INDEXES

(A) PERSONAL NAMES

The listing and indexing of Islamic names present difficulties because of the frequent complexity of the complete name and titles of a ruler or other leading person (see Introduction, pp. xxii-xxiii). Also, a person may be best known by one particular element of the complete name, hence al-Mutawakkil rather than Ja‘far b. Abī Ishāq al-Mu‘taṣim, Sayf al-Dawla rather than ‘Alī b. ‘Abdallāh, and al-Malik al-Kāmil rather than Muḥammad b. Muḥammad or Aḥmad.

Faced with this problem – but on a much greater scale than in the present book – the two compilers of the standard works on Arabic biobibliography, Carl Brockelmann and Fuat Sezgin, opted in their extensive indexes to their respective Geschichte der arabischen Litterature and Geschichte des arahischen Schrifttums for listing everyone under ism plus further isms of the nasab, patronymics and honorifics as required for distinguishing purposes. Ordering essentially by ism has seemed to be the best procedure here, but an endeavour has been made to give well-known honorifics also, hence al-Rashīd as well as Hārūn b. Muḥammad al-Mahdi and al-Malik al-Kāmil as well as Muḥammad b. al-‘Ādil I Muḥammad, and also to give conventional European forms like Boabdil and Saladin. Even so, as users of the GAL and GAS have always found, a certain amount of detective work may be necessary as the price of not excessively and tediously overloading an index of personal names.

The arrangement is in word-by-word alphabetical order, hyphens being treated as spaces but diacritics and other punctuation being ignored. The references are to the pages on which names appear in the dynastic lists.

Abaq, Börid, ref1

Abaqa, Il Khānid, ref1

Abba Muṣṭafā I and II, Mais of Dikwa, ref1

‘Abbād, ‘Abbādid of Seville, ref1

‘Abbās

I, II and III, Ṣafawids, ref1

(or Ya ‘qūb) b. al-Mutawakkil I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Ghūrid, ref1

‘Abbās Ḥilimī I and II, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

al-‘Abbās al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1

al-‘Abbās al-Makarram, Zuray‘id, ref1

‘Abd al-Aḥad, Mangīd, ref1

‘Abd al-‘Aziz

I, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1, ref2

II, amīr in Riyāḍ, King of Ḥijāz and Najd, and King of Su‘ūdī Arabia, ref1

I and II, Marīnids, ref1

Āl Rashīd, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Dulafid, ref1

Ḥafṣid, ref1

al-Manṣūr ‘Āmirid, ref1

al-Manṣūr of Valencia and Almería, ref1, ref2

Ottoman, ref1

Toqay Temürid, ref1

(‘Abd) al-Ḥafīẓ, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

‘Abd al-Ḥalīm, Marīnid, ref1

‘Abd al-Ḥamīd I and II, Ottomans, ref1

‘Abd al-Ḥaqq I and II, Marīnids, ref1, ref2

‘Abd al-Jalīl (Jīl) or Selema, ruler of Kanem, ref1

‘Abd al-Karīm

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Khān of Astrakhan, ref1

Sultan of Harar, ref1

‘Abd al-Laṭīf

‘Abd al-Laṭīf

Khān of Kazan, ref1

Shïbānid, ref1

‘Abd al-Majīd

I and II, Ottomans, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

‘Abd al-Malik

I and II, Sāmānids, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

‘Āmirid, ref1

b. Hāshim, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Lashkarī, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Maḥammad al-Shaykh, al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Manṣūr, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Zaydān al-Nāṣir, Abū Marwān, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

‘Imād al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1

Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1

Umayyad caliph, ref1

‘Abd al-Mu’min

Almohad, ref1

Ḥafṣid, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Qarakhānid, ref1

Shïbānid, ref1

Toqay Temürid, ref1

‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib, Hāshmite Sharīf, ref1

‘Abd al-Nabī, Mahdid, ref1

‘Abd al-Raḥmān

I, II and III, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1

I–V, Spanish Umayyads, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Bārakzay, ref1

(Danyen Kasko), Fulani, ref1

governor of Riyāḍ, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Khān of Astrakhan, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Rustamid, ref1

Sultan of Harar, ref1

‘Abd al-Rashīd, Ghaznawid, ref1

‘Abd al-Razzāq, Sarbadārid, ref1

‘Abd al-Shakūr Muḥammad I, Sultan of Harar, ref1

‘Abd al-Wahhāb, Rustamid, ref1

‘Abd al-Wāḥid

‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1

b. Idrīs I, Almohad, ref1

b. Yūsuf I, Almohad, ref1

‘Abdallāh

I, ‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1

II, ‘Abd al-wādid, ref1

I and II, Aghlabids, ref1

I and II, Shïbānids, ref1

I and II, Sultans of Harar, ref1

I, II and III, Su‘ūdīs, ref1

(Abdallahi), Fulani, ref1

Abū Fāris al-Wāthiq, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

Afṭasid Of Badajoz, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Almohad, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Mazrū‘ī, ref1

b. ‘Alī, Āl Rashīd, ref1

b. ‘Alī, Ibn Ashqīlūla, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Ashkam, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

b. Faraj al-Thaghrī, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. al-Ḥasan, Mahadali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Ḥusayn, Amīr and later king of Transjordam, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

b. Isḥāq, Ṭāhirid Of Khurasan, ref1

b. ‘Iyāḍ, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Kade, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Maḥammad, al-Shaykh, Abū Muḥammad al-Ghālib, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Maḥammad, al-Shaykh al-Ma’mūm, al-Ghālib, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Abu ’l-Qāsim al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

b. Muḥammad, al-Imām, Abu’l-‘Abbās al-Saffāḥ, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Muḥammad, al-Imām, Abū Ja‘far al-Manṣur, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Mazrū‘ī, ref1

b. Muḥammad, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1

b. al-Muktafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mustanṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph Baghdad, ref1

b. Mut‘ab II, Āl Rashīd, ref1

b. al-Qādir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Rashīd, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Ṭāhir I, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1

b. T.r.k.s.bātha, Afrīghid Khwārazm, ref1

b. ‘Umar, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Yūsuf, Fāṭimid, ref1

Āl Bū Sa‘īd, ref1

Bikur, ruler of Kanem, ref1

Ḥamdānid, ref1

Hamdānid, ref1

Isḥāq, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1

Kalbid, ref1

al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1

al Manṣur, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Midrārid, ref1

al-Murtaḍā, ruler of Majorca, ref1

al-Muẓaffar, Tujībid, ref1

Qungrat, ref1

Quṭb Shāhī, ref1

Sāmānid commander in Sīstān, ref1

Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Spanish Umayyad, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

(‘Ubaydallāh) b. Ḥusayn, Fāṭimid, ref1

Yu‘firid, ref1

Zīrid of Granada, ref1

Ziyādid, ref1

Abdul Hakk Mubin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Abdul Jalilul Akbar, posthumously called Marhum Tuha, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Abdul Jalilul Jabbar, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Abdul Kahhar, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Abdul Mumin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

‘Abdūn Ibn Khazrūn, Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1

Abdurrahman Mangkubuwana or Hămengkubuwana I-X, Sultans of Jogjakarta, ref1

Ābish Khātūn, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1

Abū ’l-‘Abbās, Badr al-Dawla, Naṣrid Malik, ref1

Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad, Rey Lobo or Lope, ruler of Valencia, ref1

Abū ‘Abdallāh al-Shī‘ī, propagandist, ref1

Abū ‘Alī, Ghūrid, ref1

Abū ’l-‘Arab, Ya‘rubid, ref1

Abū Bakr or Bakari, King of Songhay, ref1

Abū Bakr

I and II, Ḥafṣids, ref1

I and II, Sultans of Harar, ref1

b. ‘Abd al-Ḥaqq I, Marīnid, ref1

b. Dāwūd, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Fāris, Marīnid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate (840/1346), ref1

b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate (900/1495), ref1

b. Shehu, Fulani, ref1

b. ‘Umar, Almoravid, ref1

governor of Sharwān for the Ottomans, ref1

‘Imād al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

King of Songhay, ref1

al-Manṣūr, ‘Āmirid, ref1

Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Eldigüzid, ref1

Rustamid, ref1

Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Abū Bakr ‘Atīq (Atiku) b. ‘Uthmān, called Mai Katuru, Fulani, ref1

Abū Bakr ‘Atīq (Atiku na Rabah) b. Muḥammad Bello, Fulani, ref1

Abū Bakr Bwana Gogo, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Abū Bakr Shāh, Tughluqid Sultan of Delhi, ref1

Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, ‘Rightly-Guided’ Caliph, ref1

Abū ’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Abū ’l-Fatḥ, Zand, ref1

Abū ’l-Fatḥ al-Daylamī al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Abū ’l-Fatḥ Ismā‘īl Shāh Nāṣir al-Dīn (Ismā‘īl Mukh), Bahmanid, ref1

Abū ’l-Fawāris, Būyid in Kirman, ref1

Abū ’l-Fayḍ, Toqay Temürid ref1

Abū ’l-Ghanā’im, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Abū ’l-Ghārāt, Zuray‘id, ref1

Abū Ghashshām, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Abū ’l-Ghāzī, Toqay Temürid, ref1

Abū ’l-Ḥasan, Quṭb Shāhī, ref1

Abū Ibrāhīm Isḥāq b. Muḥammad, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1

Abū Ishāq, Jamāl al-Dīn Inju’id, ref1

Abū ’l-Jaysh, Mukramid, ref1

Abū Kālījār Marzubān ’Imād al-Dīn, Būyid in Fars and Khūzistān, ref1

Abū ’l-Khayr, khān at Tura and ruler in northern Khwārazm, ref1

Abū ’l-Ma‘ālī, Raḍī ’l-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Abū Manṣūr

‘Alā’ al-Dīn, or Malik Shāh, Saltuqid, ref1

‘Annāzid, ref1

Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Abū Manṣūr Khān, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

Abū Muḥammad, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Abū Muḥammad II, Mukramid, ref1

Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ghāzī, Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, Saltuqid, ref1

Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ghiyāth ai-Dīn (Yuzbak, Ikhtiyār ai-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1

Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Ḥasan Gangu ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Bahman Shāh (Ẓafar Khān), Bahmanid, ref1

Abū ’l-Rayyāān, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Abū Sa‘id

Hazāraspid, ref1

II Khānid, ref1

Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Shïbānid, ref1

Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Abū Sa‘id al-Za‘īm, ‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1

Abū Sa‘id Ṭoghrïl, Qiwām al-Dawla, slave commander of the Ghaznawids, ref1

Abū Shujā‘, Sulṭān al-Dawla, Būyid in Fars, Khūzistān, Iraq and Oman, ref1

Abū ’l-Sū‘ūd, Zuray‘id, ref1

Abū Ṭāhir, Hazāraspid, ref1

Abū Ṭāhir al-Ṣā’igh, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Abū Tāshufīn,‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1

Abū Yūsuf, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

al-‘Āḍid, Fāṭimid, ref1

‘Ādil, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1

‘Adil Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

‘Ādil Khān II and III, Fārūqīs, ref1

‘Ādil Shāh, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1

Aflaḥ, Rustamid, ref1

Afrāsiyāb I and II, Hazāraspids, ref1

Afrīdūn, Dānishmendid, ref1

Agha Muḥammad, Qājār, ref1

al-Aghlab, Aghlabid, ref1

Aḥmad

I and II,‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1

I-IV, Bahmanids, ref1

I, II and III, Ḥafṣids, ref1

I and II, Hūdids, ref1

I and II, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1

I and II, Marīnids, ref1

II, Qaramānlī, ref1

I and II, Sāmānids, ref1

III, Sayf al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1, ref2

I, II and III, Sultans of Harar, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Aleppo, Ḥarrān and northern Syria, ref1

Abū Bakr Ibn Ṭāhir, ruler of Murcia, ref1

Abū Ja‘far, ruler of Murcia, ref1

Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Aghlabid, ref1

(Ahmadu) or Zaraku b. Abī Bakr ‘Atīq, called Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1

(Ahmadu Rafaye) b. ‘Uthmān, Fulani, ref1

(Ahmed) I, II and III, Ottomans, ref1

‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

al-A‘raj, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Abd al-Malik, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Abī ‘Umāra, Ḥafṣid usurper, ref1

b. ‘Alī, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. al-Ḥasan, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

b. al-Ḥasan, Kalbid, ref1

b. al-Ḥasan, Zaydī Imām, ref1

b. al-Ḥusayn, Zaydī Imām, ref1

b. Isḥāq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Ismā‘īl al-Dhahabī, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

b. Khiḍr, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Maḥammad al-Shaykh, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Muḥammad, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Mulḥim, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1

b. al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mustaḍī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mustakfī I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

b. al-Mutawakkil, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Muwaffaq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Qāsim, Abu ’l-‘Aysh, Idrīsid at Aṣīlā, ref1

b. Qudām, commander in Sistan, ref1

b. Shehe b. Fumo Luti, Nabhānī of Pate (1224/1809), ref1

b. Shehe b. Fumo Luti, Nabhānī of Pate (1262/1846), ref1

b. Sulaymān, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. ‘Umar, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. al-Wazīr Abrām, Sultan of Harar, ref1

b. Yazīd of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1

b. al-Ẓāhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

b. Zaydān al-Nāṣir, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

Bānījūrid, ref1

Būyid in Iraq and Kirman, ref1

Bwana Waziri, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Carmathian, ref1

Dulafid, ref1

Fakhr al-Dīn, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

Faṭimid, ref1

Golden Horde Khān, ref1

(Hārūn), Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

Ikhshīdid, ref1

Imām of the Ibādḍiyya, ref1

Khalafid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Mahdali, ref1

al-Malik al-Manṣūr Ḥusām al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ Shihāb al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Marwānid, ref1

Mazrū‘ī ref1

Mengüjekid, ref1

Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1

Midrārid, ref1

(Muḥammad), Shams al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

(Muḥammad), Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

Muḥtājid governor of Khurasan, ref1

Mu‘īzz al-Dawla, of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1

al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1

Nuṣrat al-Dīn, ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï, ref1

Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1

Qadïr Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

Qājār, ref1

Sāmānid commander in Sīstān, ref1

Sayf al-Islām, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Shihāb al-Dīn, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1

Ṣulayḥid, ref1

Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Tūlūnid, ref1

Waṭṭāsid, ref1

(Ya‘qūb), Sökmenid, ref1

Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Aḥmad al-‘Abbās, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

Aḥmad al-Akḥal, Kalbid, ref1

Aḥmad Bey I, Qaramānlī, ref1

Aḥmad Firūz Shāh Sayf al-Dīn (‘Andil), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Aḥmad Fu’ād I and II, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

Aḥmad Gövde, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

Aḥmad Grāñ, Walashma‘ Sultan in Harar, ref1

Aḥmad Khān Abdālī, Sadōzay, ref1

Aḥmad Khān Sikandar Shāh III, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Aḥmad Khiḍr, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Aḥmad al-Mahdī al-Mūṭi’, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Aḥmad Niyā, Sāmānid commander in Sistan, ref1

Aḥmad Niẓām Shāh Baḥri, minister of the Bahmanids and first Niẓām Shāhī, Burhān I, ref1

Aḥmad Qāwurd, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

Aḥmad Sanjar, ‘Aḍud al-Dawla, ruler in Khurasan and supreme Sultan of the Seljuqs, ref1

Aḥmad Shāh

I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1

Fārūqī, ref1

(Maharājā Lela Mĕlayu), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

ruler of Bengal, ref1

Aḥmad Shāh Bahādur, Mughal, ref1

Aḥmad Simba, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Aḥmad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Aḥmad Tegüder (Takūdār), Il Khānid, ref1

Aḥmadīl b. Ibrāhīm, Rawwādid, ref1

Ahmadu b. Abī Bakr ‘Atīq, called Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1

Ahmadu Rafaye b. ‘Uthmān, Fulani, ref1

‘Ajlān Beg, Qarasï Oghullarï, ref1

Akbar I and II, Mughals, ref1

Akhsitān I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

‘Alā’ al-Dawla, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1

‘Alā’ al-Dīn

Bahmanid, ref1

’Imād Shāhī, ref1

Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

Seljuq of Rūm, ref1

Udayji, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1

‘Ālam Khān of Aḥmadnagar, Fārūqī, ref1

‘Ālam Shāh, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sayyid ruler in Delhi, ref1

‘Ālamgīr II, ‘Azīz al-Dīn, Mughal, ref1

Alfonso I el Batallador, ref1

Alfonso VI of León and Castile, ref1

‘Alī

I and II, ‘Ādil Shāhīs, ref1

I and II, Ḥamdānids, ref1

I, II and III, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1

I and II, Idrīsids, ref1

I and II, Mazyadids, ref1

I and II, Qaramānlīs, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid, ref1

(Aliyu) Babba, called Mai Cinaka, Fulani, ref1

b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

b. Abī Ṭālib, ‘Rightly-Guided’ Caliph, ref1

b. Ardashīr, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

b. Basḥa, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Būya, Abu ’l-Hasan ’Imād al-Dawla, first of the Būyids, ref1

b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (433–93/1042–1110), ref1

b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (661–5/1263–7), ref1

b. Ḥamdūn, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. Ḥammūd, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

b. Ḥammūd, al-Nāṣir, Ḥammūdid of Málaga, ref1

b. al-Ḥasan, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Haytham, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Ḥusayn, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

b. al-Ḥusayn, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. Mas‘ūd, Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Abu ’l-Ḥasan Janāḥ al-Dawla, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Eretna Oghullarï, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Zuray‘id, ref1

b. Muḥammad II, Abu ‘l-Ḥasan or Abū Ḥassūn, Waṭṭāsid, ref1

b. Muḥammad al-ṣulayḥī, ṣulayḥid, ref1

b. Mūsā b. Satuq Bughra Khān, joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1

b. Muslim, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

b. Rukn al-Dawla Ḥasan, Būyid, ref1

b. Saba’, al-A‘azz, Zuray‘id, ref1

b. Sa‘d, Abu ’l-Ḥasan (Muley Hácen), Naṣrid, ref1

b. Sa‘id, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

b. Shahriyār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

b. ‘Uthmān, Mazrū‘ī, ref1

b. Yazīd, Abū Manṣūr, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Yazīd of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1

b. Yūsuf, Almoravid, ref1

b. Yūsuf, Waṭṭāsid, ref1

b. Zayd, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Dulghadïr Oghullarï, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Ikhshīdid, ref1

Justānid, ref1

Kākūyid, ref1

Kalbid, ref1

Lu’lu’id, ref1

Mahdid, ref1

al-Malik al-‘Ādil ‘Imād al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

al-Manṣūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Ma’mūnid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Mukramid, ref1

al-Nāṣir, Ḥammūdid of Ceuta, ref1

Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Qarakhānid, ref1

Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

ruler of the Banū Ghāniya, ref1

Saltuqid, ref1

Sīmjūrid, ref1

son of Si Ma Gogo or Maḥmūd Da’o, King of Songhay, ref1

Sultan of Harar, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

al-Waḥīd, Hamdānid, ref1

Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1

‘Alī Beg, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1

‘Alī Chaghrï Khan, Qarakhānid, ref1

‘Alī Fannami, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

‘Alī Ghāzī Kanuri, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

‘Alī Golom, King of Songhay, ref1

‘Alī Ibn Hammūd, al-Nāṣir, Spanish Umayyad, ref1

‘Alī Iqbāl al-Dawla, Mujāhid of Denia and Majorca, ref1

‘Alī Jalāl al-Dīn, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

‘Alī Jalāl al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

‘Alī Jarād, son of Aḥmad Grāñ, joint ruler of Harar, ref1

‘Alī Karām (Aliyu Karami), Fulani, ref1

‘Alī Khalīl (Allāh), Chaghatayid, ref1

‘Alī Khān of Kazan, ref1

‘Alī Khwāja Tāj al-Dīn, Sarbadārid, ref1

‘Alī Kolon, King of Songhay, ref1

‘Alī Küchük, Begtiginid, ref1

‘Alī Lashkarī I and II, Shaddādids, ref1

‘Alī Malik al-Mulūk, Barīd Shāhī, ref1

‘Alī Mardān, governor of Bengal, ref1

‘Alī Mīr Khān (ruling title ‘Alī Shāh), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

‘Alī Mubārak, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

‘Alī Mughāyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

‘Alā Murād, Zand, ref1

‘Alī or Ḥusayn Ri‘āyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

‘Alī Qulī, Afshārid, ref1

‘Alī Ri‘āyat Shāh

(Rājā Buyung), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

(Sultan Muda), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

‘Alī Sayfī of Bornu (1055–95/1645–84), ref1

‘Alī Shāh

(‘Alī Mīr Khān), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Sadōzay, ref1

‘Alī Shīr, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

‘Alī Tigin, Qarakhānid, ref1

‘Alī Zayn al-‘Ābidīn

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Qāḍī Burhān al-Din Oghullarï, ref1

‘Āim, Ming, ref1

‘Alīwirdī Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1

Aliyu Babba, Fulani, ref1

Aliyu Karami, Fulani, ref1

Allāh (‘Alī Khalīl), Chaghatayid, ref1

Allāh Qulī, Qungrat, ref1

Alp Arghu(n), Shams al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1

Alp Arslan

al-Akhras, Seljuq in Aleppo, ref1

Great Seljuq, ref1

Seljuq of Rūm, ref1

Tāj al-Dīn Oghullari, ref1

Alp Khan (ruling title Hūshang Shāh), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Alp Yürük, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Chobān Oghullarï, ref1

Alpï I, Najm al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Altuntash Ḥājib, Ghaznawid commander, ref1

Alughu, Chaghatayid, ref1

Alwand, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

Alyaman, King of Songhay, ref1

Aman Allāh, Bārakzay, ref1

Amangkurat I-IV, rulers of Mataram, ref1

Amarma, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Amer, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

‘Amīd Shāh Dāwūd (Dilāwar Khān), Ghūrī, ref1

al-Amīn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Amīn al-Dīn Shāh, Jawhar al-‘Alam, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

al-‘Āmir, Fāṭimid, ref1

Amīr Barīd I and II, Barīd Shāhīs, ref1

Amīr Ghāzī Gümüshtigin, Dānishmendid, ref1

Amīr Walī, Sarbadārid, ref1

Amjad ‘Alī Thurayyā Jāh, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

‘Amr

b. al-Layth, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

b. Ya‘qūb, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

‘Andil (ruling title Aḥmad Fīrūz Shāh Sayf al-Dīn), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Anūshirwān, Ziyārid, ref1

Ā‘or Khan Aybak, governor of Bengal, ref1

Aq Kābek, Khīn of Astrakhan, ref1

Aq Sunqur

I Aḥmadīlī, ref1

II (Arslan Aba), Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Aḥmadīlī, ref1

al-Bursuqī, ruler in Aleppo, ref1

Hazārdīnārī, Badr al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1

Aragibag (Arigaba), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Ārām Shāh, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Ardashīr

b. Ḥasan, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

b. Kīkhwār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Ḥusām al-Dawla, Bādūspānid, ref1

Arghun, Il Khānid, ref1

Arigaba (Aragibag), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Ariq Böke, Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Arp Arslan (Arslan), Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

Arpa Ke’ün (Gawon), Il Khānid, ref1

Arslan

(Alp Arslan), Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

(Aq Sunqur II), Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Ahmadīlī, ref1

Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Shāh I and II, Seljuqs of Kirman, ref1

Shāh I and II, Zangids, ref1

(Shāh), Great Seljuq, ref1

Shāh (Malik Shāh), Ghaznawid, ref1

Tigin, Qarakhānid, ref1

Tigin Muḥammad, Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Arthamūkh, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Artuq, Zahīr al-Dawla, Seljuq commander, ref1

Artuq Arslan, al-Malik al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Artuq Shāh, Nūr al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

As‘ad, Yu‘firid, ref1

Āṣaf al-Dawla, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

Āṣaf Jāh (Chin Qïlïch Khān), Niẓām, ref1

Ashraf, Bādūspānid, ref1

‘Aṭiyya, Mirdāsid, ref1

Atsïz, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

‘Awaẓ, Qungrat, ref1

‘Awn al-Rafāq, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

Awrangzīb, Mughal, ref1

Aybak, Quṭb al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Aybak Khitā’ī, Sayf al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Ayurparibhadra (Ayurbarwada) or Buyantu, Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Ayyūb Shāh, Sadōzay, ref1

A‘zam Shāh

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Mughal, ref1

‘Aẓīm al-Sha’n Muḥammad ‘Aẓīm, Mughal claimant, ref1

al-‘Azīz

(al-‘Izz), Birzāl of Carmona, ref1

b. ‘Abd al-Malik, Ḍiyā’ al-Dawla, ruler of Murcia, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

Ḥammādid, ref1

‘Azzān, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Bābur

Abu ’l-Qāsim, Tīmūrid, ref1

Mughal, ref1

Bachcha-yi Saqqa(w) (ruling title Ḥabīb Allāh II), usurper in Afghanistan, ref1

Bādh al-Kurdī, Kurdish chief and founder of the Marwānids, ref1

Badī‘ al-Zamān, Tīmūrid, ref1

Bādīs

Ḥammādid, ref1

al-Muẓaffar al-Nāṣir, Zīrid of Granada, ref1

Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1

Badr

al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

al-Dīn Lu’lu’, vizier, ruler in Mosul, ref1

Ḥasanūyid, ref1

al-Munīr, Jamāl al-‘Alam, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

al-Mu‘tadidī, Turkish slave commander, ref1

Ḥasanūyid, ref1

Zaydī Imām, ref1

Bahādur

I and II Giray, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Niẓām Shāhī, ref1

Shāh

II, Mughal, ref1

Fārūqī, ref1

Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1

Bahlūl, Lōdī, ref1

Bahman, Bādūspānid, ref1

Bahrām

leader of the Syrian Ismā‘īlī community, ref1

Shāh

Ghaznawid, ref1

Mengüjekid, ref1

Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

Yamīn al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Tātār Khān, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Bakht Giray, Khān of the Tatars, ref1

Bakhtiyār, Būyid in Iraq, ref1

Balabān, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1

Balban, Ulugh Khān, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Balban Yuzbakī, ‘Izz al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Bandar, Ā1 Rashīd, ref1

Bāqī Muḥammad, Toqay Temūrid, ref1

Baraka

(Berke), Batu’id, ref1

‘Uqaylid, ref1

Baraq

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Chaghatayid, ref1

Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Baraq Ḥājib, Nāṣir al-Dunya wa ’l-Dīn, Qutlughkhānid, ref1

Barbak Shāh, Rukn al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Barghash, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Bāri, Börid, ref1

Barjīs Qadir, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

Barkiyāruq (or Berk Yaruq), Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

Bashīr I, II and III, Shihāb Amīrs, ref1

Bata-Mande-Bori, Keita of Mali, ref1

Bat‘iah Dël Wanbarā, widow of Aḥmad Grāñ, joint ruler of Harar, ref1

Batu, Batu’id, ref1

Bāw of Ṭabaristān, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Bāyazīd

(Bāyezīd) I, Yïldïrïm (‘the Lightning shaft’), Ottoman, ref1

II, Ottoman, ref1

Jalāyirid, ref1

Kararāni b. Sulaymān, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Kötörüm, Jalāl al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1

Shāh, Sayf al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Baydu, Il Khānid, ref1

Bay qara, Tīmūrid, ref1

Bayram, Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Bay ram Khōja, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

Baysonqur

Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Begtimur, Sayf al-Dīn, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1

Ber the Great, King of Songhay, ref1

Berk Yaruq (Barkiyāruq), Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

Berke (Baraka), Batu’id, ref1

Bhikan Khān (ruling title Muhammad Shāh), Sharqī, ref1

Bīdār Bakht, Mughal, ref1

Bīdar Qadïr Khān (or Pindar), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Bilge Khān, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Biri

b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Ibrāhīm, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Bīsutūn

Bādūspānid, ref1

Ziyārid, ref1

Boabdil, Muḥammad XII, Naṣrid, ref1

Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Bolod (Pūlād) Khān, Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Bozqurd, ‘Alā’ al-Dawla, Dulghadïr Oghullarï, ref1

Bud Shāh (or Shāh Khān or Zayn al-‘Ābidīn), ruler of Kashmīr, ref1

Bughra

Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Shihāb al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Bukar

I Kura, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Garbai, Shehu of Dikwa and later Bornu, ref1

Mai of Dikwa, ref1

Bukhtnassar ‘Alī, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Buluggīn II, Ḥammādid, ref1

Buqa (Toqa Temür), Chaghatayid, ref1

Burhān

I, II and III, Niẓām Shāhīs, ref1

‘Alī, Sharwān Shāh, ref1

‘Imād Shāhī, ref1

Būya b. Rukn al-Dawla Ḥasan, Būyid in Hamadan and Isfahan, ref1

Buyan, White Horde Khān, ref1

Buyan Quli, Chaghatayid, ref1

Buyantu (or Ayurparibhadra or Ayurbarwada), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Buzan, Chaghatayid, ref1

Bwana

Bakari I and II, Nabhānīs of Pate, ref1

Fumo Madi, Muḥammad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Mkuu

I and II, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Shehe

b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Muḥammad Bwana Fumo Madi, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Tamu Mkuu, Abū Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Tamu Mtoto, Abū Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Chaghatay, Chaghatayid, ref1

Chaghrï Beg Dāwūd, Seljuq ruler in Khurāsān, ref1

Changshi, Chaghatayid, ref1

Charles V, Emperor, ref1

Chimtay, White Horde Khān, ref1

Chin Qïlïch Khān (ruling title Āṣaf Jāh), Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1

Chinggis (Chingiz), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Chobān, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Chobān Oghullarï, ref1

Dābūya b. Gāwbāra, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1

Dādburzmihr b. Farrukhān I, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1

Dānishmendji, Chaghatayid, ref1

Dāniyāl Biy Atalïq, Mangït, ref1

Dāniyār, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

Danūj Mardan Deva (Rājā Ganeśa), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Danyen Kasko, Fulani, ref1

Darā

Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Ziyārid, ref1

Darā Shikūh, Mughal, ref1

Darwīsh

‘Alī, Khān of AstraKhān, ref1

Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1

Daryā, Imād Shāhī, ref1

Dāwar Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1

Dawlat Berdi, Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Dawlat Birdi Giray (Kerey), Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Dawlat Giray I-IV, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Dawlat Khān Lōdī, Delhi Sultan, ref1

Dāwūd

I and II, Artuqids, ref1

I and II, Mengüjekids, ref1

I and II Shāh, Bahmanids, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Askiya of Songhay, ref1

b. ‘Alī, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm Nikale, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (525/1131), ref1

b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa (585/1189), ref1

Bānījūrid, ref1

Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Rukn al-Dawla, Artuqid, ref1

Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

Dāwūd Kararānī b. Sulaymān, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Dāwūd Khān

Fārūqī, ref1

Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1

Ḍayfa Khātūn, Ayyūbid regent in Aleppo, ref1

Degele (or Tekele)

Hazāraspid, ref1

Salghurid, ref1

Demir Khān, Qarasï Oghullarï, ref1

Dhu ’l-Nūn, Imād al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1

Dhu ’l-Nūn Beg Arghūn, governor of Kandahar and first of the Arghūns, ref1

Dhu ’l-Nūnid Yaḥyā, puppet ruler of Valencia, ref1

Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, Dānishmendid, ref1

Dilāwar Khān Ḥasan Ghūrī, governor and then ruler of Mālwa, ref1

Dirke Kelem b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Dīwāna (ruling title Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Dīwdād II, Sājid, ref1

Don John of Austria, ref1

Du’a (Duwa), Chaghatayid, ref1

Du’a Temür, Chaghatayid, ref1

Dubays I and II, Mazyadids, ref1

Dulaf, Dulafid, ref1

Dunama

b. ‘Alī, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. Biri, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. ‘Umar, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Dunama Dibalemi, Muḥammad, ruler of Kanem, ref1

Dunama Gana, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Dunama Lefiami, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Dunama Muḥammad, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Dunama Umemi Muḥammad, ruler of Kanem, ref1

Dündār, Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1

Dündār Beg, Falak al-Dīn, Ḥamīd Oghullarï, ref1

Duqaq, Seljuq in Damascus, ref1

Dūst Muḥammad, Bārakzay, ref1

Ekinchi b. Qochqar, Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Eldigüz, Shams al-Dīn, Eldigüzid, ref1

Eljigedey, Chaghatayid, ref1

Eltüzer, Qungrat, ref1

Eretna, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Eretna Oghullarï, ref1

Esen Buqa, Chaghatayid, ref1

Eylük, Ramaḍan Oghullarï, ref1

al-Fādil

b. al-Muqtadir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Carmathian ruler, ref1

Zaydī Imām, ref1

Fāḍil Tora, Mangït, ref1

Faḍl I-V, Shaddādids, ref1

Faḍl Allāh, Ḥamdānid, ref1

Faḍlūya, Kurdish chief in Fars, ref1

Fahd, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

al-Fā’iz, Fāṭimid, ref1

Fakhr al-Dīn

II b. Qorqmaz II, Ma’n Amīr, ref1

Kart, ref1

Falak al-Dīn, Ahmadīlī, ref1

Fanā Khusraw, ‘Adud al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1

Farāmurz, Kākūyid, ref1

Farīburz

II and III, Yazidi Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

b. Sallār of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1

Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Farīdūn I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

Fāris

‘Annāzid, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

FarKhānda ‘Alī Khān, Nāṣir al-Dawla, Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1

Farrukh-siyar, Mughal, ref1

Farrukhān I and II, Dābūyid Ispahbadhs, ref1

Farrukhsiyar, Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Farrukhzād

I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Fārūq, House of Muhammad ‘Alī, ref1

Fatḥ, Sājid, ref1

Fatḥ ‘Alī Khān, Qājār, ref1

Fatḥ ‘Alī Shāh, Bābā Khān, Qājār, ref1

Fatḥ Allāh Daryā Khān, ‘Imād al-Mulk, first of the ‘Imād Shāhls, ref1

Fatḥ Giray I and II, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Fatḥ Jang, Sadōzay, ref1

Fatḥ Khān (ruling title Mahmūd Shāh I, Begfā, Sayf al-Dīn), Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1

Fatḥ Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Fātik I, II and III, Najāhids, ref1

Fāṭima Sultān Bike, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

Fayṣal

I b. Husayn b. ‘Alī, King of Greater Syria and subsequently of Iraq, ref1

II b. Ghāzī, Hāshimite King of Iraq, ref1

I and II, Su‘ūdīs, ref1

Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Ferdinand II of Aragon, ref1

Fīrūz, Būyid, ref1

Fīrūz Shāh

III, Kamāl al-Dīn, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1

I, Rukn al-Dīn, Mu’izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

II Khaljī, Jalāl al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1

b. Bāyazīd Shāh, ruler of Bengal, ref1

b. Husayn Shāh, Alā’ al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Qutb al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma’bar, ref1

Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Tāj al-Dīn, Bahmanid, ref1

Ẓafar, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1

Fuḍayl, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Fūlād Sutūn, Būyid in Fars, ref1

Fumo Bakari

b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Bwana Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Fumo Luti b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Fumo Luti Kipanga, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Fumo Omari b. Aḥmad b. Shehe, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

Garshāsp

I and II, Kākūyids, ref1

I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

Gawon (Arpa Ke’ün), Il Khānid, ref1

Gaykhatu, Il Khānid, ref1

Gharib, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Ghāzān (or Maḥmūd Ghazan) I, II Khānid, ref1

Ghāzi

I and II, Najm al-Dīn, Artuqids, ref1

I and II, Sayf al-Dīn, Zangids, ref1

Ḥashimite King of Iraq, ref1

Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Ghāzī Chelebi, Parwāna Oghullarï, ref1

Ghāzī Giray I, II and III, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Ghāzī Khān Chak (ruling title Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dī n), Sultan of Kashmir, ref1

Ghāzī Shāh, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Ghaznī Khān

Fārūqi, ref1

Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn

I and II, Karts, ref1

Hazāraspid, ref1

(‘Iwad, Husām al-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1

Kay Khusraw, Inju’id, ref1

Shāh, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Tahamtan, Bahmanid, ref1

Gīl, Dābūyid Ispahbadh, ref1

Gīlān Shāh, Ziyārid, ref1

Gökbori, Begtiginid, ref1

‘Great Sanūsi’, the, Sayyid Muḥammad b. Alī, ref1

Güneri Beg, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

Gushnāsp or Garshāsp II, Yazīdī Sharwan Shah, ref1

Güyük, Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Ḥabbūs, Zīrid of Granada, ref1

Ḥabīb Allah

I Bārakzay, ref1

II, or Bachcha-yi Saqqā(w), usurper in Afghanistan, ref1

Sadōzay, ref1

Ḥabīb Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

al-Hādī, Mūsā, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid, ref1

Ḥāfiẓ, Kart, ref1

Hai-shan (or Qayshan Gülük), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Haji Muḥammad Ali, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Ḥajjāj Sultān, Qutlughkhānid, ref1

Ḥājjī Giray I and II, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Ḥājjī Khān (ruling title Ḥaydar Shāh), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Ḥājjī Shāh, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1

al-Ḥakam I and II, Spanish Umayyads, ref1

al-Ḥakim

I, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Aleppo and then Cairo, ref1

II, Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

al-Hakīm al-Munajjim, Nizārī Ismā’īlī, ref1

Ḥalīm Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Ḥamdān, chief in Mārdīn and Mosul, founder of the Hamdānids, ref1

Ḥamdīn, al-Mansūr, ruler in Cordova, ref1

Ḥamdūn, Sayf of Bornu, ref1

Ḥāmid

Āl Bū Sa’id, ref1, ref2

Sultan of Harar, ref1

Ḥammād, Hammādid, ref1

Ḥammūd, Āl Bū Sa’id, ref1

Ḥam(m)ūda Pasha, Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1

Ḥamza

Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

‘Izz al-Dīn, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1

Zaydi Imam, ref1

Ḥamza Shāh, Sayf al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Ḥarb, Tāj al-Dīn III, Nasrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

al-Hārith, Dulaf id, ref1

Hārūn

(Aḥmad), Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. al-Mahdī, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mu‘taṣim, al-Rashīd, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

(Ḥasan), joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1

(Ḥasan), Nāṣir al-Haqq, Qarakhānid, ref1

Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Ṭūlūnid, ref1

Ḥasan

II and III, Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs, ref1

b. Alp Arslan Muḥammad, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1

b. Būya, Abū ‘Alī Rukn al-Dawla, Būyid in Jibāl, ref1

b. Kay Khusraw, Fakhr al-Dawla, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Buy id in Iraq, ref1

Fulani, ref1

(Hārūn), joint founder of the Qarakhānid confederation, ref1

Ḥusām al-Dīn, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1

Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ‘l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1

al-Mustansir, Hammūdid of Ceuta, ref1

Numayrid, ref1

Qutb al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï, ref1

(Tigin) b. ‘Alī, Qarakhānid, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

al-Ḥasan

I and II, ‘Alawid Sharīfs, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

‘Abd al-Wādid, ref1

Abū ‘Alī al-A‘ṣam, Carmathian ruler, ref1

Abū Sa‘id, Carmathian ruler, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh, Kalbid, ref1

b. Dāwūd, Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Ismā‘īl, al-Khatīb, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Idrīsid at al-Hajjām, ref1

b. al-Qāsim, Idrīsid at Ḥajar al-Nasr, ref1

b. Sulaymān

Abu ’l-Mawāhib, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa (710/1310), ref1

Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa (884/1479, 8914/1468–9), ref1

Shīrāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Ṭālūt, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Ḥafṣid, ref1

Ḥamdānid, ref1

Kamāl al-Dīn, Nizāri Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Marwānid, ref1

al-Mustansir, Hammūdid of Málaga, ref1

Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Ṣamṣām, Kalbid, ref1

‘Uqaylid, ref1

Zaydī Imām, ref1

Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1

Ḥasan ‘Alī, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

Ḥasan Dāmghānī, Sarbadārid, ref1

Ḥasan-i Sabbāh (al-Ḥasan), Fāṭimid agent and Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Ḥasan Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Ḥasanawayh, Ḥasanūyid, ref1

Hāshim

b. Surāqa al-Sulamī, governor of Darband and first of the Hāshimids, ref1

Bānijūrid, ref1

Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Sultan of Harar, ref1

Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Ḥātim

Aḥmad, Hāmī;d al-Dawla, Hamdānid, ref1

b. al-Ghashīm al-Hamdānī, Hamdānid, ref1, ref2

b. al-Humās, Hamdānid, ref1

Ḥaydar

I and II, Nawwābs of Oudh, ref1

‘All Khān Bahadur, ruler in Mysore, ref1

Shihāb Amir, ref1

Shujā’ al-Dawla Jalāl al-Dīn, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

Ḥaydar Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Ḥaydar Qaṣṣāb, Sarbadārid, ref1

Ḥaydar Shāh (Hājjī Khān), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Haytham

b. Muḥammad, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Muḥammad of Sharwān, Hāshimid, ref1

Khālid, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Hazārasp, Bādūspānid, ref1

Hilāl

Ḥasanūyid, ref1

Ibn Mardanish, ruler of Valencia, ref1

Hindal, Qutb al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Hishām

I, II and III, Spanish Umayyads, ref1

‘Alawid Sharif, ref1

Hamdānid, ref1

Umayyad caliph, ref1

Hülegü (or Hūlākū), Il Khānid, ref1

al-Humās, Hamdānid, ref1

Humāyūn, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Mughal, ref1

Humāyūn Shāh, Bahmanid, ref1

Hume or Ume Jilmi, first Yazanī ruler of Kanem, ref1

Husayn

I and II, Ghūrids, ref1

I and II, Jalāyirids, ref1

I, II and III, Nizām Shāhīs, ref1

I and II, Rawwādids, ref1

I, Safawid, ref1

‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

b. ‘All, Sharīf of Mecca and Hijāz and King of Hijāz, Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

b. Talāl, Hāshimite King of Jordan, ref1

Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ‘l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1

Kamāl al-Dīn, ḥamid Oghullarï, ref1

al-Nasr, Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1

rebel against Khalafid Saffārids, ref1

Ṣāḥib Ata Oghullarï, ref1

Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

al-Husayn

I and II, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1

b. Khalīl II, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

b. al-Qāsim, Zaydī Imām, ref1

b. Sulaymān (757/1356), Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Sulaymān (791/1389), Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Hamdānid, ref1

Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

Mukramid, ref1

Tāhirid, ref1

Husayn Fath Shāh, Jalāl al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Husayn Kāmil, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

al-Husayn al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1

al-Husayn al-Mansūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Husayn Qulī, Qājār, ref1

Husayn Shāh

Nāṣir al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Sharqī, ref1

Hūshang, Yazidi Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Hūshang Shāh (Alp Khān), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Ibn al-Mu’tazz al-Murtaḍā al-Muntaṣif, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Ibrāhīm

I and II, Ādil Shāhīs, ref1

land II, Aghlabids, ref1

I and II, Ḥafṣids, ref1

II, Lōdī Delhi Sultan, ref1

I and II, Musāfirids, ref1

I and II, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

I, II and III, Ramaḍān Oghullarï, ref1

I and II, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

(‘Abdallāh) b. ‘Abdallāh, Ziyādid, ref1

Afshārid, ref1

Arslan Khān Ulugh Sulṭān al-Salāṭīn Nuṣrat al-Dunyā wa ‘I-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Abī Bakr, Almoravid ruler in Sijilmāsa, ref1

b. Abī Bakr, Nizām al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. Aḥmad (Hārūn), Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Ḥusayn, Arslan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

b. al-Mahdi, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Muḥammad (449/1057), Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Ziyādid, ref1

b. al-Muqtadir, Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Naṣr, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Sökmen I, Artuqid, ref1

b. Sulaymān, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Tāshufīn, Almoravid, ref1

b. ‘Uthmān, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Barīd Shāhī, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1

Hamdānid, ref1

Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Khān of Kazan, ref1

Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1

Mughal, ref1

Muhtājid, ref1

Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Nizām Shāhī, ref1

Ottoman, ref1

Pasha of Egypt, ref1

Quṭb Shāhī, ref1

Shams al-Dīn, Sharqī, ref1

Shehu of Dikwa, ref1

Sīmjūrid, ref1

Tāj al-Dīn, Jāndār Oghullarï, ref1

Tamghach (Tabghach) Bughra Khān, Ibrāhīm, Qarakhānid, ref1

Tamghach (Tabghach) Khān (536/1141), Qarakhānid, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Umayyad caliph, ref1

‘Uqaylid, ref1

Yu’firid, ref1

Ẓahir al-Dīn, Sökmenid, ref1

Ibrāhīm Kabayao, King of Songhay, ref1

Ibrāhīm Khān III, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Ibrāhīm Nikale b. Biri, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Ibrāhīm Pasha, House of Muḥammad Alī, ref1

Ibrāhīm Shāh

I Qadïr Khān, Rukn al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Idrīs

II, Almohad, ref1

I, disputant for authority in Morocco, ref1

I, II and III, Hammūdids, ref1

I and II, Idrīsids, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

b. Dāwūd, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm Nikale, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Idrīs Alawma, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Idrīs Katagarmabe, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

II Arslan

Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Nūral-Dīn, Zangid, ref1

II Ghāzī I and II, Artuqids, ref1

Ilbasan, White Horde Khān, ref1

Iltutmish, Shams al-Dīn, Mu’izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Ilyās

Fakhr al-Dīn, Sarukhān Oghullarï, ref1

Ḥusām al-Dīn, Ḥamid Oghullarï, ref1

Muzaffar al-Dīn or Shujā’ al-Dīn, Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1

Ilyās Shāh, Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Ilyasa’

b. Muḥammad, Ilyāsid, ref1

Midrārid, ref1

‘Imād al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1

Imām Qulī, Toqay Temürid, ref1

Imām ‘Umar Dīn, Sultan of Harar, ref1

Imrān b. Muḥammad, Zuray’id, ref1

Inanj Beg, Shujā‘ al-Dīn, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1

‘Ināyat Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

‘Ināyat Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Irān Shāh, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

‘Iraq, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Irinchinbal (Rinchenpal), Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Īsā

Aydïn Oghullarï, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

al-Malik al-Zāhir Majd al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

‘Uqaylid, ref1

Īsā Khān, governor of Mālwa, ref1

Isfahsālār, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1

Isfandiyār

(Isfendiyār), Mubāriz al-Dīn, Jāndār Orhullarï, ref1

Qungrat, ref1

Ishāq

I and II, Askiyas of Songhay, ref1

Almoravid, ref1

Birzāl of Carmona, ref1

Lu’lu’id, ref1

Mengüjekid, ref1

Najm al-Dīn, Ḥamīd Orhullarï, ref1

Qaramān Orhullarï, ref1

Ṭāhirid in Baghdad and Iraq, ref1

Ziyādid, ref1

Isḥāq Beg, Inanj Orhullarï, ref1

Isḥāq Chelebi, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Ṣarukhān Orhullarï, ref1

Isḥāq Mulla or Muḥammad Pūlād, Ming, ref1

Iskandar

b. Kayūmarth, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Nāmāwar, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Ziyār, Jalāl al-Dawla, Bādūspānid, ref1

Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

Shïbānid, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Iskandar Muda, posthumously called Makota ‘Ālam (Crown of the World), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Islām Giray I, II and III, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Islām Shāh Sūr, Sūrī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Ismā‘īl

I and II, Abu ’l-Walīd, Naṣrids, ref1

I, II and III, Ṣafawids, ref1

II b. Nūḥ ll, Sāmānid, ref1

‘Ādil Shāhi, ref1

al-‘Ajamī, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Askiya of Songhay, ref1

‘Ayn al-Dawla, Dānishmendid, ref1

b. Aḥmad I, Sāmānid, ref1

b. al-‘Azīz Tughtigin, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1

b. al-Ḥāfiz, Fāṭimid, ref1

b. al-Qā’im, Fāṭimid, ref1

Dhu ’l-Nūnid of Toledo, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Kamāl al-Dīn, Jāndār Orhullarï, ref1

Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Lu’lu’id, ref1

Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Musāfirid, ref1

al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Najm al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Niẓām Shāhi, ref1

Shams al-Mulūk, Börid, ref1

‘Uthmān, Rasūlid, ref1

Zangid, ref1

Ismā‘īl Mukh (ruling title Abu ’l-Fath Ismā‘īl Shāh Nāṣir al-Dīn), Bahmanid, ref1

Ismā‘īl Pasha, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

Ismā‘īl al-Samīn, ‘Alawid Sharif, ref1

Ismā‘īl Shāh, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Ispan, Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

‘Iwad, Husām al-Dīn (ruling title Ghiyāth al-Dīn), governor of Bengal, ref1

‘Izz al-Dīn Karmān, Mihrabānid Malik, ref1

? Jabbār Berdi (or Yeremferden), Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Jadu, later Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Ja‘far

Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Kalbid, ref1

b. al-Mu‘taḍid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Tāj al-Dawla, Kalbid, ref1

Zand, ref1

Zaydī Imām, ref1

Jahān Pahlawān Muḥammad, Eldigüzid, ref1

Jahān Shāh

(Pòtjut Auk), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Qara Qoyunlu, ref1

Jahāndār, Mughal, ref1

Jahāngīr

Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

b. ‘Azīz, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Kāwūs, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Bādūspānid, ref1

Mughal, ref1

Jāhir, Kalbid, ref1

Jahwar, Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1

Jalāl al-Dīn, Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Jalāl Khān (ruling title Aḥmad Shāh (II), Quṭb al-Dīn), Sultan of Gujarat, ref1

Jalāl Shāh, Sūrī ruler of Bengal, ref1

Jalīl, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Jambek (Jānī Beg), Batu’id, ref1

Jamshīd

Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Jān ‘Alī, Khān of Kazan and Qāsimov, ref1, ref2

Jānay, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

Jānī Beg

Arghūn, ref1

(Jambek), Batu’id, ref1

Jānī Beg Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Jānī Muḥammad, Toqay Temürid, ref1

Jawhar, Fāṭimid general, ref1

Jawhar al-‘Ālam Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Jawhar al-Mu’aẓẓamī, Ṣulayḥid regent, ref1

Jaysh, Ṭūlūnid, ref1

Jayyāsh, Najāḥid, ref1

Jibrā’īl, Qarakhānid, ref1

Jijaghatu Toq Temür, Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Jil, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

al-Julandā, first Ibāḍī Imām in Oman, ref1

Junayd, Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1

Justān

II, III and IV, Justānids, ref1

I and II, Musāfirids, ref1

Kade

b. Dunama, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Idrīs, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. ‘Uthmān, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Kāfūr al-Lābi, Ikhshīdid, ref1

Kalīm Allāh, Bahmanid, ref1

Kām Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1

Kāmrān

Mughal, ref1

Sadōzay, ref1

Kanafa, King of Songhay, ref1

Karīm Berdi, Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Kathīr, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Kawkaw, Askiya of Songhay, ref1

Kāwūs

b. Ashraf, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Kayūmarth, Bādūspānid, ref1

Kay Kāwūs, Bādūspānid, ref1

I and II, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1

Rukn al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Ziyārid, ref1

Kay Khusraw

I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1

b. Yazdagird, Rukn al-Dawla, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Bādūspānid, ref1

Kay Qubādh

I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1

Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Kayūmarth

b. Bahman, Bādūspānid, ref1

b. Bīsutūn, Bādūspānid, ref1

Shams al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Kebek

(Köpek), Chaghatayid, ref1

Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Khalaf

Bahā’ al-Dawla, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Khalafid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Sultan of Harar, ref1

Khālid

I and II, Ḥafsids, ref1

b. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

b. Sulaymān, Shīrāzi Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Su‘ūd I, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

b. Yazīd, precursor of the Yazīdī Sharwān Shahs, ref1

Khalīfa

b. Barghash, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

b. Kharūb, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Khalīl

I and II, Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

Ghars al-Dīn, Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1

Ghars al-Dīn, Ramaḍan Orhullarï, ref1

Khān of Kazan, ref1

Khalīl Khān (ruling title Muẓaffar Shāh II), Sultan of Gujarat, ref1

Khalīl Sulṭān, Tīmūrid, ref1

Khamīs, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Khashram Aḥmad, ruler of Lakz, ref1

Khayr al-Dīn Barbarossa, ref1

Khayrān al-Ṣaqlabī, of Almería, ref1, ref2

Khiḍr

Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1

Batu’id, ref1

Qarakhānid, ref1

Sinān al-Dīn, Tekke Orhullarï, ref1

Khiḍr Beg, Ḥamīd Orhullarï, ref1

Khiḍr Khān

Bahādur Shāh, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Sūrī governor and then ruler of Bengal, ref1

Rāyat-i A‘lā, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1

Khiḍr Shāh, Ṣarukhān Orhullarï, ref1

Khumārawayh, Ṭūlūnid, ref1

Khurshīd I and II, Dābūyid Ispahbadhs, ref1

Khūshchihr, Shaddādid, ref1

Khusraw Fīrūz

Būyid, ref1

Justānid, ref1

Khusraw Khān Barwārī, usurper in Delhi, ref1

Khusraw Malik, Ghaznawid, ref1

Khusraw Shāh

Justānid, ref1

Mu‘izz al-Dawla, Ghaznawid, ref1

Khwāja ‘Alī

Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Sarbadārid, ref1

Khwāja-yi Jahān Aḥmad Ayāz, Tughluqid rebel, ref1

Khwurshāh, Rukn al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Kirmān Shāh, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

Kiyā Buzurg, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Köchkunju Muḥammad, Shïbānid, ref1

Köchü, White Horde Khān, ref1

Könchek, Chaghatayid, ref1

Köpek (or Kebek), Chaghatayid, ref1

Körp Arslan, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Aḥmadīlī, ref1

Kosoy (or Kosay) Muslim Dam, King of Songhay, ref1

Küchük Muḥammad, Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Kure Gana, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Kure Kura, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

Kuthayyir b. Aḥmad, commander in Sistan, ref1

Labīb al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1

Langar, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Atabeg of Yazd, ref1

Lashkarī, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

al-Layth, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Layth, Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1

Luqmān, Il Khānid, ref1

Luṭf ‘Alī, Zand, ref1

Luṭf Allāh, Sarbadārid, ref1

Luṭfī, Bey of Alanya, ref1

Lu’lu’

Lu’lu’id Atabeg, ref1

regent in Aleppo and northern Syria for the Ḥamdānids, ref1

Ma‘add

Abu ’l-Ḥasan al-Zahir, Fāṭimid, ref1

Abū Tamīm al-Mustansir, Fāṭimid, ref1

Maghā I, Keita of Mali, ref1

Maḥammad al-Shaykh

al-Aṣghar or al-Ṣaghīr, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1

al-Ma’mūn, Sa‘did Sharīf, ref1

b. Muḥammad al-Mahdi, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1

Maharājā Lela Mĕlayu (or Aḥmad Shāh), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Mahdī

Justānid, ref1

Mahdid, ref1

al Mahdī

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

Mahendra Deva, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Maḥmūd

I and II, Ottomans, ref1

I and II, Seljuqs in Persia and Iraq, ref1

b. Aḥmad, vassal of the Khwārazm Shāh and then of Küchlüg, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Dāwūd, Ramaḍān Orhullarï, ref1

b. Ḥusayn, Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Zangī, Zangid ruler in Aleppo and then Damascus, ref1

Badr al-Dīn, Qaramān Orhullarï, ref1

Börid, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn

Ghūrid, ref1

Tughluqid, ref1

Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1

Jalāl al-Dīn

Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1

ruler of Bengal, ref1

Zangid, ref1

Jalāl al-Dunyā wa ’1-Dīn, Sultān Shāh, Anūshtiginid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Jalāyirid, ref1

(Maḥmūdak), Khān of Kazan, ref1

Majd al-Dīn (Badr al-Dīn), Bey of Alanya, ref1

al-Malik al-Mu‘aẓẓam Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1

al-Malik al-Qāhir Nāṣir al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1

al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ

Nāṣir al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Shams al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Mirdāsid, ref1

Nāṣir al-Dīn

Chobān Orhullarï, ref1

Malik al-Sharq, governor of Bengal, ref1

Qarakhānid, ref1

Rukn al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Shaddādid, ref1

Shihāb al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Tāj al-Dīn Orhullarï, ref1

Tekke Orhullarï, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Ṭoghrïl Qara Khān, Niẓām al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

Maḥmūd Dāmghān Shāh, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1

Maḥmūd Ghazan (Ghāzān] I, II Khānid, ref1

Maḥmūd Gokaltāsh, Arghūn, ref1

Maḥmūd Khān (ruling title Maḥmūd Shāh (I) Khaljī), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Maḥmūd Shāh

II, Khaljī Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

I, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī Sultan of Delhi, ref1

II, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Tughluqid Sultan of Delhi, ref1

I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1

Abu ’1-Muẓaffar Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Atabeg of Yazd, ref1

Bahmanid, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Inju, Sharaf al-Dīn, Inju’id, ref1

Nāṣir al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Sadōzay, ref1

Sharqī, ref1

Sultan of Acheh (1287/1870), ref1

(Tuanku Raja), Sultan of Acheh (1173–95/1760–81), ref1

Mai Cimola, Fulani, ref1

Mai Cinaka, Fulani, ref1

Mai Katuru, Fulani, ref1

Mai Turare, Fulani, ref1

Mai Wurno, Fulani, ref1

Majd al-Dīn‘ Muẓaffar, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Majīd, Āl Bū Sa‘id, ref1

Mākān, Daylamī commander, ref1

Makota ‘Ālam (Iskandar Muda), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Malāq Ādam, Sultan of Harar, ref1

al-Malik al-‘Ādil

I and II, Ayyūbids in Damascus, ref1

I, III and IV, Ayyūbids in Diyār Bakr, ref1

II Abū Bakr, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1

VI Khalaf b. Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

I Muḥammad or Aḥmad, Ayyūbid in Aleppo and Egypt, ref1

V Sulaymān I, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

al-‘Abbās or Ya‘qūb, ‘Abbāsid caliph and Mamlūk sultan, ref1

‘Abdallāh Jakam, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Baydarā, Badr al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Kitbughā, Zayn al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Salāmish or Süleymish, Badr al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Tūmān Bay I, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Afḍal

al-‘Abbās, Rasūlid, ref1

‘Alī, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1

Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1

Muḥammad, Rasūlid, ref1

Malik al-Jibāl, Sūrī b. Ḥusayn I, Ghūrid, ref1

Malik al-Mulūk (‘Alī), Barīd Shāhī, ref1

Malik Arslan, Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1

Malik Arslan (or Arslan Shāh), Ghaznawid, ref1

al-Malik al-Ashraf

II Aḥmad, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

I Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Damascus and Diyār Bakr, ref1

II Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1

Barsbay, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Ināl al-‘Alā’ī al-Ẓāhirī, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Ismā‘īl I, II and III, Rasūlids, ref1

Jānbulāṭ, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Khalīl, Salāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Kūjūk, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Mūsā, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1

Mūsā, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Qānṣawh II al-Ghawrī, Burj Mamlūk, ref1

Qāyit Bay al-Ẓāhirī, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Sha‘bān II, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Ṭūmān Bay II, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

‘Umar II, Rasūlid, ref1

al-Malik al-Awḥad Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

al-Malik al-‘Azīz

I ‘Uthmān, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1

Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Aleppo, ref1

Tughtigin, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1

Yūsuf, Jamāl al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Malik Dhu ’1-Nūn, Dānishmendid, ref1

Malik Hazārasp, Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Hazāraspid, ref1

Malik Ibrahīm, Shams al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1

Malik Ismā‘īl, Shams al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1

al-Malik al-Kāmil

II and III, Ayyūbids in Diyār Bakr, ref1

I Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Damascus and Egypt, ref1

(al-‘Ādil Aḥmad), Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

Khalīl II, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

Sha‘bān I, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Sunqur al-Ashqar, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Manṣūr

I and II Muḥammad, Ayyūbids in Ḥamāt, ref1

Abd al-‘Azīz, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

‘Abd al-Wahhāb, Tāj al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1

‘Abdallāh, Rasūlid, ref1

Abū Bakr, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

‘Alī I and II, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūks, ref1

Ibrāhīm, Ayyūbid in Ḥims, ref1

Lāchīn or Lājīn al-Ashqar, Ḥusām al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Muḥammad II, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Egypt, ref1

Qalāwūn al-Alfī, Abu ’1-Ma‘ālī Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

‘Umar I, Rasūlid, ref1

‘Uthmān, Fakhr al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Mas‘ūd

Rasūlid, ref1

Yūsuf, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1

al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad

Aḥmad III, Shihāb al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Dāwūd, Rasūlid, ref1

al-Ḥusayn, Rasūlid, ref1

Shaykh al-Maḥmūdī al-Ẓāhirī, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Mu‘aẓẓam

‘Īsā, Sharaf al-Dīn, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1

Sulaymān, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1

Tūrān Shāh, Ayyūbids in Damascus, Diyār Bakr, Egypt and Yemen, ref1

al-Malik al-Mu‘izz Aybak al-Turkumānī, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Mujāhid

‘Alī, Rasūlid, ref1

‘Alī, Shams al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1

Sanjar, ‘Alam al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Shīrkūh II, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1

Malik Mujāhid Ghāzī, Dānishmendid, ref1

al-Malik al-Muwaḥḥid ‘Abdallāh, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

al-Malik al-Muzaffar

II and III Maḥmūd, Ayyūbids in Ḥamāt, ref1

I ‘Umar, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1

Aḥmad II, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Baybars II al-Jāshnakīr, Rukn al-Dīn (Burjī), Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Ghāzī, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

Ḥājjī I and II, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Qutuz al-Mu‘izzī, Sayf al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Yūsuf I, Shams al-Dīn, Rasūlid, ref1

al-Malik al-Nāṣir

II Dāwūd, Ayyūbid in Damascus, ref1

I Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (Saladin), Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

I and II Yūsuf, Ayyūbids in Aleppo, Damascus and Egypt, ref1

Aḥmad I, Shihāb al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Aḥmad b. Ismā‘īl I, Rasūlid, ref1

Aḥmad b. Yahyā, Rasūlid, ref1

Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Yemen, ref1

Faraj, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Ḥasan, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Muḥammad IV, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Muḥammad I, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Qilij Arslan, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1

al-Malik al-Qāhir Muḥammad, Ayyūbid in Ḥimṣ, ref1

Malik Qaranful Mubārak Shāh, Sharqī, ref1

Malik Rājā Aḥmad Fārūqī, Fārūqī, ref1

al-Malik al-Sa‘īd Baraka or Berke Khān, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ

I and II, Ayyūbids in Damascus, ref1

III Abū Bakr, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

II Ayyūb, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr and Egypt, ref1, ref2

IV Khalīl, Ayyūbid in Diyār Bakr, ref1

Ismā‘īl, ‘Imād al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

(al-Manṣūr Ḥājjī II), Ṣalāh al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Mu’ayyad Ismā‘īl, Ayyūbid in Ḥamāt, ref1

Muḥammad III, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Malik Sarwar, Khwāja-yi Jahān, Sharqī, ref1

Malik Shāh

I, II and III, Seljuqs in Persia and Iraq, ref1

(Abū Manṣūr, ‘All al-Dīn), Saltuqid, ref1

Mengüjekid, ref1

(Shāhānshāh), Seljuq of Rūm, ref1

Malik Yaghïbasan, Dānishmendid, ref1

al-Malik al-Ẓāfir ‘Āmir II, Ṣalāh al-Dīn, Ṭāhirid of Yemen, ref1

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir

Barqūq al-Yalbughāwī, Sayf al-Dīn, Mamlūk, ref1

Baybars I al-Bunduqdārī, Rukn al-Dīn, Baḥrī Mamlūk, ref1

Chaqmaq or Jaqmaq, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Khushqadam, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Qānṣawh I, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Ṭāṭār, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Timurbughā, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

Yaḥyā, Rasūlid, ref1

Yalbay, Sayf al-Dīn, Burjī Mamlūk, ref1

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī, Ayyūbid in Aleppo, ref1

Mallā, Ming, ref1

Mallū, ‘Ādil Shāhī, ref1

Mallū Khān, governor of Mālwa, ref1

Mamā Khātūn, Saltuqid, ref1

Mamlān or Muḥammad I and II, Rawwādids, ref1

al-Ma’mūn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Ma’mūn I and II, Ma’mūnids Khwārazm Shāhs, ref1

Mamūq, Khān of Kazan, ref1

Ma‘n

‘Alam al-Dīn, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1

Hamdānid, ref1

of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1

Zayn al-Dīn, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1

Manādhar, Justānid, ref1

Manī‘, Numayrid, ref1

Mansā Abū Bakr I and II, Keitas of Mali, ref1

Mansā Gaw or Qū, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Kamba or Qanba or Qāsā, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Khalīfa, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Maghan I, II and III, Keitas of Mali, ref1

Mansā Mamadu or Muḥammad, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Mari Dyāta or Mārī Jāṭa II, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Mūsā I, II and III, Keitas of Mali, ref1

Mansā Qanba or Qāsā see Mansā Kamba

Mansā Sulaymān, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Ulī or Ule, Keita of Mali, ref1

Mansā Wātī, Keita of Mali, ref1

Manṣūr

I and II, Sāmānids, ref1

Abū Naṣr Murtaḍā al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid, ref1

Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Arslan Khān, Nūr al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. ‘Abd al-Malik, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Maymūn, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

Marwānid, ref1

Mazyadid, ref1

Muḥtājid, ref1

Qāḍī, ruler of Valencia, ref1

Sharaf al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

Shihāb Amir, ref1

al-Manṣūr

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Abī Amir, Almanzor, Ḥājib in Spain, ref1

b. al-‘Azīz, Fāṭimid, ref1

b. al-Musta‘lī, Fāṭimid, ref1

b. al-Mustarshid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Ẓāhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

Ḥammādid, ref1

Najāḥid, ref1

Saba’, Ṣulayḥid, ref1

‘Uqaylid, ref1

Zīrid governor of the Maghrib, ref1

Manṣūr Shāh

‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh (987/1579), ref1

Sultan of Acheh (1252/1836), ref1

Manūchihr

I, II and III, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāhs, ref1

Shaddādid, ref1

Ziyārid, ref1

Maqṣūd Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Mardāwīj, Ziyārid, ref1

Marhum Tuha (Abdul Jalilul Akbar), Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Mari Sun Dyāta (Mari Jāṭa) I, Keita of Mali, ref1

Marwān

I, Umayyad caliph, ref1

II, al-Ḥimār, Umayyad caliph, ref1

Marzubān

I and II, Musāfirids, ref1

Abū Kālijār ‘Imād al-Dīn, Būyid, ref1

Abū Kālijār Ṣamṣām al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1

b. Abī Shujā‘ Sulṭān al-Dawla, Būyid, ref1

Justānid, ref1

Shaddādid, ref1

Mas Ngabehi Sutavijaya Senapati, ruler of Mataram, ref1

Masīḥ Mīrzā, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

Masta

b. Muḥammad Amīn Kiari, Mai of Dikwa, ref1

b. Shehu Sanda Mandarama, Mai of Dikwa, ref1

Mas‘ūd

I, II and III, Ghaznawids, ref1

I and II, ‘Izz al-Dīn, Zangids, ref1

I, II and III, Seljuqs of Rūm, ref1

b. Ḥsan, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Qarakhānid, ref1

Fakhr al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, Zangid, ref1

Mazrū‘ī, ref1

Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1

Muhadhdhib al-Dīn, Parwāna Orhullarï, ref1

Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

Tīmūrid, ref1

Wajīh al-Dīn, Sarbadārid, ref1

al-Mas‘ūd, Zuray‘id, ref1

Mas‘ūd Jānī

‘Alā’ al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Jalāl al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Mas‘ūd Khān, Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Mas‘ūd Shāh

‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Mu‘izzī, ref1

Jalāl al-Dīn, Inju’id, ref1

Mawdūd

Ghaznawid, ref1

al-Malik al-Mas‘ūd Rukn al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Quṭb al-Dīn, Zangid, ref1

Maymūn

b. Aḥmad, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Manṣūr, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

Ibn Thaqiyya, al-Amīr, Midrārid, ref1

Māzyār, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Medemīn (Muḥammad Amīn, Abu ’1-Ghāzi), Qungrat, ref1

Megat Iskandar Shāh, ruler of Malacca, ref1

Meḥemmed see Muḥammad, Ottomans, ref1

Menelik, Emperor of Ethiopia, ref1

Mengli Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Mengü

(Möngke) Temür, Batu’id, ref1

(Töde Möngke), Batu’id, ref1

Mengü Temür, Salghurid, ref1

Mengübirti, Jalāl al-Dīn, Anūshtiginid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Mengüjek Aḥmad, Mengüjekid, ref1

Menteshe Beg, Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1

Midrār (al-Muntaṣir), Midrārid, ref1

Mihr Mardān, Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

?Mingīrinī see Mengübirti, Jalāl al-Dīn

Mīr Ja‘far Muḥammad Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1

Mīr Maḥbūb ‘Alī I and II, Niẓāms of Hyderabad, ref1

Mīr Qāsim ‘Alī, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1

Mīr ‘Uthmān ‘Alī Khān Bahādur Fatḥ Jang, Niẓām of Hyderabad, ref1

Mīran Mubārak Khān I, Fārūqī, ref1

Mīrān Muḥammad Shāh I and II, Fārūqīs, ref1

Mīrān Shāh, Jalāl al-Dīn, Tīmūrid, ref1

Mīrzā ‘Ādil Khān I, Fārūqī, ref1

Mīrzā ‘Alī, Barīd Shāhī, ref1

Mīrzā Ḥaydar Dughlat, Mughal prince in Kashmīr, ref1

Mīrzā Maḥmūd, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1

Mīrzā Walī Amīr Barīd III, Barīd Shāhī, ref1

Mit‘ab I and II, Ā1 Rashīd, ref1

Miyān Bāyazīd, Bāz Bahādur, ruler of Mālwa, ref1

Mö’etüken, son of Chingiz Khāh, ref1

Möngke (Mengü)

Mongol Great Khān, ref1

Temür, Batu’id, ref1

Moyasa Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1

al-Mu‘addal, Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Mu‘ādh (Mu’azu, Moyasa) Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1

Mu‘āwiya I and II, Umayyad caliphs, ref1

Mu’azu Aḥmadu, Fulani, ref1

Mubārak

Qutlughkhānid, ref1

Ṣārim al-Dīn, Nizārī Ismā‘īlī, ref1

Mubārak al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1

Mubārak Khwāja, White Horde Khān, ref1

Mubārak Shāh

II, Fārūqī, ref1

II, Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1

Chaghatayid, ref1

Fakhr al-Dīn, ruler of Bengal, ref1

Fakhr al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1

Quṭb al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1

Mubashshir, Nāṣir al-Dawla, ruler of Majorca, ref1

Mughāyat Shāh, Iskandar Thāni ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Mughīth al-Dīn (Ṭoghrïl), governor of Bengal, ref1

Muhalhil

Annāzid, ref1

Mazyadid, ref1

Muḥammad

I and II, ‘Abbādids of Seville, ref1

I-VIII, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1

l and II, Aghlabids, ref1

I-V, Alawid Sharīf s, ref1

III, Askiya of Songhay, ref1

II Fātih (‘the Conqueror’), Ottoman, ref1

I, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Eretna Orhullarï, ref1

I-VI, Ḥafṣids, ref1

I and II, Ḥammūdids of Málaga, ref1

I-VIII, Ḥusaynid Beys, ref1

I-V, Marīnids, ref1

I, Mughīth al-Dunyā wa ‘1-Dīn, Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

I-XII, Naṣrids, ref1

I, II and III, Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs, ref1

III-V and VI, Ottomans, ref1

I and II, Qaramān Oghullarï, ref1

I and II, Ramaǭd;ān Oghullarï, ref1

I and II, Sa‘did Sharīfs, ref1

II, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

I and II, Sīmjūrids, ref1

I, II and III, Spanish Umayyads, ref1

II, Sultan of Harar, ref1

I, II and III, Waṭṭāsids, ref1

II Benkan, Askiya of Songhay, ref1

I Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1

II Chelebi, Eretna Orhullarï, ref1

V Mubāriz Khān ‘Ādil Shāh, Sūrī Delhi

Sultan, ref1

I, II and III Shāh, Bahmanids, ref1

I Tapar, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Afṭasid of Badajoz, ref1

(Aḥmad)

Shams al-Dīn, Naṣrid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Toghan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

Amīr of Chaghāniyān, ? Muḥtājid, ref1

Amīr of Dir‘iyya, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

‘Annāzid, ref1

Arslan Khān, Qarakhānid, ref1

Arslan Qara Khān Mu’ayyid al-‘Adl ‘Ayn al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. ‘Abbās, Ghūrid, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh, Āl Rashīd, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh, Ṭāhirid of Khurasam, ref1

b. ‘Abdallāh Ibn Rashīd of Ḥā’il, conqueror of Riyāḍ, ref1

b. Abī Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate (875/1470), ref1

b. Abī Bakr, Nabhānī of Pate (973/1565), ref1

b. Abī Ja‘far Muḥammad, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Abī ’1-Ghārāt, Zuray‘id, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Aḥmad, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Aḥmad ‘Atīq, called Mai Turare, Fulani, ref1

b. Aḥmad Ibn Ṭāhir, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. ‘Alī b. Yūsuf al-Massūfī, Ibn Ghāniya, governor of the Balearics, ref1

b. Amīr Ghāzī, Dānishmendid, ref1

b. ‘Arafa, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

b. Begtimur, al-Malik al-Manṣūr, Sökmenid slave commander, ref1

b. Fayṣal I, al-Muṭawwi‘, vassal governor of Riyāḍ, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

b. Hāshim, Hāshimid of Darband, ref1

b. Haytham, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Ḥusayn al-Rawwādī, Rawwādid, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm, Yu‘firid, ref1

b. Ibrāhīm II, ‘Ādil Shāhī, ref1

b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu (931/1525), ref1

b. Idrīs, Sayfī of Bornu (c.l012/c.l603), ref1

b. Idrīs, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Idrīs II, al-Muntaṣir, Idrīsid, ref1

b. ‘Irāq, Afrīghid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

b. Isḥāq, ruler of the Banū Ghāniya under Almohad suzerainty, ref1

b. Isḥāq, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1

b. Ismā‘īl, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Dānishmendid, ref1

b. Ja‘far, Zaydī Imām, ref1

b. Kade, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Khālid, governor of Armenia, precursor of Sharwān Shahs, ref1

b. Khamītūn, Qutlughkhānid, ref1

b. Kiwāb, usurper of Mahdali Sultanate of Kilwa, ref1

b. al-Manṣūr, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Maymūn, Midrārid, ref1

b. Muḥammad, called Tambari, Fulani, ref1

b. Muḥammad, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Muḥammad, Sultan of Kanem, ref1

b. Musāfir, founder of the Musāfirids, ref1

b. al-Musayyab, Abu ’1-Dhawwād, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

b. al-Musayyab al-‘Uqaylī, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

b. al-Mustaẓhir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mu‘taḍid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mutawakkil, Abū ‘Abdallāh al-Mu‘tazz, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Mutawakkil, Abū Ja‘far al-Muntaṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Nāṣir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Nāṣir, Sultan of Harar, ref1

b. Naṣr, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Rāfi‘, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

b. al-Rashīd, Abū Isḥāq al-Mu‘taṣim, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. al-Rashīd, Abū Mūsā al-Amīn, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Saba’, al-Mu‘ẓẓam, Zuray‘id, ref1

b. Sa‘d, Naṣrid, ref1

b. Sa‘d, Rey Lobo or Lope, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Sa‘id al-Ma‘āmirī, Mazrū‘ī, ref1

b. Sām I, supreme sultan in Ghūr and India, Ghūrid, ref1

b. Sārū, Midrārid, ref1

b. Sulaymān, al-‘Ādil, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

b. Sulaymān, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. Sūrī Shansabānī, Ghūrid, ref1

b. Su‘ūd II, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

b. Ṭāhir II, Ṭāhirid of Khurasan, ref1

b. Ṭalāl, Āl Rashīd, ref1

b. Ṭūmart, Almohad, ref1

b. ‘Ubaydallāh, Ṭāhirid of Baghdad and Iraq, ref1

b. ‘Umar, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1

b. ‘Uthmān, Mazrū‘ī, ref1

b. Wāsūl al-Fatḥ, al-Shākir, Midrārid, ref1

b. al-Wāthiq, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

b. Ya‘qūb, Almohad, ref1

b. Yazīd, Yazīdī Sharwān Shāh, ref1

b. Yu‘fir, Yu‘firid, ref1

b. Yūsuf, Abu ’1-Fath, Qarakhānid, ref1

b. Yūsuf Ibn Hūd, ruler of Murcia, ref1

b. Ziyād, Ziyādid, ref1

Bānījūrid, ref1

Bāwandid Ispahbadh, ref1

Birzāl of Carmona, ref1

Bughra Khān, Qawām al-Dawla, Qarakhānid, ref1

Chaghatayid, ref1

Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

Fāṭimid, ref1

Ghaznawid, ref1

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

Ḥamid al-Dīn al-Manṣūr, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Hāshimite Sharīf, ref1

II Khānid, ref1

Ilyāsid, ref1

Jahwarid of Cordova, ref1

Jalāyirid, ref1

Kākūyid, ref1

Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1

Laythid Ṣaffārid, ref1

Mazyadid, ref1

(Mamlān) I and II, Rawwādids, ref1

Ma’mūnid Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Menteshe Orhullarï, ref1

al-Mu’ayyad, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Mubāriz al-Dīn

Ashraf Orhullarï, ref1

Muẓaffarid, ref1

Tekke Orhullarï, ref1

Muhtājid governor of Khurasan, ref1

Mu‘īn al-Dīn, Parwāna Orhullarï, ref1

Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1

Nāṣir al-Dīn

Dulghadïr Orhullarï, ref1

Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Nūr al-Dīn, Artuqid, ref1

Nuṣrat al-Dīn, Mihrabānid Malik, ref1

of the Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería, ref1

of the Bendahara family, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Pahlawī, ref1

Qājār, ref1

Qaramānlī, ref1

Quṭb al-Dīn

I and III, Mihrabānid Maliks of Sistan, ref1

Khwārazm Shāh, ref1

Zangid, ref1

Quṭb Shāhī, ref1

Rustamid, ref1

Sājid, ref1

Sayf al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

Shaddādid, ref1

Shams al-Dawla, Börid, ref1

Shams al-Dīn

I, Kart, ref1

Ghūrid, ref1

Inju’id, ref1

Mihrabānid Malik of Sistan, ref1

Mu‘izz al-Dīn, Ghūrid, ref1

Ṣāḥib Atā Orhullarï, ref1

Shams al-Mulūk, Bādūspānid, ref1

Shī rāzī Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Sultan of Kanem (853/1449), ref1

Tamghach (Tabghach Khān), Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn, Qarakhānid, ref1

Ya‘rubid, ref1

Muḥammad Abū Bakr al-Ikhshīd, Ikhshīdid, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Aḍud al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Aḍud al-Dīn, Salghurid, ref1

Muḥammad Afḍal, Bārakzay, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Alī

Ming, ref1

Mu‘īn al-Dīn, Nawwāb of Oudh, ref1

Pasha, ref1

Qājār, ref1

Zand, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Alī Shāh, Zahīr al-Dīn, Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Muḥammad Aliuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Muḥammad Alp Arslan, Seljuq in Persia and Iraq, ref1

Muḥammad Amīn

Abu ’1-Ghāzi, called Medemīn, Qungrat, ref1

Khān of Kazan, ref1

Muḥammad Amīn al-Kānemī, Shehu Laminu, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Muḥammad Amīn Kiari, Kanembu Shehu of Bornu, ref1

Muḥammad Arslan Khān Sanjar, Tāj al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Muḥammad Ay Temür, Sarbadārid, ref1

Muḥammad A‘zam, Bārakzay, ref1

Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī, Ikhtiyār al-Dīn, conqueror of Bihār and Bengal, ref1

Muḥammad Bāqī, Arghūn, ref1

Muḥammad Beg

Inanj Orhullarï, ref1

Mubāriz al-Dīn Ghāzī, Aydïn Orhullarï, ref1

Muḥammad Bello, called Mai Wurno, Fulani, ref1

Muḥammad Berdi Beg, Batu’id, ref1

Muḥammad Bolaq, Batu’id, ref1

Muḥammad Chakhshadān, Germiyān Orhullarï, ref1

Muḥammad Dāmghān Shāh, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Sultan of Ma‘bar, ref1

Muḥammad Dāwūd Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Muḥammad Ergama, Sayf of Bornu, ref1

Muḥammad Gao or Kawkaw, Askiya of Songhay, ref1

Muḥammad Giray I-IV, Khāns of the Crimea, ref1

Muḥammad Hasan

Qājār, ref1

regent of Brunei, ref1

Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Muḥammad Ibn Hūd, ruler of Murcia, ref1

Muḥammad Ibn Khazrūn, Khazrūn of Arcos, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Īsā Tarkhān, Arghūn, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Izz al-Dīn al-Nāṣir, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Muḥammad Jamalul Alam

b. Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

b. Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Muḥammad Jāsā, Sultan of Harar, ref1

Muḥammad Kanzul Alam, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Muḥammad Karīm Khān, Zand, ref1

Muḥammad Khān Sūr, Shams al-Dīn, Sūrī ruler of Bengal, ref1

Muḥammad Khudābanda

Öljeytü (Uljāytū), Il Khānid, ref1

Ṣafawid, ref1

Muḥammad Khudāyār, Ming, ref1

Muḥammad al-Maẓlūm, Mahdali Sultan of Kilwa, ref1

Muḥammad al-Murtaḍā, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Muḥammad al-Mustaḍī’, ‘Alawid Sharīf, ref1

Muḥammad al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Muḥammad Nadir, Bārakzay, ref1

Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn (Ghāzī Khān Chak), Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

Muḥammad al-Nāṣir al-Hādi al-Mahdī, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Muḥammad Nawrūz Beg, Batu’id, ref1

Muḥammad Ngileruma, Sayfī of Bornu, ref1

Muḥammad Özbeg, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Batu’id, ref1

Muḥammad Pūlād or Isḥāq Mulla, Ming, ref1

Muḥammad Qulī, Quṭb Shāhi, ref1

Muḥammad Raḥīm

Atalïq, Mangīt, ref1

Qungrat, ref1

Muḥammad Ṣādiq, Zand, ref1

Muḥammad Sa‘īd Pasha, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

Muḥammad Shāh

III, Nāṣir al-Dīn, Tughluqid Delhi Sultan, ref1

IV, Sayyid ruler of Delhi, ref1

I and II, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1

II and III, Tughluqid Delhi Sultans, ref1

I ‘Alī Garshāsp, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn, Khaljī Delhi Sultan, ref1

b. Jawhar al-‘Ālam Shāh, Sultan of Acheh, ref1

(Bhikan Khān), Sharqī, ref1

Mughal, ref1

Seljuq of Kirman, ref1

Sultan of Kashmīr, ref1

(Tuanku Muhammad), Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Muḥammad Shāh Ghūrī (Ghaznī Khān), Sultan of Mālwa, ref1

Muḥammad Shāh Sultān, Qutlughkhānid, ref1

Muḥammad Shïbānī, Abu ‘l-Fath, Shāh Beg Özbeg, conqueror of Transoxania, ref1

Muḥammad Shirān Khān, Izz al-Dīn, governor of Bengal, ref1

Muḥammad Ṭāhir I and II, Fulani, ref1

Muḥammad Tajuddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

Muḥammad Tawfīq, House of Muḥammad ‘Alī, ref1

Muḥammad Ture, Askiya of Songhay, ref1

Muḥammad ‘Umar, Ming, ref1

Muḥammad al-Walīd, Sa’did Sharīf, ref1

Muḥammad Yahya, al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī Imām, ref1

Muḥammad Ya‘qūb Khan, Bārakzay, ref1

Muḥammad Yavuz, Husām al-Dī;n, Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï, ref1

Muḥammad Ẓāhir, Bārakzay, ref1

Muḥammadī, Aq Qoyunlu, ref1

Muhsin, Ḥammādid, ref1

al-Muhtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Muhyiddin, Sultan of Brunei, ref1

al-Mu‘izz

Fātimid, ref1

Zīrid of Kairouan, ref1

Mujāhid

Bahmanid, ref1

Mujāhid, ref1

ruler of Murcia, ref1

al-Mukarram al-Aṣghar, Sulayhid, ref1

al-Muktafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Muley Hácen (‘Alī b. Sa‘d, Abu ’l-Hasan), Nasrid, ref1

Mulḥim

Shihāb Amīr, ref1

Yūnus, Ma‘n Amīr, ref1

al-Mundhir

I and II, Tujībids, ref1

b. Ahmad, ‘Imād al-Dawla, Hūdid, ref1

b. Sulaymān, Hūdid, ref1

Spanish Umayyad, ref1

Mu’nis al-Khādim, Turkish slave commander, ref1

al-Muntasir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muntasir (Midrār), Midrārid, ref1

al-Muqallad, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

al-Muqtadī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muqtadir, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muqtafī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Murād

I-V, Ottomans, ref1

Batu’id, ref1

Ming, ref1

Murād Arslan, Inanj Oghullarï, ref1

Murād Bakhsh, Mughal, ref1

Murād Giray, Khān of the Crimea, ref1

Murshid Qulī Khān, Nawwāb of Bengal, ref1

Murtaḍā

I and II, Niẓām Shāhīs, ref1

Golden Horde Khān, ref1

Mūsā

I, II and III, ‘Abd al-Wādids, ref1

Askiya of Songhay, ref1

Aydïn Oghullarï, ref1

b. Abi ’l-Āfiya, Fātimid governor of Morocco, ref1

al-Hādī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

II Khānid, ref1

Marīnid, ref1

Menteshe Oghullarï, ref1

Shaddādid, ref1

Mūsā Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1

Muṣ‘ab, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

Musāfir, Musāfirid, ref1

Mushārī, Āl Su‘ūd, ref1

Muslim, ‘Uqaylid, ref1

al-Mustaḍi, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Muṣṭafā

I-IV, Ottomans, ref1

‘Alī, Khān of Qāsimov, ref1

Ḥusaynid Bey, ref1

Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Hamīd Oghullarï, ref1

Muṣṭafā Chelebi, Ottoman, ref1

Muṣṭafā Kemāl, ref1

al-Must‘ īn

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo and sultan, ref1

al-Mustakfī

I and II,, ‘Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Musta‘lī, Fātimid, ref1

al-Mustamsik, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

al-Mustanjid,

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

al-Mustansir,

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

Fāṭmid, ref1

al-Mustarshid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Musta‘sim,, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Mustaẓhir,, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Mut‘ab (Mit‘ab) I and II, Āl

Rashld, ref1

al-Mu‘taḍid

I and II, Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

Mutā‘in, Numayrid, ref1

al-Mu‘tamid, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Mu‘taṣim,

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

‘Abbāsid caliph in Cairo, ref1

al-Mutawakkil

‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

I, II and III, ‘Abbāsid caliphs in Cairo, ref1

al-Mu‘tazz, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muṭī‘, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muttaqī, ‘Abbāsid caliph in Baghdad, ref1

al-Muẓaffar

Ṣulayḥid, ref1

Yūsuf II, Rasūlid, ref1

Muẓaffar al-Dīn

Mangït, ref1

Qājār, ref1

Muẓaffar al-Ṣaqlabī, ruler in Valencia, ref1

Muẓaffar Husayn, Tīmūrid, ref1

Muẓaffar Jang, Nizām of Hyderabad, ref1

Muẓaffar Khān, Sultan of Gujarāt, ref1

Muẓaffar Shāh

I, II and III, Sultans of Gujarāt, ref1

Sultan of Acheh, ref1

Muẓaffar Shams al-Dīn

(Dīwāna), ruler of Bengal, ref1

(formerly Jadu), ruler of Bengal, ref1

Mwana Khadīja, Nabhānī of Pate, ref1