A-frame, shovel, 13.5
AAI (average annual investment), 11.15–16
Absorptive-type terraces, 7.17
AC motors, 12.27
Acceleration, 12.98–99
tractors, 15.17
Access roads, 8.2
Accidents, 11.50–53
Adsorbent filters, 12.69
ADTs (articulated dump trucks), 18.24–25
Advancing, dredge, 14.36–37
AED (Associated Equipment Distributors), 11.35–36
A-frame, shovel, 13.5
Agreements. See Contracts
Agricultural drag scrapers, 17.29
Agricultural grading, 7.16–29
control measures, 7.22–24
gullies, 7.20–24
irrigation drainage, 7.28–29
land leveling, 7.24–27
need for, 7.16
terracing, 7.16–20
Air brakes, truck, 18.14–16
Air cleaners, checking, 12.113
Air conditions
diesel emissions, 12.89–90
exhaust. See Exhaust
mining shovels, 13.57
Air controls (power), 12.26
Air drills. See Percussion drilling
Air filters, 12.73
Air jets. See Jetting
Air lines, compressor, 20.10–14
Air motors, 12.43–44
Air receivers (compressors), 20.6
Airborne concussion, 9.45
Airholes in percussion bits, 20.24
Air-operated grease pumps, 21.50
Airport roads, 8.4–5
Algae, 6.37
Alkali, 7.28
All-surface vehicles (ASVs), 18.25
All-wheel drive, 18.23–24
Altimeters, 2.36
Altitude, engines and, 12.74, 12.92–93
Ammonium nitrate, 9.16, 9.16–20
Amortization, 11.15
AN. See Ammonium nitrate
Anchors
cable, 12.52–53
dredge, 14.34
snatch blocks, 1.32–33
AN-FO (ammonium nitrate with fuel oil), 9.17–19
Angle dozers, 15.39
Angle-blade cutters, 21.18–19
Angle-tilt-pitch dozers, 15.40–41
Animals, burrowing, 6.24
Antifriction bearings, 12.12
Anti-wear (AW) hydraulic fluid, 12.54
Apron, scraper, 17.3
Area dumping, 3.34
Area measure, 2.42
Arms. See Push arms
Arrow diagrams, 11.45–49
Articulated dump trucks (ADTs), 18.24–25
Articulated steering, 12.29, 19.12–13
Artificial hills, 10.49
Associated Equipment Distributors (AED), 11.35–36
ASVs (all-surface vehicles), 18.25
Auger, Autograde, 19.30
Augur drills, 20.47–53
Augur scrapers, 17.13
Autograde. See Automatic lane processors
Automatic land levelers, 17.31
Automatic lane processors, 19.26–32
Automatic levels, 2.7, 2.27–28
Automatic transmissions, 12.15, 18.9
Auxiliary equipment, 11.24, 21.1–52
cable layers, 21.7–8
choppers, shredders, and chippers, 21.22–30
dozer equipment, 21.16–22
grizzlies and screens, 21.42–45
land-clearing tackle, 21.9–16
lubrication. See Lubrication
maintenance trucks, 21.46–47
processing plants. See Processing plants
rippers. See Rippers
submersibles, 21.36–38
tire handling, 21.51–52
water pumps, 21.30–42
Average annual investment (AAI), 11.15–16
Backblading, 15.35
Backdragging, 16.24
Backfilling
compaction. See Compaction
dewatering, 5.53–57
ditches and drains, 5.19–20, 5.47
landscaping, 7.4
mines, 9.89
Backfires, 1.42–43
Backhoe bucket. See Shovel buckets
Backhoes. See also Shovels
basement digging, 4.3, 4.11–15, 4.24–25
buckets. See Shovel buckets
ditching, 5.2–7
on platforms, 3.25–26
pond excavation, 6.18–19
pond maintenance, 6.37
removing boulders, 4.33
rescuing from mud, 3.45
shore creation, 6.15
stump removal, 1.22
tractor-mounted, 13.72–74
Backtrack loading, 8.31–32
Bad weather. See Weather considerations
Balance sheets, 11.1–2
Ballast, tires, 12.109
Bank gravel, 8.12–13, 10.21–22
Banking fires, 1.40
Banks, 8.21–25
deep building basements, 4.20–22
digging, with loaders, 16.12–13
measuring, 2.38–40
preserving (pond excavation), 6.11
Bark damage, 7.11
Barometers, 2.36
Barricades
blasts, 9.41
preventing accidents, 11.52
Basalt, trenching in, 5.9
Base, telescopic levels, 2.3
Base reclaimer, 19.30
Baseline (road layout), 8.6
Basements, digging, 4.1–36
backhoe excavation, 4.3, 4.11–15, 4.25
with bulldozer, 4.3–10
contractor’s setup, 4.18
deep building basements, 4.19–23
drainage, 5.56–58
groundwater, 4.25–28
haulaway digging, 4.18–19
hillside sites, 4.33–36
multiple basements, 4.16–18
preliminary work, 4.1–3
shoring, 4.28–33
shovel teams, 4.23–25
Basic shovels, 13.1–3. See also Shovels
Beaches, 6.16–17
Bearings, 12.12–13
Bedrock, basement digging and, 4.33
Belt conveyors, 12.20, 14.1–14. See also Conveyors
blade-fed belts, 14.18–20
pit operations, 10.7, 10.38–39, 10.43
tunnel hauling, 9.63–65
Belt drives, 12.19–21
Belt loaders, 14.14–16. See also Conveyors
portable, 14.16–17
sidehill cuts, 8.18
Belts, for conveyor belts, 14.2–3
Bench terraces, 7.18
Benching slopes
pit excavation, 10.23, 10.30–31
roadways, 8.23
Benchmarks, leveling, 2.10–11
Bending cables, 12.48–49
Bentonite, 6.21
Bevel gears, 12.7
Biodiesel fuels, 12.88
Bits, drilling, 9.61
percussion rock drills, 20.24–26
rotary, 20.27
Black locust, 7.23
Blade, dozer, 15.24–25
capacity, 2.49–50
U-blade, 15.39
Blade, grader, 19.6–8
automatic control, 19.13–15
optional equipment for, 19.12
rake blades, 1.10, 19.25–26, 21.19–20
Blade bowl, 19.12
Blade stabilizer, 19.12
Blade tilt (dozers), 15.27–29
Blade-fed belts, 14.18–20
Blanket, explosion, 9.10
Blast warnings, 9.41
Blasting, 9.1–47. See also Tunneling
additional damage from, 9.44–47
bedrock, 4.33
borehole patterns, 9.4–11
controlled blasting, 9.11–13
explosives. See Explosives
initiators (fuses), 9.21–25, 9.33–34
light blasting, 9.41–43
mud, 3.32
purposes, 9.1–4
rock mechanics, 9.43–44
shaft digging, 9.55–56
Blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38
Blasting machines, 9.34
Blasting mats, 9.46
Block and fall, 21.15
Block and head (engines), 12.74
Block caving, 9.89–90
Blockholing, 9.42
Blocking on platforms, 3.26
Blocks. See Snatch blocks
Blowtorches. See Flame guns
Blue tops, 8.11–12
Body capacity, 2.47
Body hoists, 3.36–37
Bogs. See Mud
Bolts, 12.21–22
Bookkeeping, 11.1–2
Boom drums, 13.51
Boom foot, shovel, 13.5
Booms, drill, 20.35–37
Booms, excavator, 13.26, 13.33, 13.34, 13.63
boom twist, 13.42
wheel excavators with booms, 14.17–18
Booster cables, 12.116
Borderline costs, 11.3
Boreholes, 9.62. See also Blasting; Drilling
loading, 9.30–33
patterns, 9.4–11
Boring machines, 20.62–66
Bottom dumpers, 18.27–28, 18.36
Boulders
blasting, 9.42
clearing, 1.44–47
full-swing hoes, 13.70–71
grader operation and, 19.19
handling with loaders, 16.22–23
pit operations, 10.41
platforms in mud and, 3.29
scrapers and, 17.23
straddling, 3.44
tractors, hanging up, 3.41
Bowl, scraper. See Scraper bowls
Bowldozer, 15.39
Boxes, dynamite, 9.30
Bracing or shoring
basement digging, 4.28–33
ditches, 5.11–14
stable soil, 4.29–31
walls, 4.28–29
Brake-assisted steering, 12.29
Brakes, 12.31–34.
graders, 19.3
mining shovels, 13.57
Branches. See entries at Tree(s)
Breaking piles, 15.31
Breaking stuck machinery, 3.35
Breaks (tree), overhead, 1.16
Breakthroughs (tunnel water), 9.73
Bridges, 5.24–25. See also Culverts
Broken cables and chains, 1.29
Brush, filling around, 6.40
Brush and limb chippers, 1.6, 1.34, 21.27–28
Brush clearing, 1.9–12
burning, 1.36–40
disposal, 1.4–8
machinery for, 21.22–30
Bucket pumps (grease), 21.50
Bucket trip, 13.53
Bucket wander, 13.41–42
Buckets, loader. See Loader buckets
Buckets, shovel. See Shovel buckets
Buffer, explosion, 9.10
Builder’s levels, 2.1–2
Buildings. See also Basements, digging
damage from blasting, 9.44–47
digging under, 4.11
site selection for, 7.1–4
Bull wheel, 15.5
Bulldozer. See Dozers; Dozing operation
Bumboats, 14.34
Burden, borehole, 9.8
Burial, vegetation, 1.4–5, 6.40, 7.12–13
Buried drains. See Subsurface drainage
Buried mud, 3.34
Burner boxes. See Fire boxes
Burning
fire control, 1.40–44
pit refuse, 10.46
starting and maintaining fire, 1.37–40, 1.43
Burrowing animals, 6.24
Bushings, 12.12–13
Bypass filters, 12.69
C-blade, 15.39
Cable dozers. See Dozers; Dozing operation
Cable layers, 21.7–8
Cable plows, grading instruments on, 2.30–32
Cable ramps, 3.38
Cables, 12.45–51. See also Chains
breakage, 1.29
broken, 13.61
cable systems, 12.51
rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.38–39
stump removal, 1.24
winches. See Winches
Cabs, machinery, 12.72
trucks, 18.10
Caissons, 4.32
Calcium chloride, 7.16
Canal dredges, 14.34
Capacity measurement.
belt conveyors, 14.12–13
cables (wire ropes), 12.51
culverts, 5.25
Capacity tests, 2.47
Capillary zone, 5.38
Capital gain, 11.9
Capital requirements, 11.3–4
Car overhang, 7.15
Carbide inserts, percussion bits, 20.25
Carbody, hydraulic excavators, 13.25
Carbon steel, 20.23–24
Carburetors, 12.79
Carburized steel, 20.24
Carpenter’s levels, 2.36
Carrying scrapers. See Scrapers
Cartridges, explosive, 9.30–32
Cash requirements, 11.4–5
Casting with dragline bucket, 13.40–41
Catch basins, 7.9
Caving
block caving, 9.89–90
forecasting rockfalls, 9.90–92
C-blade, 15.39
CEF (container efficiency factor), 2.50
Cell method, 10.47–48
Centering leveling instruments, 2.6. See also Levels
Centerline, roadway, 8.6
Centrifugal pumps, 21.30–35
Chain crowd, 13.52
Chain drives, 12.16–19
Chain trenchers, 14.28–29
Chaining to platforms, 3.27–28
Chains, 12.54. See also Cables
breakage, 1.29
rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.38–39
stump removal, 1.23–24
tackle for clearing land, 21.9–16
tire chains, 12.110–111
towed, for land clearing, 21.22
Chains (measuring tapes). See Tapes, measuring
Channel terraces, 7.17
Channels, 5.23–24
Chatter, brake, 12.33
Check runs, 2.14
Check valves, 12.60
Checklists, for estimating, 11.38
Chemicals for dewatering, 3.33
Chip blasting, 9.41–42
Choppers, 21.22–24
rolling choppers, 1.12, 21.23–24
Churning, 3.37
Chutes, mining, 9.85–86
Circuits, hydrostatic, 12.66–67, 13.21
City streets, 8.4
Clamshell bucket attachments, 13.66–67
Clamshells, 13.45–50. See also Shovels
basement digging, 4.15–16
burning vegetation, 1.39–40
ditching, 5.7
loading from pit banks, 10.27
pit stockpiling, 10.43
on platforms, 3.26
pond excavation, 6.19
Classified excavation, 11.43
dozer blade suck, 15.31
in earth dams, 6.20–21
fills, 3.33
pit operations, 10.22
stability of, 3.12
Clean Water Act (1986), 6.1
Cleaning
for drilling boreholes, 9.4, 20.28–30
rock, for hydraulicking, 14.46
Cleaning equipment. See Maintenance and repair
Cleanup dredges, 14.42–43
Clearing. See Land clearing
Clearing blades, dozer, 15.41
Cleats, wet digging, 3.31
Clinometers, 2.34
Closed hydraulic systems, 12.64
Cloth measuring tapes, 2.12
Clotting mud, 14.45
Clutches, 12.34–37
converter clutches, 12.42–43
graders, 19.1
rollers, 19.34
tractors, 15.1, 15.10, 15.16–17
trucks, 18.8
Coal removal. See Mining; Pit operations
Coastal wetlands, 6.1
Cofferdams, 4.31–32
Collapse. See Caving
Combination controls (tractors), 15.12
Compact excavators, 13.32–34, 16.9–10
Compacted backfill, 5.20
air lines and accessories, 20.10–14
explosives in boreholes, 9.30–31
gravel, 8.15
hand-operated machinery for, 19.42–46
rollers for. See Rollers
sidehill cuts, 8.20–21
specifications for, 3.14
Compartment digging, 3.30
Compasses, 2.3
Compensation insurance, 11.53–54
Compound gearing, 12.14
Compressed-air tunnel driving, 9.78–80
Compression ratio, engine, 12.79
Compressors, 20.1. See also Drilling; Drills
operation, 20.7–9
rotary compressors, 20.9–10
Computerized drilling, 9.9
Computers, on trucks, 18.10
Concrete bridges, 5.24–25
Concrete lining, 9.73
Concrete pipe, laying, 5.32–33
Concussion from blasting, 9.45
Condensation, basement, 5.58
Conduits, trenches for, 5.17–19
Connected community (GPS), 2.30
Conservation of energy, 12.3
Constant-mesh transmissions, 12.14
Consumption, fuel, 12.89–90. See also Fuel
Container efficiency factor (CEF), 2.50
Containers, measuring, 2.47–50
Contained ground, 1.8–9
Continuous miners, 14.20–22
Continuous-flow production, 2.43–44
Continuous-type ditching machines, 5.8–9
Contour lines, surveying, 2.21–22
Contractors’ liability, 11.54–55
Contractor’s setup, basements, 4.18
Contracts, 11.41–44
Control measures
erosion (sediment), 1.3–4, 6.16, 7.10–11, 7.22
gullies, 7.22–24
streams, 6.12–14
Control valves, 12.60–61
Controlled blasting. See also Blasting
Controls, machinery, 12.25–27.
brakes, 12.31–34
clutch, 12.34–37
compressors, 20.5–6
graders, 19.8–10, 19.13–15, 19.31–32
rollers, 19.36–37
scrapers, 17.4–5
shovels, 13.7–10, 13.23–25, 13.68
tractors, 15.8, 15.12–14, 15.19–20
wheel steering, 12.29–31
Converter clutches, 12.42–43
Conveyors, 14.1–22. See also Ditching machines
belt conveyors. See Belt conveyors
belt loaders. See Belt loaders
blade-fed belts, 14.18–20
pump excavators. See Pump excavators
stackers. See Stackers
for use underground, 14.20–22
wheel excavators. See Wheel excavators
Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (ERG) systems, 12.87–88
Coolers, 12.64–65
Cooling
engines, 12.75
torque converters, 12.39–40
Coordinated steering, 12.31
Copper sulfate, 6.38
Corduroy roads, 3.20–21
Cordwood, moving, 1.19–20
Corner stakes. See Stakes
Corrugated pipe, 5.29, 5.30–32
Cost-plus arrangements, 11.43
Costs, defined, 11.2–3
Costs and management, 2.41, 11.1–57.
accidents, 11.50–53
bonds, 11.56–57
bookkeeping, 11.1–2
causes of failure, 11.50
contracts, 11.41–44
critical-path scheduling, 11.44–50
depreciation, 11.7–15
equipment operating expense, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32
equipment rental, 11.35–38
equipment selection, 11.35
equipment work hours, 11.21–24
estimating, 11.26–31, 11.38–41
financing, 11.18
insurance. See Insurance
interest, 11.16–18
investment, 11.15–16
labor and working time, 11.32–35
machinery purchase, 11.6–7
maintenance and repair, 11.26–31
ownership costs, 11.2, 11.18–21
receivables, 11.3–6
repair. See Maintenance and repair
ripping, 21.6
tires, 11.31–32
web collaboration, 11.21
Counterbalancing shovels, 3.44
Counterweights
loaders, 16.5
tractor, 15.21
Couplings, grease pumping, 21.47–48
Covered blasts, 9.46
Covered fills, 10.48–49
Coyote holes, 9.10–11
Cracking, dam, 6.22
Crashing (scheduling), 11.49–50
full-revolving excavators, 13.25
prestart check, 12.112
Crawler tractors, 15.1–15
control systems, 15.12–14
mounting, for ditching, 5.4–6
operation (mechanical drive), 15.8–10
operation (torque converter), 15.11–12
rescuing from mud, 3.38–42
Crawler travel unit, shovel, 13.12–15
Crawler-mounted loaders, 16.1–6
Critical-path scheduling, 11.44–50
Cross sections (road layout), 8.7
Crosshairs. See Sighting hairs
rollers for, 19.37
Crusher gravel, 8.13
Crushing cables, 12.49
Crushing plants, 21.45–46
Cubic measure, 2.41–42
Culverts. See also Bridges
casual placement, 5.34–35
design, 5.25–30
wood culverts, 5.34
Cumulative cost and income, 11.5–6
Cupping, tire, 12.105
Curves
road layout, 8.5–6
truck driving on, 18.32
turnarounds (driveways), 7.15
Cushion blasting, 9.12–13
Cushioned dozer blades, 15.30, 15.39
Cut and fill digging, 4.35
Cutoff trench, dam, 6.21
Cutterheads, 20.63
Cutters, 19.29, 20.63, 21.17–19, 21.21
Cutting
brush. See Brush clearing
cables, 12.47–48
by dredges, 14.37
with loaders, 16.12
ridgetops, with scrapers, 8.26
rock, 9.3
trees, 1.12–13, 1.15–19. See also Tree removal
Cyclones, 14.45–46
Cylinders, compressor, 20.3
Cylinders, hydraulic, 12.65–67
Damage. See Maintenance and repair; Safety
Damage from blasting rock, 9.44–47
Damage insurance, 11.54
building with dredges, 14.40–42
in gullies, 7.24
spillways, 6.28–30
Dangers. See Safety
Day book, 11.2
DBAs (dense blasting agents), 9.20–21
DC motors, 12.27
Dead axle, tractor, 15.4
Deadheading, scrapers, 8.37–38
Dearborn scoops, 17.33
Debt, 11.17
Debt-to-equity ratio, 11.1
Deck trailers, 18.38–40
Declining-balance depreciation, 11.10–11
Deep boreholes, 9.31–32
Deep building basements, 4.19–23
Deep hole pumping, 5.55
Deep rotary drills, 20.55–58
Deep stripping, 10.9–10
Delay blasting, 9.21–22
Demolition heads, 13.67
Dense blasting agents (DBAs), 9.20–21
depreciation reserve, 11.13–15
depreciation schedules, 11.10–13
Depth
basement digging, 4.3
gauges, 13.66
measure. See Linear measure
Depth filters, 12.69
Depthmaster laser instrument, 2.28–29
Detergent systems for hole cleaning, 20.29
Detonating cord. See Primacord
Detonators. See Initiators (fuses)
Development roads, 8.3–4
backfill, 5.53–57
bridges, 5.24–25
culvert design, 5.25–30
drainage. See Drainage; Pipelines
for excavation, 5.52–58
fords and dips, 5.37
groundwater, 4.25–28
pumping. See Pumping
soil moisture. See Moisture content; Soil
subsurface, 5.39–52
tile drains, 5.44–50
wood culverts, 5.34
DGPS (differential GPS), 2.29
Diamond drilling, 9.51
Diaphragm pumps, 21.35
Diesel engines, 12.80–86
emissions, 12.89–90
fuel consumption, 12.89–90
oils, 12.71
starting, 12.114
Diesel-electric drives, 12.28
shovels and draglines, 13.55–57
Differential gears, 12.7–8
Differential GPS, 2.29
Digging
basements. See Basements, digging
under buildings, 4.11
dams. See Dams
estimating work and, 11.39
haulaway. See Haulaway digging
ponds and swamps. See Dredges; Ponds
resistance, 3.3–5
in streams, 6.12
underground. See Tunneling
underwater, 10.33
wet digging, 3.29–32
Digging operation.
Digging out stuck machinery, 3.35
Digging out stumps, 1.21–22
Dip lubrication, 12.70
Dipper dredges, 13.65–66
Dipper shovel attachments. See Front shovels
Dipper stick, hydraulic excavators, 13.26
Dippers. See Front shovels
Dips, dewatering, 5.37
Direction of tree fall, 1.13–14, 1.16
Dirty water, pumping, 5.54
Disc brakes, 12.32
Disc clutches, 12.35–37
Discharge lines
for dredging spoil, 14.35–40
pumps, 21.41
Disjointing, culvert, 5.29
Displacement, piston, 12.92
Displacement, pump, 12.57, 12.60
Disposal. See also Hauling
cleared vegetation, 1.34. See also Stump(s); Tree removal
muck, 20.65–66
mud deposits, pond, 6.35, 6.40
into pits, 10.45–49
pond excavation spoil, 6.8
soil. See Haulaway digging
Distance measurements, 2.38
Distance meters, 2.32–33
Ditching, 5.1–20. See also Trenches
backfill compaction, 19.36
caving of banks, 5.9–14
with ditchers. See Ditching machines
permanent ditches, 5.15–17
pipe and conduit ditches, 5.17–19
rock, 5.8–9
stream control, 6.12
stream crossing, 5.14–15
trapezoidal ditchers, 14.26–28
trees and, 7.11
Ditching machines, 5.8–9, 14.23–29. See also Dozers; Dozing operation; Graders; Land planes; Scrapers; Trenchers; Tube plows
backhoes as, 5.2–7
chain or drag trenchers, 14.28–29
grading instruments on, 2.30–32
other shovel rigs as, 5.7–8
towed ditchers, 17.31
trapezoidal ditchers, 14.26–28
wheel ditchers, 14.23–28
Diversion
gullies, 7.22–23
stream, 6.12–14
Divining rods, 7.3
Double casting, 10.9
Double cuts, pond excavation, 6.6–7
Double-acting cylinders, 12.65
Double-plate clutches, 12.36
Downslopes. See Hillside sites
Down-the-hole drills, 20.19–21
Downtime, equipment, 11.22–23, 11.31
Dozer shovels. See Loaders
Dozers, 15.24–41. See also Shovel dozers
auxiliary equipment, 21.16–22
blade, 2.49–50, 15.24–25, 15.30, 15.39
grading instruments on, 2.30–32
repair costs, 15.30
rescuing from mud, 3.40–41
special constructions, 15.39–41
Dozing operation, 15.30–39
basement digging, 4.3–10, 4.22
boulder removal, 1.44–46
brush clearing, 1.9–11
ditching, 5.9
fire control, 1.40–41
graders for, 19.15–16
land leveling, 7.27
loaders for, 16.23–24
loading from pit banks, 10.28–29
pushing scrapers, 15.29–30. See also Pushers; Scrapers
rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.39–40
rock stripping, 9.2
sidecasting pit spoil, 10.2–3
sidehill cuts, 8.17–18
swamp digging, 6.35
wet digging, 3.30–31
work cycle, 2.51
Drag levelers, 7.27
Drag scrapers. See Scrapers
Drag trenchers, 14.28–29
Dragging trees, 1.17–18
Draglines, 3.25–26, 13.34–43. See also Shovels
ditching, 5.7
loading from pit banks, 10.27
pit stripping, 10.6–7
pond maintenance, 6.33–34, 6.37
road cuts, 3.31–32
walking draglines (walkers), 13.43–45
Drainage, 5.20–24. See also Water
bank slopes, 8.23–24
basement digging, 5.56–58
diversion. See Diversion
groundwater, 4.26
gullies, 7.20–22
irrigation drainage, 7.28–29
land shaping, 7.8–9
pit excavation, 10.32–34
pond excavation, 6.25–28
retraining walls and, 7.8
roadways, 8.45–48
seasonal lowering, 5.52
shafts, 9.58
shores, 6.15–16
spillways, 6.28–30
temporary roads, 3.21
terracing, 7.16–20
trenches. See Trenches
underground, 5.39–52
wet digging, 3.29–32
Draining sand, 3.32–33
Draining swamps, 6.2–12. See also Ponds
dragline size, 6.9–12
predraining, 6.8–9
Drainpipes. See Pipelines
Draw point chutes, 9.86
Drawbar, grader, 19.7
Drawbar, tractor, 15.7
Drawbar graders, 19.25
Dredges, 13.65–66, 14.40–42. See also Shovels
cleanup dredges, 14.42–43
hydraulic. See Hydraulic dredges
hydraulicking, 14.45–46
Drifters, percussion drill, 20.18–19
Drifts, mining, 9.82
Drill pipes, 20.23
Drilling. See also Compressors
bedrock, 4.33
boreholes. See Boreholes
computerized, 9.9
hand drilling operation, 20.31–33
horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54
noise, 20.30–31
operation, 20.31–33
rock stripping, 9.1
tunnels. See Tunneling
water wells, 7.3
Drills, 2.44
augur drills, 20.47–53
booms, 20.35–37
caisson drills, 20.58–59
deep rotary drills, 20.55–58
horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54
hydraulic hammers and splitters, 20.14–16
mobile tower drills, 20.45–47
noise from percussion drills, 20.30–31
percussion drills, 20.16–26
pneumatic underground piercers, 20.54–55
rotary bits, 20.27
shaft sinking, 20.59–61
stopers, 20.33–35
TBMs (tunnel-boring machines), 20.62–66
tower drills, 20.45–47
track-mounted drills, 20.37–45
Drives, machinery.
belt conveyors, 14.3–6
belt drives, 12.19–21
chain drives, 12.16–19
electric, 12.27–28
fluid, 12.37
graders, 19.2
rollers, 19.34
scrapers, 17.5–6
shovels, 13.21
tractors, 15.1
trucks, 18.16–18, 18.20, 18.23
Driveways, 7.13–16
Dropping weights, for compaction, 19.46
Drum lines, 3.43
Drum rollers, 19.33–40
steel wheel rollers, 3.12, 19.33–38
tamping rollers, 19.38–40
Dry clutches, 12.35–36
Dry dredging. See Hydraulicking
Dry land ponds, 6.32
Dry packing, 9.69–70
Dual tires, 18.6
Duckweed (lemna minor), 6.38
Dug-cell method, 10.47–48
Dump trucks. See Truck(s)
Dumping operation
with scrapers, 17.19–21
with trucks, 18.33–34. See also Truck(s)
Dumps
hillside dumps, 10.13
pit dumps, 10.45–49
Duration of job events, 11.46–47
Dust
gravel roads, 8.15
land clearing, 1.3
silicosis, 9.52
Dynamic deep compaction, 19.46
Earliest event time (EET), 11.47
ECUs (electronic control units), 12.27
EET (earliest event time), 11.47
Efficiency
container, 2.50
engines, 12.89
hydraulic systems, 12.56–57
machine, 2.51
tractive, of surfaces, 3.7–8
Efficiency hour, 11.34
Ejector, scraper, 17.4, 17.11–12, 17.14
Ejector buckets (loaders), 16.26
Elbow drains, 6.26–27
Electric cap primers, 9.25–26
Electric drives, 12.27–28
off-road trucks, 18.20
Electric power controls, 12.26
Electric shovels, 13.55–57. See also Shovels
Electric squibs, 9.21
Electric steering, 12.29
Electric submersible pumps, 21.36–38
Electric wheels, 12.28
Electrical firing of explosives, 9.34–41
Electronic power controls, 12.27
Electronics, on trucks, 18.10
Elevating graders, 14.18
Elevating scrapers, 17.10–13
Elevations
for building, choosing, 7.1–2
measuring, 2.10
Embers, transferring, 1.38
Emergency equipment, 11.24
Emissions. See Air conditions
End-of-period costs, 11.29–30
Energy, conservation of, 12.3
Engines
controls for. See Controls, machinery
diesel engines, 12.80–86
fuel consumption, 12.89–90
gasoline power, 12.78–80
graders, 19.2–3
hauler power train, 12.93–96
speed, 12.3. See also Governors
starting. See Starting engines
travel resistance, 12.97–99
trucks, 18.8–11
Equipment, 12.3–119.
air motors, 12.43–44
belt drives, 12.19–21
brakes, 12.31–34
cables. See Cables
cabs, 12.72
chain drives, 12.16–19
clutch, 12.34–37
controls, 12.25–27
depreciation, 11.7–10
electric drives, 12.27–28
engines. See Engines
fluid drives, 12.37
gears, 12.5–9
governors, 12.76–78
hydraulics. See Hydraulics
inclined planes, 12.21–24
interest on, 11.17
lines and fittings, 12.62–63
lubrication. See Lubrication
machinery purchase, 11.6–7
monitoring, 11.27
motors. See Motors
operating expense, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32
operator responsibilities, 12.111–119
power plants, 12.72–76, 14.30–31
principles of leverage, 12.3–5
pumps. See Pumps
rental, 11.35–38
selection, 11.35
shafts (for gears), 12.9–11
stuck in mud. See Stuck machinery
tires. See Tires
torque converters, 12.37–43
transmissions. See Transmissions
travel resistance, 12.97–99
valves, 12.60–62
wheel steering, 12.29–31
work hours, 11.21–24
Equipment debt, 11.17
Erosion control
gullies, 7.22
with land clearing, 1.3–4
lawns, 7.10–11
shores, 6.16
Error, staking, 8.12
Estimating, 11.38–41
repair costs, 11.26–31
Ether, 12.114
Evaporation of pond water, 6.31–32
Events, defining, 11.46–47
Excavation. See also Dozers; Dozing operation
classified, 11.43
dewatering of. See Dewatering
estimating, 11.39
laser alignment, 2.28–29
mud. See Mud
pond. See Ponds
rock. See Blasting; Tunneling
room-and-pillar excavation, 9.83–84
trenchless, 5.21–22
vacuum excavation, 5.1–2
Excavators. See also Shovels
compact (mini), 13.32–34, 16.9–10
hydraulic full-revolving, 13.19–32
loading from pit banks, 10.26–27
for pipelaying, 13.32
pump excavators. See Pump excavators
sidehill cuts, 8.18–19
wheel excavators. See Wheel excavators
Exhaust
from diesel engines, 12.85–86
from gasoline engines, 12.86–88
in tunnels, 9.65
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 12.88
Expenditures. See also Costs and management
definitions of, 11.3
machinery, 11.6–7
operating costs, equipment, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32
overhead (costs), 11.2–3, 11.41
ownership costs, 11.18–21
Explosion speed, 9.27–29
Explosions, compressor, 20.8
Explosives. See also Blasting
ammonium nitrate, 9.16–20
damage from blasting, 9.44–47
electrical firing, 9.34–41
handling, 9.29–30
initiators (fuses), 9.21–25, 9.33–34
loading, 9.30–33
slurries (water gels), 9.20–21
Extensible conveyors, 14.14
Extinguishers, 1.40
Extracting ore, 9.83
Face height, boreholes, 9.5
Failure, causes of, 11.50
transmissions, 12.15–16
Fairleads, 13.34
Fall, rock. See Block caving; Forecasting rockfalls
Farm tractors, 15.18
Fast writeoff, 11.9
Feed, stopers, 20.33–34
Field testing. See Testing
Fields, converting to lawns, 7.9–10
Fill(s). See also Backfilling
compaction, 3.33, 8.42–43. See also Compaction
dangers of, 11.51–52
estimating work and, 11.39–40
grading with dozers, 15.35
hydraulic fills, 14.40–42
moisture content, 3.12, 3.15–16
mud, 3.33–34
mud coverage, 3.22
roadways, 8.41–44
sanitary fill, 10.47–49
shrinkage, 8.51–52
surface dumping, 18.34
Fill bases, 8.43
Filter collectors, 20.28–29
Filters, hydraulic, 12.67–69
Financing, 11.18. See also Costs and management
Finishing
basement digging, 4.5–6
full-swing hoes, 13.69–70
land leveling, 7.27
landscaping, 7.9–11
Fire. See also Burning
brush clearing, 1.36–40
feeding, 1.37–40
Fire control, 1.40–44
ponds for, 6.17
tunneling, 9.52
Firebreaks, 1.42
Firewood, 1.7
Firing, electrical, 9.34–41
headings (tunneling), 9.61
FIS (fleet information system), 11.23
Fish, water plants and, 6.37–38
Fittings, 12.62–63
cable, 12.52–53
compressor, 20.11–12
grease pumping, 21.47–48
hydraulic, 12.63
Fixed costs, 11.2
Fixed grizzlies, 21.45
Fixed processing plants, 10.38
Flame guns, 1.35
Flat belts, 12.20
Fleet angle, 12.49–50
Fleet information system (FIS), 11.23
Flights, elevator scrapers, 17.10–11
Float (scheduling), 11.48–49
Float position (dozer control), 15.28–29
Floating discharge lines, 14.35, 14.37–40
Flotation, 3.9–11
Fluid drives, 12.37
Fly ash, 8.14
Foam, for hole cleaning, 20.29–30
Force, 12.3
Force-feed loaders, 14.18–20
Fords, dewatering, 5.37
Forecasting rockfalls, 9.90–92
Forepoling, 9.74–76
Foundations
backfills, 7.4
boulders for, 1.47
Four-wheel-drive loaders, 16.6–11
Four-wheel-drive tractors, 15.15–18
Fracturing of rock, about, 9.43–47
Frame steering. See Articulated steering
Frames.
Freewheeling units, 12.23–24, 18.21
Freezing
dewatering by, 3.33
pump operation and, 21.41–42
of soil or swamp, 3.17
Friction brakes, 12.31–32
Front shovels (dippers), 13.51–54, 13.63
basement digging, 4.15, 4.19–20
ditching, 5.7
loading from pit banks, 10.26–27
pond excavation, 6.19
sidecasting pit spoil, 10.5–6
Front-end loaders. See Loaders
Front-wheel steering, 12.30–31
Frost, 3.17
Fuel
carburetors, 12.79
consumption, 12.89–90
costs, 11.24–25
diesel engines, 12.80–86
exhaust conditions, 12.86–88
gasoline power, 12.78–80
Fuel oil. See AN-FO
Full depreciated equipment, 11.13
Full stations (roadway stakes), 8.9
Full trailers (wagons), 18.27, 18.36. See also Trailers
Full-swing hoes. See Backhoes
Fuse caps. See Blasting caps
Fuses, 9.21–25. See also Blasting; Explosives
blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38
electrical firing, 9.34–41
fuse caps, 9.25–26
lighting, 9.33–34
Gantry, shovel, 13.5
Garbage fills
hillside dumps, 10.13
pit dumps, 10.45–49
Gas turbines, 12.72
Gaskets, 12.68
Gasoline power, 12.78–80
diesel engines, 12.80–86
exhaust conditions, 12.86–88
fuel consumption, 12.89–90
starting engines, 12.115
Gate valves, 6.25
Gauges, compressor, 20.6
Gear pumps, 12.58
Gear sets. See Transmissions
Gearboxes. See Transmissions
Gears, 12.5–9
bushings and bearings, 12.12–13
chain drives, 12.16–19
compound gearing, 12.14
dozers, 15.36–37
hauler power train, 12.93–96
scrapers, 17.17–18
shafts, 12.9–11
trucks, 18.29–30
Gelatin dynamite, 9.16
Geophones, 9.92
Geosynthetic walls, 7.7–8
Geotextiles, 3.17–18
Girder trailers, 18.41
Global positioning system (GPS), 2.29–30
Glory hole method, 9.56–57
Gooseneck, scraper, 17.2
Gooseneck, trailer, 18.40–41
Gouging, with loaders, 16.14
Governors, 12.76–78
GPS (global positioning system), 2.29–30
Gradall shovels, 13.30–32
Grade lasers. See Lasers
Grade resistance, 12.97
reference stakes, 2.17–18, 4.2, 5.3–4, 8.9–10
stringlines, 2.37
Gradebuilders. See Angle dozers
automatic lane processors, 19.26–32
blade and mounting, 19.6–8, 19.12, 19.13–15
controls, 19.8–10, 19.13–15, 19.31–32
ditching, 5.9
elevating graders, 14.18
grading instruments on, 2.30–32
light graders, 19.24–26
operation, 19.15–23. See also Grading
optional equipment, 19.10–12
as pushers, 8.31
towed graders, 19.24–26
Gradient. See Slopes (gradient)
Grading. See also Leveling
agricultural. See Agricultural grading
bank slopes, 8.24
for drainage. See Drainage
Gradall shovels, 13.31
land leveling, 7.27
landscaping, 7.4–5
machinery for. See Graders
roadways, 8.46
with scrapers, 17.22–23
shore creation, 6.15
spoil piles, 10.2
starting grade, 19.32
terraces, 7.19
Grading instruments on equipment, 2.30–32
Granular soils, 8.41
Grapple dredges, 13.65–66
Grapples, clamshell, 13.47–48
Grass. See Lawns
Gravel
pit operations, 10.21–22
roads, 8.12–15
surface protection, 3.22
Gravity grizzlies, 21.45
Grease, 12.70. See also Lubrication
costs, 11.25
pumping, 21.47–51
Grease trucks, 21.50–51
Grids, surveying, 2.18–20
Grinders. See Stump grinders
Grizzlies, 21.42–45
Ground materials, clearing. See Land clearing
Ground pressure, 3.18
Groundwater, 5.37–38. See also Moisture content; Soil
basement digging, 4.25–28
coal removal and, 10.2
disruptions from blasting, 9.47
pit operations, 10.32–35
seasonal lowering, 5.52
subsurface drainage. See Underground drainage
Grouting, 3.32
spillways, 6.29–30
tunnels, 9.66–67
Growth, vegetative. See Vegetation
Guard logs, 3.20
Guide stakes. See Reference stakes
Gullies, 7.20–24
Hammers, for compaction, 19.46
hand rock drills, 20.17
hydraulic, 20.14–15
Hand drilling operation, 20.31–33
Hand grease guns, 21.48–49
Hand levels, 2.33–34
Hand levers, 12.25
Hand tunneling, 9.49
Hand winches, 1.31
Handheld percussive rock drills, 20.17–18
Hanging up tractors, 3.41
Hard digging
with dozers, 15.38
with scrapers, 8.28
Harrows. See Disc harrows
Haul grades, 10.12
Haul routes, 8.2–3, 8.5, 10.12–13
Haulageways, mining, 9.82
Haulaway digging
basement digging, 4.18–19
pit operations spoil, 10.10–14
Hauler power train, 12.93–96
Hauling. See also Removing
cleared vegetation, 1.7–8
digging basements and, 4.18–19
explosives, 9.29
fill compaction during, 8.42–43
loaders for, 16.19–21
ore (mining), 9.82
pond excavation, 6.7–8
with portable belt loaders, 14.17
with scrapers, 8.38–39, 17.17–19
transporting dirt with dozers, 15.33–34
with tunneling, 9.62–65
Hay cutters, 1.11
HDD. See Horizontal directional drilling
Headings (tunneling), 9.58–61
Headwalls, culverts, 5.26–27
Heaps, 2.47
Heat exchanges, 12.64–65
Heavy graders. See Graders
Heavy trucks, 18.13–16
Heavy weight dropping, for compaction, 19.46
Height measure. See Altimeters; Linear measure
Helical gears, 12.5
Herringbone gears, 12.6
High carbon steel, 20.24
High lines, for electrical firing, 9.35
Highway cuts (rock), 9.3
Highway dumpers, 18.2–5, 18.17–18
Highways, 8.4. See also Roadways
Hill removal, 4.36
Hillside dumps, 10.13
Hillside sites, 7.2
artificial hills, 10.49
basement digging, 4.9–10, 4.33–36
dozer work, 15.37
driveways and garages, 7.14
leveling. See Land leveling
protection with sod, 7.11
staking, 8.9
truck driving on, 18.31–32
Hoes. See Backhoes
Hog boxes, 14.45
Hoist
hitching, for machinery transport, 18.46
three-point hitch, 15.22–23
trucks, 18.12–13
Hoisting dragline bucket, 13.39
Holdbacks, belt conveyors, 14.7–8
Hole taper, percussion bits, 20.26
Holes. See Boreholes
Home landscaping. See Landscaping
Hooks, 21.11–13
Horizontal alignment, roadway, 8.5
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54
Horsepower, 12.91–92
Hose, compressor, 20.11–12
Hour meters, 11.44
Hourly work arrangements, 11.43–44
Hourly-use depreciation, 11.11
Hubs, 8.6
stringlines, 2.37
Humus (peat), 3.17
Hydraulic angle-tilt-pitch dozers, 15.40–41
Hydraulic backhoe attachment, 13.72–74
Hydraulic backhoes. See Backhoes
Hydraulic brakes, 12.26, 12.32
Hydraulic controls. See Controls, machinery
Hydraulic drawbar. See Three-point hitch
Hydraulic dredges, 14.29–42. See also Dredges
building hydraulic fills, 14.40–42
cleanup dredges, 14.42–43
operation, 14.36–40
pit operations, 10.45
spoil separation, 14.42–43
Hydraulic fills, 14.40–42
Hydraulic fluid, 12.54–55
Hydraulic full-revolving excavators, 13.19–32
backhoe attachment, 13.26–29
Gradall shovels, 13.30–32
hydraulic system of, 13.21–25
travel unit, 13.25–26
Hydraulic governors, 12.77
Hydraulic hammers and splitters, 20.14–16
Hydraulic retarders, 12.43, 17.17–18
Hydraulic submersible pumps, 21.38
Hydraulic trencher loaders, 14.20
Hydraulicking, 14.45–46
Hydraulics, 12.25–26, 12.31–32, 12.54–57. See also Pumps
cylinders and motors, 12.65–67
lines and fittings, 12.62–63
maintenance and repair, 12.69–70
power controls, 12.26
reservoir, 12.64–65
seals and filters, 12.67–69
steering, 12.29
Hydroinflation, 12.109
Hydrostatic circuits, 12.66–67
Hydrostatic controls (tractors), 15.13–14
Hydrostatic pumps, 12.59
Hygroscopic zone, 5.38
I-beam trailers, 18.41
IC (intelligent compaction), 8.15
Ice melting. See Snow melting
Idlers, belt conveyors, 14.6
Idling engines, 12.117
Immobilization, 1.9
Imported backfill, 5.20
Inclined planes, 12.21–24. See also Ramps
with belt conveyors, 14.11–12
loaders on, 16.14
Income, cumulative, 11.5–6
Industrial tractors, 15.18
Initial investment, 11.15
Initiators (fuses), 9.21–25. See also Blasting; Explosives
blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38
electrical firing, 9.34–41
fuse caps, 9.25–26
lighting, 9.33–34
Injection systems, 12.71
Inland wetlands, 6.1
Inlet protection (pumps), 5.52–53, 21.38–41
In-place measurements, 2.38–41. See also Measurement
Insect stings, 11.52–53
Inspection. See Maintenance and repair
Installments
interest, 11.17
loan repayments, 11.18
payments for work, 11.5
Insurance, 11.53–56
contaminated ground, 1.8
liability insurance, 11.19
loss insurance, 11.19–20
Intelligent compaction (IC), 8.15
Intercoolers, 20.5
Interest, 11.16–18
Intermediate hauls, scrapers, 8.38–39
Intermediate production, 2.45
Intermittent-cycle production, 2.43
Internal-combustion engines, 12.72–76
Inventory, equipment, 11.13–15
Irregular shapes, basements, 4.7, 4.14–15
Irrigation, 7.25
drainage, 7.28–29
land leveling and, 7.24–27
Islands, for digging ponds, 6.10
Jackdrills, 20.35
Jackhammers, 20.17
Jacking
corrugated pipe, 5.31–32
Jammed cables/chains, 1.27–28, 3.43
Jammed drill bits, 20.32
Jaw clutch, 12.34–35
Jet bits, 20.27
Job overhead, 11.3
Job overlap, 11.45–46
Job requirements measurements, 2.41
Job time, defined, 11.34
Joints, pipe, 5.31
Jumbos (drilling), 20.36–37
Jumping the track, 3.45–46
Kerosene blowtorch, 1.35
Keyed shafts, 12.8–9
Killing trees, 1.22, 7.11. See also Tree protection; Tree removal
Kiln drying, 3.15
Kinking cable, 12.51
Knockdown beams, 21.17
Labor, 11.32–33
accidents, 11.50–53
lube labor, 11.25–26
time measurements, 11.44
workers’ compensation insurance, 11.53–54
working time, 11.33–35
Laboratory tests. See Testing
Land clearing, 1.3–47
boulders, 1.44–47
brush clearing, 1.9–12
by burning. See Burning
choppers, shredders, and chippers, 21.22–30
cleared vegetation, 1.4–8
contaminated ground, 1.8–9
dozer equipment for, 15.41, 21.16–22
dredges and, 14.37
erosion control, 1.3–4
with land leveling, 7.26
machines and workers, 1.3
pond excavation, 6.17–18
stump removal. See Stump(s)
tackle for, 21.9–16
tree removal, 1.12–19
Land leveling, 7.24–27, 17.28–32
Land planes, 2.30–32, 17.29–31
Land shaping
landscaping, 7.4–9
with scrapers, 8.26–28
terracing, 7.16–20
Landfill. See entries at Fill(s)
Landscaping, 7.1–16
choosing site, 7.1–4
driveways, 7.13–16
finishing, 7.9–11
ponds. See Ponds
shaping land, 7.4–9
tree protection and removal, 7.11–13
Landslides. See Slides
Lane processors, 19.26–32
Large mine excavators, 13.3–5
Latest event time (LET), 11.47