A
abdominal distension 29
abscess
peri-urethral 222
prostatic 229
psoas 33
acquired immune deficiency syndrome 244
acquired renal cystic disease 414–415
Acucise® 427
acute bacterial prostatitis 228–229
acute-on-chronic retention 120–121
acute pyelonephritis 208–209, 211, 660
acute urinary retention
definition 104
definitive management 108
initial management 108
lower urinary tract symptoms 81–82
mortality 109
pathophysiology 104
post-operative 107
pregnancy 659
risk factors 105
ADH 836
adjustable compression device (ACT®) 153, 161
AdVance™ Male Sling 155, 158, 159
aggregation 444
allopurinol 494
alpha-fetoprotein 398
Alpharadin 377
alprostadil 590
amiodarone 224
Anderson–Hynes pyeloplasty 425–427, 848–849
androgen deprivation therapy 370, 372
angiomyolipoma 254–255, 262–263
angiotensin I/II 837
Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale 163
anticholinergic therapy 92, 162–163
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 836
antioestrogens 574
antiplatelets 733
arteriovenous fistula 523–524, 525
artificial urinary sphincter 152–153, 155, 160–161, 643–645
ascended testes 676
assisted reproductive techniques 575
asymptomatic bacteriuria 660
atypical small acinar proliferation 346, 347
audit 6
augmentation enterocystoplasty 168–169
autoclaving 770
autologous fascial slings 150–151
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 416–418, 707
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease 707
B
bacteraemia 216
bacterial prostatitis 227, 228–229
bacterial resistance 202
bacteriuria 194
asymptomatic 660
Baden–Walker classification 188
balanitis 248
balanitis xerotica obliterans 127, 248–249, 382
ballistic lithotripsy 460, 461
Behçet’s syndrome 250
benign prostatic hyperplasia
androgens 72
bladder outlet obstruction 73
characteristics 72
clinical practice guidelines 76
development 72
high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 95
invasive surgical alternatives to TURP 96–100
KTP laser vaporization of prostate 96–98
laser prostatectomy 96
minimally invasive surgery 94–95
phytotherapy 92
prostate artery embolization 98
prostatic urethral lift (UroLift®) 95
5α-reductase inhibitor therapy 88–89
transurethral electrovaporization of prostate (TUVP) 96
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) 94
transurethral radiofrequency needle ablation (TUNA) 94
transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) 102
watchful waiting for uncomplicated cases 84
benign prostatic obstruction
symptoms and signs 74
bicalutamide 371
bicarbonate reabsorption 838, 839
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome 268–269
bladder
afferent innervation 622
cancer, see bladder cancer
capacity calculation 680
computed tomography 57
consequences of nerve damage 624
deafferentation 638
high pressure/low pressure 630
neurological disease 628; see also neuropathic bladder
overactive, see overactive bladder
physiology 828
pregnancy 659
TB 238
ultrasound 44
bladder augmentation
pregnancy 664
spontaneous rupture after 540
bladder cancer
alternative to TURBT 294
catheterized population 114–115, 640–641
clinical presentation 288
follow-up after TURBT 294
incidence 282
intravesical chemotherapy 297
metastatic 305
mortality 282
non-muscle invasive TCC 294–297
occupational exposures 282–283
palliative treatment 303
partial cystectomy 298
PET 59
photodynamic detection 292–293
predicting recurrence and progression 294–295
radical cystectomy with urinary diversion 299–300
radical external beam radiotherapy 302–303
salvage radical cystectomy 299
second resection 294
signs 288
squamous cell carcinoma 284–286
staging investigations 290–291, 298
survival 282
symptoms 288
systemic chemotherapy 305
transitional cell carcinoma 284–286
transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) 292–293, 294, 780–781
urinary diversion techniques 306–307
urine molecular markers 292
bladder diary 136
bladder exstrophy 665, 718–719
paediatrics 730
bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)
causes 73
pathophysiological consequences 73
bladder stones 114–115, 496–497
bladder washout fluids and techniques 756, 757
Boari flap 530
Bolam test 774
bone imaging 61
Bosniak’s classification 409
botulinum toxin-A 166–167, 632, 634–636
bowel preparation 734
Bowen’s disease 383
brachytherapy 302–303, 362–363
brainstem lesions 652
buffering systems 838
bulbocavernosus reflex 30
bulbourethral sling (AdVance™ Male Sling) 155, 158, 159
Burch colposuspension 142, 143
Buschke–Löwenstein tumour 383
butterfly wing bruising 542, 544
C
calcium oxalate stones 446, 492–495
calcium phosphate stones 447, 494–495
calcium supplements 492–493, 494
Calcuson 461
calyceal diverticulum 411
canal of Nück, hydrocele 32–33
Cantwell–Ransley technique 720
casts 41
cataract surgery 87
catheters
blockages 114–115, 640–641, 756, 778, 781
pelvic fracture 532
urethral 110–111, 113–117, 532
cauda equina compression 552–553
cecoureterocele 700
cerebrovascular accidents 652
chemical sterilization 770
children, see paediatric urology
chimney sweepers’ cancer 390
chlorine dioxide 770
chronic bacterial prostatitis 229
chronic epididymitis 225
chronic kidney disease, classification 38
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation 39
chronic pelvic pain syndrome 227, 230–231
chronic pyelonephritis 214
chronic urinary retention 120–121
high-pressure 16–17, 25, 74, 122–123
‘clam’ ileocystoplasty 168–169, 632–634
clearance 834
clearance ratio 834
cloacal exstrophy 719
Cockcroft–Gault formula 39
Cohen repair 695
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome 712–716
completely patent urachus 29
condom sheaths 641
congenital adrenal hyperplasia 712–716
congenital obstructive posterior urethral membrane 704–705
connective tissue neoplasms 254–255
contact laser prostatectomy 96
continent diversion 307
continent pouch 307
contrast-enhanced ultra-low dose CT 56
cord lipoma 33
creatinine clearance 38–39, 76
cremasteric reflex 548
cross-checking 6
cryosurgery 274
cryotherapy 364
ectopic 676
crystals, urine 41
CT-KUB 56
cutaneous horn 383
cyanide–nitroprusside colorimetric test 451
cyproterone acetate 371
cyst
renal 260, 408–410, 414–418, 706–707
retention cysts of penis 382
sebaceous 35
umbilical 29
cystectomy
cystine spot test 451
cystine stones 448, 474, 494–495, 728
malignant 288
non-infective 201
pregnancy 660
cystography 52
D
dartos pouch fixation 822
deafferentation 638
Decipher® 339
definitive survey 517
desmopressin (DDAVP) 118–119, 725–726
detrusor areflexia 628
detrusor–external sphincter dyssynergia 628, 629
detrusor hyperreflexia 628
detrusor muscle 828
detrusor overactivity 130–131, 132–133, 166
DIAPPERS 176
digital image capture systems 772
digital rectal examination 30, 76, 328
dipstick test 200, 8–9, 40, 290–291, 476
disorders of sex development 712–716
46XX disorders of sex development 712–716
46XX ‘pure’ gonadal dysgenesis 714
46XX testicular disorder of sex development 714
46XY disorders of sex development 712–716
diverticulum
calyceal 411
vesicourachal 29
DMSA scanning 61
drug-eluting stents 733
Dundee technique 549
dysfunctional voiding 722, 723
E
ectopic cryptorchidism 676
ejaculation 583
painful 608
retrograde 602
electroejaculation 607
electrohydraulic lithotripsy 456–459, 460
electromagnetic lithotripsy 456–459
electromotive drug administration 824, 825
emphysematous pyelonephritis 212–213
endopyelotomy 427
endoscopic cystolitholapaxy 820–821
endoscopy telescopes and light sources 772
enterocutaneous fistula 803, 806
epididymal pain syndrome 26–27
epididymal TB 238
epididymal tumours 391
epididymitis
chronic 225
epididymo-orchitis 26
tuberculous 35
epispadias 720
erectile dysfunction
aetiology 586
causes 588
definition 586
epidemiology 586
examination 587
International Index of Erectile Function short form (IIEF 5/SHIM) 589
investigation 587
microvascular arterial bypass and venous ligation surgery 592
penile prosthesis 592
psychosexual therapy 590
testosterone replacement therapy 592
vacuum erection devices 591–592
erythroplasia of Queyrat 383
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 39
exstrophy–epispadias complex 665, 718–719
external beam radiotherapy 302–303, 360–361, 366–367
external sphincterotomy 632
extracorporeal lithotripsy 456–459
extramammary Paget’s disease 383
extraordinary daytime urinary frequency 722
extraurethral retropubic adjustable compression devices 644–645
F
familial juvenile nephronophthisis 707
femoral aneurysm 33
femoral hernia 32
filariasis 242
fine needle aspiration 261
fistula
flank (loin) pain 20–22, 56, 498
flexible ureteroscopes 812
flexible ureteroscopy and laser fragmentation 464–465, 813–814
fluid balance 744
flutamide 371
follicle-stimulating hormone 556
formation product 444
Fournier’s gangrene 220–221, 848–850
Fournier’s gangrene severity index (FGSI) 221
Fowler–Stephens approach 678–679
Fowler’s syndrome 105, 124–125
fractures
frontal lobe lesions 652
Fuhrman grading system 264–265
G
gadolinium contrast 57
gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) 576
‘gating’ mechanism 626
gender assignment 716
genital filariasis 242
genital ridges 672
genital tract development 672–674
genitourinary hydatid disease 242
genitourinary tuberculosis 238–239
giant condyloma acuminatum 383
GIFT 576
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 38–39, 834–835
gonadal differentiation disorders 712–716
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone 556
gonococcal urethritis 619
greenlight photoselective vaporization of prostate 96–98, 765
gumma of testis 35
H
cancer link 10
causes 10
initial investigation 9
lower urinary tract symptoms 16–17
multidetector CT urography 11, 54–56
non-visible (microscopic/dipstick) 8–9, 290–291, 476
pregnancy 659
5α-reductase inhibitor therapy 88–89
referral 9
significant 9
transient (non-significant) 9
urological investigations 11–13
visible (macroscopic/gross) 8, 290–291
haemodiafiltration 841
haemodialysis 840
haemofiltration 841
haemorrhagic shock 744
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation 838
heparin 742
hereditary leiomyomatosis-associated renal cell carcinoma 268–269
hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma 268–269
high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 95, 274, 364–365
high-pressure chronic retention 16–17, 25, 74, 122–123
high reliability organizations (HROs) 6
high riding prostate 536
holmium laser ablation of prostate (HoLAP) 99
holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) 99–100
holmium laser resection of prostate (HoLRP) 99–100
holmium:YAG laser 99–100, 462, 764–765
Hopkins rod-lens system 772
human chorionic gonadotrophin 398
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 244–245, 392–393
human papilloma virus (HPV) 382–383, 384
Hunner’s ulcer 232–235, 848–850
hyaline cast 41
hydatid disease 242
hydrocele 26, 32–33, 34, 786–787
hydronephrosis 44, 45, 502–504
neuropathic patients 648
17α-hydroxylase deficiency 714–715
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency 714
hypercalcaemia 446
hypercalciuria 446
hyperoxaluria 446
hyperprolactinaemia 574
hyperuricosuria 446
hypocitraturia 446
secondary 574
hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis 556, 557
hypovolaemic shock 516
I
ICDs 767
iced glove method 549
ICSI 576
ileal conduit 306–307, 507, 665, 806–807
ileal loopogram 52
impotence, see erectile dysfunction
incomplete (partial) androgen insensitivity syndrome 712–716
incontinence, see urinary incontinence
infertility (male)
definition 558
epidemiology 558
examination 560
oligozoospermia 566
pathophysiology 558
prognostic factors 558
inguinal lymph node enlargement 32
insensible incontinence 130–131
intermittent catheterization 640
internal (optical) urethrotomy 127, 782
International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire (ICIQ-UI SF) 135
International Index of Erectile Function short form (IIEF 5) 589
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) 16–17
interstitial cystitis 232, 233
interstitial laser prostatectomy 96
intraoperative floppy iris syndrome 87
intratubular germ cell neoplasia 392–393, 395, 405
intrauterine insemination 576
intravaginal ejaculatory latency time 604–605
intrinsic sphincter deficiency 130–131, 133
Invicorp® 591
irrigating fluids 756
IVF 576
J
Jaboulay procedure 786, 848–850
alternatives 759
blockages 760
complications 760
‘forgotten stent’ 760
insertion technique 796
materials 758
preparation 796
symptoms 760
ureteric injury treatment 528–531
Johnsen score 564
K
Katayama fever 241
kidney
cancer 59
enlarged 28
TB 238
kidney stones
aggregation 444
calcium phosphate 447, 494–495
clinically insignificant residual fragments 459
composition 442
cystine stones 448, 474, 494–495
diagnostic tests 452
evaluation of stone former 450–451
extracorporeal lithotripsy 456–459
factors affecting stone formation 438–440
flexible ureteroscopy and laser fragmentation 464–465, 813–814
genetics 439
intracorporeal fragmentation 460–462
KUB X-ray 46
mechanisms of formation 444, 445
non-functioning kidney 472
nucleation 444
obesity 439
open stone surgery 472
percutaneous nephrolithotomy 466–470, 524–525, 808–810
presentation 452
prevalence 438
radiodensity on X-ray 442
risk of recurrence 438
sex differences 439
staghorn calculi 442–443, 454–455, 472
struvite (triple phosphate) 447
uric acid 446–447, 474, 494–495
Klinefelter’s syndrome 714, 848–850
Kockerization of duodenum 848–850
KTP (greenlight) laser vaporization of prostate 96–98, 765
L
Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score 220–221
lactate dehydrogenase 398
partial nephrectomy 272
radical nephrectomy 819
radical prostatectomy 352–353, 354
simple nephrectomy 819
laser prostatectomy 96
late-onset hypogonadism 610–612
Leadbetter–Politano repair 695
Leibovich score 273
Lemberger/Yachia technique 596
LHRH agonists (analogues) 370–371
lichen sclerosis 127, 248–249, 382
lipoma, cord 33
Lithoclast 461
Lithovac 460
liver enlargement 28
loin (flank) pain 20–22, 56, 498
long-term catheterization 640–641
Lord’s plication technique 786
low pressure hydrodistension 233–234
lower midline, extraperitoneal incision 794
lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
bothersome symptoms 81
children 722
diagnostic tests in suspected benign prostate hyperplasia 76–77
initial (primary care) assessment 78–79
NICE 2010 Guidelines 78–82, 121
pregnancy 659
reasons for seeking treatment 80–81
referral 79
treatment goals 81
Lue procedure 595
lumps
luteinizing hormone 556
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone 556
lymphoma, testicular 405
M
magnetic resonance imaging 57
malignant cystitis 288
malignant epithelial neoplasms 254–255
malignant ureteric obstruction 550
malrotation of kidney 432, 433
medical expulsive therapy 481
Medtronic InterStim 118, 654–655
medullary cystic disease 707
medullary sponge kidney 412–413
megaprepuce 683
mesonephros 670
metabolic syndrome 616
metanephros 670
metformin 315
microseminoprotein-β(MSMB) 338–339
midline, transperitoneal incision 794
Millin’s prostatectomy 847–850
mini tapes 147
mirabegron 163
Mitrofanoff procedure 124, 307
mixed agglutination reaction 562–563
mixed gonadal dysgenesis 714
mixed urinary incontinence 24, 130–131, 170–171
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation 39
monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis 724–726
Müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts 670, 672
Müllerian inhibiting substance 672
multicystic dysplastic kidney 706
multidetector CT urography 11, 54
multilocular cystic nephroma 706–707
multiparametric MRI 57, 324–325, 343
multiple sclerosis 650
multiple system atrophy 650–652
mumps orchitis 225
MUSE™ 590
myeloproliferative disorders 446–447
N
National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) 230
needle biopsy 261
needle stick injury 245
nephrectomy 272–273, 798–799, 819
nephrocutaneous fistula 809–810
neurological disease 16–17, 628; see also neuropathic bladder
neuromodulation 168–169, 654–655
neuropathic bladder 628
botulinum toxin injections 632, 634–636
choice of bladder management technique 632–638
condom sheaths 641
deafferentation 638
external sphincterotomy 632
hydronephrosis 648
intermittent catheterization 640
long-term catheterization 640–641
storage and emptying problems 630
urinary tract infections 646–647
nitric oxide donors 632
nivolumab 277
nocturnal enuresis 130–131, 724–726
nocturnal polyuria 18–19, 78–79, 118–119
non-gonococcal urethritis 619
non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis 724–726
non-polyuric nocturia 118
nucleation 444
O
OAT syndrome 566
obstructive sleep apnoea 119
occupational needle stick injury 245
oligozoospermia 566
Oncotype Dx® 339
open stone surgery 472
operation notes 5
orchidectomy 370, 371, 397, 792–793
orgasmic dysfunction 606
orthotopic neobladder 307, 665
overactive bladder
anticholinergic medication 162–163
combination therapy 163
conservative management 162
mirabegron 163
percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation 168–169
sacral nerve stimulation 168–169
urgency 24
overactive sphincter 628
ovotesticular disorder of sex development 714
P
pacemakers 767
pad testing 136
paediatric urology
antenatal hydronephrosis 688–690
bladder capacity 680
circumcision 683
consent 775
disorders of sex development 712–716
exstrophy–epispadias complex 718–719
megaprepuce 683
nocturnal enuresis 130–131, 724–726
pelviureteric junction obstruction 702–703
phimosis 682
posterior urethral valves 704–705
primary epispadias 720
urinary tract infection 684–687
uro-physiology 680
‘Page’ kidney 524
papaverine 591
Paquin’s law 692
paramesonephric ducts 670, 672
paraneoplastic syndromes 270
paratesticular tumours 391
parenchymal transit time index 60–61
Parkinson’s disease 650
PARP 377
partial (incomplete) androgen insensitivity syndrome 712–716
partial nephrectomy 272
patent urachus 29
pearly penile papules 382
pelvic floor multidisciplinary team 139
pelvic floor muscle training 139
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) 188–189, 190
pelviureteric junction obstruction 20–21, 424–427, 702–703
penetrating renal injuries 519
penile amputation 386–387, 546, 547
penile bites 547
aetiology 384
clinical presentation 386
examination 386
follow-up 388
incidence 384
investigations 386
pathology 384
prognostic factors 385
risk factors 384
survival 387
penile neoplasia 383; see also penile cancer
penile TB 238
penile vacuum pump 595
penis
fascial layers 543
inflammatory disorders 248–250
zipper injuries 547
peptide growth factors 254–255
percutaneous nephrolithotomy 466–470, 524–525, 808–810
percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation 168–169
peripheral neuropathies 652–653
peristalsis 510
peri-urethral abscess 222
Peyronie’s disease 847–850, 594–596
Peyronie’s plaque 382
Pfannenstiel incision 847–850, 794–795
phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors 590, 591
photodynamic detection 292–293
photodynamic therapy 365
phytotherapy 92
piezoelectric lithotripsy 456–459
placenta abnormalities 665–667
placental alkaline phosphatase 398
plain abdominal radiography 46
plasma cell (Zoon’s) balanitis 249, 382
pneumatic (ballistic) lithotripsy 460, 461
Polaris® 339
poly-ADP ribose polymerase 377
polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant 416–418, 707
autosomal recessive 707
nocturnal 18–19, 78–79, 118–119
pontine micturition centre 626–627
pop-off valve syndrome 704
positron emission tomography (PET) 58–59
post-gonococcal urethritis 620
post-micturition dribble 130–131
post-vasectomy pain syndrome 26–27
post-void residual urine volume 66–67, 76, 136
posterior tibial nerve stimulation 654
posterior urethral valves 704–705
potassium citrate 493
potassium regulation 837
pregnancy
acute pyelonephritis 660
acute urinary retention 659
antibiotic prescribing 661
asymptomatic bacteriuria 660
bladder injury during Caesarian section 666–668
cystitis 660
diagnostic imaging studies 498–499
flank pain 498
haematuria 659
lower urinary tract reconstruction 664–666
lower urinary tract symptoms 659
physiological and anatomical changes in urinary tract 658–659
placenta abnormalities 665–667
stress incontinence 659
urinary retention after childbirth 667–668
urinary tract infection 660–661
primary epispadias 720
primary hyperoxaluria 446
primary nocturnal enuresis 130–131, 724–726
primary survey 516
ProAct device 161
promoter methylation/acetylation 254–255
pronephros 670
prostate
digital rectal examination 30
high riding 536
regulation of growth 72
TB 238
tenderness 30
ultrasound 44 see also benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic obstruction
prostate artery embolization 98
prostate cancer
active surveillance 349
anaemia 379
androgen deprivation therapy 370, 372
bilateral orchidectomy 370, 371
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy 353
biochemical relapse post-RP 357–359
clinical presentation 328
coagulopathy 379
counselling pre-PSA testing 336
cryotherapy 364
cytotoxic chemotherapy 376
digital rectal examination 328
external beam radiotherapy 360–361, 366–367
focal therapy 365
growth factors 310
high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 364–365
hormone therapy 368–373, 374–377
incidence 312
intermittent hormone therapy 372–373
LHRH agonists (analogues) 370–371
lifestyle intervention 314–316
localized 328
locally advanced disease 318–319
locally advanced non-metastatic disease 328, 366–367
lower urinary tract symptoms 81, 378–379
maximal androgen blockade 370
metastatic disease 318–319, 328
metformin 315
minimally invasive management of localized and radio-recurrent disease 364–365
mortality 312
multi-parametric MRI 324–325, 343
novel therapies 377
oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy 356–359
pain control 378
palliative treatment 367, 376, 378–379
PET 58
photodynamic therapy 365
prevalence 312
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 330–331, 332–333, 334–335
radical prostatectomy 350–353, 354–355, 356–359, 366
statins 316
survival 313
thrombocytopenia 379
transrectal ultrasound and needle biopsy 340–344
ureteric obstruction 379
Vienna nomogram 343
prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) 338–339
prostate pain syndrome 227, 230–231
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 43
age-adjusted normal range 43
benign prostatic hyperplasia 76
indications for checking 43
prostate cancer 330–331, 332–333, 334–335
prostatic abscess 229
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 254–255, 346, 347
prostatic urethral lift (UroLift®) 95
chronic non-bacterial/chronic pelvic pain syndrome 230–231
classification 226
epidemiology 226
inflammatory and non-inflammatory 227
pathophysiology 227
segmented urine cultures 226
proteinuria 40
Provenge® 377
psoas abscess 33
psoas hitch 529
psychosexual therapy 590
pyelolysis 427
pyelonephritis
chronic 214
complicated 211
pregnancy 660
xanthogranulomatous 213
pyeloplasty 425–427, 816–817, 819
pyuria 194
R
radical cystectomy 299–300, 802–804
radical nephrectomy 272–273, 819
radical orchidectomy 397, 792–793
radical prostatectomy 154, 350–353, 354–355, 356–359, 366, 800–801
radiofrequency ablation 274
radium-223 377
Randall’s plaques 444
red blood cell casts 41
red blood cell morphology 41
5α-reductase 72
refractory septic shock 216
Reiter’s syndrome 249
renal agenesis 432
renal arteriovenous fistula 523–524, 525
renal artery embolization 274
renal ascent anomalies 428
renal blood flow 835
urinary tract obstruction 508–509
active surveillance 274
adjuvant therapy 274
clinical examination 270
collecting duct (Bellini) 264–265
cryosurgery 274
environmental factors 268
epidemiology 268
follow-up after treatment 275
Fuhrman grading system 264–265
high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) 274
histological classification 264–265
history 270
image-guide percutaneous RFA 274
incidence 268
investigations 271
local recurrence 275
metastatic disease 264–266, 275, 276–277
minimally invasive surgery 272
mortality 268
non-surgical alternatives for localized disease 274
paraneoplastic syndromes 270
partial nephrectomy 272
post-operative prognosis (Leibovich score) 273
presentation 270
prognosis 266
renal artery embolization 274
screening 269
survival 268
renal CT 56
renal cysts 260, 408–410, 414–418, 706–707
renal fusion anomalies 428
renal masses
radiological assessment 260–261
renal plasma clearance 834
renal replacement therapy 840–841
renal transplant
donor 843
recipient 842
rejection 845
surgery and complications 844–845
renal tubular acidosis 447, 451
renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 837
retention cysts 382
retrograde ejaculation 602
retrograde ureterography 52
retroperitoneal fibrosis 512–513
robot-assisted partial nephrectomy 272
robot-assisted radical prostatectomy 350–353, 354
S
sacral nerve stimulation 168–169, 654–655
saphena varix 32
Saw palmetto 92
screening
renal cell carcinoma 269
scrotal carcinoma 390
scrotal skin carcinoma 35
sebaceous cyst 35
secondary hypogonadism 574
secondary malignant neoplasms 254–255
secondary nocturnal enuresis 130–131, 724–726
secondary survey 517
segmented urine cultures 226
semen
semi-rigid ureteroscopes 812
sepsis 216
septic shock 216
severe sepsis 216
sex chromosome disorders of sex development 712–716
Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) 589
shock wave lithotripsy 456–459
sipuleucel-T 377
sleep apnoea 119
sodium regulation 837
solubility product 444
SOMACorrectXtra 595
soot-wart 390
extraction 575
granuloma 790
motility grading 563
retrieval from urine 602
spermatic vein ligation 571–572
spermatocele 34
sphincter
high pressure/low pressure 630
intrinsic deficiency 130–131, 133
neurological disease 628
overactive/underactive 628
somatic motor innervation 622–624
spinal cord compression 552
spinal nucleus X (Onuf’s nucleus) 622–623, 828
spleen enlargement 28
SRY gene 672
staghorn calculi 442–443, 454–455, 472
standard operating procedures (SOPs) 6
statins 316
sterile pyuria 200
sterilization of equipment 770–771
stress urinary incontinence 130–131, 138–139
adjustable compression device (ACT®) 153
artificial urinary sphincter 152–153
autologous fascial slings 150–151
Burch colposuspension 142, 143
children 722
conservative treatment 139
definition 24
lifestyle modification 139
medical therapy 139
mesh complications and controversy 147
mini tapes 147
pathogenesis 133
pelvic floor multidisciplinary team 139
pelvic floor muscle training 139
pregnancy 659
risk factors 138
significance 24
single-incision MUS (mini-slings) 144–145
synthetic mid-urethral tapes and slings 144–148
vagino-obturator shelf/paravaginal repair 142–143
supra-twelfth rib incision 795
suprapubic catheterization 112–117
surgery, see urological surgery
swimmer’s itch 241
syphilis 35
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 216
T
tamsulosin 87
teratoma 35
testes
ascended 676
gumma 35
ultrasound 44
testicular adnexa tumours 391
testicular appendage torsion 548
testicular biopsy 564
testicular cancer
differential diagnosis 396
incidence 392
intratubular germ cell neoplasia 392–393, 395, 405
mortality 392
non-seminomatous germ cell tumours 400–401
primary treatment 397
prognostic staging for metastatic germ cell tumours 402
radical inguinal orchidectomy 397
retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 401
serum markers 398
signs 396
symptoms 396
testicular injuries 545
testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) 392–393, 395, 405
testicular lymphoma 405
testicular pain syndrome 26–27
testicular torsion 26, 548, 822–823
testicular tumours 35; see also testicular cancer, 26
assessment 611
thiazide diuretics 494
3-swab test 172
Tile classification 533
Tookad® 365
total body water 836
transitional cell carcinoma 278–280, 284–286, 294–297
transitional cell papilloma 254–255
transplacental androgens 714–715
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) 44, 340–344
transuretero-ureterostomy 531
transurethral electrovaporization of prostate (TUVP) 96
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) 94
transurethral radiofrequency needle ablation (TUNA) 94
transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) 292–293, 294, 780–781
transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) 102, 778–779
aspirin 733
transurethral resection syndrome 747, 781
transurethral ultrasound-guided laser-induced prostatectomy (TULIP) 96
transverse myelitis 652
trauma
cauda equina compression 552–553
complications of renal injury 523–524
conservative management of renal injuries 522
definitive survey 517
haemodynamically stable patients 520
haemodynamically unstable patients 520
hypertension 524
imaging choice 521
penetrating injuries 519
primary survey 516
secondary survey 517
spinal cord compression 552
staging renal injury 519
testicular injuries 545
ureteric injuries 526–531, 532–536, 730
urethral injuries 535, 536, 541–544
urinalysis 517
urinary extravasation 522, 523–524
Trendelenburg position 847–850
trigone 828
triple phosphate stones 447
Tristel 770
tuberculous epididymo-orchitis 35
tuberous sclerosis 268–269, 417, 707
tumour suppressor genes 254–255
Turner’s syndrome 714
U
ultra-low dose CT 56
ultrasonic lithotripsy 460, 461
umbilical cyst/sinus 29
underactive bladder 628, 722, 723
underactive sphincter 628
undescended testes 33, 676–679
UPOINT system 234
urachus 29
ureter
innervation 511
TB 238
ureteric access sheaths 813
ureteric colic 20
ureteric dilatation 813
ureteric implantation into neobladder 507
ureteric injuries 526–531, 532–536, 730
ureteric obstruction 379, 508–509
malignant 550
ureteric stones
definitive treatment 482
diagnostic and radiological imaging 478–479
dipstick or microscopic haematuria 476
EAU/AUA Nephrolithiasis Guideline Panel recommendations 488–490
emergency temporizing 482
emergency treatment of obstructed infected kidney 484–485
examination 476
indications for intervention 482–485
indications for stone removal 486
KUB X-ray 46
medical expulsive therapy 481
pain 20
percutaneous nephrostomy tube 482
post-ureteroscopy stenting 489–490
pregnancy test 476
watchful waiting 480
ureteroenteric strictures 507
ureteropelvic junction obstruction 20–21, 424–427, 702–703
ureteroscopic irrigation systems 812
stenting after 489–490, 760, 814
ureterosigmoidostomy 306
urethra
physiology 828
ultrasound 44
urethral bulking agents 140, 161
urethral catheterization 110–111, 113–117, 532
urethral dilatation 127
urethral hypermobility 133
urethral injuries 535, 536, 541–544
urethral pressure profile 138–139
urethral sphincter
high pressure/low pressure 630
intrinsic deficiency 130–131, 133
neurological disease 628
overactive/underactive 628
somatic motor innervation 622–624
urge urinary incontinence 24, 130–131
uric acid stones 446–447, 474, 494–495, 728
urinary diversion 168–169, 306–307
urinary extravasation 522, 523–524
urinary incontinence
detrusor overactivity 130–131, 132–133
history 134
initial management in men 180
initial management in women 178
intrinsic sphincter deficiency 130–131, 133
investigations 136
low bladder compliance 132–133
patient questionnaires 134, 135
physical examination 134
post-prostatectomy 154–161, 355
red flags 134
risk factors 132
specialized management in men 181
specialized management in women 179
stress, see stress urinary incontinence
urethral hypermobility 133
urinary retention
prostate cancer 378–379 see also acute urinary retention; chronic urinary retention
urinary schistosomiasis 240–242
urinary tract infection
antibiotic prophylaxis 205–206
antimicrobial therapy 202, 203
bacterial persistence 207
bacterial resistance 202
causative organisms 197
definition 194
definitive treatment 202
diagnostic criteria 195
isolated 194
post-intercourse prophylaxis 206
post-stenting 760
prevalence 195
preventative advice 203
re-infection 204
risk factors 195
route of infection 196
self-start therapy 206
unresolved 194
urinary tract obstruction 508–509
urine
constant leakage 25
inhibitors of crystallization 444
metastable 444
saturated 444
segmented cultures 226
storage 626
supersaturated 444
undersaturated 444
urine dipstick test 8–9, 40, 200, 290–291, 476
urine flow
physiology 510
urine microscopy 41, 201, 290–291
urine molecular markers 292
urodynamic stress incontinence 130–131
UroLift® 95
urological surgery
antibiotic prophylaxis 736–738
artificial heart valves 736
bladder washout fluids and techniques 756, 757
bowel preparation 734
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 740–743
endoscopy telescopes and light sources 772
fluid balance 744
irrigating fluids 756
joint replacement patients 736–738
pacemakers and ICDs 767
patient safety 746
sterilization of equipment 770–771
urothelium 828
V
vacuum erection devices 591–592
vaginal reflux 722
vagino-obturator shelf/paravaginal repair 142–143
vasopressin 836
vasovasostomy 578–579, 790, 791
vegetarian diet 493
venous thromboembolism 740–743
verrucous hyperplasia 383
vesicourachal diverticulum 29
vesicoureteric reflux 420–422, 692–695
vibrostimulation 607
videocystometry 68
videocystourethrography 52, 53
Vienna nomogram 343
visual laser ablation of prostate 96
voiding postponement 722
von Hippel–Lindau syndrome 268–269, 417, 707, 848–850
W
warfarin 743
water balance 836
Weigert–Meyer rule 434, 436, 692, 698–699
white blood cell casts 41
Wickham’s striae 249
Wilms’ tumour 847–850, 254–255, 256–258
Wunderlich’s syndrome 263
X
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 213
Y
Young–Dees–Leadbetter procedure 720
Z
zipper injuries 547