INDEX

A-frame, shovel, 13.5

AAI (average annual investment), 11.15–16

Absorptive-type terraces, 7.17

AC motors, 12.27

Acceleration, 12.98–99

tractors, 15.17

Access roads, 8.2

Accidents, 11.50–53

Adsorbent filters, 12.69

ADTs (articulated dump trucks), 18.24–25

Advancing, dredge, 14.36–37

AED (Associated Equipment Distributors), 11.35–36

A-frame, shovel, 13.5

Agreements. See Contracts

Agricultural drag scrapers, 17.29

Agricultural grading, 7.16–29

control measures, 7.22–24

gullies, 7.20–24

irrigation drainage, 7.28–29

land leveling, 7.24–27

need for, 7.16

terracing, 7.16–20

Air brakes, truck, 18.14–16

Air cleaners, checking, 12.113

Air conditions

diesel emissions, 12.89–90

exhaust. See Exhaust

mining shovels, 13.57

with tunneling, 9.52, 9.65

Air controls (power), 12.26

Air drills. See Percussion drilling

Air filters, 12.73

Air jets. See Jetting

Air lines, compressor, 20.10–14

Air motors, 12.43–44

Air receivers (compressors), 20.6

Airborne concussion, 9.45

Airholes in percussion bits, 20.24

Air-operated grease pumps, 21.50

Airport roads, 8.4–5

Algae, 6.37

Alkali, 7.28

All-surface vehicles (ASVs), 18.25

All-wheel drive, 18.23–24

Altimeters, 2.36

Altitude, engines and, 12.74, 12.92–93

Ammonium nitrate, 9.16, 9.16–20

Amortization, 11.15

AN. See Ammonium nitrate

Anchors

cable, 12.52–53

dredge, 14.34

snatch blocks, 1.32–33

AN-FO (ammonium nitrate with fuel oil), 9.17–19

Angle dozers, 15.39

Angle-blade cutters, 21.18–19

Angle-tilt-pitch dozers, 15.40–41

Animals, burrowing, 6.24

Antifriction bearings, 12.12

Anti-wear (AW) hydraulic fluid, 12.54

Apron, scraper, 17.3

Area dumping, 3.34

Area measure, 2.42

Arms. See Push arms

Arrow diagrams, 11.45–49

Articulated dump trucks (ADTs), 18.24–25

Articulated steering, 12.29, 19.12–13

Artificial hills, 10.49

Associated Equipment Distributors (AED), 11.35–36

ASVs (all-surface vehicles), 18.25

Auger, Autograde, 19.30

Augur drills, 20.47–53

Augur scrapers, 17.13

Autograde. See Automatic lane processors

Automatic land levelers, 17.31

Automatic lane processors, 19.26–32

Automatic levels, 2.7, 2.27–28

Automatic transmissions, 12.15, 18.9

Auxiliary equipment, 11.24, 21.1–52

cable layers, 21.7–8

choppers, shredders, and chippers, 21.22–30

dozer equipment, 21.16–22

grizzlies and screens, 21.42–45

land-clearing tackle, 21.9–16

lubrication. See Lubrication

maintenance trucks, 21.46–47

processing plants. See Processing plants

rippers. See Rippers

submersibles, 21.36–38

tire handling, 21.51–52

water pumps, 21.30–42

Average annual investment (AAI), 11.15–16

Backblading, 15.35

Backdragging, 16.24

Backfilling

compaction. See Compaction

dewatering, 5.53–57

ditches and drains, 5.19–20, 5.47

landscaping, 7.4

mines, 9.89

Backfires, 1.42–43

Backhoe bucket. See Shovel buckets

Backhoes. See also Shovels

basement digging, 4.3, 4.11–15, 4.24–25

buckets. See Shovel buckets

ditching, 5.2–7

operation, 13.68–72, 13.74–78

on platforms, 3.25–26

pond excavation, 6.18–19

pond maintenance, 6.37

removing boulders, 4.33

rescuing from mud, 3.45

shore creation, 6.15

stump removal, 1.22

tractor-mounted, 13.72–74

Backtrack loading, 8.31–32

Bad weather. See Weather considerations

Balance sheets, 11.1–2

Ballast, tires, 12.109

Bank gravel, 8.12–13, 10.21–22

Banking fires, 1.40

Banks, 8.21–25

caving, 4.27–28, 5.9–14

deep building basements, 4.20–22

digging, with loaders, 16.12–13

measuring, 2.38–40

preserving (pond excavation), 6.11

trimming, 8.29, 19.26–32

Bark damage, 7.11

Barometers, 2.36

Barricades

blasts, 9.41

preventing accidents, 11.52

Basalt, trenching in, 5.9

Base, telescopic levels, 2.3

Base reclaimer, 19.30

Baseline (road layout), 8.6

Basements, digging, 4.1–36

backhoe excavation, 4.3, 4.11–15, 4.25

with bulldozer, 4.3–10

contractor’s setup, 4.18

deep building basements, 4.19–23

drainage, 5.56–58

groundwater, 4.25–28

haulaway digging, 4.18–19

hillside sites, 4.33–36

with loaders, 4.3, 4.10–11

multiple basements, 4.16–18

preliminary work, 4.1–3

shoring, 4.28–33

shovel teams, 4.23–25

Basic shovels, 13.1–3. See also Shovels

Beaches, 6.16–17

Bearings, 12.12–13

Bedrock, basement digging and, 4.33

Belt conveyors, 12.20, 14.1–14. See also Conveyors

blade-fed belts, 14.18–20

pit operations, 10.7, 10.38–39, 10.43

tunnel hauling, 9.63–65

Belt drives, 12.19–21

Belt loaders, 14.14–16. See also Conveyors

portable, 14.16–17

sidehill cuts, 8.18

Belts, for conveyor belts, 14.2–3

Bench terraces, 7.18

Benching slopes

pit excavation, 10.23, 10.30–31

roadways, 8.23

Benchmarks, leveling, 2.10–11

Bending cables, 12.48–49

Bentonite, 6.21

Bevel gears, 12.7

Biodiesel fuels, 12.88

Bits, drilling, 9.61

percussion rock drills, 20.24–26

rotary, 20.27

Black locust, 7.23

Black powder, 9.15, 9.25

Blade, dozer, 15.24–25

capacity, 2.49–50

cushioned, 15.30, 15.39

U-blade, 15.39

Blade, grader, 19.6–8

automatic control, 19.13–15

optional equipment for, 19.12

rake blades, 1.10, 19.25–26, 21.19–20

Blade bowl, 19.12

Blade stabilizer, 19.12

Blade tilt (dozers), 15.27–29

Blade-fed belts, 14.18–20

Blanket, explosion, 9.10

Blast warnings, 9.41

Blasting, 9.1–47. See also Tunneling

additional damage from, 9.44–47

bedrock, 4.33

borehole patterns, 9.4–11

controlled blasting, 9.11–13

explosives. See Explosives

initiators (fuses), 9.21–25, 9.33–34

light blasting, 9.41–43

mud, 3.32

purposes, 9.1–4

rock mechanics, 9.43–44

shaft digging, 9.55–56

Blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38

Blasting machines, 9.34

Blasting mats, 9.46

Blind drains, 5.40, 5.42

Block and fall, 21.15

Block and head (engines), 12.74

Block caving, 9.89–90

Blockholing, 9.42

Blocking on platforms, 3.26

Blocks. See Snatch blocks

Blowouts, 9.53, 9.79–80

Blowtorches. See Flame guns

Blue tops, 8.11–12

Body capacity, 2.47

Body hoists, 3.36–37

Bogs. See Mud

Bolts, 12.21–22

Bonds, 11.4, 11.56–57

Bookkeeping, 11.1–2

Boom drums, 13.51

Boom foot, shovel, 13.5

Booms, drill, 20.35–37

Booms, excavator, 13.26, 13.33, 13.34, 13.63

boom twist, 13.42

wheel excavators with booms, 14.17–18

Booster cables, 12.116

Borderline costs, 11.3

Boreholes, 9.62. See also Blasting; Drilling

cleaning, 9.4, 20.28–30

loading, 9.30–33

patterns, 9.4–11

Boring machines, 20.62–66

Bottom dumpers, 18.27–28, 18.36

Boulders

basement digging, 4.3, 4.33

blasting, 9.42

clearing, 1.44–47

full-swing hoes, 13.70–71

grader operation and, 19.19

handling with loaders, 16.22–23

pit operations, 10.41

platforms in mud and, 3.29

pond excavation, 6.11, 6.18

scrapers and, 17.23

for stone walls, 1.47, 7.5

straddling, 3.44

tractors, hanging up, 3.41

Bowl, scraper. See Scraper bowls

Bowldozer, 15.39

Boxes, dynamite, 9.30

Bracing or shoring

basement digging, 4.28–33

ditches, 5.11–14

stable soil, 4.29–31

walls, 4.28–29

Brake-assisted steering, 12.29

Brakes, 12.31–34.

graders, 19.3

hydraulic, 12.26, 12.32

mining shovels, 13.57

scrapers, 17.6, 17.18

tractors, 15.16–17, 15.19

trucks, 18.2–4, 18.14–16

Branches. See entries at Tree(s)

Breaking piles, 15.31

Breaking stuck machinery, 3.35

Breaks (tree), overhead, 1.16

Breakthroughs (tunnel water), 9.73

Bridges, 5.24–25. See also Culverts

Broken cables and chains, 1.29

Brush, filling around, 6.40

Brush and limb chippers, 1.6, 1.34, 21.27–28

Brush clearing, 1.9–12

burning, 1.36–40

disposal, 1.4–8

machinery for, 21.22–30

Bucket pumps (grease), 21.50

Bucket trip, 13.53

Bucket wander, 13.41–42

Buckets, loader. See Loader buckets

Buckets, shovel. See Shovel buckets

Buffer, explosion, 9.10

Builder’s levels, 2.1–2

Buildings. See also Basements, digging

damage from blasting, 9.44–47

digging under, 4.11

site selection for, 7.1–4

Bull wheel, 15.5

Bulldozer. See Dozers; Dozing operation

Bumboats, 14.34

Burden, borehole, 9.8

Burial, vegetation, 1.4–5, 6.40, 7.12–13

Buried drains. See Subsurface drainage

Buried mud, 3.34

Burner boxes. See Fire boxes

Burning

fire control, 1.40–44

pit refuse, 10.46

starting and maintaining fire, 1.37–40, 1.43

vegetation, 1.5, 1.35–40

Burrowing animals, 6.24

Bushings, 12.12–13

Bypass filters, 12.69

C-blade, 15.39

Cable dozers. See Dozers; Dozing operation

Cable layers, 21.7–8

Cable plows, grading instruments on, 2.30–32

Cable ramps, 3.38

Cables, 12.45–51. See also Chains

breakage, 1.29

broken, 13.61

cable systems, 12.51

jammed, 1.27–28, 3.43

rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.38–39

stump removal, 1.24

tangled, 13.41, 13.60

winches. See Winches

Cabs, machinery, 12.72

shovels, 13.5, 13.21

trucks, 18.10

Caissons, 4.32

Calcium chloride, 7.16

Canal dredges, 14.34

Capacity measurement.

belt conveyors, 14.12–13

cables (wire ropes), 12.51

culverts, 5.25

Capacity tests, 2.47

Capillary zone, 5.38

Capital gain, 11.9

Capital requirements, 11.3–4

Car overhang, 7.15

Carbide inserts, percussion bits, 20.25

Carbody, hydraulic excavators, 13.25

Carbon steel, 20.23–24

Carburetors, 12.79

Carburized steel, 20.24

Carpenter’s levels, 2.36

Carrying scrapers. See Scrapers

Cartridges, explosive, 9.30–32

Cash requirements, 11.4–5

Casting with dragline bucket, 13.40–41

Catch basins, 7.9

Caving

banks, 4.27–28, 5.9–14

block caving, 9.89–90

forecasting rockfalls, 9.90–92

C-blade, 15.39

CEF (container efficiency factor), 2.50

Cell method, 10.47–48

Centering leveling instruments, 2.6. See also Levels

Centerline, roadway, 8.6

staking, 2.14, 8.7, 8.8–9

Centrifugal pumps, 21.30–35

Chain crowd, 13.52

Chain drives, 12.16–19

Chain trenchers, 14.28–29

Chaining to platforms, 3.27–28

Chains, 12.54. See also Cables

breakage, 1.29

jammed, 1.27–28, 3.43

rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.38–39

stump removal, 1.23–24

tackle for clearing land, 21.9–16

tire chains, 12.110–111

towed, for land clearing, 21.22

Chains (measuring tapes). See Tapes, measuring

Channel terraces, 7.17

Channels, 5.23–24

Chatter, brake, 12.33

Check dams, 5.24, 7.24

Check runs, 2.14

Check valves, 12.60

Checklists, for estimating, 11.38

Chemicals for dewatering, 3.33

Chip blasting, 9.41–42

Chippers, 1.6, 1.34, 21.27–30

Choppers, 21.22–24

rolling choppers, 1.12, 21.23–24

Churning, 3.37

Chutes, mining, 9.85–86

Circuits, hydrostatic, 12.66–67, 13.21

City streets, 8.4

Clamshell bucket attachments, 13.66–67

Clamshells, 13.45–50. See also Shovels

basement digging, 4.15–16

burning vegetation, 1.39–40

ditching, 5.7

loading from pit banks, 10.27

pit stockpiling, 10.43

on platforms, 3.26

pond excavation, 6.19

Classified excavation, 11.43

Clay soils. See also Fill(s)

dozer blade suck, 15.31

in earth dams, 6.20–21

fills, 3.33

pit operations, 10.22

stability of, 3.12

Clean Water Act (1986), 6.1

Cleaning

for drilling boreholes, 9.4, 20.28–30

rock, for hydraulicking, 14.46

Cleaning equipment. See Maintenance and repair

Cleanup dredges, 14.42–43

Clearing. See Land clearing

Clearing blades, dozer, 15.41

Cleats, wet digging, 3.31

Clinometers, 2.34

Closed hydraulic systems, 12.64

Cloth measuring tapes, 2.12

Clotting mud, 14.45

Clutches, 12.34–37

converter clutches, 12.42–43

graders, 19.1

rollers, 19.34

tractors, 15.1, 15.10, 15.16–17

trucks, 18.8

Coal removal. See Mining; Pit operations

Coastal wetlands, 6.1

Cofferdams, 4.31–32

Collapse. See Caving

Combination controls (tractors), 15.12

Compact excavators, 13.32–34, 16.9–10

Compacted backfill, 5.20

Compaction, 3.11–16, 19.33

air lines and accessories, 20.10–14

explosives in boreholes, 9.30–31

fills, 3.33, 8.42–43

gravel, 8.15

hand-operated machinery for, 19.42–46

rollers for. See Rollers

sidehill cuts, 8.20–21

specifications for, 3.14

Compartment digging, 3.30

Compasses, 2.3

Compensation insurance, 11.53–54

Compound gearing, 12.14

Compressed-air tunnel driving, 9.78–80

Compression ratio, engine, 12.79

Compressors, 20.1. See also Drilling; Drills

operation, 20.7–9

rotary compressors, 20.9–10

Computerized drilling, 9.9

Computers, on trucks, 18.10

Concrete bridges, 5.24–25

Concrete lining, 9.73

Concrete pipe, laying, 5.32–33

Concussion from blasting, 9.45

Condensation, basement, 5.58

Conduits, trenches for, 5.17–19

Connected community (GPS), 2.30

Conservation of energy, 12.3

Constant-mesh transmissions, 12.14

Consumption, fuel, 12.89–90. See also Fuel

Container efficiency factor (CEF), 2.50

Containers, measuring, 2.47–50

Contained ground, 1.8–9

Continuous miners, 14.20–22

Continuous-flow production, 2.43–44

Continuous-type ditching machines, 5.8–9

Contour lines, surveying, 2.21–22

Contractors’ liability, 11.54–55

Contractor’s setup, basements, 4.18

Contracts, 11.41–44

Control measures

erosion (sediment), 1.3–4, 6.16, 7.10–11, 7.22

fire, 1.40–44, 6.17, 9.52

gullies, 7.22–24

streams, 6.12–14

Control valves, 12.60–61

Controlled blasting. See also Blasting

Controls, machinery, 12.25–27.

brakes, 12.31–34

clutch, 12.34–37

compressors, 20.5–6

graders, 19.8–10, 19.13–15, 19.31–32

rollers, 19.36–37

scrapers, 17.4–5

shovels, 13.7–10, 13.23–25, 13.68

tractors, 15.8, 15.12–14, 15.19–20

wheel steering, 12.29–31

Converter clutches, 12.42–43

Conveyors, 14.1–22. See also Ditching machines

belt conveyors. See Belt conveyors

belt loaders. See Belt loaders

blade-fed belts, 14.18–20

pump excavators. See Pump excavators

stackers. See Stackers

for use underground, 14.20–22

wheel excavators. See Wheel excavators

Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (ERG) systems, 12.87–88

Coolers, 12.64–65

Cooling

engines, 12.75

torque converters, 12.39–40

Coordinated steering, 12.31

Copper sulfate, 6.38

Corduroy roads, 3.20–21

Cordwood, moving, 1.19–20

Corner stakes. See Stakes

Corrugated pipe, 5.29, 5.30–32

Cost-plus arrangements, 11.43

Costs, defined, 11.2–3

Costs and management, 2.41, 11.1–57.

accidents, 11.50–53

bonds, 11.56–57

bookkeeping, 11.1–2

causes of failure, 11.50

contracts, 11.41–44

critical-path scheduling, 11.44–50

depreciation, 11.7–15

equipment operating expense, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32

equipment rental, 11.35–38

equipment selection, 11.35

equipment work hours, 11.21–24

estimating, 11.26–31, 11.38–41

financing, 11.18

insurance. See Insurance

interest, 11.16–18

investment, 11.15–16

labor and working time, 11.32–35

machinery purchase, 11.6–7

maintenance and repair, 11.26–31

ownership costs, 11.2, 11.18–21

receivables, 11.3–6

repair. See Maintenance and repair

ripping, 21.6

tires, 11.31–32

web collaboration, 11.21

Counterbalancing shovels, 3.44

Counterweights

loaders, 16.5

shovel, 3.34–35, 13.11, 13.19

tractor, 15.21

Couplings, grease pumping, 21.47–48

Covered blasts, 9.46

Covered fills, 10.48–49

Coyote holes, 9.10–11

Cracking, dam, 6.22

Crashing (scheduling), 11.49–50

Crawler tracks, 12.19, 15.5–7

full-revolving excavators, 13.25

prestart check, 12.112

shovels, 13.14–15, 13.33

Crawler tractors, 15.1–15

control systems, 15.12–14

mounting, for ditching, 5.4–6

operation (mechanical drive), 15.8–10

operation (torque converter), 15.11–12

rescuing from mud, 3.38–42

stump removal, 1.20, 1.26

Crawler travel unit, shovel, 13.12–15

Crawler-mounted loaders, 16.1–6

Critical-path scheduling, 11.44–50

Cross sections (road layout), 8.7

Crosshairs. See Sighting hairs

Crowning, 19.17–19, 19.32

rollers for, 19.37

Crusher gravel, 8.13

Crushing cables, 12.49

Crushing plants, 21.45–46

Cubic measure, 2.41–42

Culverts. See also Bridges

casual placement, 5.34–35

design, 5.25–30

wood culverts, 5.34

Cumulative cost and income, 11.5–6

Cupping, tire, 12.105

Curves

road layout, 8.5–6

truck driving on, 18.32

turnarounds (driveways), 7.15

Cushion blasting, 9.12–13

Cushioned dozer blades, 15.30, 15.39

Cut and fill digging, 4.35

Cutoff trench, dam, 6.21

Cutterheads, 20.63

Cutters, 19.29, 20.63, 21.17–19, 21.21

Cutting

brush. See Brush clearing

cables, 12.47–48

by dredges, 14.37

with loaders, 16.12

ridgetops, with scrapers, 8.26

rock, 9.3

trees, 1.12–13, 1.15–19. See also Tree removal

Cyclones, 14.45–46

Cylinders, compressor, 20.3

Cylinders, hydraulic, 12.65–67

Damage. See Maintenance and repair; Safety

Damage from blasting rock, 9.44–47

Damage insurance, 11.54

Dams, 3.14, 5.24, 6.20–25

building with dredges, 14.40–42

in gullies, 7.24

spillways, 6.28–30

Dangers. See Safety

Day book, 11.2

DBAs (dense blasting agents), 9.20–21

DC motors, 12.27

Dead axle, tractor, 15.4

Deadheading, scrapers, 8.37–38

Dearborn scoops, 17.33

Debt, 11.17

Debt-to-equity ratio, 11.1

Deck trailers, 18.38–40

Declining-balance depreciation, 11.10–11

Deep boreholes, 9.31–32

Deep building basements, 4.19–23

Deep hole pumping, 5.55

Deep rotary drills, 20.55–58

Deep stripping, 10.9–10

Delay blasting, 9.21–22

Demolition heads, 13.67

Dense blasting agents (DBAs), 9.20–21

Depreciation, 11.7–15, 11.30

depreciation reserve, 11.13–15

depreciation schedules, 11.10–13

Depth

basement digging, 4.3

gauges, 13.66

measure. See Linear measure

Depth filters, 12.69

Depthmaster laser instrument, 2.28–29

Detergent systems for hole cleaning, 20.29

Detonating cord. See Primacord

Detonators. See Initiators (fuses)

Development roads, 8.3–4

Dewatering, 3.32, 5.20

backfill, 5.53–57

bridges, 5.24–25

culvert design, 5.25–30

drainage. See Drainage; Pipelines

for excavation, 5.52–58

fords and dips, 5.37

groundwater, 4.25–28

pumping. See Pumping

soil moisture. See Moisture content; Soil

subsurface, 5.39–52

tile drains, 5.44–50

wood culverts, 5.34

DGPS (differential GPS), 2.29

Diamond drilling, 9.51

Diaphragm pumps, 21.35

Diesel engines, 12.80–86

emissions, 12.89–90

fuel consumption, 12.89–90

oils, 12.71

starting, 12.114

Diesel-electric drives, 12.28

shovels and draglines, 13.55–57

Differential gears, 12.7–8

Differential GPS, 2.29

Digging

basements. See Basements, digging

under buildings, 4.11

dams. See Dams

estimating work and, 11.39

haulaway. See Haulaway digging

ponds and swamps. See Dredges; Ponds

resistance, 3.3–5

in streams, 6.12

underground. See Tunneling

underwater, 10.33

wet digging, 3.29–32

Digging operation.

Digging out stuck machinery, 3.35

Digging out stumps, 1.21–22

Dip lubrication, 12.70

Dipper dredges, 13.65–66

Dipper shovel attachments. See Front shovels

Dipper stick, hydraulic excavators, 13.26

Dippers. See Front shovels

Dips, dewatering, 5.37

Direction of tree fall, 1.13–14, 1.16

Dirty water, pumping, 5.54

Disc brakes, 12.32

Disc clutches, 12.35–37

Disc harrows, 1.11–12, 21.23

Discharge lines

for dredging spoil, 14.35–40

pumps, 21.41

Disjointing, culvert, 5.29

Displacement, piston, 12.92

Displacement, pump, 12.57, 12.60

Disposal. See also Hauling

cleared vegetation, 1.34. See also Stump(s); Tree removal

muck, 20.65–66

mud deposits, pond, 6.35, 6.40

into pits, 10.45–49

pond excavation spoil, 6.8

soil. See Haulaway digging

Distance measurements, 2.38

Distance meters, 2.32–33

Ditching, 5.1–20. See also Trenches

backfill compaction, 19.36

backfilling, 5.19–20, 5.47

caving of banks, 5.9–14

with ditchers. See Ditching machines

permanent ditches, 5.15–17

pipe and conduit ditches, 5.17–19

rock, 5.8–9

stream control, 6.12

stream crossing, 5.14–15

trapezoidal ditchers, 14.26–28

trees and, 7.11

Ditching machines, 5.8–9, 14.23–29. See also Dozers; Dozing operation; Graders; Land planes; Scrapers; Trenchers; Tube plows

backhoes as, 5.2–7

chain or drag trenchers, 14.28–29

grading instruments on, 2.30–32

other shovel rigs as, 5.7–8

towed ditchers, 17.31

trapezoidal ditchers, 14.26–28

wheel ditchers, 14.23–28

Diversion

gullies, 7.22–23

stream, 6.12–14

Divining rods, 7.3

Double casting, 10.9

Double cuts, pond excavation, 6.6–7

Double-acting cylinders, 12.65

Double-plate clutches, 12.36

Downslopes. See Hillside sites

Down-the-hole drills, 20.19–21

Downtime, equipment, 11.22–23, 11.31

Dozer shovels. See Loaders

Dozers, 15.24–41. See also Shovel dozers

auxiliary equipment, 21.16–22

blade, 2.49–50, 15.24–25, 15.30, 15.39

grading instruments on, 2.30–32

repair costs, 15.30

rescuing from mud, 3.40–41

special constructions, 15.39–41

Dozing operation, 15.30–39

basement digging, 4.3–10, 4.22

boulder removal, 1.44–46

brush clearing, 1.9–11

ditching, 5.9

fire control, 1.40–41

graders for, 19.15–16

grading, 15.29, 15.35

land leveling, 7.27

loaders for, 16.23–24

loading from pit banks, 10.28–29

pond maintenance, 6.34, 6.37

pushing scrapers, 15.29–30. See also Pushers; Scrapers

rescuing stuck machinery, 3.36, 3.39–40

rock stripping, 9.2

sidecasting pit spoil, 10.2–3

sidehill cuts, 8.17–18

swamp digging, 6.35

wet digging, 3.30–31

work cycle, 2.51

Drag levelers, 7.27

Drag scrapers. See Scrapers

Drag trenchers, 14.28–29

Dragging trees, 1.17–18

Draglines, 3.25–26, 13.34–43. See also Shovels

ditching, 5.7

loading from pit banks, 10.27

pit stripping, 10.6–7

pond excavation, 6.2, 6.9–12

pond maintenance, 6.33–34, 6.37

road cuts, 3.31–32

walking draglines (walkers), 13.43–45

Drainage, 5.20–24. See also Water

bank slopes, 8.23–24

basement digging, 5.56–58

diversion. See Diversion

groundwater, 4.26

gullies, 7.20–22

irrigation drainage, 7.28–29

land shaping, 7.8–9

pit excavation, 10.32–34

pond excavation, 6.25–28

retraining walls and, 7.8

roadways, 8.45–48

seasonal lowering, 5.52

shafts, 9.58

shores, 6.15–16

spillways, 6.28–30

temporary roads, 3.21

terracing, 7.16–20

trenches. See Trenches

underground, 5.39–52

wet digging, 3.29–32

Draining sand, 3.32–33

Draining swamps, 6.2–12. See also Ponds

dragline size, 6.9–12

predraining, 6.8–9

Drainpipes. See Pipelines

Draw point chutes, 9.86

Drawbar, grader, 19.7

Drawbar, tractor, 15.7

Drawbar graders, 19.25

Dredges, 13.65–66, 14.40–42. See also Shovels

cleanup dredges, 14.42–43

hydraulic. See Hydraulic dredges

hydraulicking, 14.45–46

Drifters, percussion drill, 20.18–19

Drifts, mining, 9.82

Drill pipes, 20.23

Drilling. See also Compressors

bedrock, 4.33

boreholes. See Boreholes

computerized, 9.9

hand drilling operation, 20.31–33

hole cleaning, 9.4, 20.28–30

horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54

noise, 20.30–31

operation, 20.31–33

rock stripping, 9.1

tunnels. See Tunneling

water wells, 7.3

Drills, 2.44

augur drills, 20.47–53

bits, 9.61, 20.24–26, 20.27

booms, 20.35–37

caisson drills, 20.58–59

deep rotary drills, 20.55–58

horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54

hydraulic hammers and splitters, 20.14–16

mobile tower drills, 20.45–47

mountings, 20.7, 20.33–34

noise from percussion drills, 20.30–31

percussion drills, 20.16–26

pneumatic underground piercers, 20.54–55

rotary bits, 20.27

shaft sinking, 20.59–61

stopers, 20.33–35

TBMs (tunnel-boring machines), 20.62–66

tower drills, 20.45–47

track-mounted drills, 20.37–45

Drives, machinery.

belt conveyors, 14.3–6

belt drives, 12.19–21

chain drives, 12.16–19

electric, 12.27–28

fluid, 12.37

graders, 19.2

rollers, 19.34

scrapers, 17.5–6

shovels, 13.21

tractors, 15.1

trucks, 18.16–18, 18.20, 18.23

Driveways, 7.13–16

Dropping weights, for compaction, 19.46

Drum, cable, 12.51, 12.53

Drum lines, 3.43

Drum rollers, 19.33–40

steel wheel rollers, 3.12, 19.33–38

tamping rollers, 19.38–40

Dry clutches, 12.35–36

Dry dredging. See Hydraulicking

Dry land ponds, 6.32

Dry packing, 9.69–70

Dual tires, 18.6

Duckweed (lemna minor), 6.38

Dug-cell method, 10.47–48

Dump trucks. See Truck(s)

Dumping operation

with scrapers, 17.19–21

with trucks, 18.33–34. See also Truck(s)

Dumps

hillside dumps, 10.13

pit dumps, 10.45–49

Duration of job events, 11.46–47

Dust

gravel roads, 8.15

hole cleaning, 9.4, 20.28–30

land clearing, 1.3

silicosis, 9.52

Dynamic deep compaction, 19.46

Dynamite, 9.15–16, 9.29–30

Earliest event time (EET), 11.47

Earth dams, 3.14, 6.20–24

ECUs (electronic control units), 12.27

EET (earliest event time), 11.47

Efficiency

container, 2.50

engines, 12.89

hydraulic systems, 12.56–57

machine, 2.51

tractive, of surfaces, 3.7–8

Efficiency hour, 11.34

Ejector, scraper, 17.4, 17.11–12, 17.14

Ejector buckets (loaders), 16.26

Elbow drains, 6.26–27

Electric cap primers, 9.25–26

Electric drives, 12.27–28

off-road trucks, 18.20

Electric power controls, 12.26

Electric shovels, 13.55–57. See also Shovels

Electric squibs, 9.21

Electric steering, 12.29

Electric submersible pumps, 21.36–38

Electric wheels, 12.28

Electrical firing of explosives, 9.34–41

Electronic power controls, 12.27

Electronics, on trucks, 18.10

Elevating graders, 14.18

Elevating scrapers, 17.10–13

Elevations

for building, choosing, 7.1–2

measuring, 2.10

Embers, transferring, 1.38

Emergency equipment, 11.24

Emissions. See Air conditions

End-of-period costs, 11.29–30

Energy, conservation of, 12.3

Engines

controls for. See Controls, machinery

diesel engines, 12.80–86

fuel consumption, 12.89–90

gasoline power, 12.78–80

graders, 19.2–3

hauler power train, 12.93–96

shovels, 13.15–16, 13.19–21

speed, 12.3. See also Governors

starting. See Starting engines

travel resistance, 12.97–99

trucks, 18.8–11

Equipment, 12.3–119.

air motors, 12.43–44

belt drives, 12.19–21

brakes, 12.31–34

cables. See Cables

cabs, 12.72

chain drives, 12.16–19

clutch, 12.34–37

controls, 12.25–27

depreciation, 11.7–10

downtime, 11.22–23, 11.31

electric drives, 12.27–28

engines. See Engines

fluid drives, 12.37

gears, 12.5–9

governors, 12.76–78

hydraulics. See Hydraulics

inclined planes, 12.21–24

interest on, 11.17

lines and fittings, 12.62–63

lubrication. See Lubrication

machinery purchase, 11.6–7

monitoring, 11.27

motors. See Motors

operating expense, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32

operator responsibilities, 12.111–119

power plants, 12.72–76, 14.30–31

principles of leverage, 12.3–5

pumps. See Pumps

rental, 11.35–38

selection, 11.35

shafts (for gears), 12.9–11

stuck in mud. See Stuck machinery

tires. See Tires

torque converters, 12.37–43

transmissions. See Transmissions

travel resistance, 12.97–99

valves, 12.60–62

wheel steering, 12.29–31

work hours, 11.21–24

Equipment debt, 11.17

Erosion control

gullies, 7.22

with land clearing, 1.3–4

lawns, 7.10–11

shores, 6.16

Error, staking, 8.12

Estimating, 11.38–41

repair costs, 11.26–31

Ether, 12.114

Evaporation of pond water, 6.31–32

Events, defining, 11.46–47

Excavation. See also Dozers; Dozing operation

classified, 11.43

dewatering of. See Dewatering

estimating, 11.39

laser alignment, 2.28–29

mud. See Mud

pond. See Ponds

rock. See Blasting; Tunneling

room-and-pillar excavation, 9.83–84

trenchless, 5.21–22

vacuum excavation, 5.1–2

wet digging, 3.29–32, 11.39

Excavators. See also Shovels

compact (mini), 13.32–34, 16.9–10

hydraulic full-revolving, 13.19–32

loading from pit banks, 10.26–27

for pipelaying, 13.32

pump excavators. See Pump excavators

sidehill cuts, 8.18–19

wheel excavators. See Wheel excavators

Exhaust

from diesel engines, 12.85–86

from gasoline engines, 12.86–88

in tunnels, 9.65

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 12.88

Expenditures. See also Costs and management

definitions of, 11.3

machinery, 11.6–7

operating costs, equipment, 11.2, 11.3, 11.24–26, 11.32

overhead (costs), 11.2–3, 11.41

ownership costs, 11.18–21

Explosion speed, 9.27–29

Explosions, compressor, 20.8

Explosives. See also Blasting

ammonium nitrate, 9.16–20

damage from blasting, 9.44–47

electrical firing, 9.34–41

handling, 9.29–30

initiators (fuses), 9.21–25, 9.33–34

loading, 9.30–33

slurries (water gels), 9.20–21

Extensible conveyors, 14.14

Extinguishers, 1.40

Extracting ore, 9.83

Face height, boreholes, 9.5

Failure, causes of, 11.50

transmissions, 12.15–16

Fairleads, 13.34

Fall, rock. See Block caving; Forecasting rockfalls

Fall, tree, 1.13–14, 1.16

Farm roads, 5.37, 8.2

Farm tractors, 15.18

Fast writeoff, 11.9

Feed, stopers, 20.33–34

Field testing. See Testing

Fields, converting to lawns, 7.9–10

Fill(s). See also Backfilling

around trees, 1.4–5, 7.12–13

compaction, 3.33, 8.42–43. See also Compaction

dangers of, 11.51–52

estimating work and, 11.39–40

grading with dozers, 15.35

hydraulic fills, 14.40–42

moisture content, 3.12, 3.15–16

mud, 3.33–34

mud coverage, 3.22

roadways, 8.41–44

rock fills, 3.14, 8.43–44

sanitary fill, 10.47–49

shrinkage, 8.51–52

surface dumping, 18.34

Fill bases, 8.43

Filter collectors, 20.28–29

Filters, hydraulic, 12.67–69

Financing, 11.18. See also Costs and management

Finishing

basement digging, 4.5–6

full-swing hoes, 13.69–70

land leveling, 7.27

landscaping, 7.9–11

Fire. See also Burning

brush clearing, 1.36–40

feeding, 1.37–40

Fire boxes, 1.10, 1.44

Fire control, 1.40–44

ponds for, 6.17

tunneling, 9.52

Firebreaks, 1.42

Firewood, 1.7

Firing, electrical, 9.34–41

headings (tunneling), 9.61

FIS (fleet information system), 11.23

Fish, water plants and, 6.37–38

Fittings, 12.62–63

cable, 12.52–53

compressor, 20.11–12

grease pumping, 21.47–48

hydraulic, 12.63

Fixed costs, 11.2

Fixed grizzlies, 21.45

Fixed processing plants, 10.38

Flame guns, 1.35

Flat belts, 12.20

Fleet angle, 12.49–50

Fleet information system (FIS), 11.23

Flights, elevator scrapers, 17.10–11

Float (scheduling), 11.48–49

Float position (dozer control), 15.28–29

Floating discharge lines, 14.35, 14.37–40

Flotation, 3.9–11

Fluid drives, 12.37

Fly ash, 8.14

Foam, for hole cleaning, 20.29–30

Force, 12.3

Force-feed loaders, 14.18–20

Fords, dewatering, 5.37

Forecasting rockfalls, 9.90–92

Forepoling, 9.74–76

Foundations

backfills, 7.4

boulders for, 1.47

Four-wheel-drive loaders, 16.6–11

Four-wheel-drive tractors, 15.15–18

Fracturing of rock, about, 9.43–47

Frame steering. See Articulated steering

Frames.

Freewheeling units, 12.23–24, 18.21

Freezing

dewatering by, 3.33

pump operation and, 21.41–42

of soil or swamp, 3.17

French drains, 5.40, 5.42

Friction brakes, 12.31–32

Front shovels (dippers), 13.51–54, 13.63

basement digging, 4.15, 4.19–20

ditching, 5.7

loading from pit banks, 10.26–27

pond excavation, 6.19

sidecasting pit spoil, 10.5–6

Front-end loaders. See Loaders

Front-wheel steering, 12.30–31

Frost, 3.17

Fuel

carburetors, 12.79

consumption, 12.89–90

costs, 11.24–25

diesel engines, 12.80–86

exhaust conditions, 12.86–88

gasoline power, 12.78–80

Fuel oil. See AN-FO

Full depreciated equipment, 11.13

Full stations (roadway stakes), 8.9

Full trailers (wagons), 18.27, 18.36. See also Trailers

Full-swing hoes. See Backhoes

Fuse caps. See Blasting caps

Fuses, 9.21–25. See also Blasting; Explosives

blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38

electrical firing, 9.34–41

fuse caps, 9.25–26

lighting, 9.33–34

Gantry, shovel, 13.5

Garbage fills

hillside dumps, 10.13

pit dumps, 10.45–49

Gas turbines, 12.72

Gaskets, 12.68

Gasoline power, 12.78–80

diesel engines, 12.80–86

exhaust conditions, 12.86–88

fuel consumption, 12.89–90

starting engines, 12.115

Gate valves, 6.25

Gauges, compressor, 20.6

Gear pumps, 12.58

Gear sets. See Transmissions

Gearboxes. See Transmissions

Gears, 12.5–9

bushings and bearings, 12.12–13

chain drives, 12.16–19

compound gearing, 12.14

dozers, 15.36–37

hauler power train, 12.93–96

scrapers, 17.17–18

shafts, 12.9–11

tractors, 15.8–9, 15.11

trucks, 18.29–30

Gelatin dynamite, 9.16

Geophones, 9.92

Geosynthetic walls, 7.7–8

Geotextiles, 3.17–18

Girder trailers, 18.41

Global positioning system (GPS), 2.29–30

Glory hole method, 9.56–57

Gooseneck, scraper, 17.2

Gooseneck, trailer, 18.40–41

Gouging, with loaders, 16.14

Governors, 12.76–78

GPS (global positioning system), 2.29–30

Grab hooks, 1.24, 21.11–13

Gradall shovels, 13.30–32

Grade lasers. See Lasers

Grade resistance, 12.97

Grade stakes, 2.14, 8.10–11

reference stakes, 2.17–18, 4.2, 5.3–4, 8.9–10

stringlines, 2.37

Gradebuilders. See Angle dozers

Graders, 2.44, 19.1–32

automatic lane processors, 19.26–32

blade and mounting, 19.6–8, 19.12, 19.13–15

controls, 19.8–10, 19.13–15, 19.31–32

ditching, 5.9

elevating graders, 14.18

grading instruments on, 2.30–32

light graders, 19.24–26

operation, 19.15–23. See also Grading

optional equipment, 19.10–12

as pushers, 8.31

steering, 19.12–13, 19.27–29

towed graders, 19.24–26

Gradient. See Slopes (gradient)

Grading. See also Leveling

agricultural. See Agricultural grading

bank slopes, 8.24

with dozers, 15.29, 15.35

for drainage. See Drainage

Gradall shovels, 13.31

land leveling, 7.27

landscaping, 7.4–5

machinery for. See Graders

roadways, 8.46

with scrapers, 17.22–23

shore creation, 6.15

spoil piles, 10.2

starting grade, 19.32

terraces, 7.19

Grading instruments on equipment, 2.30–32

Granular soils, 8.41

Grapple dredges, 13.65–66

Grapples, clamshell, 13.47–48

Grass. See Lawns

Gravel

pit operations, 10.21–22

roads, 8.12–15

surface protection, 3.22

Gravity grizzlies, 21.45

Grease, 12.70. See also Lubrication

costs, 11.25

pumping, 21.47–51

Grease trucks, 21.50–51

Grids, surveying, 2.18–20

Grinders. See Stump grinders

Grizzlies, 21.42–45

Ground materials, clearing. See Land clearing

Ground pressure, 3.18

Groundwater, 5.37–38. See also Moisture content; Soil

basement digging, 4.25–28

coal removal and, 10.2

disruptions from blasting, 9.47

pit operations, 10.32–35

seasonal lowering, 5.52

subsurface drainage. See Underground drainage

tunneling, 9.65–67, 9.73

Grouting, 3.32

spillways, 6.29–30

tunnels, 9.66–67

Growth, vegetative. See Vegetation

Guard logs, 3.20

Guide stakes. See Reference stakes

Gullies, 7.20–24

Hammers, for compaction, 19.46

hand rock drills, 20.17

hydraulic, 20.14–15

Hand drilling operation, 20.31–33

Hand grease guns, 21.48–49

Hand levels, 2.33–34

Hand levers, 12.25

Hand tunneling, 9.49

Hand winches, 1.31

Handheld percussive rock drills, 20.17–18

Hanging up tractors, 3.41

Hard digging

with dozers, 15.38

with scrapers, 8.28

Harrows. See Disc harrows

Haul grades, 10.12

Haul routes, 8.2–3, 8.5, 10.12–13

Haulageways, mining, 9.82

Haulaway digging

basement digging, 4.18–19

pit operations spoil, 10.10–14

Hauler power train, 12.93–96

Hauling. See also Removing

cleared vegetation, 1.7–8

digging basements and, 4.18–19

explosives, 9.29

fill compaction during, 8.42–43

loaders for, 16.19–21

ore (mining), 9.82

pit hauling, 10.10–14, 10.39

pond excavation, 6.7–8

with portable belt loaders, 14.17

rocks, 1.46–47, 7.6

with scrapers, 8.38–39, 17.17–19

transporting dirt with dozers, 15.33–34

truck loading, 2.44, 16.15–18

with tunneling, 9.62–65

Hay cutters, 1.11

HDD. See Horizontal directional drilling

Headings (tunneling), 9.58–61

Headwalls, culverts, 5.26–27

Heaps, 2.47

Heat exchanges, 12.64–65

Heavy graders. See Graders

Heavy trucks, 18.13–16

Heavy weight dropping, for compaction, 19.46

Height measure. See Altimeters; Linear measure

Helical gears, 12.5

Herringbone gears, 12.6

High carbon steel, 20.24

High lines, for electrical firing, 9.35

Highway cuts (rock), 9.3

Highway dumpers, 18.2–5, 18.17–18

Highways, 8.4. See also Roadways

Hill removal, 4.36

Hillside dumps, 10.13

Hillside sites, 7.2

artificial hills, 10.49

basement digging, 4.9–10, 4.33–36

dozer work, 15.37

driveways and garages, 7.14

leveling. See Land leveling

protection with sod, 7.11

staking, 8.9

truck driving on, 18.31–32

Hoes. See Backhoes

Hog boxes, 14.45

Hoist

hitching, for machinery transport, 18.46

three-point hitch, 15.22–23

trucks, 18.12–13

Hoisting dragline bucket, 13.39

Holdbacks, belt conveyors, 14.7–8

Hole cleaning, 9.4, 20.28–30

Hole taper, percussion bits, 20.26

Holes. See Boreholes

Home landscaping. See Landscaping

Hooks, 21.11–13

Hoppers, 2.44, 14.8–9

Horizontal alignment, roadway, 8.5

Horizontal directional drilling (HDD), 1.9, 20.53–54

Horsepower, 12.91–92

Hose, compressor, 20.11–12

Hour meters, 11.44

Hourly work arrangements, 11.43–44

Hourly-use depreciation, 11.11

Hubs, 8.6

stringlines, 2.37

trucks, 18.2, 18.21–23

Humus (peat), 3.17

Hydraulic angle-tilt-pitch dozers, 15.40–41

Hydraulic backhoe attachment, 13.72–74

Hydraulic backhoes. See Backhoes

Hydraulic brakes, 12.26, 12.32

Hydraulic controls. See Controls, machinery

Hydraulic drawbar. See Three-point hitch

Hydraulic dredges, 14.29–42. See also Dredges

building hydraulic fills, 14.40–42

cleanup dredges, 14.42–43

operation, 14.36–40

pit operations, 10.45

ponds, 6.33, 6.38–40

spoil separation, 14.42–43

Hydraulic fills, 14.40–42

Hydraulic fluid, 12.54–55

Hydraulic full-revolving excavators, 13.19–32

backhoe attachment, 13.26–29

Gradall shovels, 13.30–32

hydraulic system of, 13.21–25

travel unit, 13.25–26

Hydraulic governors, 12.77

Hydraulic hammers and splitters, 20.14–16

Hydraulic retarders, 12.43, 17.17–18

Hydraulic submersible pumps, 21.38

Hydraulic trencher loaders, 14.20

Hydraulicking, 14.45–46

Hydraulics, 12.25–26, 12.31–32, 12.54–57. See also Pumps

cylinders and motors, 12.65–67

lines and fittings, 12.62–63

maintenance and repair, 12.69–70

power controls, 12.26

reservoir, 12.64–65

seals and filters, 12.67–69

steering, 12.29

Hydroinflation, 12.109

Hydrostatic circuits, 12.66–67

Hydrostatic controls (tractors), 15.13–14

Hydrostatic pumps, 12.59

Hygroscopic zone, 5.38

I-beam trailers, 18.41

IC (intelligent compaction), 8.15

Ice melting. See Snow melting

Idlers, belt conveyors, 14.6

Idling engines, 12.117

Immobilization, 1.9

Imported backfill, 5.20

Inclined planes, 12.21–24. See also Ramps

with belt conveyors, 14.11–12

loaders on, 16.14

Income, cumulative, 11.5–6

Industrial tractors, 15.18

Initial investment, 11.15

Initiators (fuses), 9.21–25. See also Blasting; Explosives

blasting caps, 9.21, 9.25, 9.35–38

electrical firing, 9.34–41

fuse caps, 9.25–26

lighting, 9.33–34

Injection systems, 12.71

Inland wetlands, 6.1

Inlet protection (pumps), 5.52–53, 21.38–41

In-place measurements, 2.38–41. See also Measurement

Insect stings, 11.52–53

Inspection. See Maintenance and repair

Installments

interest, 11.17

loan repayments, 11.18

payments for work, 11.5

Insurance, 11.53–56

contaminated ground, 1.8

liability insurance, 11.19

loss insurance, 11.19–20

Intelligent compaction (IC), 8.15

Intercoolers, 20.5

Interest, 11.16–18

Intermediate hauls, scrapers, 8.38–39

Intermediate production, 2.45

Intermittent-cycle production, 2.43

Internal-combustion engines, 12.72–76

Inventory, equipment, 11.13–15

Investment, 11.15–16, 11.24

Irregular shapes, basements, 4.7, 4.14–15

Irrigation, 7.25

drainage, 7.28–29

land leveling and, 7.24–27

Islands, for digging ponds, 6.10

Jackdrills, 20.35

Jackhammers, 20.17

Jacking

corrugated pipe, 5.31–32

stuck machinery, 3.37, 3.42

Jammed cables/chains, 1.27–28, 3.43

Jammed drill bits, 20.32

Jaw clutch, 12.34–35

Jet bits, 20.27

Jetting, 5.55–56, 21.35

Job overhead, 11.3

Job overlap, 11.45–46

Job requirements measurements, 2.41

Job time, defined, 11.34

Joints, pipe, 5.31

Jumbos (drilling), 20.36–37

Jumping the track, 3.45–46

Kerosene blowtorch, 1.35

Keyed shafts, 12.8–9

Killing trees, 1.22, 7.11. See also Tree protection; Tree removal

Kiln drying, 3.15

Kinking cable, 12.51

Knockdown beams, 21.17

Labor, 11.32–33

accidents, 11.50–53

lube labor, 11.25–26

time measurements, 11.44

workers’ compensation insurance, 11.53–54

working time, 11.33–35

Laboratory tests. See Testing

Land clearing, 1.3–47

boulders, 1.44–47

brush clearing, 1.9–12

by burning. See Burning

choppers, shredders, and chippers, 21.22–30

cleared vegetation, 1.4–8

contaminated ground, 1.8–9

disposal, 1.4–8, 1.34

dozer equipment for, 15.41, 21.16–22

dredges and, 14.37

erosion control, 1.3–4

with land leveling, 7.26

machines and workers, 1.3

pond excavation, 6.17–18

stump removal. See Stump(s)

tackle for, 21.9–16

tree removal, 1.12–19

Land leveling, 7.24–27, 17.28–32

Land planes, 2.30–32, 17.29–31

Land shaping

landscaping, 7.4–9

with scrapers, 8.26–28

terracing, 7.16–20

Landfill. See entries at Fill(s)

Landscaping, 7.1–16

choosing site, 7.1–4

driveways, 7.13–16

finishing, 7.9–11

ponds. See Ponds

shaping land, 7.4–9

tree protection and removal, 7.11–13

Landslides. See Slides

Lane processors, 19.26–32

Large mine excavators, 13.3–5

Lasers, 2.24–29, 19.14–15

Latest event time (LET), 11.47