukramid, ref1
Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ghāzī, Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, Saltuqid, ref1
Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ghiyāth ai-Dīn (Yuzbak, Ikhtiyār ai-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1
Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ḥasan Gangu ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Bahman Shāh (Ẓafar Khān), Bahmanid, ref1
Abū ’l-Rayyāān, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Abū Sa‘id
Hazāraspid, ref1
II Khānid, ref1
Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Shïbānid, ref1
Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Abū Sa‘id al-Za‘īm, ‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1
Abū Sa‘id Ṭoghrïl, Qiwām al-Dawla, slave commander of the Ghaznawids, ref1
Abū Shujā‘, Sulṭān al-Dawla, Būyid in Fars, Khūzistān, Iraq and Oman, ref1
Abū ’l-Sū‘ūd, Zuray‘id, ref1
Abū Ṭāhir, Hazāraspid, ref1
Abū Ṭāhir al-Ṣā’igh, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Abū Tāshufīn,‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1
Abū Yūsuf, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
al-‘Āḍid, Fāṭimid, ref1
‘Ādil, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1
‘Adil Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
‘Ādil Khān II and III, Fārūqīs, ref1
‘Ādil Shāh, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1
Aflaḥ, Rustamid, ref1
Afrāsiyāb I and II, Hazāraspids, ref1
Afrīdūn, Dānishmendid, ref1
Agha Muḥammad, Qājār, ref1
al-Aghlab, Aghlabid, ref1
Aḥmad
I and II,‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1
I-IV, Bahmanids, ref1
I, II and III, Ḥafṣids, ref1
I and II, Hūdids, ref1
I and II, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1
I and II, Marīnids, ref1
II, Qaramānlī, ref1
I and II, Sāmānids, ref1
III, Sayf al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1, ref2
I, II and III, Sultans of Harar, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Aleppo, Ḥarrān and northern Syria, ref1
Abū Bakr Ibn Ṭāhir, ruler of Murcia, ref1
Abū Ja‘far, ruler of Murcia, ref1
Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Aghlabid, ref1
(Ahmadu) or Zaraku b. Abī Bakr ‘Atīq, called Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1
(Ahmadu Rafaye) b. ‘Uthmān, Fulani, ref1
(Ahmed) I, II and III, Ottomans, ref1
‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
al-A‘raj, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Abd al-Malik, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Abī ‘Umāra, Ḥafṣid usurper, ref1
b. ‘Alī, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. al-Ḥasan, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
b. al-Ḥasan, Kalbid, ref1
b. al-Ḥasan, Zaydī Imām, ref1
b. al-Ḥusayn, Zaydī Imām, ref1
b. Isḥāq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Ismā‘īl al-Dhahabī, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
b. Khiḍr, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Maḥammad al-Shaykh, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Muḥammad, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Mulḥim, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1
b. al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mustaḍī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mustakfī I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
b. al-Mutawakkil, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Muwaffaq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Qāsim, Abu ’l-‘Aysh, Idrīsid at Aṣīlā, ref1
b. Qudām, commander in Sistan, ref1
b. Shehe b. Fumo Luti, Nabhānī of Pate (1224/1809), ref1
b. Shehe b. Fumo Luti, Nabhānī of Pate (1262/1846), ref1
b. Sulaymān, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. ‘Umar, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. al-Wazīr Abrām, Sultan of Harar, ref1
b. Yazīd of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1
b. al-Ẓāhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
b. Zaydān al-Nāṣir, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
Bānījūrid, ref1
Būyid in Iraq and Kirman, ref1
Bwana Waziri, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Carmathian, ref1
Dulafid, ref1
Fakhr al-Dīn, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
Faṭimid, ref1
Golden Horde Khān, ref1
(Hārūn), Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
Ikhshīdid, ref1
Imām of the Ibādḍiyya, ref1
Khalafid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Mahdali, ref1
al-Malik al-Manṣūr Ḥusām al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ Shihāb al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Marwānid, ref1
Mazrū‘ī ref1
Mengüjekid, ref1
Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1
Midrārid, ref1
(Muḥammad), Shams al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
(Muḥammad), Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
Muḥtājid governor of Khurasan, ref1
Mu‘īzz al-Dawla, of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1
al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1
Nuṣrat al-Dīn, ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï, ref1
Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1
Qadïr Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
Qājār, ref1
Sāmānid commander in Sīstān, ref1
Sayf al-Islām, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Shihāb al-Dīn, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1
Ṣulayḥid, ref1
Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Tūlūnid, ref1
Waṭṭāsid, ref1
(Ya‘qūb), Sökmenid, ref1
Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Aḥmad al-‘Abbās, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
Aḥmad al-Akḥal, Kalbid, ref1
Aḥmad Bey I, Qaramānlī, ref1
Aḥmad Firūz Shāh Sayf al-Dīn (‘Andil), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Aḥmad Fu’ād I and II, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
Aḥmad Gövde, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
Aḥmad Grāñ, Walashma‘ Sultan in Harar, ref1
Aḥmad Khān Abdālī, Sadōzay, ref1
Aḥmad Khān Sikandar Shāh III, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Aḥmad Khiḍr, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Aḥmad al-Mahdī al-Mūṭi’, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Aḥmad Niyā, Sāmānid commander in Sistan, ref1
Aḥmad Niẓām Shāh Baḥri, minister of the Bahmanids and first Niẓām Shāhī, Burhān I, ref1
Aḥmad Qāwurd, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
Aḥmad Sanjar, ‘Aḍud al-Dawla, ruler in Khurasan and supreme Sultan of the Seljuqs, ref1
Aḥmad Shāh
I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1
Fārūqī, ref1
(Maharājā Lela Mĕlayu), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
ruler of Bengal, ref1
Aḥmad Shāh Bahādur, Mughal, ref1
Aḥmad Simba, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Aḥmad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Aḥmad Tegüder (Takūdār), Il Khānid, ref1
Aḥmadīl b. Ibrāhīm, Rawwādid, ref1
Ahmadu b. Abī Bakr ‘Atīq, called Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1
Ahmadu Rafaye b. ‘Uthmān, Fulani, ref1
‘Ajlān Beg, Qarasï Oghullarï, ref1
Akbar I and II, Mughals, ref1
Akhsitān I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
‘Alā’ al-Dawla, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1
‘Alā’ al-Dīn
Bahmanid, ref1
’Imād Shāhī, ref1
Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
Seljuq of Rūm, ref1
Udayji, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1
‘Ālam Khān of Aḥmadnagar, Fārūqī, ref1
‘Ālam Shāh, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sayyid ruler in Delhi, ref1
‘Ālamgīr II, ‘Azīz al-Dīn, Mughal, ref1
Alfonso I el Batallador, ref1
Alfonso VI of León and Castile, ref1
‘Alī
I and II, ‘Ādil Shāhīs, ref1
I and II, Ḥamdānids, ref1
I, II and III, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1
I and II, Idrīsids, ref1
I and II, Mazyadids, ref1
I and II, Qaramānlīs, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid, ref1
(Aliyu) Babba, called Mai Cinaka, Fulani, ref1
b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
b. Abī Ṭālib, ‘Rightly-Guided’ Caliph, ref1
b. Ardashīr, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
b. Basḥa, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Būya, Abu ’l-Hasan ’Imād al-Dawla, first of the Būyids, ref1
b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (433–93/1042–1110), ref1
b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (661–5/1263–7), ref1
b. Ḥamdūn, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. Ḥammūd, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
b. Ḥammūd, al-Nāṣir, Ḥammūdid of Málaga, ref1
b. al-Ḥasan, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Haytham, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Ḥusayn, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
b. al-Ḥusayn, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. Mas‘ūd, Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Abu ’l-Ḥasan Janāḥ al-Dawla, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Eretna Oghullarï, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Zuray‘id, ref1
b. Muḥammad II, Abu ‘l-Ḥasan or Abū Ḥassūn, Waṭṭāsid, ref1
b. Muḥammad al-ṣulayḥī, ṣulayḥid, ref1
b. Mūsā b. Satuq Bughra Khān, joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1
b. Muslim, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
b. Rukn al-Dawla Ḥasan, Būyid, ref1
b. Saba’, al-A‘azz, Zuray‘id, ref1
b. Sa‘d, Abu ’l-Ḥasan (Muley Hácen), Naṣrid, ref1
b. Sa‘id, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
b. Shahriyār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
b. ‘Uthmān, Mazrū‘ī, ref1
b. Yazīd, Abū Manṣūr, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Yazīd of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1
b. Yūsuf, Almoravid, ref1
b. Yūsuf, Waṭṭāsid, ref1
b. Zayd, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Dulghadïr Oghullarï, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Ikhshīdid, ref1
Justānid, ref1
Kākūyid, ref1
Kalbid, ref1
Lu’lu’id, ref1
Mahdid, ref1
al-Malik al-‘Ādil ‘Imād al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
al-Manṣūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Ma’mūnid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Mukramid, ref1
al-Nāṣir, Ḥammūdid of Ceuta, ref1
Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Qarakhānid, ref1
Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1
Saltuqid, ref1
Sīmjūrid, ref1
son of Si Ma Gogo or Maḥmūd Da’o, King of Songhay, ref1
Sultan of Harar, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
al-Waḥīd, Hamdānid, ref1
Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1
‘Alī Beg, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1
‘Alī Chaghrï Khan, Qarakhānid, ref1
‘Alī Fannami, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
‘Alī Ghāzī Kanuri, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
‘Alī Golom, King of Songhay, ref1
‘Alī Ibn Hammūd, al-Nāṣir, Spanish Umayyad, ref1
‘Alī Iqbāl al-Dawla, Mujāhid of Denia and Majorca, ref1
‘Alī Jalāl al-Dīn, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
‘Alī Jalāl al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
‘Alī Jarād, son of Aḥmad Grāñ, joint ruler of Harar, ref1
‘Alī Karām (Aliyu Karami), Fulani, ref1
‘Alī Khalīl (Allāh), Chaghatayid, ref1
‘Alī Khān of Kazan, ref1
‘Alī Khwāja Tāj al-Dīn, Sarbadārid, ref1
‘Alī Kolon, King of Songhay, ref1
‘Alī Küchük, Begtiginid, ref1
‘Alī Lashkarī I and II, Shaddādids, ref1
‘Alī Malik al-Mulūk, Barīd Shāhī, ref1
‘Alī Mardān, governor of Bengal, ref1
‘Alī Mīr Khān (ruling title ‘Alī Shāh), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
‘Alī Mubārak, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
‘Alī Mughāyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
‘Alā Murād, Zand, ref1
‘Alī or Ḥusayn Ri‘āyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
‘Alī Qulī, Afshārid, ref1
‘Alī Ri‘āyat Shāh
(Rājā Buyung), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
(Sultan Muda), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
‘Alī Sayfī of Bornu (1055–95/1645–84), ref1
‘Alī Shāh
(‘Alī Mīr Khān), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Sadōzay, ref1
‘Alī Shīr, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
‘Alī Tigin, Qarakhānid, ref1
‘Alī Zayn al-‘Ābidīn
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Qāḍī Burhān al-Din Oghullarï, ref1
‘Āim, Ming, ref1
‘Alīwirdī Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1
Aliyu Babba, Fulani, ref1
Aliyu Karami, Fulani, ref1
Allāh (‘Alī Khalīl), Chaghatayid, ref1
Allāh Qulī, Qungrat, ref1
Alp Arghu(n), Shams al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1
Alp Arslan
al-Akhras, Seljuq in Aleppo, ref1
Great Seljuq, ref1
Seljuq of Rūm, ref1
Tāj al-Dīn Oghullari, ref1
Alp Khan (ruling title Hūshang Shāh), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Alp Yürük, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Chobān Oghullarï, ref1
Alpï I, Najm al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Altuntash Ḥājib, Ghaznawid commander, ref1
Alughu, Chaghatayid, ref1
Alwand, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
Alyaman, King of Songhay, ref1
Aman Allāh, Bārakzay, ref1
Amangkurat I-IV, rulers of Mataram, ref1
Amarma, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Amer, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
‘Amīd Shāh Dāwūd (Dilāwar Khān), Ghūrī, ref1
al-Amīn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Amīn al-Dīn Shāh, Jawhar al-‘Alam, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
al-‘Āmir, Fāṭimid, ref1
Amīr Barīd I and II, Barīd Shāhīs, ref1
Amīr Ghāzī Gümüshtigin, Dānishmendid, ref1
Amīr Walī, Sarbadārid, ref1
Amjad ‘Alī Thurayyā Jāh, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
‘Amr
b. al-Layth, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
b. Ya‘qūb, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
‘Andil (ruling title Aḥmad Fīrūz Shāh Sayf al-Dīn), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Anūshirwān, Ziyārid, ref1
Ā‘or Khan Aybak, governor of Bengal, ref1
Aq Kābek, Khīn of Astrakhan, ref1
Aq Sunqur
I Aḥmadīlī, ref1
II (Arslan Aba), Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Aḥmadīlī, ref1
al-Bursuqī, ruler in Aleppo, ref1
Hazārdīnārī, Badr al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1
Aragibag (Arigaba), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Ārām Shāh, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Ardashīr
b. Ḥasan, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
b. Kīkhwār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Ḥusām al-Dawla, Bādūspānid, ref1
Arghun, Il Khānid, ref1
Arigaba (Aragibag), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Ariq Böke, Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Arp Arslan (Arslan), Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
Arpa Ke’ün (Gawon), Il Khānid, ref1
Arslan
(Alp Arslan), Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
(Aq Sunqur II), Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Ahmadīlī, ref1
Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Shāh I and II, Seljuqs of Kirman, ref1
Shāh I and II, Zangids, ref1
(Shāh), Great Seljuq, ref1
Shāh (Malik Shāh), Ghaznawid, ref1
Tigin, Qarakhānid, ref1
Tigin Muḥammad, Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Arthamūkh, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Artuq, Zahīr al-Dawla, Seljuq commander, ref1
Artuq Arslan, al-Malik al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Artuq Shāh, Nūr al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
As‘ad, Yu‘firid, ref1
Āṣaf al-Dawla, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
Āṣaf Jāh (Chin Qïlïch Khān), Niẓām, ref1
Ashraf, Bādūspānid, ref1
‘Aṭiyya, Mirdāsid, ref1
Atsïz, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
‘Awaẓ, Qungrat, ref1
‘Awn al-Rafāq, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
Awrangzīb, Mughal, ref1
Aybak, Quṭb al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Aybak Khitā’ī, Sayf al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Ayurparibhadra (Ayurbarwada) or Buyantu, Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Ayyūb Shāh, Sadōzay, ref1
A‘zam Shāh
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Mughal, ref1
‘Aẓīm al-Sha’n Muḥammad ‘Aẓīm, Mughal claimant, ref1
al-‘Azīz
(al-‘Izz), Birzāl of Carmona, ref1
b. ‘Abd al-Malik, Ḍiyā’ al-Dawla, ruler of Murcia, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
Ḥammādid, ref1
‘Azzān, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Bābur
Abu ’l-Qāsim, Tīmūrid, ref1
Mughal, ref1
Bachcha-yi Saqqa(w) (ruling title Ḥabīb Allāh II), usurper in Afghanistan, ref1
Bādh al-Kurdī, Kurdish chief and founder of the Marwānids, ref1
Badī‘ al-Zamān, Tīmūrid, ref1
Bādīs
Ḥammādid, ref1
al-Muẓaffar al-Nāṣir, Zīrid of Granada, ref1
Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1
Badr
al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
al-Dīn Lu’lu’, vizier, ruler in Mosul, ref1
Ḥasanūyid, ref1
al-Munīr, Jamāl al-‘Alam, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
al-Mu‘tadidī, Turkish slave commander, ref1
Ḥasanūyid, ref1
Zaydī Imām, ref1
Bahādur
I and II Giray, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Niẓām Shāhī, ref1
Shāh
II, Mughal, ref1
Fārūqī, ref1
Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1
Bahlūl, Lōdī, ref1
Bahman, Bādūspānid, ref1
Bahrām
leader of the Syrian Ismā‘īlī community, ref1
Shāh
Ghaznawid, ref1
Mengüjekid, ref1
Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
Yamīn al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Tātār Khān, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Bakht Giray, Khān of the Tatars, ref1
Bakhtiyār, Būyid in Iraq, ref1
Balabān, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1
Balban, Ulugh Khān, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Balban Yuzbakī, ‘Izz al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Bandar, Ā1 Rashīd, ref1
Bāqī Muḥammad, Toqay Temūrid, ref1
Baraka
(Berke), Batu’id, ref1
‘Uqaylid, ref1
Baraq
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Chaghatayid, ref1
Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Baraq Ḥājib, Nāṣir al-Dunya wa ’l-Dīn, Qutlughkhānid, ref1
Barbak Shāh, Rukn al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Barghash, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Bāri, Börid, ref1
Barjīs Qadir, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
Barkiyāruq (or Berk Yaruq), Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
Bashīr I, II and III, Shihāb Amīrs, ref1
Bata-Mande-Bori, Keita of Mali, ref1
Bat‘iah Dël Wanbarā, widow of Aḥmad Grāñ, joint ruler of Harar, ref1
Batu, Batu’id, ref1
Bāw of Ṭabaristān, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Bāyazīd
(Bāyezīd) I, Yïldïrïm (‘the Lightning shaft’), Ottoman, ref1
II, Ottoman, ref1
Jalāyirid, ref1
Kararāni b. Sulaymān, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Kötörüm, Jalāl al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1
Shāh, Sayf al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Baydu, Il Khānid, ref1
Bay qara, Tīmūrid, ref1
Bayram, Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Bay ram Khōja, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
Baysonqur
Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Begtimur, Sayf al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1
Ber the Great, King of Songhay, ref1
Berk Yaruq (Barkiyāruq), Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
Berke (Baraka), Batu’id, ref1
Bhikan Khān (ruling title Muhammad Shāh), Sharqī, ref1
Bīdār Bakht, Mughal, ref1
Bīdar Qadïr Khān (or Pindar), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Bilge Khān, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Biri
b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Ibrāhīm, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Bīsutūn
Bādūspānid, ref1
Ziyārid, ref1
Boabdil, Muḥammad XII, Naṣrid, ref1
Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Bolod (Pūlād) Khān, Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Bozqurd, ‘Alā’ al-Dawla, Dulghadïr Oghullarï, ref1
Bud Shāh (or Shāh Khān or Zayn al-‘Ābidīn), ruler of Kashmīr, ref1
Bughra
Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Shihāb al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Bukar
I Kura, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Garbai, Shehu of Dikwa and later Bornu, ref1
Mai of Dikwa, ref1
Bukhtnassar ‘Alī, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Buluggīn II, Ḥammādid, ref1
Buqa (Toqa Temür), Chaghatayid, ref1
Burhān
I, II and III, Niẓām Shāhīs, ref1
‘Alī, Sharwān Shāh, ref1
‘Imād Shāhī, ref1
Būya b. Rukn al-Dawla Ḥasan, Būyid in Hamadan and Isfahan, ref1
Buyan, White Horde Khān, ref1
Buyan Quli, Chaghatayid, ref1
Buyantu (or Ayurparibhadra or Ayurbarwada), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Buzan, Chaghatayid, ref1
Bwana
Bakari I and II, Nabhānīs of Pate, ref1
Fumo Madi, Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Mkuu
I and II, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Shehe
b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Muḥammad Bwana Fumo Madi, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Tamu Mkuu, Abū Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Tamu Mtoto, Abū Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Chaghatay, Chaghatayid, ref1
Chaghrï Beg Dāwūd, Seljuq ruler in Khurāsān, ref1
Changshi, Chaghatayid, ref1
Charles V, Emperor, ref1
Chimtay, White Horde Khān, ref1
Chin Qïlïch Khān (ruling title Āṣaf Jāh), Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1
Chinggis (Chingiz), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Chobān, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Chobān Oghullarï, ref1
Dābūya b. Gāwbāra, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1
Dādburzmihr b. Farrukhān I, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1
Dānishmendji, Chaghatayid, ref1
Dāniyāl Biy Atalïq, Mangït, ref1
Dāniyār, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
Danūj Mardan Deva (Rājā Ganeśa), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Danyen Kasko, Fulani, ref1
Darā
Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Ziyārid, ref1
Darā Shikūh, Mughal, ref1
Darwīsh
‘Alī, Khān of AstraKhān, ref1
Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1
Daryā, Imād Shāhī, ref1
Dāwar Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1
Dawlat Berdi, Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Dawlat Birdi Giray (Kerey), Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Dawlat Giray I-IV, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Dawlat Khān Lōdī, Delhi Sultan, ref1
Dāwūd
I and II, Artuqids, ref1
I and II, Mengüjekids, ref1
I and II Shāh, Bahmanids, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Askiya of Songhay, ref1
b. ‘Alī, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm Nikale, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (525/1131), ref1
b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (585/1189), ref1
Bānījūrid, ref1
Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Rukn al-Dawla, Artuqid, ref1
Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
Dāwūd Kararānī b. Sulaymān, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Dāwūd Khān
Fārūqī, ref1
Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1
Ḍayfa Khātūn, Ayyūbid regent in Aleppo, ref1
Degele (or Tekele)
Hazāraspid, ref1
Salghurid, ref1
Demir Khān, Qarasï Oghullarï, ref1
Dhu ’l-Nūn, Imād al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1
Dhu ’l-Nūn Beg Arghūn, governor of Kandahar and first of the Arghūns, ref1
Dhu ’l-Nūnid Yaḥyā, puppet ruler of Valencia, ref1
Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, Dānishmendid, ref1
Dilāwar Khān Ḥasan Ghūrī, governor and then ruler of Mālwa, ref1
Dirke Kelem b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Dīwāna (ruling title Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Dīwdād II, Sājid, ref1
Don John of Austria, ref1
Du’a (Duwa), Chaghatayid, ref1
Du’a Temür, Chaghatayid, ref1
Dubays I and II, Mazyadids, ref1
Dulaf, Dulafid, ref1
Dunama
b. ‘Alī, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. Biri, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. ‘Umar, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Dunama Dibalemi, Muḥammad, ruler of Kanem, ref1
Dunama Gana, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Dunama Lefiami, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Dunama Muḥammad, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Dunama Umemi Muḥammad, ruler of Kanem, ref1
Dündār, Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1
Dündār Beg, Falak al-Dīn, Ḥamīd Oghullarï, ref1
Duqaq, Seljuq in Damascus, ref1
Dūst Muḥammad, Bārakzay, ref1
Ekinchi b. Qochqar, Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Eldigüz, Shams al-Dīn, Eldigüzid, ref1
Eljigedey, Chaghatayid, ref1
Eltüzer, Qungrat, ref1
Eretna, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Eretna Oghullarï, ref1
Esen Buqa, Chaghatayid, ref1
Eylük, Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1
al-Fādil
b. al-Muqtadir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Carmathian ruler, ref1
Zaydī Imām, ref1
Fāḍil Tora, Mangït, ref1
Faḍl I-V, Shaddādids, ref1
Faḍl Allāh, Ḥamdānid, ref1
Faḍlūya, Kurdish chief in Fars, ref1
Fahd, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
al-Fā’iz, Fāṭimid, ref1
Fakhr al-Dīn
II b. Qorqmaz II, Ma’n Amīr, ref1
Kart, ref1
Falak al-Dīn, Ahmadīlī, ref1
Fanā Khusraw, ‘Adud al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1
Farāmurz, Kākūyid, ref1
Farīburz
II and III, Yazidi Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
b. Sallār of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1
Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Farīdūn I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
Fāris
‘Annāzid, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
FarKhānda ‘Alī Khān, Nāṣir al-Dawla, Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1
Farrukh-siyar, Mughal, ref1
Farrukhān I and II, Dābūyid Ispahbadhs, ref1
Farrukhsiyar, Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Farrukhzād
I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Fārūq, House of Muhammad ‘Alī, ref1
Fatḥ, Sājid, ref1
Fatḥ ‘Alī Khān, Qājār, ref1
Fatḥ ‘Alī Shāh, Bābā Khān, Qājār, ref1
Fatḥ Allāh Daryā Khān, ‘Imād al-Mulk, first of the ‘Imād Shāhls, ref1
Fatḥ Giray I and II, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Fatḥ Jang, Sadōzay, ref1
Fatḥ Khān (ruling title Mahmūd Shāh I, Begfā, Sayf al-Dīn), Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1
Fatḥ Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Fātik I, II and III, Najāhids, ref1
Fāṭima Sultān Bike, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
Fayṣal
I b. Husayn b. ‘Alī, King of Greater Syria and subsequently of Iraq, ref1
II b. Ghāzī, Hāshimite King of Iraq, ref1
I and II, Su‘ūdīs, ref1
Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Ferdinand II of Aragon, ref1
Fīrūz, Būyid, ref1
Fīrūz Shāh
III, Kamāl al-Dīn, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1
I, Rukn al-Dīn, Mu’izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
II Khaljī, Jalāl al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1
b. Bāyazīd Shāh, ruler of Bengal, ref1
b. Husayn Shāh, Alā’ al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Qutb al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma’bar, ref1
Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Tāj al-Dīn, Bahmanid, ref1
Ẓafar, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1
Fuḍayl, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Fūlād Sutūn, Būyid in Fars, ref1
Fumo Bakari
b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Bwana Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Fumo Luti b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Fumo Luti Kipanga, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Fumo Omari b. Aḥmad b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
Garshāsp
I and II, Kākūyids, ref1
I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
Gawon (Arpa Ke’ün), Il Khānid, ref1
Gaykhatu, Il Khānid, ref1
Gharib, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Ghāzān (or Maḥmūd Ghazan) I, II Khānid, ref1
Ghāzi
I and II, Najm al-Dīn, Artuqids, ref1
I and II, Sayf al-Dīn, Zangids, ref1
Ḥashimite King of Iraq, ref1
Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Ghāzī Chelebi, Parwāna Oghullarï, ref1
Ghāzī Giray I, II and III, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Ghāzī Khān Chak (ruling title Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dī n), Sultan of Kashmir, ref1
Ghāzī Shāh, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Ghaznī Khān
Fārūqi, ref1
Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn
I and II, Karts, ref1
Hazāraspid, ref1
(‘Iwad, Husām al-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1
Kay Khusraw, Inju’id, ref1
Shāh, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Tahamtan, Bahmanid, ref1
Gīl, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1
Gīlān Shāh, Ziyārid, ref1
Gökbori, Begtiginid, ref1
‘Great Sanūsi’, the, Sayyid Muḥammad b. Alī, ref1
Güneri Beg, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
Gushnāsp or Garshāsp II, Yazīdī Sharwan Shah, ref1
Güyük, Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Ḥabbūs, Zīrid of Granada, ref1
Ḥabīb Allah
I Bārakzay, ref1
II, or Bachcha-yi Saqqā(w), usurper in Afghanistan, ref1
Sadōzay, ref1
Ḥabīb Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
al-Hādī, Mūsā, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid, ref1
Ḥāfiẓ, Kart, ref1
Hai-shan (or Qayshan Gülük), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Haji Muḥammad Ali, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Ḥajjāj Sultān, Qutlughkhānid, ref1
Ḥājjī Giray I and II, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Ḥājjī Khān (ruling title Ḥaydar Shāh), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Ḥājjī Shāh, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1
al-Ḥakam I and II, Spanish Umayyads, ref1
al-Ḥakim
I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Aleppo and then Cairo, ref1
II, Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
al-Hakīm al-Munajjim, Nizārī Ismā’īlī, ref1
Ḥalīm Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Ḥamdān, chief in Mārdīn and Mosul, founder of the Hamdānids, ref1
Ḥamdīn, al-Mansūr, ruler in Cordova, ref1
Ḥamdūn, Sayf of Bornu, ref1
Ḥāmid
Sultan of Harar, ref1
Ḥammād, Hammādid, ref1
Ḥammūd, Āl Bū Sa’id, ref1
Ḥam(m)ūda Pasha, Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1
Ḥamza
Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
‘Izz al-Dīn, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1
Zaydi Imam, ref1
Ḥamza Shāh, Sayf al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Ḥarb, Tāj al-Dīn III, Nasrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
al-Hārith, Dulaf id, ref1
Hārūn
(Aḥmad), Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. al-Mahdī, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mu‘taṣim, al-Rashīd, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
(Ḥasan), joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1
(Ḥasan), Nāṣir al-Haqq, Qarakhānid, ref1
Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Ṭūlūnid, ref1
Ḥasan
II and III, Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs, ref1
b. Alp Arslan Muḥammad, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1
b. Būya, Abū ‘Alī Rukn al-Dawla, Būyid in Jibāl, ref1
b. Kay Khusraw, Fakhr al-Dawla, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Buy id in Iraq, ref1
Fulani, ref1
(Hārūn), joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1
Ḥusām al-Dīn, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1
Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ‘l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1
al-Mustansir, Hammūdid of Ceuta, ref1
Numayrid, ref1
Qutb al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï, ref1
(Tigin) b. ‘Alī, Qarakhānid, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
al-Ḥasan
I and II, ‘Alawid Sharīfs, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1
Abū ‘Alī al-A‘ṣam, Carmathian ruler, ref1
Abū Sa‘id, Carmathian ruler, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh, Kalbid, ref1
b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Ismā‘īl, al-Khatīb, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Idrīsid at al-Hajjām, ref1
b. al-Qāsim, Idrīsid at Ḥajar al-Nasr, ref1
b. Sulaymān
Abu ’l-Mawāhib, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa (710/1310), ref1
Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa (884/1479, 8914/1468–9), ref1
Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Ṭālūt, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Ḥafṣid, ref1
Ḥamdānid, ref1
Kamāl al-Dīn, Nizāri Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Marwānid, ref1
al-Mustansir, Hammūdid of Málaga, ref1
Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Ṣamṣām, Kalbid, ref1
‘Uqaylid, ref1
Zaydī Imām, ref1
Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1
Ḥasan ‘Alī, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
Ḥasan Dāmghānī, Sarbadārid, ref1
Ḥasan-i Sabbāh (al-Ḥasan), Fāṭimid agent and Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Ḥasan Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Ḥasanawayh, Ḥasanūyid, ref1
Hāshim
b. Surāqa al-Sulamī, governor of Darband and first of the Hāshimids, ref1
Bānijūrid, ref1
Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Sultan of Harar, ref1
Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Ḥātim
Aḥmad, Hāmī;d al-Dawla, Hamdānid, ref1
b. al-Ghashīm al-Hamdānī, Hamdānid, ref1, ref2
b. al-Humās, Hamdānid, ref1
Ḥaydar
I and II, Nawwābs of Oudh, ref1
‘All Khān Bahadur, ruler in Mysore, ref1
Shihāb Amir, ref1
Shujā’ al-Dawla Jalāl al-Dīn, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
Ḥaydar Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Ḥaydar Qaṣṣāb, Sarbadārid, ref1
Ḥaydar Shāh (Hājjī Khān), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Haytham
b. Muḥammad, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Muḥammad of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1
Khālid, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Hazārasp, Bādūspānid, ref1
Hilāl
Ḥasanūyid, ref1
Ibn Mardanish, ruler of Valencia, ref1
Hindal, Qutb al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Hishām
I, II and III, Spanish Umayyads, ref1
‘Alawid Sharif, ref1
Hamdānid, ref1
Umayyad caliph, ref1
Hülegü (or Hūlākū), Il Khānid, ref1
al-Humās, Hamdānid, ref1
Humāyūn, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Mughal, ref1
Humāyūn Shāh, Bahmanid, ref1
Hume or Ume Jilmi, first Yazanī ruler of Kanem, ref1
Husayn
I and II, Ghūrids, ref1
I and II, Jalāyirids, ref1
I, II and III, Nizām Shāhīs, ref1
I and II, Rawwādids, ref1
I, Safawid, ref1
‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
b. ‘All, Sharīf of Mecca and Hijāz and King of Hijāz, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
b. Talāl, Hāshimite King of Jordan, ref1
Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ‘l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1
Kamāl al-Dīn, ḥamid Oghullarï, ref1
al-Nasr, Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1
rebel against Khalafid Saffārids, ref1
Ṣāḥib Ata Oghullarï, ref1
Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
al-Husayn
I and II, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1
b. Khalīl II, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
b. al-Qāsim, Zaydī Imām, ref1
b. Sulaymān (757/1356), Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Sulaymān (791/1389), Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Hamdānid, ref1
Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
Mukramid, ref1
Tāhirid, ref1
Husayn Fath Shāh, Jalāl al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Husayn Kāmil, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
al-Husayn al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1
al-Husayn al-Mansūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Husayn Qulī, Qājār, ref1
Husayn Shāh
Nāṣir al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Sharqī, ref1
Hūshang, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Hūshang Shāh (Alp Khān), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Ibn al-Mu’tazz al-Murtaḍā al-Muntaṣif, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Ibrāhīm
I and II, Ādil Shāhīs, ref1
land II, Aghlabids, ref1
I and II, Ḥafṣids, ref1
II, Lōdī Delhi Sultan, ref1
I and II, Musāfirids, ref1
I and II, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
I, II and III, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1
I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
(‘Abdallāh) b. ‘Abdallāh, Ziyādid, ref1
Afshārid, ref1
Arslan Khān Ulugh Sulṭān al-Salāṭīn Nuṣrat al-Dunyā wa ‘I-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Abī Bakr, Almoravid ruler in Sijilmāsa, ref1
b. Abī Bakr, Nizām al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. Aḥmad (Hārūn), Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Ḥusayn, Arslan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
b. al-Mahdi, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Muḥammad (449/1057), Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Ziyādid, ref1
b. al-Muqtadir, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Naṣr, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Sökmen I, Artuqid, ref1
b. Sulaymān, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Tāshufīn, Almoravid, ref1
b. ‘Uthmān, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Barīd Shāhī, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1
Hamdānid, ref1
Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Khān of Kazan, ref1
Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1
Mughal, ref1
Muhtājid, ref1
Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Nizām Shāhī, ref1
Ottoman, ref1
Pasha of Egypt, ref1
Quṭb Shāhī, ref1
Shams al-Dīn, Sharqī, ref1
Shehu of Dikwa, ref1
Sīmjūrid, ref1
Tāj al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1
Tamghach (Tabghach) Bughra Khān, Ibrāhīm, Qarakhānid, ref1
Tamghach (Tabghach) Khān (536/1141), Qarakhānid, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Umayyad caliph, ref1
‘Uqaylid, ref1
Yu’firid, ref1
Ẓahir al-Dīn, Sökmenid, ref1
Ibrāhīm Kabayao, King of Songhay, ref1
Ibrāhīm Khān III, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Ibrāhīm Nikale b. Biri, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Ibrāhīm Pasha, House of Muḥammad Alī, ref1
Ibrāhīm Shāh
I Qadïr Khān, Rukn al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Idrīs
II, Almohad, ref1
I, disputant for authority in Morocco, ref1
I, II and III, Hammūdids, ref1
I and II, Idrīsids, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
b. Dāwūd, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm Nikale, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Idrīs Alawma, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Idrīs Katagarmabe, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
II Arslan
Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Nūral-Dīn, Zangid, ref1
II Ghāzī I and II, Artuqids, ref1
Ilbasan, White Horde Khān, ref1
Iltutmish, Shams al-Dīn, Mu’izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Ilyās
Fakhr al-Dīn, Sarukhān Oghullarï, ref1
Ḥusām al-Dīn, Ḥamid Oghullarï, ref1
Muzaffar al-Dīn or Shujā’ al-Dīn, Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1
Ilyās Shāh, Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Ilyasa’
b. Muḥammad, Ilyāsid, ref1
Midrārid, ref1
‘Imād al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1
Imām Qulī, Toqay Temürid, ref1
Imām ‘Umar Dīn, Sultan of Harar, ref1
Imrān b. Muḥammad, Zuray’id, ref1
Inanj Beg, Shujā‘ al-Dīn, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1
‘Ināyat Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
‘Ināyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Irān Shāh, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
‘Iraq, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Irinchinbal (Rinchenpal), Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Īsā
Aydïn Oghullarï, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
al-Malik al-Zāhir Majd al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
‘Uqaylid, ref1
Īsā Khān, governor of Mālwa, ref1
Isfahsālār, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1
Isfandiyār
(Isfendiyār), Mubāriz al-Dīn, Jāndār Orhullarï, ref1
Qungrat, ref1
Ishāq
I and II, Askiyas of Songhay, ref1
Almoravid, ref1
Birzāl of Carmona, ref1
Lu’lu’id, ref1
Mengüjekid, ref1
Najm al-Dīn, Ḥamīd Orhullarï, ref1
Qaramān Orhullarï, ref1
Ṭāhirid in Baghdad and Iraq, ref1
Ziyādid, ref1
Isḥāq Beg, Inanj Orhullarï, ref1
Isḥāq Chelebi, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Ṣarukhān Orhullarï, ref1
Isḥāq Mulla or Muḥammad Pūlād, Ming, ref1
Iskandar
b. Kayūmarth, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Nāmāwar, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Ziyār, Jalāl al-Dawla, Bādūspānid, ref1
Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
Shïbānid, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Iskandar Muda, posthumously called Makota ‘Ālam (Crown of the World), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Islām Giray I, II and III, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Islām Shāh Sūr, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Ismā‘īl
I and II, Abu ’l-Walīd, Naṣrids, ref1
I, II and III, Ṣafawids, ref1
II b. Nūḥ ll, Sāmānid, ref1
‘Ādil Shāhi, ref1
al-‘Ajamī, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Askiya of Songhay, ref1
‘Ayn al-Dawla, Dānishmendid, ref1
b. Aḥmad I, Sāmānid, ref1
b. al-‘Azīz Tughtigin, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1
b. al-Ḥāfiz, Fāṭimid, ref1
b. al-Qā’im, Fāṭimid, ref1
Dhu ’l-Nūnid of Toledo, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Kamāl al-Dīn, Jāndār Orhullarï, ref1
Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Lu’lu’id, ref1
Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Musāfirid, ref1
al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Najm al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Niẓām Shāhi, ref1
Shams al-Mulūk, Börid, ref1
‘Uthmān, Rasūlid, ref1
Zangid, ref1
Ismā‘īl Mukh (ruling title Abu ’l-Fath Ismā‘īl Shāh Nāṣir al-Dīn), Bahmanid, ref1
Ismā‘īl Pasha, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
Ismā‘īl al-Samīn, ‘Alawid Sharif, ref1
Ismā‘īl Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Ispan, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
‘Iwad, Husām al-Dīn (ruling title Ghiyāth al-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1
‘Izz al-Dīn Karmān, Mihrabānid Malik, ref1
? Jabbār Berdi (or Yeremferden), Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Jadu, later Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Ja‘far
Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Kalbid, ref1
b. al-Mu‘taḍid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Tāj al-Dawla, Kalbid, ref1
Zand, ref1
Zaydī Imām, ref1
Jahān Pahlawān Muḥammad, Eldigüzid, ref1
Jahān Shāh
(Pòtjut Auk), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Qara Qoyunlu, ref1
Jahāndār, Mughal, ref1
Jahāngīr
Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
b. ‘Azīz, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Kāwūs, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Bādūspānid, ref1
Mughal, ref1
Jāhir, Kalbid, ref1
Jahwar, Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1
Jalāl al-Dīn, Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Jalāl Khān (ruling title Aḥmad Shāh (II), Quṭb al-Dīn), Sultan of Gujarat, ref1
Jalāl Shāh, Sūrī ruler of Bengal, ref1
Jalīl, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Jambek (Jānī Beg), Batu’id, ref1
Jamshīd
Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Jān ‘Alī, Khān of Kazan and Qāsimov, ref1, ref2
Jānay, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
Jānī Beg
Arghūn, ref1
(Jambek), Batu’id, ref1
Jānī Beg Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Jānī Muḥammad, Toqay Temürid, ref1
Jawhar, Fāṭimid general, ref1
Jawhar al-‘Ālam Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Jawhar al-Mu’aẓẓamī, Ṣulayḥid regent, ref1
Jaysh, Ṭūlūnid, ref1
Jayyāsh, Najāḥid, ref1
Jibrā’īl, Qarakhānid, ref1
Jijaghatu Toq Temür, Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Jil, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
al-Julandā, first Ibāḍī Imām in Oman, ref1
Junayd, Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1
Justān
II, III and IV, Justānids, ref1
I and II, Musāfirids, ref1
Kade
b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Idrīs, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. ‘Uthmān, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Kāfūr al-Lābi, Ikhshīdid, ref1
Kalīm Allāh, Bahmanid, ref1
Kām Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1
Kāmrān
Mughal, ref1
Sadōzay, ref1
Kanafa, King of Songhay, ref1
Karīm Berdi, Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Kathīr, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Kawkaw, Askiya of Songhay, ref1
Kāwūs
b. Ashraf, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Kayūmarth, Bādūspānid, ref1
Kay Kāwūs, Bādūspānid, ref1
I and II, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1
Rukn al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Ziyārid, ref1
Kay Khusraw
I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1
b. Yazdagird, Rukn al-Dawla, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Bādūspānid, ref1
Kay Qubādh
I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1
Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Kayūmarth
b. Bahman, Bādūspānid, ref1
b. Bīsutūn, Bādūspānid, ref1
Shams al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Kebek
(Köpek), Chaghatayid, ref1
Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Khalaf
Bahā’ al-Dawla, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Khalafid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Sultan of Harar, ref1
Khālid
I and II, Ḥafsids, ref1
b. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzi Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Su‘ūd I, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
b. Yazīd, precursor of the Yazīdī Sharwān Shahs, ref1
Khalīfa
b. Barghash, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
b. Kharūb, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Khalīl
I and II, Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
Ghars al-Dīn, Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1
Ghars al-Dīn, Ramaḍan Orhullarï, ref1
Khān of Kazan, ref1
Khalīl Khān (ruling title Muẓaffar Shāh II), Sultan of Gujarat, ref1
Khalīl Sulṭān, Tīmūrid, ref1
Khamīs, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Khashram Aḥmad, ruler of Lakz, ref1
Khayr al-Dīn Barbarossa, ref1
Khayrān al-Ṣaqlabī, of Almería, ref1, ref2
Khiḍr
Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1
Batu’id, ref1
Qarakhānid, ref1
Sinān al-Dīn, Tekke Orhullarï, ref1
Khiḍr Beg, Ḥamīd Orhullarï, ref1
Khiḍr Khān
Bahādur Shāh, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Sūrī governor and then ruler of Bengal, ref1
Rāyat-i A‘lā, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1
Khiḍr Shāh, Ṣarukhān Orhullarï, ref1
Khumārawayh, Ṭūlūnid, ref1
Khurshīd I and II, Dābūyid Ispahbadhs, ref1
Khūshchihr, Shaddādid, ref1
Khusraw Fīrūz
Būyid, ref1
Justānid, ref1
Khusraw Khān Barwārī, usurper in Delhi, ref1
Khusraw Malik, Ghaznawid, ref1
Khusraw Shāh
Justānid, ref1
Mu‘izz al-Dawla, Ghaznawid, ref1
Khwāja ‘Alī
Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Sarbadārid, ref1
Khwāja-yi Jahān Aḥmad Ayāz, Tughluqid rebel, ref1
Khwurshāh, Rukn al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Kirmān Shāh, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
Kiyā Buzurg, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Köchkunju Muḥammad, Shïbānid, ref1
Köchü, White Horde Khān, ref1
Könchek, Chaghatayid, ref1
Köpek (or Kebek), Chaghatayid, ref1
Körp Arslan, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Aḥmadīlī, ref1
Kosoy (or Kosay) Muslim Dam, King of Songhay, ref1
Küchük Muḥammad, Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Kure Gana, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Kure Kura, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
Kuthayyir b. Aḥmad, commander in Sistan, ref1
Labīb al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1
Langar, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1
Lashkarī, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
al-Layth, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Layth, Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1
Luqmān, Il Khānid, ref1
Luṭf ‘Alī, Zand, ref1
Luṭf Allāh, Sarbadārid, ref1
Luṭfī, Bey of Alanya, ref1
Lu’lu’
Lu’lu’id Atabeg, ref1
regent in Aleppo and northern Syria for the Ḥamdānids, ref1
Ma‘add
Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Zahir, Fāṭimid, ref1
Abū Tamīm al-Mustansir, Fāṭimid, ref1
Maghā I, Keita of Mali, ref1
Maḥammad al-Shaykh
al-Aṣghar or al-Ṣaghīr, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1
al-Ma’mūn, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1
b. Muḥammad al-Mahdi, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1
Maharājā Lela Mĕlayu (or Aḥmad Shāh), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Mahdī
Justānid, ref1
Mahdid, ref1
al Mahdī
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
Mahendra Deva, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Maḥmūd
I and II, Ottomans, ref1
I and II, Seljuqs in Persia and Iraq, ref1
b. Aḥmad, vassal of the Khwārazm Shāh and then of Küchlüg, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Dāwūd, Ramaḍān Orhullarï, ref1
b. Ḥusayn, Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Zangī, Zangid ruler in Aleppo and then Damascus, ref1
Badr al-Dīn, Qaramān Orhullarï, ref1
Börid, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn
Ghūrid, ref1
Tughluqid, ref1
Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1
Jalāl al-Dīn
Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1
ruler of Bengal, ref1
Zangid, ref1
Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ’1-Dīn, Sultān Shāh, Anūshtiginid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Jalāyirid, ref1
(Maḥmūdak), Khān of Kazan, ref1
Majd al-Dīn (Badr al-Dīn), Bey of Alanya, ref1
al-Malik al-Mu‘aẓẓam Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1
al-Malik al-Qāhir Nāṣir al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ
Nāṣir al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Shams al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Mirdāsid, ref1
Nāṣir al-Dīn
Chobān Orhullarï, ref1
Malik al-Sharq, governor of Bengal, ref1
Qarakhānid, ref1
Rukn al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Shaddādid, ref1
Shihāb al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Tāj al-Dīn Orhullarï, ref1
Tekke Orhullarï, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Ṭoghrïl Qara Khān, Niẓām al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
Maḥmūd Dāmghān Shāh, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1
Maḥmūd Ghazan (Ghāzān] I, II Khānid, ref1
Maḥmūd Gokaltāsh, Arghūn, ref1
Maḥmūd Khān (ruling title Maḥmūd Shāh (I) Khaljī), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Maḥmūd Shāh
II, Khaljī Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
I, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Sultan of Delhi, ref1
II, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Tughluqid Sultan of Delhi, ref1
I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1
Abu ’1-Muẓaffar Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Atabeg of Yazd, ref1
Bahmanid, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Inju, Sharaf al-Dīn, Inju’id, ref1
Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Sadōzay, ref1
Sharqī, ref1
Sultan of Acheh (1287/1870), ref1
(Tuanku Raja), Sultan of Acheh (1173–95/1760–81), ref1
Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1
Mai Cinaka, Fulani, ref1
Mai Katuru, Fulani, ref1
Mai Turare, Fulani, ref1
Mai Wurno, Fulani, ref1
Majd al-Dīn‘ Muẓaffar, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Majīd, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1
Mākān, Daylamī commander, ref1
Makota ‘Ālam (Iskandar Muda), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Malāq Ādam, Sultan of Harar, ref1
al-Malik al-‘Ādil
I and II, Ayyūbids in Damascus, ref1
I, III and IV, Ayyūbids in Diyār Bakr, ref1
II Abū Bakr, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1
VI Khalaf b. Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
I Muḥammad or Aḥmad, Ayyūbid in Aleppo and Egypt, ref1
V Sulaymān I, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
al-‘Abbās or Ya‘qūb, ‘Abbāsid caliph and Mamlūk sultan, ref1
‘Abdallāh Jakam, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Baydarā, Badr al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Kitbughā, Zayn al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Salāmish or Süleymish, Badr al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Tūmān Bay I, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Afḍal
al-‘Abbās, Rasūlid, ref1
‘Alī, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1
Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1
Muḥammad, Rasūlid, ref1
Malik al-Jibāl, Sūrī b. Ḥusayn I, Ghūrid, ref1
Malik al-Mulūk (‘Alī), Barīd Shāhī, ref1
Malik Arslan, Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1
Malik Arslan (or Arslan Shāh), Ghaznawid, ref1
al-Malik al-Ashraf
II Aḥmad, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
I Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Damascus and Diyār Bakr, ref1
II Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1
Barsbay, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Ināl al-‘Alā’ī al-Ẓāhirī, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Ismā‘īl I, II and III, Rasūlids, ref1
Jānbulāṭ, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Khalīl, Salāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Kūjūk, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1
Mūsā, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Qānṣawh II al-Ghawrī, Burj Mamlūk, ref1
Qāyit Bay al-Ẓāhirī, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Sha‘bān II, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Ṭūmān Bay II, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
‘Umar II, Rasūlid, ref1
al-Malik al-Awḥad Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
al-Malik al-‘Azīz
I ‘Uthmān, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1
Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Aleppo, ref1
Tughtigin, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1
Yūsuf, Jamāl al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Malik Dhu ’1-Nūn, Dānishmendid, ref1
Malik Hazārasp, Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1
Malik Ibrahīm, Shams al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1
Malik Ismā‘īl, Shams al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1
al-Malik al-Kāmil
II and III, Ayyūbids in Diyār Bakr, ref1
I Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Damascus and Egypt, ref1
(al-‘Ādil Aḥmad), Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
Khalīl II, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
Sha‘bān I, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Sunqur al-Ashqar, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Manṣūr
I and II Muḥammad, Ayyūbids in Ḥamāt, ref1
Abd al-‘Azīz, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
‘Abd al-Wahhāb, Tāj al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1
‘Abdallāh, Rasūlid, ref1
Abū Bakr, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
‘Alī I and II, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūks, ref1
Ibrāhīm, Ayyūbid in Ḥims, ref1
Lāchīn or Lājīn al-Ashqar, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Muḥammad II, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1
Qalāwūn al-Alfī, Abu ’1-Ma‘ālī Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
‘Umar I, Rasūlid, ref1
‘Uthmān, Fakhr al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Mas‘ūd
Rasūlid, ref1
Yūsuf, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1
al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad
Aḥmad III, Shihāb al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Dāwūd, Rasūlid, ref1
al-Ḥusayn, Rasūlid, ref1
Shaykh al-Maḥmūdī al-Ẓāhirī, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Mu‘aẓẓam
‘Īsā, Sharaf al-Dīn, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1
Sulaymān, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1
Tūrān Shāh, Ayyūbids in Damascus, Diyār Bakr, Egypt and Yemen, ref1
al-Malik al-Mu‘izz Aybak al-Turkumānī, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Mujāhid
‘Alī, Rasūlid, ref1
‘Alī, Shams al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1
Sanjar, ‘Alam al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Shīrkūh II, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1
Malik Mujāhid Ghāzī, Dānishmendid, ref1
al-Malik al-Muwaḥḥid ‘Abdallāh, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
al-Malik al-Muzaffar
II and III Maḥmūd, Ayyūbids in Ḥamāt, ref1
I ‘Umar, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1
Aḥmad II, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Baybars II al-Jāshnakīr, Rukn al-Dīn (Burjī), Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Ghāzī, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
Ḥājjī I and II, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Qutuz al-Mu‘izzī, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Yūsuf I, Shams al-Dīn, Rasūlid, ref1
al-Malik al-Nāṣir
II Dāwūd, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1
I Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (Saladin), Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
I and II Yūsuf, Ayyūbids in Aleppo, Damascus and Egypt, ref1
Aḥmad I, Shihāb al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Aḥmad b. Ismā‘īl I, Rasūlid, ref1
Aḥmad b. Yahyā, Rasūlid, ref1
Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1
Faraj, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Ḥasan, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Muḥammad IV, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Muḥammad I, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Qilij Arslan, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1
al-Malik al-Qāhir Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1
Malik Qaranful Mubārak Shāh, Sharqī, ref1
Malik Rājā Aḥmad Fārūqī, Fārūqī, ref1
al-Malik al-Sa‘īd Baraka or Berke Khān, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ
I and II, Ayyūbids in Damascus, ref1
III Abū Bakr, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
II Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr and Egypt, ref1, ref2
IV Khalīl, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1
Ismā‘īl, ‘Imād al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
(al-Manṣūr Ḥājjī II), Ṣalāh al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Mu’ayyad Ismā‘īl, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1
Muḥammad III, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Malik Sarwar, Khwāja-yi Jahān, Sharqī, ref1
Malik Shāh
I, II and III, Seljuqs in Persia and Iraq, ref1
(Abū Manṣūr, ‘All al-Dīn), Saltuqid, ref1
Mengüjekid, ref1
(Shāhānshāh), Seljuq of Rūm, ref1
Malik Yaghïbasan, Dānishmendid, ref1
al-Malik al-Ẓāfir ‘Āmir II, Ṣalāh al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir
Barqūq al-Yalbughāwī, Sayf al-Dīn, Mamlūk, ref1
Baybars I al-Bunduqdārī, Rukn al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1
Chaqmaq or Jaqmaq, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Khushqadam, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Qānṣawh I, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Ṭāṭār, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Timurbughā, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
Yaḥyā, Rasūlid, ref1
Yalbay, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī, Ayyūbid in Aleppo, ref1
Mallā, Ming, ref1
Mallū, ‘Ādil Shāhī, ref1
Mallū Khān, governor of Mālwa, ref1
Mamā Khātūn, Saltuqid, ref1
Mamlān or Muḥammad I and II, Rawwādids, ref1
al-Ma’mūn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Ma’mūn I and II, Ma’mūnids Khwārazm Shāhs, ref1
Mamūq, Khān of Kazan, ref1
Ma‘n
‘Alam al-Dīn, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1
Hamdānid, ref1
of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1
Zayn al-Dīn, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1
Manādhar, Justānid, ref1
Manī‘, Numayrid, ref1
Mansā Abū Bakr I and II, Keitas of Mali, ref1
Mansā Gaw or Qū, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Kamba or Qanba or Qāsā, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Khalīfa, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Maghan I, II and III, Keitas of Mali, ref1
Mansā Mamadu or Muḥammad, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Mari Dyāta or Mārī Jāṭa II, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Mūsā I, II and III, Keitas of Mali, ref1
Mansā Qanba or Qāsā see Mansā Kamba
Mansā Sulaymān, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Ulī or Ule, Keita of Mali, ref1
Mansā Wātī, Keita of Mali, ref1
Manṣūr
I and II, Sāmānids, ref1
Abū Naṣr Murtaḍā al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid, ref1
Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Arslan Khān, Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. ‘Abd al-Malik, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Maymūn, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
Marwānid, ref1
Mazyadid, ref1
Muḥtājid, ref1
Qāḍī, ruler of Valencia, ref1
Sharaf al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
Shihāb Amir, ref1
al-Manṣūr
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Abī Amir, Almanzor, Ḥājib in Spain, ref1
b. al-‘Azīz, Fāṭimid, ref1
b. al-Musta‘lī, Fāṭimid, ref1
b. al-Mustarshid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Ẓāhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
Ḥammādid, ref1
Najāḥid, ref1
Saba’, Ṣulayḥid, ref1
‘Uqaylid, ref1
Zīrid governor of the Maghrib, ref1
Manṣūr Shāh
‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh (987/1579), ref1
Sultan of Acheh (1252/1836), ref1
Manūchihr
I, II and III, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1
Shaddādid, ref1
Ziyārid, ref1
Maqṣūd Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Mardāwīj, Ziyārid, ref1
Marhum Tuha (Abdul Jalilul Akbar), Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Mari Sun Dyāta (Mari Jāṭa) I, Keita of Mali, ref1
Marwān
I, Umayyad caliph, ref1
II, al-Ḥimār, Umayyad caliph, ref1
Marzubān
I and II, Musāfirids, ref1
Abū Kālijār ‘Imād al-Dīn, Būyid, ref1
Abū Kālijār Ṣamṣām al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1
b. Abī Shujā‘ Sulṭān al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1
Justānid, ref1
Shaddādid, ref1
Mas Ngabehi Sutavijaya Senapati, ruler of Mataram, ref1
Masīḥ Mīrzā, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
Masta
b. Muḥammad Amīn Kiari, Mai of Dikwa, ref1
b. Shehu Sanda Mandarama, Mai of Dikwa, ref1
Mas‘ūd
I, II and III, Ghaznawids, ref1
I and II, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Zangids, ref1
I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1
b. Ḥsan, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Qarakhānid, ref1
Fakhr al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, Zangid, ref1
Mazrū‘ī, ref1
Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1
Muhadhdhib al-Dīn, Parwāna Orhullarï, ref1
Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
Tīmūrid, ref1
Wajīh al-Dīn, Sarbadārid, ref1
al-Mas‘ūd, Zuray‘id, ref1
Mas‘ūd Jānī
‘Alā’ al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Jalāl al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Mas‘ūd Khān, Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Mas‘ūd Shāh
‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī, ref1
Jalāl al-Dīn, Inju’id, ref1
Mawdūd
Ghaznawid, ref1
al-Malik al-Mas‘ūd Rukn al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Quṭb al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1
Maymūn
b. Aḥmad, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Manṣūr, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
Ibn Thaqiyya, al-Amīr, Midrārid, ref1
Māzyār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Medemīn (Muḥammad Amīn, Abu ’1-Ghāzi), Qungrat, ref1
Megat Iskandar Shāh, ruler of Malacca, ref1
Meḥemmed see Muḥammad, Ottomans, ref1
Menelik, Emperor of Ethiopia, ref1
Mengli Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Mengü
(Möngke) Temür, Batu’id, ref1
(Töde Möngke), Batu’id, ref1
Mengü Temür, Salghurid, ref1
Mengübirti, Jalāl al-Dīn, Anūshtiginid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Mengüjek Aḥmad, Mengüjekid, ref1
Menteshe Beg, Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1
Midrār (al-Muntaṣir), Midrārid, ref1
Mihr Mardān, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
?Mingīrinī see Mengübirti, Jalāl al-Dīn
Mīr Ja‘far Muḥammad Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1
Mīr Maḥbūb ‘Alī I and II, Niẓāms of Hyderabad, ref1
Mīr Qāsim ‘Alī, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1
Mīr ‘Uthmān ‘Alī Khān Bahādur Fatḥ Jang, Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1
Mīran Mubārak Khān I, Fārūqī, ref1
Mīrān Muḥammad Shāh I and II, Fārūqīs, ref1
Mīrān Shāh, Jalāl al-Dīn, Tīmūrid, ref1
Mīrzā ‘Ādil Khān I, Fārūqī, ref1
Mīrzā ‘Alī, Barīd Shāhī, ref1
Mīrzā Ḥaydar Dughlat, Mughal prince in Kashmīr, ref1
Mīrzā Maḥmūd, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1
Mīrzā Walī Amīr Barīd III, Barīd Shāhī, ref1
Mit‘ab I and II, Ā1 Rashīd, ref1
Miyān Bāyazīd, Bāz Bahādur, ruler of Mālwa, ref1
Mö’etüken, son of Chingiz Khāh, ref1
Möngke (Mengü)
Mongol Great Khān, ref1
Temür, Batu’id, ref1
Moyasa Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1
al-Mu‘addal, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Mu‘ādh (Mu’azu, Moyasa) Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1
Mu‘āwiya I and II, Umayyad caliphs, ref1
Mu’azu Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1
Mubārak
Qutlughkhānid, ref1
Ṣārim al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1
Mubārak al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1
Mubārak Khwāja, White Horde Khān, ref1
Mubārak Shāh
II, Fārūqī, ref1
II, Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1
Chaghatayid, ref1
Fakhr al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1
Fakhr al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1
Quṭb al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1
Mubashshir, Nāṣir al-Dawla, ruler of Majorca, ref1
Mughāyat Shāh, Iskandar Thāni ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Mughīth al-Dīn (Ṭoghrïl), governor of Bengal, ref1
Muhalhil
Annāzid, ref1
Mazyadid, ref1
Muḥammad
I and II, ‘Abbādids of Seville, ref1
I-VIII, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1
l and II, Aghlabids, ref1
I-V, Alawid Sharīf s, ref1
III, Askiya of Songhay, ref1
II Fātih (‘the Conqueror’), Ottoman, ref1
I, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Eretna Orhullarï, ref1
I-VI, Ḥafṣids, ref1
I and II, Ḥammūdids of Málaga, ref1
I-VIII, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1
I-V, Marīnids, ref1
I, Mughīth al-Dunyā wa ‘1-Dīn, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
I-XII, Naṣrids, ref1
I, II and III, Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs, ref1
III-V and VI, Ottomans, ref1
I and II, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1
I and II, Ramaǭd;ān Oghullarï, ref1
I and II, Sa‘did Sharīfs, ref1
II, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
I and II, Sīmjūrids, ref1
I, II and III, Spanish Umayyads, ref1
II, Sultan of Harar, ref1
I, II and III, Waṭṭāsids, ref1
II Benkan, Askiya of Songhay, ref1
I Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1
II Chelebi, Eretna Orhullarï, ref1
V Mubāriz Khān ‘Ādil Shāh, Sūrī Delhi
Sultan, ref1
I, II and III Shāh, Bahmanids, ref1
I Tapar, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Afṭasid of Badajoz, ref1
(Aḥmad)
Shams al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
Amīr of Chaghāniyān, ? Muḥtājid, ref1
Amīr of Dir‘iyya, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
‘Annāzid, ref1
Arslan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1
Arslan Qara Khān Mu’ayyid al-‘Adl ‘Ayn al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. ‘Abbās, Ghūrid, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh, Āl Rashīd, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh, Ṭāhirid of Khurasam, ref1
b. ‘Abdallāh Ibn Rashīd of Ḥā’il, conqueror of Riyāḍ, ref1
b. Abī Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate (875/1470), ref1
b. Abī Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate (973/1565), ref1
b. Abī Ja‘far Muḥammad, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Abī ’1-Ghārāt, Zuray‘id, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Aḥmad, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Aḥmad ‘Atīq, called Mai Turare, Fulani, ref1
b. Aḥmad Ibn Ṭāhir, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. ‘Alī b. Yūsuf al-Massūfī, Ibn Ghāniya, governor of the Balearics, ref1
b. Amīr Ghāzī, Dānishmendid, ref1
b. ‘Arafa, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
b. Begtimur, al-Malik al-Manṣūr, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1
b. Fayṣal I, al-Muṭawwi‘, vassal governor of Riyāḍ, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
b. Hāshim, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1
b. Haytham, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Ḥusayn al-Rawwādī, Rawwādid, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm, Yu‘firid, ref1
b. Ibrāhīm II, ‘Ādil Shāhī, ref1
b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu (931/1525), ref1
b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu (c.l012/c.l603), ref1
b. Idrīs, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Idrīs II, al-Muntaṣir, Idrīsid, ref1
b. ‘Irāq, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
b. Isḥāq, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya under Almohad suzerainty, ref1
b. Isḥāq, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1
b. Ismā‘īl, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1
b. Ja‘far, Zaydī Imām, ref1
b. Kade, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Khālid, governor of Armenia, precursor of Sharwān Shahs, ref1
b. Khamītūn, Qutlughkhānid, ref1
b. Kiwāb, usurper of Mahdali Sultanate of Kilwa, ref1
b. al-Manṣūr, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Maymūn, Midrārid, ref1
b. Muḥammad, called Tambari, Fulani, ref1
b. Muḥammad, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Muḥammad, Sultan of Kanem, ref1
b. Musāfir, founder of the Musāfirids, ref1
b. al-Musayyab, Abu ’1-Dhawwād, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
b. al-Musayyab al-‘Uqaylī, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
b. al-Mustaẓhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mu‘taḍid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mutawakkil, Abū ‘Abdallāh al-Mu‘tazz, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Mutawakkil, Abū Ja‘far al-Muntaṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Nāṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Nāṣir, Sultan of Harar, ref1
b. Naṣr, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Rāfi‘, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
b. al-Rashīd, Abū Isḥāq al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. al-Rashīd, Abū Mūsā al-Amīn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Saba’, al-Mu‘ẓẓam, Zuray‘id, ref1
b. Sa‘d, Naṣrid, ref1
b. Sa‘d, Rey Lobo or Lope, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Sa‘id al-Ma‘āmirī, Mazrū‘ī, ref1
b. Sām I, supreme sultan in Ghūr and India, Ghūrid, ref1
b. Sārū, Midrārid, ref1
b. Sulaymān, al-‘Ādil, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
b. Sulaymān, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. Sūrī Shansabānī, Ghūrid, ref1
b. Su‘ūd II, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
b. Ṭāhir II, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1
b. Ṭalāl, Āl Rashīd, ref1
b. Ṭūmart, Almohad, ref1
b. ‘Ubaydallāh, Ṭāhirid of Baghdad and Iraq, ref1
b. ‘Umar, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1
b. ‘Uthmān, Mazrū‘ī, ref1
b. Wāsūl al-Fatḥ, al-Shākir, Midrārid, ref1
b. al-Wāthiq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
b. Ya‘qūb, Almohad, ref1
b. Yazīd, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1
b. Yu‘fir, Yu‘firid, ref1
b. Yūsuf, Abu ’1-Fath, Qarakhānid, ref1
b. Yūsuf Ibn Hūd, ruler of Murcia, ref1
b. Ziyād, Ziyādid, ref1
Bānījūrid, ref1
Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1
Birzāl of Carmona, ref1
Bughra Khān, Qawām al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1
Chaghatayid, ref1
Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
Fāṭimid, ref1
Ghaznawid, ref1
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
Ḥamid al-Dīn al-Manṣūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1
II Khānid, ref1
Ilyāsid, ref1
Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1
Jalāyirid, ref1
Kākūyid, ref1
Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1
Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1
Mazyadid, ref1
(Mamlān) I and II, Rawwādids, ref1
Ma’mūnid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1
al-Mu’ayyad, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Mubāriz al-Dīn
Ashraf Orhullarï, ref1
Muẓaffarid, ref1
Tekke Orhullarï, ref1
Muhtājid governor of Khurasan, ref1
Mu‘īn al-Dīn, Parwāna Orhullarï, ref1
Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1
Nāṣir al-Dīn
Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1
Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Nūr al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1
Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Mihrabānid Malik, ref1
of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1
of the Bendahara family, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Pahlawī, ref1
Qājār, ref1
Qaramānlī, ref1
Quṭb al-Dīn
I and III, Mihrabānid Maliks of Sistan, ref1
Khwārazm Shāh, ref1
Zangid, ref1
Quṭb Shāhī, ref1
Rustamid, ref1
Sājid, ref1
Sayf al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
Shaddādid, ref1
Shams al-Dawla, Börid, ref1
Shams al-Dīn
I, Kart, ref1
Ghūrid, ref1
Inju’id, ref1
Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1
Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1
Ṣāḥib Atā Orhullarï, ref1
Shams al-Mulūk, Bādūspānid, ref1
Shī rāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Sultan of Kanem (853/1449), ref1
Tamghach (Tabghach Khān), Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1
Ya‘rubid, ref1
Muḥammad Abū Bakr al-Ikhshīd, Ikhshīdid, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Aḍud al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Aḍud al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1
Muḥammad Afḍal, Bārakzay, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Alī
Ming, ref1
Mu‘īn al-Dīn, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1
Pasha, ref1
Qājār, ref1
Zand, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Alī Shāh, Zahīr al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Muḥammad Aliuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Muḥammad Alp Arslan, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1
Muḥammad Amīn
Abu ’1-Ghāzi, called Medemīn, Qungrat, ref1
Khān of Kazan, ref1
Muḥammad Amīn al-Kānemī, Shehu Laminu, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Muḥammad Amīn Kiari, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1
Muḥammad Arslan Khān Sanjar, Tāj al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Muḥammad Ay Temür, Sarbadārid, ref1
Muḥammad A‘zam, Bārakzay, ref1
Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, conqueror of Bihār and Bengal, ref1
Muḥammad Bāqī, Arghūn, ref1
Muḥammad Beg
Inanj Orhullarï, ref1
Mubāriz al-Dīn Ghāzī, Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1
Muḥammad Bello, called Mai Wurno, Fulani, ref1
Muḥammad Berdi Beg, Batu’id, ref1
Muḥammad Bolaq, Batu’id, ref1
Muḥammad Chakhshadān, Germiyān Orhullarï, ref1
Muḥammad Dāmghān Shāh, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1
Muḥammad Dāwūd Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Muḥammad Ergama, Sayf of Bornu, ref1
Muḥammad Gao or Kawkaw, Askiya of Songhay, ref1
Muḥammad Giray I-IV, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1
Muḥammad Hasan
Qājār, ref1
regent of Brunei, ref1
Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Muḥammad Ibn Hūd, ruler of Murcia, ref1
Muḥammad Ibn Khazrūn, Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Īsā Tarkhān, Arghūn, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Izz al-Dīn al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Muḥammad Jamalul Alam
b. Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
b. Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Muḥammad Jāsā, Sultan of Harar, ref1
Muḥammad Kanzul Alam, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Muḥammad Karīm Khān, Zand, ref1
Muḥammad Khān Sūr, Shams al-Dīn, Sūrī ruler of Bengal, ref1
Muḥammad Khudābanda
Öljeytü (Uljāytū), Il Khānid, ref1
Ṣafawid, ref1
Muḥammad Khudāyār, Ming, ref1
Muḥammad al-Maẓlūm, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1
Muḥammad al-Murtaḍā, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Muḥammad al-Mustaḍī’, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1
Muḥammad al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Muḥammad Nadir, Bārakzay, ref1
Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn (Ghāzī Khān Chak), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
Muḥammad al-Nāṣir al-Hādi al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Muḥammad Nawrūz Beg, Batu’id, ref1
Muḥammad Ngileruma, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1
Muḥammad Özbeg, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Batu’id, ref1
Muḥammad Pūlād or Isḥāq Mulla, Ming, ref1
Muḥammad Qulī, Quṭb Shāhi, ref1
Muḥammad Raḥīm
Atalïq, Mangīt, ref1
Qungrat, ref1
Muḥammad Ṣādiq, Zand, ref1
Muḥammad Sa‘īd Pasha, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
Muḥammad Shāh
III, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1
IV, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1
I and II, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1
II and III, Tughluqid Delhi Sultans, ref1
I ‘Alī Garshāsp, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1
b. Jawhar al-‘Ālam Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1
(Bhikan Khān), Sharqī, ref1
Mughal, ref1
Seljuq of Kirman, ref1
Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1
(Tuanku Muhammad), Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Muḥammad Shāh Ghūrī (Ghaznī Khān), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1
Muḥammad Shāh Sultān, Qutlughkhānid, ref1
Muḥammad Shïbānī, Abu ‘l-Fath, Shāh Beg Özbeg, conqueror of Transoxania, ref1
Muḥammad Shirān Khān, Izz al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1
Muḥammad Ṭāhir I and II, Fulani, ref1
Muḥammad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
Muḥammad Tawfīq, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1
Muḥammad Ture, Askiya of Songhay, ref1
Muḥammad ‘Umar, Ming, ref1
Muḥammad al-Walīd, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1
Muḥammad Yahya, al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1
Muḥammad Ya‘qūb Khan, Bārakzay, ref1
Muḥammad Yavuz, Husām al-Dī;n, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1
Muḥammad Ẓāhir, Bārakzay, ref1
Muḥammadī, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1
Muhsin, Ḥammādid, ref1
al-Muhtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Muhyiddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1
al-Mu‘izz
Fātimid, ref1
Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1
Mujāhid
Bahmanid, ref1
Mujāhid, ref1
ruler of Murcia, ref1
al-Mukarram al-Aṣghar, Sulayhid, ref1
al-Muktafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Muley Hácen (‘Alī b. Sa‘d, Abu ’l-Hasan), Nasrid, ref1
Mulḥim
Shihāb Amīr, ref1
Yūnus, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1
al-Mundhir
I and II, Tujībids, ref1
b. Ahmad, ‘Imād al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1
b. Sulaymān, Hūdid, ref1
Spanish Umayyad, ref1
Mu’nis al-Khādim, Turkish slave commander, ref1
al-Muntasir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muntasir (Midrār), Midrārid, ref1
al-Muqallad, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muqtadir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muqtafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Murād
I-V, Ottomans, ref1
Batu’id, ref1
Ming, ref1
Murād Arslan, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1
Murād Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1
Murād Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1
Murshid Qulī Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1
Murtaḍā
I and II, Niẓām Shāhīs, ref1
Golden Horde Khān, ref1
Mūsā
I, II and III, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1
Askiya of Songhay, ref1
Aydïn Oghullarï, ref1
b. Abi ’l-Āfiya, Fātimid governor of Morocco, ref1
al-Hādī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
II Khānid, ref1
Marīnid, ref1
Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1
Shaddādid, ref1
Mūsā Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1
Muṣ‘ab, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
Musāfir, Musāfirid, ref1
Mushārī, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1
Muslim, ‘Uqaylid, ref1
al-Mustaḍi, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Muṣṭafā
I-IV, Ottomans, ref1
‘Alī, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1
Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1
Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Hamīd Oghullarï, ref1
Muṣṭafā Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1
Muṣṭafā Kemāl, ref1
al-Must‘ īn
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo and sultan, ref1
al-Mustakfī
I and II,, ‘Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Musta‘lī, Fātimid, ref1
al-Mustamsik, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
al-Mustanjid,
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
al-Mustansir,
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
Fāṭmid, ref1
al-Mustarshid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Musta‘sim,, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Mustaẓhir,, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Mut‘ab (Mit‘ab) I and II, Āl
Rashld, ref1
al-Mu‘taḍid
I and II, Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
Mutā‘in, Numayrid, ref1
al-Mu‘tamid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Mu‘taṣim,
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1
al-Mutawakkil
‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
I, II and III, ‘Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1
al-Mu‘tazz, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muṭī‘, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muttaqī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1
al-Muẓaffar
Ṣulayḥid, ref1
Yūsuf II, Rasūlid, ref1
Muẓaffar al-Dīn
Mangït, ref1
Qājār, ref1
Muẓaffar al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1
Muẓaffar Husayn, Tīmūrid, ref1
Muẓaffar Jang, Nizām of Hyderabad, ref1
Muẓaffar Khān, Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1
Muẓaffar Shāh
I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1
Sultan of Acheh, ref1
Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn
(Dīwāna), ruler of Bengal, ref1
(formerly Jadu), ruler of Bengal, ref1
Mwana Khadīja, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1