Hollywood and Hitler 1933-1939

1. Col. Jason S. Joy’s Resume, Apr. 8, 1930 (All Quiet on the Western Front, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

2. Col. Joy’s Resume, Feb. 15, 1930 (All Quiet on the Western Front, PCA files). See also Andrew Kelly, All Quiet on the Western Front: The Story of a Film (London: I. B. Taurus, 1998), 120–21; and Jerold Simmons, “Film and International Politics: The Banning of All Quiet on the Western Front in Germany and Austria, 1930–1931,” The Historian (August 2007): 40–60.

3. “Berlin Riot Over ‘All Quiet’ as Much Anti-Semitic as Anything Else—Forcing New Censor Law,” Variety, Dec. 12, 1930: 7.

4. “‘All Quiet’ Clicks in Berlin,” Film Daily, Dec. 7, 1930: 2.

5. Joseph Goebbels, Tagebücher, Band 2 (1930–1934) (Munich: Piper, 1992), 542–43.

6. “Ask ‘All Quiet’ Ban,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 10, 1930: 1, 3.

7. Laemmle, quoted in John Drinkwater, The Life and Adventures of Carl Laemmle (New York: Putnam’s, 1931), 216–17.

8. “Laemmle Collects $4,000,000 in Cash and Looks Forward to Takin’ It Easy,” Variety, Apr. 1, 1936: 5.

9. “Laemmle Will Film Remarque War Film,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1929, 8; “Mr. Laemmle Returns,” New York Times, Oct. 6, 1929, X8.

10. “Ignoring Old Taboos, Laemmle, Jr., Banks on Fresh Ideas to Hold Fans,” Variety, Mar. 29, 1932: 2, 31.

11. Drinkwater, Life of Carl Laemmle, 239.

12. “‘All Quiet’ May Bring Martial Law,” Film Daily, Dec. 11, 1930: 3.

13. “Germany Bans ‘All Quiet,’” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 14, 1930, B11.

14. “‘All Quiet’ Admired in Vienna, Tho Again Inspiring Wild Political Riots,” Variety, Jan. 7, 1931: 7.

15. “Berlin Riot Over ‘All Quiet’ as Much Anti-Semitic as Anything Else—Forcing New Censor Law,” Variety, Dec. 12, 1930: 7; “‘All Quiet’ Gets German Ban,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 12, 1930: 1; “Germany Bans ‘All Quiet’ as Political Move, Orders Check on Propaganda; U Shifts Plans,” Variety, Dec. 17, 1930: 7, 43.

16. Internal Report on All Quiet on the Western Front from the Foreign Department of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Dec. 29, 1930 (All Quiet on the Western Front file, PCA files).

17. “Results of Prohibition of All Quiet on the Western Front,” Dec. 18, 1930 (All Quiet on the Western Front, PCA files).

18. Will Rogers, “Will Rogers Suggests Film Show America Losing War,” New York Times, Dec. 13, 1930, 20.

19. W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 16, 1930: 1.

1. Eisenstein, quoted in Yon Baran, Eisenstein (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1966), 74.

2. Sime Silverman, “Variety,” Variety, June 30, 1926: 10.

3. “‘Variety’ Amazes Broadway, $34,450 1st Week at Rialto,” Variety, July 7, 1926: 7.

4. “Fans Want Happy Ending Says Lubitsch,” New York Times, Dec. 23, 1923, III28.

6. “A Fortune for Stories,” New York Times, Sept. 11, 1927, X5.

7. “The German Goose—or the Golden Eggs?” Moving Picture World, July 24, 1926: 213; Bill Reilly, “Germany Cures the Bacon—We Get It,” Moving Picture World, Aug. 7, 1926: 337.

8. Graham Petrie, Hollywood Destinies: European Directors in America, 1922–1931 (London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1986), 170.

9. Max Magnus, “German Observers Hold New Quota Would Paralyze Nation’s Own Biz,” Variety, July 19, 1932: 23.

10. “Ufa to Rule Films Under Hitler With Hugenberg in New Cabinet; See Relaxed Quota, Break for U.S.,” Variety, Feb. 21, 1933: 13.

11. “Germany: ‘We Demand!’” Time, July 10, 1933, 16–18.

12. “Nazis Must Control Pix,” Variety, Feb. 27, 1933: 15.

13. “Germany Orders Radical Film Trade Reforms to Advance Native Product; Cuts Sales Costs, Ends Overseating,” Variety, May 30, 1933: 19.

14. “Nazis Must Control Pix,” Variety, Feb. 27, 1933: 15.

15. “Nazis Urge Best Quality in Films,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 14, 1934: 53.

16. “Nazis Must Control Pix,’” Variety, Feb. 27, 1934: 15.

17. “Nazi Propaganda Minister Orders Tighter ‘Aryanization’ of Show Biz,” Variety, Mar. 20, 1934: 54.

18. “Await German Ruling on Jewish Salesmen,” Variety, Apr. 25, 1933: 13.

19. “Nazi-Controlled ‘Film Kurier,’ Berlin Film Trade Paper, Pans Variety’s German Picture News,” Variety, May 23, 1933: 13, 46.

20. “New German Quota Law Bars Jews in Production; Old Ratio Stands, Elastic Clause Gives Govt. Leeway,” Variety, July 4, 1933: 11.

21. “Nazi Racial Bar Reaches Films; Goldwyn Invites Workers to U.S.,” Motion Picture Herald, July 8, 1933: 11.

22. “Call for Immediate Return of German Players Is Reported,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 30, 1933: 33.

23. “Pommer Declines German Studio O.K. With String to It, Waits Fox Start,” Variety, May 9, 1933: 13.

24. Cecelia Ager, “U’s New Directional Importation Analyzes World Mart’s Film Tastes,” Variety, Feb. 26, 1936: 2.

25. “Alfred Rotter Killed in Nazi Kidnap Plot,” Variety, Apr. 11, 1933: 13.

26. “Nazis Urge Best Quality in Films,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 14, 1934: 53.

27. “Hitler Thing Deadly,” Variety, July 18, 1933: 31.

28. Wolfe Kaufman, “Hitlerized Show Biz,” Variety, June 19, 1934: 1, 48.

29. “Hitler’s Policies, Ufa’s Pull, Forcing German Indie Producers to Vienna,” Variety, Mar. 28, 1933: 13. See also “Nazi Rule Driving Big German Players to U.S., Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 29, 1934: 1, 3.

30. “U.S. Foreign Film Trade Up 16 P.C. Filling Gap of German Breakdown,” Variety, May 23, 1933: 13.

31. “Rich European Film Markets Soon for U.S. as Tariff Walls Topple,” Variety, May 16, 1933: 13, 27.

32. “Nazi Rule Puts German Film Industry on Rocks,” Hollywood Reporter, December 1, 1934: 1, 7.

33. Jack Alicoate, “The Screen,” Film Daily, Jan. 6, 1934: 1.

34. Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (New York, Penguin, 2003), 381.

35. “U.S. Producers May Urge Hays Office to Force an Official Nazi Ruling on American Pix,” Variety, Apr. 3, 1934: 13.

36. “Nazis Ban Lace Pants,” Variety, Oct. 30, 1934: 1.

37. “Germany Bars ‘Dream’ Even Before It’s Made,” Variety, Nov. 6, 1934: 5.

38. “Reich Censors Tough on U.S. Pix,” Variety, June 3, 1936: 13.

39. “Kontingent Main German Obstacle, Otherwise U.S. Prospects Brighten,” Variety, June 27, 1933: 17.

40. “Reich Censors Tough on U.S. Pix,” Variety, June 3, 1936: 13.

41. “Ban Par’s ‘Songs’ in Germany; Slap at Marlene Also,” Variety, Mar. 20, 1934: 15.

42. “Call for Immediate Return of German Players Reported,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 30, 1933: 33.

43. “Nazis Ban Chaplin Pic,” Variety, Mar. 11, 1936: 3. For a full account of the ideological temper of the actor he dubs “the first political movie star,” see Steven J. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (New York; Oxford UP, 2011), 11–49.

44. “Smuggled Pamphlet Bares Hitler Hate,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 25, 1933: 4; “Chaplin Hitler Crack Has Teutons Frothing,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 26, 1933: 7.

45. “Nazis Ban Chaplin Pic,” Variety, Mar. 11, 1936: 3.

46. Douglas Miller to Ferdinand L. Mayer, May 14, 1936. Record Group 151, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, National Archives, College Park, MD.

47. “German Nixes,” Variety, Jan. 27, 1937: 11.

48. N. D. Golden to Col. Frederick L. Herron, Sept. 26, 1933. Record Group 151, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

49. “Reveal Nazi Reprisals,” Hollywood Reporter, July 25, 1936: 1, 2.

50. James P. Cunningham, “Asides and Interludes,” Motion Picture Herald, July 22, 1933: 17.

51. Louise Brooks, Lulu in Hollywood (New York: Knopf, 1982), 97.

52. Jack Alicoate, “Berlin … as We See It,” Film Daily, Sept. 1934: 1, 2.

53. “Nazi Victim Is Proprietor of Theater in Rochester,” Variety, Mar. 14, 1933: 3.

54. “Nazis Oust U.S. Film Men,” Variety, Apr. 18, 1933: 1.

55. “Hitler Lowdown Being Checked by Hays with Wash.,” Variety, Apr. 11, 1933: 13.

56. “U Taking No Chances with the Nazis on Its $450,000 Production,” Variety, May 2, 1933: 3.

57. George R. Canty, Weekly Report No. 43, Apr. 22, 1933.

58. Heinrich Fraenkel, “Berlin,” Variety, May 9, 1933: 60.

59. “U’s Berlin Personnel Producing in Paris,” Variety, Dec. 12, 1933: 12; “American Filming in Paris Booms, All Majors Plunging on Product; German Policy Big Factor in Move,” Variety, Dec. 19, 1933: 12, 63.

60. “‘U’ Forced to Sell All Its German Interests,” Hollywood Reporter, July 16, 1934: 1, 5.

61. “Nazis Oust U.S. Film Men,” Variety, Apr. 18, 1933: 17; “Par Leaving Germany with Notice to 150 Employees in Berlin; WB Only Other Am. Co. on Way,” Variety, June 6, 1933: 17; “Kahn Kameo Co.,” Variety, Oct. 23, 1934: 49.

62. “Par Leaving Germany with Notice to 150 Employees in Berlin; WB Only Other Am. Co. on Way,” Variety, June 6, 1933: 17.

63. “All U.S. Pictures May Come Out of Germany,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 20, 1933: 1.

64. George R. Canty, Weekly Report No. 43, Apr. 22, 1933.

65. “U.S. Filmers Protest Restrictions in Germany, but Carry on Trade,” Variety, Apr. 25, 1933: 13.

66. “Hitler Lowdown Being Checked by Hays with Wash.,” Variety, Apr. 1, 1933: 13.

67. “Nazis Oust U.S. Film Men,” Variety, Apr. 18, 1933: 1, 17; “Withdrawal of U.S. Films from Germany on May 15 Is Threatened,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 29, 1933: 17.

68. “WB European Manager Dies,” Daily Variety, Dec. 4, 1933: 2.

69. Jack L. Warner with Dean Jennings, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood (New York: Random House, 1964), 249. Though often cited as the animating reason for the anti-Nazism of Warner Bros. in the 1930s, the circumstances of Kaufman’s death, as related by Jack Warner in his memoir, are inaccurate in several details, not the least of which is his identification of “our Warner Brothers man in Germany” as Joe, not Phil, Kaufman. “Like many another outnumbered Jew, he was trapped in an alley,” Warner wrote. “They hit him with fists and clubs, and kicked the life out of him with their boots, and left him lying there.” Warner’s version of Kaufman’s death is now considered apocryphal. “Phil Kaufmann Passes, WB European Head,” Variety, Dec. 5, 1933: 11; “Kaufman, Warner European Manager, Dies in Stockholm,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 9, 1933: 30. “Phil Kauffman Dies; Warner Foreign MGR,” Film Daily, Dec. 4, 1933: 1. None of the obituaries in the trade press mentions his beating by the Nazis the previous April. Nor do they agree on the spelling of his last name.

70. “Withdrawal of U.S. Films from Germany on May 15 Is Threatened.” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 29, 1933: 17.

71. “New European Film Map,” Variety, Sept. 18, 1934: 17. Warner Bros. is named as “the first absolutely complete withdrawal from [Nazi Germany] by an American firm,” but the trade paper suggests that even Warner Bros. pictures were still available “theoretically if anyone wants to buy them outright, but there are no accredited distributors in the country.” There were also no buyers.

72. “Germany’s Kontingent Boost to 8G Brings Talk of U.S. Quitting Reich,” Variety, Nov. 20, 1934: 13.

73. “U.S. Film Units Yield to Nazis on Race Issue,” Variety, May 9, 1933: 13.

75. “Withdrawal of U.S. Films from Germany on May 15 Is Threatened,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 29, 1933: 17.

76. “Fear of Nazi Agents and Homeland Danger Silences Coast Jews,” Variety, Apr. 25, 1933: 3.

77. “Withdrawal of U.S. Films from Germany on May 15 Is Threatened,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 29, 1933: 17.

78. “U.S. Producers May Urge Hays Office to Force an Official Nazi Ruling on American Pix,” Variety, Apr. 3, 1934: 13.

79. “U.S. Film Units Yield to Nazis on Race Issue,” Variety, May 9, 1933: 13.

1. “Hitler Lowdown Being Checked by Hays with Wash.,” Variety, Apr. 11, 1933: 13.

2. N. D. Golden to Col. Frederick L. Herron (undated but April 1933). Record Group 151, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, National Archives, College Park, MD.

3. “All U.S. Pictures May Come Out of Germany,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 20, 1933: 1.

4. “American Film Withdrawal from Nazi Germany Would Be Strictly Individual Co. Action, Says Hays,” Variety, June 24, 1936: 5.

5. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Dec. 5, 1933: 51.

6. “Hitler, Pro or Anti, a Blah Show Subject,” Variety, Nov. 7, 1933: 1.

7. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Oct. 17, 1933: 52.

8. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Dec. 12, 1933: 50.

9. McCarthy, “The House of Rothschild,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 10, 1934: 49.

10. Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, Sept. 17, 1934 (The Wandering Jew file, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

11. “‘Bengal Lancer’ $70,000, Par’s Best Gross in Two Years, Draining Town; ‘Evergreen’ $65,000; ‘Symphony,’ 25G,” Variety, Jan. 15, 1935: 9.

12. Abel Green, “The Wandering Jew,” Variety, Jan. 15, 1935: 13.

13. “Power,” Harrison’s Reports, Oct. 13, 1934: 162.

14. “Religious OK on ‘Power’ Causes Loew’s to Change Its Views and Book Film,” Variety, Oct. 23, 1934: 2.

15. Aaronson, “The Wandering Jew,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 28, 1933: 59.

16. Wolfe Kaufman, “Wandering Jew,” Variety, Oct. 24, 1933: 32.

17. “Hitler, Pro or Anti, a Blah Show Subject,” Variety, Nov. 7, 1933: 1.

18. “Sam Jaffe, Par Washup After Sternberg Row,” Variety, July 19, 1932: 2; Barbara Hall, An Oral History with Sam Jaffe (Beverly Hills: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 1992).

19. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, July 18, 1933: 68.

20. “16 Papers to Print Story of ‘Mad Dog,’” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 2, 1933: 3.

21. “Jaffe to Col. as General Executive,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 29, 1933: 1.

22. “Kultur—and ‘Mad Dog,’” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 11, 1933: 8.

23. “Doubling for Hitler,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 21, 1933: 3.

24. “Rosen Zanzi for Hays,” Daily Variety, Oct. 16, 1933: 1.

25. “Al Rosen’s $1,022,000 Suit Over ‘Mad Dog,’” Variety, Oct. 31, 1933: 21; “Hays Group Sued by Rosen on ‘Mad Dog,’” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 24, 1933: 3.

26. “Rosen in War on Hays,” Daily Variety, Oct. 24, 1933: 6.

27. “Kultur—and ‘Mad Dog,’” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 11, 1933: 8; “Rosen to Film Hitler Story Despite Fears,” Washington Post, Oct. 15, 1933: 15.

28. “Rosen Seeking Jewish Aid for His ‘Mad Dog,’” Variety, Oct. 24, 1933: 2.

29. “Rosen All Set to Start Hitler Pic,” Variety, Jan. 2, 1934: 4.

30. “Rosoff Reported Behind Rosen’s Anti-Hitler Pic,” Variety, Jan. 16, 1934: 5; “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, Jan. 15, 1934: 2.

31. See Daily Variety for Feb. 7, 1934: 1, and for Feb. 8, 1934: 1.

32. “Rosen Goes Ahead on Hitler Picture,” Hollywood Reporter, Feb. 9, 1934: 5.

33. Joseph I. Breen to Sol Lesser, Nov. 25, 1936 (Mad Dog of Europe file, PCA files). Breen was forwarding a copy of his original 1934 memo to Rosen to RKO producer Sol Lesser when RKO was considering the project.

34. Col. Frederick L. Herron to Joseph I. Breen, Oct. 30, 1936 (Mad Dog of Europe file, PCA files).

35. Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr., Farewell to Fifth Avenue (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935), 96.

36. “Van Newsreels Vienna,” Variety, May 30, 1933: 19.

37. The circumstances surrounding the encounter with Hitler are related in Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr., “Under the Sign of the Three H’s,” Redbook, June 1933, 30–31, 98–101, and, with slightly different wording, in Vanderbilt Jr.’s memoir, Farewell to Fifth Avenue, 191, 175–81, 193–94.

38. “Vanderbilt Bringing Camera Evidence of German Jew Turmoil,” Variety, May 23,1933: 3; “Van Newsreels Vienna,” Variety, May 30, 1933: 19.

39. “Insiders Outlook,” Motion Picture Daily, June 23, 1933: 2.

40. “Hitler Film Packs New York Mayfair,” Hollywood Reporter, May 1, 1934: 1.

41. Mr. Norr to Maurice McKenzie, “Re Film: Hitler’s Reign of Terror” (Hitler’s Reign of Terror file, PCA files).

42. George R. Canty to J. C. White, June 16, 1934. Record Group 151, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

43. “Denied License by Censor, Call ‘Hitler’ News Film,” Film Daily, May 1, 1934: 1, 3.

44. “‘Hitler’s Reign, Only $2000, Bad,” Variety, May 8, 1934: 9.

45. “Hitler’s Reign of Terror,” Film Daily, Apr. 27, 1934: 7.

46. “Vanderbilt Scoop on German Riot Pix,” Hollywood Reporter, July 16, 1934: 1.

47. “Hitler’s Reign Flops in Frisco,” Variety, May 22, 1934: 10.

48. Hal Burton, “Path to German Prison Told by Isobel Steele,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 28, 1934, 11.

49. Hal Burton, “Jailed By Nazis, Girl Arrives in U.S. with Story,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 27, 1934, 1.

50. “Girl Held by Nazis 4 Months Returns,” New York Times, Dec. 27, 1934, 7.

51. Dr. Georg Gyssling to Columbia Pictures Corporation, Sept. 11, 1933 (Below the Sea file, PCA files).

52. Dr. Georg Gyssling to Joseph I. Breen, June 6, 1937 (The Lancer Spy file, PCA files).

53. “New German Film Edict Applied to American Picture at Source,” Motion Picture Herald, July 25, 1936: 15.

54. Joseph I. Breen to Alfred T. Mannon, July 22, 1936 (I Was a Captive of Nazi Germany file, PCA files).

55. Alfred T. Mannon to Joseph I. Breen, July 29, 1936 (I Was a Captive of Nazi Germany file, PCA files).

56. Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, Aug. 5, 1936 (I Was a Captive of Nazi Germany file, PCA files).

57. “Mild Bronxing Given Anti-Nazi Pic on B’way,” Variety, Aug. 5, 1936: 4.

58. “Captive of Nazi Germany,” Variety, Aug. 5, 1936: 17.

59. William Weaver, “I Was a Captive of Nazi Germany,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 8, 1936: 42.

60. “Nazi Captive Themer Tedious on B’way,” Daily Variety, Aug. 3, 1936: 2.

61. Frank S. Nugent, “Romanticist Forever!” New York Times, Aug. 9, 1936: X3; Frank S. Nugent, “The Screen,” New York Times, Aug. 3, 1936: 3.

1. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Apr. 4, 1933: 14.

2. Don Carle Gillette, “Newsreels Get a Lease on Life,” Film Daily, Oct. 5, 1934: 1.

3. “Movietone Mussolini Film,” Film Daily, Mar. 3, 1933: 2.

4. “SRO Crowds Welcome Opening of Embassy Newsreel Theatre,” Exhibitors Herald-World, Nov. 9, 1929: 21; Phil M. Daily Jr., “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, Nov. 6, 1929: 2; Sime Silverman, “Embassy,” Variety, Nov. 6, 1929: 6.

5. “Keeping ‘Messages’ Out,” Variety, Nov. 9, 1938: 3.

6. Irving Hoffman, “Reviewpoints,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 18, 1937: 2.

7. Jane Cobb, “Newsreels,” New York Times, Apr. 28, 1940: 104.

8. Tom Waller, “Embassy,” Variety, Jan. 31, 1933: 13; Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, June 6, 1933: 13.

9. Sime Silverman, “Newsreel,” Variety, July 9, 1930: 41.

10. “SRO Crowds Welcome Opening of Embassy Newsreel Theatre,” Exhibitors Herald-World, Nov. 9, 1929: 21.

11. Terry Ramsaye, “Shorts Are in Season,” Motion Picture Herald, May 13, 1933: 33.

12. Don Hancock, “Newsreels in a Cloud,” Film Daily, Apr. 7, 1934: 8.

13. “Panay Newsreels Prove B.O. on B’Way,” Variety, Jan. 5, 1938: 4.

14. “Newsreelers Know When to Lay Off,” Variety, Apr. 21, 1937: 27.

15. Charles Peden, Newsreel Man (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1932): 17.

16. Tom Waller, “21 Big Newsreel Stars,” Variety, Dec. 8, 1931: 1, 23.

17. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Nov. 3, 1931: 37.

18. “How Germany Stands in Czechoslovakia,” Variety, Jan. 12, 1932: 11.

19. Tom Waller, “Embassy,” Variety, Mar. 29, 1932: 42; Tom Waller, “Embassy,” Variety, Apr. 19, 1932: 35.

20. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Dec. 6, 1932: 13.

21. Tom Waller, “Embassy,” Variety, Feb. 14, 1933: 13.

22. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, May 16, 1933: 16.

23. “Pix Reaction Is Anti-Hitler,” Variety, Mar. 28, 1933: 1.

24. “Boycott of German Pictures Is Deplored,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 1, 1933: 16.

25. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Mar. 28, 1933: 14.

26. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Aug. 21, 1934: 19.

27. “Nazis Off Cal Screens,” Daily Variety, Sept. 23, 1933: 1.

28. “Hitler Doesn’t Entertain ’Em,” Variety, May 8, 1934: 3.

29. “German Film’s Fisticuffs,” Variety, May 16, 1933: 1.

30. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, July 25, 1933: 12.

31. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Mar. 13, 1934: 17.

32. Roy Chartier, “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Dec. 25, 1935: 53.

33. Scho, “Newsreels,” Variety, Aug. 19, 1936: 56–57.

34. “Movie of the Week: The March of Time,” Life, Jan. 31, 1938: 24.

35. Roy Chartier, “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Mar. 27, 1935: 14; “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Apr. 3, 1935: 31.

36. “German Rules for Newsreels,” Variety, Nov. 6, 1934: 13.

37. “Charge Newsreels Favor Hitlerites,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 25, 1933: 7.

38. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Sept. 5, 1933: 75.

39. “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Jan. 29, 1936: 29.

40. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Sept. 5, 1933: 16.

41. Quoted in Saul Friedlander, The Years of Persecution: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1939 (London: Phoenix, 1997), 22.

42. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Apr. 18, 1933: 20.

43. “German Pyre,” Motion Picture Herald, May 6, 1933: 8.

44. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, May 30, 1933: 14.

45. Thomas Sugre, “The Newsreels,” Scribner’s, Apr. 1937, 9–18.

1. “Prince Löwenstein In,” Daily Variety, Apr. 24, 1936: 15.

2. “Films’ Anti-Nazi Dinner,” Variety, Apr. 22, 1936: 2; “Dinner Reservation Rush,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 25, 1936: 2; “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 27, 1936: 2; “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 28, 1936: 2; “350 Hear Lowenstein Tell of Hitlerism,” Daily Variety, Apr. 27, 1936: 4.

3. Prince Hubertus zu Löwenstein, Towards the Further Shore: An Autobiography (London: Gollanz, 1968), 175.

4. “Hollywood Fights Nazism,” Anti-Nazi News, Oct. 20, 1936: 1.

5. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, May 6, 1936: 6.

6. Donald Ogden Stewart, By a Stroke of Luck! An Autobiography (New York: Paddington Press, Ltd., 1975): 218; 240. “It must be remembered that I contributed very little to the running of the League besides my name and an occasional speech,” Stewart insisted. “All the daily grind of collecting dues, planning meetings and radio programs, and getting out the newspaper was done by four or five devoted members who were, I had been told, members of the Communist Party.”

7. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, June 29, 1939: 2.

8. From the 4th Report of the California Committee on Un-American Activities: 249, 250.

9. Theodore Draper, “The Man Who Wanted to Hang,” The Reporter, January 6, 1953: 26–30. Draper provides a fascinating character sketch of Katz, who was hanged for treason in Prague in 1952. See also Löwenstein, Towards the Further Shore, 171–72.

10. Löwenstein, Towards the Further Shore, 175; Stewart 226. The full and bizarre story of Otto Katz is told in Jonathan Miles, The Dangerous Otto Katz: The Many Lives of a Soviet Spy (USA: Bloomsbury, 2010).

11. William L. Stidger, “Hitler Planning to Be Kind to the Jews?” Liberty, May 30, 1936: 16–17; “Vox Pop: Row on Hitler Planning to Be Kind to Jews,” Liberty, July 11, 1936: 64.

12. “Nazi Policies Rapped by Filmites at H’wood Meet,” Daily Variety, July 24, 1936: 8.

13. Walter Barusch, “Industry ‘Fascistic and Infantile,’ Western Writers’ Left Wing Says,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 21, 1936: 31.

14. “Big Names Set for Broadcasts,” Anti-Nazi News, Feb. 20, 1937: 1, 4.

15. Minutes of the Cultural Committee of the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, Nov. 16, 1936 (Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Beverly Hills, CA).

16. “Big Names Set for Broadcasts,” Anti-Nazi News, Feb. 20, 1937: 1, 4.

17. “Radio Bringing New Members to HANL,” Hollywood Now, July 15, 1938: 4.

18. “Vandal Raid on Office Bolsters Anti-Nazi Work,” News of the World, Apr. 10, 1937: 1, 2.

19. “Vandal Raid on Office Bolsters Anti-Nazi Work,” News of the World, Apr. 10, 1937: 2.

20. “Burglary of Anti-Nazi League Bobs up in Leo McLaglen Case,” News of the World, Nov. 19, 1937: 1.

21. “Hollywood Gets Rid of McLaglen,” News of the World, Apr. 9, 1938: 1.

22. “League Moves to New Offices,” News of the World, Apr. 30, 1938: 2.

23. “Birthday Greetings!” News of the World, June 4, 1938: 1.

24. Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Nov. 11, 1938: 21, 40.

25. “Films and Newspapers Greatest Industries, Ickes Declares,” Daily Variety, Oct. 20, 1938: 8.

26. “Anti-Nazis Turning to New Interests,” Box Office, Oct. 29, 1938: 38-C..

27. Walter Barusch, “Industry ‘Fascistic and Infantile,’ Western Writers’ Left Wing Says,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 21, 1937: 31.

28. Louis B. Mayer’s atypical—and pioneering—Republican affinities are discussed in Steven J. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011) 51–88.

29. “Pix Republicans Did Not Attend Roosevelt Rally,” Variety, Sept. 27, 1932: 2.

30. “Hollywood Inside!” Daily Variety, Sept. 22, 1936: 2.

31. Manngreen, “Lights! Camera! But No Action,” Daily Worker, June 27, 1938: 7.

32. “Eddie Cantor,” Hollywood Now, June 11, 1938: 2.

33. “Protests and Benefits in Show Business Follow Nazi’s Attacks,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 26, 1938: 17.

34. Quoted in Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Aug. 13, 1938: 37.

35. “Hollywood Stars Send Two Ambulances to Aid Spain,” Daily Worker, Sept. 17, 1937: 9.

36. “Curb on Player ‘Isms,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 14, 1937: 1, 2.

37. Frank Pope, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 16, 1937: 1, 2.

38. “May Film Folks Fight Fascism?” News of the World, Oct. 23, 1937: 2.

39. Frank Pope, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 29, 1937: 1, 6.

40. See, for example, “Anti-Fascists Have Two Social Events,” Box Office, July 6, 1938: 37.

41. “Sticks and Stones,” Daily Variety, Aug. 15, 1938: 3.

42. “Committee of 56 Will Fete Benes,” Box Office, Mar. 4, 1939: 82.

43. “Minority Oppression Abroad Spurs Anti-Fascist Action,” Box Office, Nov. 26, 1938: 35, 38.

44. “Dr. Smith, Frank Capra Denounce Nazi Pogroms,” Hollywood Now, Nov. 25, 1938: 2.

45. Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Nov. 20, 1938: 21, 40.

46. “A Mistaken Move,” Variety, December 14, 1938: 5.

47. Frank Pope, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 18, 1937: 1, 8.

48. “Hollywood Asks Nazi Boycott; Aid Refugees,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 17, 1938: 62.

49. “Coast Notables Hurl Invectives at Nazis,” Box Office, Dec. 17, 1938: 15.

50. “17 Film Personalities Go on Newsreel Record Against Nazis,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 22, 1938: 2; “Newsreels Record Formal Signing of Declaration,” Hollywood Now, Dec. 23, 1938: 7.

51. “Coast Notables Hurl Invectives at Nazis,” Box Office, Dec. 17, 1938: 15; “Committee of 56 Actively Pushing Berlin Trade Break,” Box Office, Dec. 31, 1938: 5.

1. “Inside Pictures,” Variety, Aug. 20, 1932: 43.

2. W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 11, 1938: 1.

3. “Young Mussolini as Prod’r Opens Roman Hollywood,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 21, 1937: 1, 21.

4. “Wanger-Mussolini-Gianinni’s Italian Film Production Deal,” Variety, July 1, 1936: 4.

5. Cecelia Ager, “Wanger Discusses Europe’s New Youth, Fascism, Ideals—and Pix,” Variety, July 8, 1936: 2, 26.

6. “Wanger’s Duce Deal Still On,” Variety, July 14, 1937: 3.

7. Vittorio Mussolini, “Hollywood closed down for a year … would be blessed,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 2, 1937: 21.

8. “Advertisement,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 4, 1937: 8.

9. “Il Duce, Jr. as ‘Czar’ of Pix in Italy?” Variety, Dec. 2, 1936: 1.

10. “Young Mussolini as Prod’r Opens Roman Hollywood,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 21, 1937: 1, 2.

11. Read Kendall, “Around and About in Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 12, 1937: A8.

12. Bill Ornstein, “Roach Bullish on Il Duce; Will Produce with Junior,” Motion Picture Daily, Sept. 24, 1937: 1, 17.

13. “Mussolini Gets Protection,” Film Daily, Sept. 24, 1937: 1.

14. Bill Ornstein, “Roach Bullish on Il Duce; Will Produce with Junior,” Motion Picture Daily, Sept. 24, 1937: 1, 17.

15. “20 Pictures a Year, Hal Roach Plan for Italy,” Film Daily, Sept. 24, 1937: 1, 12.

16. “Film Folk Snub Mussolini; He Flies East,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 9, 1937: 7.

17. “Mussolini’s Son on Way to Hollywood,” Box Office, Sept. 18, 1937: 15.

18. Bill Ornstein, “Roach Bullish on Il Duce; Will Produce with Junior,” Motion Picture Daily, Sept. 24, 1937: 1, 17.

19. “RAM Not Assured of Metro as Outlet,” Box Office, Oct. 2, 1937: 10.

20. “Hal Roach Announces Big Deal as Mussolini Partner,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 2, 1937: 21–22.

21. “Son of Il Duce Arrives to See Films Made Here,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 26, 1937: 1.

22. “H’wood Extends Icy Paw to Young Mussolini; Under Heavy Guard,” Variety, Sept. 29, 1937: 2.

23. “Mussolini Vague About Plans at Press Conference,” Daily Variety, Sept. 28, 1937: 4.

24. “Mussolini Senior Visits Hitler; Mussolini Jr. Visits Hollywood,” News of the World, Oct. 2, 1937: 1, 2.

25. Ed Sullivan, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 2, 1937: 17.

26. Phyllis Marie Arthur, “Gals and Gab: Roach Fetes Mussolini,” Daily Variety, Sept. 29, 1937: 3.

27. Ed Sullivan, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 4, 1937: 19.

28. Isabel Sheldon, “Mr. and Mrs. Hal Roach Mark Anniversary at Birthday Party for Son of Il Duce,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 3, 1937: D6.

29. “Advertisement,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 24, 1937: 9.

30. “Advertisement,” Daily Variety, Oct. 3, 1937: 8.

31. “H’wood Still Het Up over Mussolini, Jr.; Will Take Rap on Pix Anyway?” Variety, Oct. 6, 1937: 2.

32. “Mussolini Says Deal with Hal Roach Stands, but—,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 16, 1937: 17–18.

33. “RAM Not Assured of Metro as Outlet,” Box Office, Oct. 2, 1937: 10.

34. Red Kahn, “Insider’s Outlook,” Motion Picture Daily, Sept. 29, 1937; reprinted in News of the Day, Oct. 2, 1937: 2.

35. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 29, 1937: 2.

36. Robert P. Post, “Roosevelt Urges ‘Concerted Action,’” New York Times, Oct. 6, 1937: 1, 17.

37. “Mussolini’s Son and Roach to Hollyw’d,” Box Office, September 25, 1937: 20.

38. “Mussolini Deal Off, Duce’s Son Chilled by Reception; Roach Out 12 Grand,” Daily Variety, Oct. 7, 1937: 1, 6.

39. Ed Sullivan, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 24, 1937: 9.

40. “Il Duce’s Phone Call to Vittorio in H’wood Climaxed Italo-U.S. Idea; Too Much Opposish to Roach Plan,” Variety, Oct. 13, 1937: 5, 52; “Public Headache No. 1,” Daily Variety, Oct. 8, 1937: 3.

41. James P. Cunningham, “Asides and Interludes,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 9, 1937: 33.

42. “Mussolini Deal Off, Duce’s Son Chilled by Reception; Roach Out 12 Grand,” Daily Variety, Oct. 7, 1937: 1, 6. See also “Roach-Italy Deal Cold,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 7, 1937: 1, 3.

1. “Movies Are Guilty of ‘Escapism,’ Can Be Proud of It, Hays Finds,” New York Times, Mar. 29, 1938: 23.

2. Joseph I. Breen to Walter Wanger, June 21, 1938 (Personal History file, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

3. “Walter Wanger Blames Falling Boxoffice on Too Much Screen Censorship,” Variety, June 28, 1939: 2, 54.

4. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (1938) (rpt., New York: Harcourt, Brace, World, 1952), 149, 232.

5. “Frontier Films,” New Theatre and Film (Mar. 1937): 50.

6. “‘Liberal News Reel, Frankly Propaganda,” Variety, Apr. 21, 1937: 27.

7. Dorothy Parker, “Film Writer Assails Nazi Book Burnings,” Daily Worker, May 29, 1938: 13.

8. “Joan Crawford Spain’s Sweetie,” Hollywood Now, June 25, 1938: 2.

9. “Anti-Nazi Censorship,” Variety, June 8, 1938: 26.

10. “Left Leanings Don’t Mean We’re Reds, Say Hollywood Leftists,” Variety, June 2, 1937: 2.

11. Harry Chapin Plummer, “‘Advice’ on ‘Alcazar’ Film Called Belied by Facts,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 16, 1936: 18.

12. Ivor Montagu, “An Open Letter to Darryl Zanuck,” New Theatre and Film (Mar. 1937): 27–29.

13. “Ufa’s ‘Alkazar’ But 20th-Fox Heeds Beefs,” Variety, Nov. 18, 1936: 3.

14. “Anti-Fascist and Anti-War Bodies in U.S. Keen on Supporting 2 New Pix,” Variety, Nov. 25, 1936: 3.

15. Joseph I. Breen to John Hammell, Mar. 11, 1937 (The Last Train from Madrid file, PCA files).

16. “Hays Finally OK’s Par’s ‘Madrid’ Script,” Variety, Apr. 7, 1937: 4.

17. Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, May 31 1937 (The Last Train from Madrid file, PCA files).

18. “Last Train to Madrid,” Hollywood Reporter, June 5, 1937: 3.

19. “Fascist Foes Plug MG, ‘Gun,’ Par ‘Madrid,’ Spike ‘Alcazar,’” Daily Variety, Nov. 25, 1936: 2.

20. “Wanger, 74, Dies; Money Showman Tho ‘Erudite,’” Variety, Nov. 20, 1968: 5, 40.

21. “Walter Wanger’s Vogues of 1938,” Daily Variety, Aug. 4, 1937: 3. For a complete biography, see Matthew Bernstein, Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent (Berkeley: U of California P, 1994).

22. Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, Feb. 28, 1937 (Blockade file, PCA files).

23. Joseph I. Breen to Walter Wanger, Feb. 3, 1937 (Blockade file, PCA files).

24. Joseph I. Breen to Walter Wanger, Jan. 4, 1938 (Blockade file, PCA files).

25. E. R. O’Neill, Memo on Blockade, May 3, 1939 (Blockade file, PCA files).

26. Joseph I. Breen to Walter Wanger, Feb. 7, 1938 (Blockade file, PCA files).

27. Joseph I. Breen to Walter Wanger, Feb. 22, 1937 (Blockade file, PCA files). Wanger also needed to watch his literature. “Please also delete the title of the book Madame Bovary.”

28. “UA Says ‘Blockade’ Will Be Released on Scheduled Date,” Motion Picture Herald, May 28, 1938: 74.

29. Dan Blackwell, “Film City Packs Theatre for ‘Blockade’ Preview,” Daily Worker, June 14, 1938: 7; Alfred O’Malley, “Blockade,” Daily Worker, June 19, 1938: 5.

30. William R. Weaver, “Blockade,” Motion Picture Herald, June 11, 1938: 37.

31. John Ross, “‘Blockade’ Film Tells People’s Stirring Story,” Hollywood Now, June 25, 1938: 2; “Here and Now,” Hollywood Now, June 11, 1938: 2.

32. Andrew Collins, “Blockade Powerful Film of Wartime in Spain,” Daily Worker, June 17, 1938: 7; “Blockade,” Daily Worker, June 18, 1938: 7.

33. “Strange Shows on the Screen,” The Catholic News, June 18, 1938.

34. Winchell Taylor, “Secret Movie Censors,” The Nation, July 9, 1938, 38–40.

35. “Legion of Decency, Seeing Picture Dive, Restates Policy,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 27, 1938: 43.

36. John C. Flinn, “Film Industry Watching ‘Blockade’ as B.O. Cue on Provocative Themes,” Variety, June 22, 1938: 55.

37. Patrick Scanlon, The Brooklyn Tablet, June 24, 1938.

38. “Supreme Board Protest to Will Hays Asks Propaganda Tag on Blockade,” Six-Twenty-One (July 1938): 4.

39. “‘Blockade’ Defense Mapped by MPAC,” Box Office, July 23, 1938.

40. “Public Backs Stars in Censorship Fight,” Hollywood Now, July 16, 1938: 2.

41. “Blockade Starts Free Speech Fight,” Hollywood Now, July 2, 1938: 2.

42. “Defends ‘Blockade,’” Box Office, July 2, 1938: 24-E.

43. “Daring Strokes for ‘Blockade’ in Frisco,” Box Office, Aug. 6, 1938: 33.

44. “Pulpit Attack Cancels ‘Blockade,’ Loew’s Ad Squarer in Church Paper,” Variety, July 6, 1938: 4; John C. Flinn, “Film Industry Watching ‘Blockade’ as B.O. Cue on Provocative Themes,” Variety, June 22, 1938: 55.

45. “Wanger Blasts Foreign Censorship of U.S. Films,” News of the World, May 20, 1938: 1.

46. “Blockade,” Harrison’s Reports, June 11, 1938: 94.

47. “Pepping Up the Nex Pix,” Variety, July 19, 1939: 1.

48. Joseph I. Breen to Rev. Daniel A. Lord, S.J., Sept. 18, 1938 (Midwest Jesuit Archives, St. Louis, MO).

49. Joseph I. Breen to Dr. Charles J. Turek, Aug. 4, 1938 (Blockade file, PCA files).

50. Arthur E. DeBra to Joseph I. Breen, Sept. 28, 1938 (Blockade file, PCA files).

51. Walter Wanger, “Is Hollywood on the Spot?” Liberty, Sept. 10, 1938: 18.

52. John Dored, “Newsreel War Crews Now in the Making,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 29, 1936: 38.

53. Robert Landry, “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Oct. 14, 1936: 56.

54. “Advertisement,” Film Daily, Aug. 3, 1936: 8.

55. “Americans Filming the Spanish Civil War, Despite Rigid Ban,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 8, 1936: 57.

56. John Dored, “Newsreel War Crews Now in the Making,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 29, 1936: 38.

57. “Americans Filming the Spanish Civil War, Despite Rigid Ban,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 8, 1936: 57.

58. “Embassy Newsreels, N.Y.,” Variety, Mar. 24, 1937: 66.

59. [Terry Ramsaye], “Hearst Name Off Reel,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 14, 1936: 8.

61. Joris Ivens, “Notes on Hollywood,” New Theatre and Film (Oct. 1936): 20.

62. The invaluable source on this pair of films remains Russell Campbell, Cinema Strikes Back: Radical Filmmaking in the United States, 1930–1942 (Ann Arbor MI: UMI Research Press, 1982), 165–92.

63. Herbert Kline, New Theatre and Film, 1934 to 1937: An Anthology (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), 363, 307.

64. Campbell, Cinema Strikes Back, 165–92.

65. “Theatre Arts Committee to Show New Film on Spain at Waldorf,” Daily Worker, July 10, 1938: 13.

66. “Artists Seek Funds for Loyalist Spain,” Daily Variety, Sept. 8, 1937: 6.

67. “New Film of Lincoln Brigade,” Hollywood Now, Sept. 2, 1938: 4.

68. “Spain Film Showing on Sept. 28,” Hollywood Now, Sept. 16, 1938: 3.

69. “New Film of Spain Made in Barcelona Area,” Hollywood Now, Mar. 3, 1939: 4.

70. “Spain in Flames,” The Nation, Mar. 27, 1937, 341.

71. “Spain in Flames,” Variety, Feb. 3, 1937: 15.

72. Dorothy Gates, “Spain in Flames Details History of Fascist Coup,” Daily Worker, Jan. 28, 1937: 7.

73. “Birds of a Feather!” Motion Picture Herald, July 4, 1936: 7.

74. “Advertisement,” Daily Worker, May 20, 1937: 7.

75. William R. Weaver, “Spain in Flames,” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 13, 1937: 56–57.

76. “Readers Urge Support of Anti-Fascist Film,” Daily Worker, Feb. 1, 1937: 7.

77. “Check List,” New Theatre and Film (Apr. 1937): 49.

78. Archibald MacLeish to Edna Ferber, Jan 6, 1937 (Joris Ivens Papers, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA).

79. Ernest Hemingway, “Heavy Shell-Fire in Madrid Advance,” New York Times, Apr. 10, 1937, 9.

80. “Documentary Film Appetite Growing Says Joris Ivens,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 1, 1939: 64.

81. John T. McManus, “Down to Earth in Spain” New York Times, July 25, 1937, 134.

82. “Hemingway Previews Spanish Pic to Hollywood,” Variety, July 14, 1937: 4.

83. Frank Scully, “Hemingway’s War Film on Cast Grosses $15,000 from Audience of 15,” Variety July 21, 1937: 5, 66.

84. “The Spanish Earth,” Box Office, Oct. 23, 1937: 25, 26.

85. David Platt, “Spanish Earth Is Great Dynamic Portrayal of Heroic People’s Front Fighting Fascism,” Daily Worker, Aug. 20, 1937: 9.

86. Joseph F. Coughlin, “Spanish Earth,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 4, 1937: 42.

87. “Press Protests Ban on Picture,” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 20, 1937: 23.

88. Roy Chartier, “Spain in Flames,” Variety, Feb. 3, 1937: 15; “Inside Stuff-Pictures,” Variety, Feb. 17, 1937: 6.

89. “Pennsy Suppresses,” Variety, Mar. 17, 1937: 25.

90. “Spain in Flames,” The Nation, Mar. 27, 1937, 341; “Governor Earle in Flames,” The Nation, Apr. 16, 1937: 396.

91. “‘Spain in Flames’ Ok’d in Pennsy on Grounds It’s a Current Newsreel,” Variety, Dec. 1, 1937: 27.

92. “Governor Earle Gives ‘Red’ Film His Blessing,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 16, 1937: 38.

94. “A Reluctant Okay Given Spanish Film,” Box Office, Oct. 16, 1937: 21.

95. “Documentary Film Appetite Growing Says Joris Ivens,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 1, 1939: 64.

96. Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (New York: Penguin Books, 1982), xxv–xxvi.

1. Phil M. Daily, “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, July 29, 1936: 4.

2. “Anti-Nazi ‘Kampf’ Pic Banned in St. Louis,” Variety, Apr. 28, 1937: 9.

3. “Keep ‘Messages’ Out,” Variety, Nov. 9, 1938: 3.

4. “Foreign Films Mystery Boom,” Variety, Oct. 11, 1932: 18.

5. Max Magnus, “German Observers Hold New Quota Would Paralyze Nation’s Own Biz,” Variety, July 19, 1932: 62.

6. Wolfe Kaufman, “Foreign Films in U.S.,” Variety, Jan. 3, 1933: 13.

7. “Foreigns Losing Pull for U.S. Screen,” Variety, Sept. 13, 1932: 14.

8. “100 German Cinemas in U.S. Drop to 6; Bars Up All Over Continent,” Variety, May 23, 1933: 13.

9. “Advertisement for Maedchen in Uniform,” Variety, Feb. 21, 1933: 22.

10. “Pix Reaction Is Anti-Hitler,” Variety, Mar. 28, 1933: 1; “Hitlerism Forces Standstill of U.S. Film Trade in Germany,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 15, 1933: 10.

11. “Hitler Thing Deadly,” Variety, July 18, 1933: 31.

12. “Boycott of German Pictures Is Deplored,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 1, 1933: 16.

13. “German ‘M’ Pulled,” Variety, Apr. 11, 1933: 4.

14. “Nero Film Head Quits Germany; Has Eye on U.S.,” Variety, Apr. 25, 1933: 13.

15. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Sept. 19, 1933: 43.

16. “100 German Cinemas in U.S. Drop to 6; Bars Up All Over Continent,” Variety, May 23, 1933: 13.

17. “Sees German Film Ban Hurting Wrong Parties,” Film Daily, Apr. 3, 1933: 1, 2.

18. Wolfe Kaufman, “Yorkville, N.Y.” Variety, Oct. 17, 1933: 14.

19. “S.A. Mann Brand,” Film Daily, May 29, 1934: 6.

20. “Hitlerjunge Quex,” Variety, July 7, 1934: 25.

21. “2-Way Boycott Socks Yorkville, N.Y.; Jewish Owned and Showing Nazi Pix,” Variety, July 17, 1934: 1, 52.

22. “A Trip Through Germany,” Variety, June 12, 1935: 12; “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, June 12, 1935: 14.

23. Richard A. Hawkins, “‘Hitler’s bitterest foe”: Samuel Untermyer and the Boycott of Nazi Germany, 1933–1938,” American Jewish History, Mar. 1, 2007: 21–30.

24. “Masking of Nazi Films as French Is Charged as New Boycott Looms,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 7, 1936: 13.

25. “German-Made French Talker Jerked When Boycott Threatens,” Variety, Oct. 28, 1936: 7; “Tabu on German-Made French Talkers in N.Y.,” Variety, Oct. 21, 1936: 20.

26. “‘Amphitryon’ Bows Anew to Gotham Anti-Nazi Ire,” Box Office, Apr. 3, 1937: 20. See also A. L. Finestone, “Boycott of Nazi Films May Reach Court Soon,” Box Office, Aug. 14, 1937: 112, 30.

27. “Masking of Nazi Films as French Is Charged as New Boycott Looms,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 7, 1936: 13; “Anti-Nazis Persuade MGM to Drop Films Which They Brand ‘Pro-Nazi,’” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 14, 1936: 31.

28. Harry Waldman, Nazi Films in America, 1933–1942 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008) tracks Nazi efforts to penetrate the U.S. market in the 1930s. Waldman asserts that “nearly 500 Nazi films were shown in America’s theatres,” a number that seems impossibly high.

29. For a dissenting view, see Waldman, Nazi Films in America, 1933–1942.

30. “Der Katzensteg,” Variety, Jan. 26, 1938: 23.

31. “Jugende von Heute,” Variety, Nov. 9, 1938: 19.

32. Wolfe Kaufman, “Foreign Films in the U.S.,” Variety, Jan. 6, 1937: 33.

33. “German Films Enter Despite Duty Tilt,” Box Office, Apr. 1, 1939: 32.

34. Wolfe Kaufman, “Foreign Films in U.S.,” Variety, Jan. 1, 1935: 41.

35. “Eva,” Variety, Jan. 12, 1938: 27.

36. Wolfe Kaufman, “The International Show Biz Scene,” Variety, Jan. 6, 1937: 21. See also Kaufman, “Foreign Films in the U.S.,” Variety, Jan. 1, 1935: 41.

37. “231 Foreign Films Released in the U.S. in 16 Months by 37 Distributors,” Motion Picture Herald, May 13, 1939: 17.

38. Phil M. Daily, “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, Apr. 15, 1932: 4.

39. B.R.C., “The Screen,” New York Times, May 24, 1939: 33.

40. “Concentration Camp,” Variety, Mar. 22, 1939: 30.

41. “The Oppenheim Family,” Variety, May 31, 1939: 14.

42. Frank S. Nugent, “Der Kampf,” New York Times, Sept. 11, 1936: 29.

43. Charles E. Dexter, “‘Prof. Mamlock’ a Weapon in Anti-Fascist Fight,” Daily Worker, 15, 1937: 7.

44. Peter Kenney, “Professor Mamlock,” Daily Worker, Nov. 19, 1938: 7.

45. “‘Mamlock’ Strong Indictment of Nazi Regime,” Hollywood Reporter, Mar. 15, 1939: 4.

46. David Platt, “‘Blockade’ and ‘Professor Mamlock’ Chosen as the Leading Films of the Year,” Daily Worker, Jan. 2, 1938: 7; “Choice on the Left,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 14, 1939: 7.

47. Francis S. Harmon to Will H. Hays, Feb. 14, 1939 (Professor Mamlock, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

48. “Professor Mamlock,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 4, 1939: 8.

49. “Salacious Ads on Theatre Fronts Draw Censor’s Ire in Two States,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 15, 1938: 13.

50. “Chi Bans Russian Anti-Nazi Film, ‘Oppenheim Family’; Other Reactions,” Variety, June 7, 1939: 5.

51. 51. “Fight Ban in Chicago on ‘Concentration Camp,’” Box Office, Mar. 18, 1939: 37.

52. “Chi’s Censorial Frowns,” Variety, Nov. 23, 1938: 15.

53. “Nazi Exile Doing O.K.,” Variety, Sept. 9, 1933: 19.

54. George R. Canty to Fritz Keller, Nov. 12, 1934. Record Group 151, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, National Archives, College Park, MD.

55. “Nazi Racial Bar Reaches Films; Goldwyn Invites Workers to U.S.,” Motion Picture Herald, July 8, 1933: 11.

56. Pommer’s pre- and post-Nazi life is traced in Ursula Hardt’s marvelously titled From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer’s Life in the International Film Wars (Providence, RI: Bergham Books, 1996).

57. “Eric Pommer Goes Native Son and the Hard Way at That,” Variety, Sept. 1, 1934: 3, 25.

58. “Dieterle’s Shirttails and Dirty Hands Keep Director Irritated,” Variety, Oct. 20, 1931: 4.

59. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Dec. 18, 1934: 20.

60. Jack Jungmeyer, “Development of Music in Pix During Year,” Variety, Jan. 6, 1937: 52.

61. Lutz Koepnick, The Dark Mirror: German Cinema Between Hitler and Hollywood (Berkeley: U of California P, 2002), 37–42.

62. Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Social Diary (New York: Harper, 1942), 61.

63. Heinrich Fraenkel, “Berlin,” Variety, June 6, 1933: 60.

64. Patrick McGilligan effectively debunked Lang’s “gussied-up” version of events in Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 174–81.

65. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Nov. 14, 1933: 45.

66. Karen Thomas’s fascinating documentary Cinema’s Exiles: From Hitler to Hollywood (2009) tells the story of Paul Kohner and many other German refugees.

67. Alta Durant, “Gab,” Daily Variety, Oct. 24, 1939: 3.

68. “Nazis’ Threat to Blacklist Expatriates,” Variety, Apr. 8, 1933: 1.

69. “Nazi Move for Big Circuit Is Reported,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 16, 1933: 27.

70. “Film Actor Executed,” Variety, Oct. 14, 1936: 19.

71. “Film Producer Commits Suicide; Forced to Wall by Aryan Laws,” Variety, Nov. 18, 1936: 11. This Werner Krauss is not to be confused with the ideologically versatile actor of the same name who played the title role in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Rabbi Loew in Veit Harlan's Nazi-approved version of The Jew Suss (1940).

72. James P. Cunningham, “Asides and Interludes,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 4, 1933: 27.

73. “Actress Marlene Dietrich Gets Final Citizenship Papers,” International News photo caption, June 9, 1939.

1. Martin J. Quigley, “Radicalism—An Industry Peril,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 11, 1937: 17–18.

2. Wolfe Kaufman, “Fiction and Films,” Variety, Apr. 1, 1936: 58.

3. “Wanger Blames Falling Boxoffice on Too Much Screen Censorship,” Variety, June 28, 1939: 2, 54.

4. “‘Propaganda’ Curb Rumor Is Scouted,” Box Office, Aug. 20, 1938: 78.

5. “Hitler Fist at H’wood,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 6, 1937: 1, 2.

6. Arnaldo Cortesi, “Mussolini Nationalizes Key Defense Industries, Holding War Is Certain,” New York Times, Mar. 24, 1936: 1, 6.

7. “‘Idiot’s Delight’ Opens in Capital,” New York Times, Mar. 10, 1936: 26.

8. Joseph I. Breen to Carl E. Milliken, Mar. 23, 1936 (Idiot’s Delight, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

9. Frederick L. Herron to Joseph I. Breen, Jan. 7, 1937 (Idiot’s Delight file, PCA files).

10. Frederick L. Herron to Joseph I. Breen, May 7, 1937 (Idiot’s Delight file, PCA files).

11. Internal Memorandum re Idiot’s Delight by Joseph I. Breen, May 12, 1937 (Idiot’s Delight file, PCA files).

12. Hunt Stromberg to Joseph I. Breen, May 12, 1938 (Idiot’s Delight file, PCA files).

13. “In the Cutting Room,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 17, 1938: 48. See also “Fascists Threaten MGM if ‘Idiot’s Delight’ Filmed,” Hollywood Now, Sept. 6, 1938: 1.

14. George E. Phair, “Retakes,” Daily Variety, Oct. 5, 1938: 2.

15. “Takes to Esperanto in ‘Idiot’s Delight,’” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 19, 1938: 55.

16. “Hollywood’s Anti-War Pix Bothering Il Duce,” Hollywood Now, Aug. 26, 1938: 2.

17. Robert Emmet Sherwood, Idiot’s Delight (New York: Scribner’s, 1938), 189.

18. J.D.A., “Remarque’s Farewell to Arms,” New York Times, May 10, 1931: BR1.

19. “‘ Road Back’ Upped by U; Remarque Tempted,” Daily Variety, Sept. 30, 1936: 2.

20. Dr. Georg Gyssling to Joseph I. Breen, Sept. 30, 1936 (The Road Back file, PCA files).

21. Joseph I. Breen to Harry Zehner, May 26, 1937. (The Road Back file, PCA files).

22. “Hitler Fist at H’wood,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 6, 1937: 1, 2.

23. Red Kahn, “Insider’s Outlook,” Motion Picture Daily, June 16, 1937 (reprinted in News of the World, June 26, 1937: 6).

24. Red Kahn, “Insider’s Outlook,” Motion Picture Daily, May 12, 1937: 2 (reprinted in News of the World, May 30, 1937: 7).

25. “Nazis Threaten U.S. Actors,” News of the World, Apr. 10, 1937: 2.

26. “Nazis Pledge Nix on Blacklisting of U.S. Thesps,” Daily Variety, June 15, 1937: 2.

27. “U.S. Stops Nazis’ Intimidation of Hollywood Motion Picture Stars,” Motion Picture Herald, June 19, 1937: 1; “German Consul Denies Rebuke, Received in Actor-Warning Row,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1937: 1.

28. Joseph I. Breen to Harry Zehner, May 26, 1937 (The Road Back file, PCA files).

29. Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, May 31, 1938 (The Road Back file, PCA files).

30. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Feb. 3, 1937: 6.

31. “U’s New Finish for ‘Road Back’: Palate Germany?” and “U Denies Nazi Angle,” Variety, July 7, 1937: 4.

32. “U’s New Finish for ‘Road Back’: Palate Germany?” and “U Denies Nazi Angle,” Variety, July 7, 1937: 4; “Universal Denies Hitler Instigated Change in ‘Road,’” Motion Picture Herald, July 17, 1937: 41; “Denies Politics Cause ‘Road Back’ Changes,” Box Office, July 17, 1937: 7.

33. “Nazis Nix D.C. Preem of U’s ‘Road Back,’” Variety, July 28, 1937: 2.

34. Fred Baehler, “The Road Back,” Motion Picture Herald, June 26, 1937: 88.

35. “Metro Spying ‘Road Back,’ Biz for ‘Comrades’ Fate,” Daily Variety, June 26, 1937: 2.

36. “Three Comrades,” Time, June 6, 1938: 41–42.

37. “Anti-Nazi Censorship,” Variety, June 8, 1938: 26.

38. John C. Flinn, “Three Comrades,” Variety, May 25, 1938: 12.

39. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 23, 1938: 2.

40. “Maps Wide Inquiry into Propaganda,” New York Times, June 19, 1938: 26; “‘Isms’ Advocates Should Go Home, Rep Dies Declares,” Washington Post, July 5, 1938: X24.

41. “Melvyn Douglas Says,” News of the World, May 29, 1938: 1, 3.

42. “Self-Styled ‘Hollywood Technical Directors Institute’ Also Wants Eisenstein Out of Country,” Exhibitors Herald-World, June 28, 1930: 11.

43. “Why Only Nazism,” Anti-Nazi News, Nov. 20, 1936: 2.

44. Vance King, “Hollywood Anti-Nazis Repudiate U.S. Agent’s Cry of ‘Communist,’” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 20, 1938: 28.

45. “Two Studio Groups Lash at Prober’s ‘Communist’ Label,” Box Office, Aug. 20, 1938: 22.

46. “Mr. Sullivan’s Report,” Hollywood Now, Aug. 19, 1938: 1, 2.

47. W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 17, 1938: 1, 2; W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 23, 1938: 1, 2.

48. “Anti-Nazi League Derides ‘Red’ Attack on Industry,” Box Office, Aug. 27, 1938: 34.

49. W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 23, 1938: 1, 2.

50. “U.S. Expects Film Surrender,” Hollywood Reporter, July 21, 1938: 1, 6.

51. “Washington’s Red-baiting Probes Regarded as One-Ring Circus,” Variety, Aug. 24, 1938: 2.

52. Jack Beall, “Dies Body May Be Remembered for Its Attack on Shirley,” Washington Post, Sept. 4, 1938: B5.

53. Martin Dies, Martin Dies Story (New York: The Bookmailer, 1963), 134.

54. “Filmsters Deny Dies ‘Red’ Charge, Challenge Debate,” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 18, 1938: 3.

55. “Demand President Roosevelt Dissolve Dies Committee,” Hollywood Now, Aug. 26, 1938: 1, 4.

56. “How Bigotry Can Best Be Fought,” Harrison’s Reports, Oct. 15, 1938: 165.

57. “Stewart Will Answer Congressman Dies,” Daily Variety, Oct. 1, 1938: 4; James J. Geller, “Donald Ogden Stewart,” Hollywood Tribune, July 31, 1939: 13.

58. “L. B. Mayer, Feted in Frisco Civic Function, Pans Hollywood’s Pinkos,” Variety Oct. 14, 1936: 5.

59. “Zanuck Hits ‘Pink Shirts’; Pledges Pix to Americanism,” Daily Variety, Sept. 21, 1938: 5.

60. “Dies Definitely Abandons West Coast Hearings,” Hollywood Reporter, Nov. 26, 1938: 2.

61. “Same Old Witch Hunt,” Hollywood Now, May 5, 1939: 4.

62. “An Oscar for Dies,” Variety, Feb. 21, 1940: 3.

1. The best guide to the March of Time remains Raymond Fielding, The March of Time, 1935–1951 (New York: Oxford UP, 1978).

2. “March of Time in Fifth Year,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 11, 1939: 25.

3. “March of Time Criticizes Other Reels, Cites $1,000,000 Gross,” Motion Picture Herald, July 18, 1936: 67.

4. “Newsreels and World Affairs,” Variety, Jan. 6, 1937: 6; Abel Green, “March of Time,” Variety, Mar. 13, 1935: 15.

5. Fielding, The March of Time, 90.

6. James Barron, “After 59 Years, Roy Larsen, 80, Retires as Executive of Time, Inc.,” New York Times, Apr. 20, 1979, B4.

7. “‘Time’ Reels’ Controversial Subject Matter of Concern to Hays Org.,” Variety, Oct. 9, 1935: 4.

8. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, May 5, 1937: 21.

9. “Newsreels Answer March of Time on Pictures of Hitler,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 23, 1935: 30.

11. Robert Landry, “March of Time,” Variety, June 24, 1936: 29.

12. Advertisement in New Theater (Mar. 1936): 33.

13. Julien Bryan’s papers, including the extant material on “Inside Nazi Germany,” are archived at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.

14. “Press Supports Warner’s Charge March of Time Reel Is Pro-Nazi,” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 19, 1938: 34.

15. “Movie of the Week: The March of Time,” Life, Jan. 31, 1938: 24.

16. “Press Supports Warner’s Charge March of Time Reel Is Pro-Nazi,” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 19, 1938: 33.

17. “Nazis Squawking over M. of T. Films,” Variety, Jan. 19, 1938: 6; “M of T's ‘Inside Nazi Germany’ Barred in Chicago,” Film Daily, Jan. 18, 1938: 10.

18. “Nazis Hint Invoking Treaty to Bar March of Time in 3 Nations,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 22, 1938: 15–16.

19. Dave Epstein, “Nazi Propaganda,” Hollywood Reporter, Feb. 5, 1938: 4.

20. “March of Time in Jams,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 20, 1938: 1, 2.

21. “M of T’s ‘Inside Nazi Germany’ Barred in Chicago,” Film Daily, Jan. 19, 1938: 1, 10.

22. “M of T Will Fight Chi. Nazi Reel Ban,” Film Daily, Jan. 20, 1938: 1, 8.

23. “Warners, MOT, Public Battle over Nazi Pic,” Daily Variety, Jan. 22, 1938: 4.

24. “Chi Okays It,” Variety, Jan. 24, 1938: 11.

25. “Pros and Cons on ‘March of Time’s’ Nazi Subject Boosts B.O. All Over,” Variety, Jan. 26, 1938: 11; “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Jan. 26, 1938: 53.

26. “Photog of M. of T.’s Nazi Reel States He Didn’t Have to Smuggle Films Out,” Variety, Feb. 16, 1938: 7.

27. “Chi’s Censorial Frowns,” Variety, Oct. 23, 1938: 15.

28. “WB Circuit Bans March of Time Reel,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 21, 1938: 1.

29. “The March of Time,” News of the Day, Feb. 4, 1938: 4.

30. “Warners, MOT, Public Battle over Nazi Pic,” Daily Variety, Jan. 22, 1938: 4.

32. “Time’s Prexy Says Pro-Nazi Charge Against M of T Reel Is ‘Ridiculous,’” Film Daily, Jan. 24, 1938: 1, 3.

33. “Move of the Week: The March of Time,” Life, Jan. 31, 1938: 24.

34. “Anti-Nazi League Okays Time Reel,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 27, 1938: 12. A rare editorial in the Hollywood Reporter weighed in with Harry Warner: “Time Reel Is Favorable Propaganda for Nazism,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 26, 1938: 2.

35. Martin Quigley, “The Exhibitor’s Screen—How Shall It Be Used?” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 5, 1938: 7–8.

36. “Pros and Cons on ‘March of Time’s’ Nazi Subject Boosts B.O. All Over,” Variety, Jan. 26, 1938: 11.

37. Chester B. Bahn, “March of Time Nazi Reel Causes Industry Stir,” Film Daily, Jan. 21, 1938: 1, 10.

38. “M of T Will Fight Chi. Nazi Reel Ban,” Film Daily, Jan. 20, 1938: 1, 8.

39. The reactions are culled from a two-page advertising spread by the March of Time in Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 5, 1938: 58–59.

40. Chester B. Bahn, “March of Time Nazi Reel Causes Industry Stir,” Film Daily, Jan. 21, 1938: 1, 10.

41. “The March of Time,” Film Daily, Jan. 20, 1938: 6.

42. The title card prose was reported in “Fearlessly” and “M of T Special Forward,” Film Daily, Jan. 21, 1938: 10.

43. Irving Hoffman, “Reviewpoints,” Hollywood Reporter, Jan. 25, 1938: 2.

1. Terry Ramsaye, “News and Corpses,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 1, 1934: 7, 8.

2. Robert Landry, “Embassy, N.Y.” Variety, Oct. 14, 1936: 56.

3. As reported in Irving Hoffman, “Tales of Hoffman,” Hollywood Reporter, Feb. 11, 1939: 3.

4. “To Entertain Is Film Industry’s Only Mission, Quigley Tells Forum,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 4, 1937: 23.

5. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Mar. 8, 1932: 36.

6. “Cochrane of U Defies Wilentz on Clips of Bruno,” Daily Variety, Feb. 6, 1935: 1, 10.

7. “Steel Men to Live in Pullman Cars,” New York Times, June 8, 1937, 8.

8. “Paramount Releases Steel Strike Films,” Motion Picture Herald, July 10, 1937: 27.

10. “Definition of an Editor’s Responsibility,” Box Office, July 31, 1937: 5–6.

11. “All Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, Dec. 31, 1937: 4.

12. Wolfe Kaufman, “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Sept. 15, 1937: 17, 19.

13. “Richard Forecasts Longer Newsreel,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 18, 1937: 62.

14. Roy Chartier, “The Newsreels,” Variety, Jan. 1, 1936: 43.

15. Robert Meltzer, “The Newsreel Goes Round and Round and Out Comes—A Fur Coat,” Hollywood Tribune, Sept. 4, 1939: 8.

16. Max Jordan, Beyond All Fronts: A Bystander’s Notes on This Thirty Years War (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1944), 193–94, 220–35.

17. “U and Pathé Newsreelers Released; Vienna Films In,” Variety, Mar. 23, 1938: 4.

18. Shan., “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Mar. 30, 1938: 60.

19. William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent (New York; Penguin Books, 1979), 142.

20. “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, Sept. 27, 1938: 2.

21. Robert Landry, “Today and Tomorrow,” Variety, Jan. 4, 1939: 113.

22. “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Sept. 21, 1938: 47; Mike Wear, “Embassy, N.Y.” Variety, Oct. 19, 1938: 17.

23. “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Dec. 14, 1938: 57; “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Nov. 16, 1938: 45.

24. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, Apr. 20, 1938: 10.

25. “Newsreels in U.S. Turn ‘War-Minded,’” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 24, 1938: 14, 15.

26. Mike Wear, “March of Time’s Czech Reel,” Variety, Sept. 28, 1938: 53.

27. “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, May 25, 1938: 45.

28. Mike Wear, “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Mar. 23, 1938: 52.

29. Herbert Kline relates the production history of Crisis in Kline, New Theatre and Film, 1934 to 1937: An Anthology (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), 338–40.

30. Kline, quoted in Bosley Crowther, “Matter of Fact,” New York Times, Mar. 12, 1939, 154.

31. Kline, New Theatre and Film, 339.

32. Eleanor Roosevelt, “May Day,” Mar. 7, 1939, United Features Syndicate, Inc. (available online at the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project, George Washington University).

33. “Crisis,” Film Daily, Mar. 20, 1939: 10.

34. George Spires, “Crisis,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 25, 1939: 44.

35. Henry Hart, “A Letter About ‘Crisis’ Documentary Film on Nazi Invasion of Czechoslovakia,” Daily Worker, Mar. 23, 1939: 7.

36. Kline, quoted in Bosley Crowther, “Matter of Fact,” New York Times, Mar. 12, 1939, 154.

37. Mike Wear, “Newsreels and World News,” Variety, Jan. 4, 1939: 110..

38. Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust (New York: Free Press, 1986), 96–111, chronicles the vociferous reaction of the American press to Kristallnacht and the universal chorus of condemnation in the nation’s editorial pages.

39. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 808.

40. “Damage in the Millions,” and Otto D. Tolischus, “Bands Rove Cities,” New York Times, Nov. 11, 1938, 1, 4.

41. Jordan, Beyond All Fronts, 170–71.

42. Lowell Thomas Reports, Unpublished Script, Blue Network Master Books, NBC Collection, Recorded Sound Section, Library of Congress, Nov. 10, 1938.

43. Ibid.; “Follow Up Comment,” Variety, Nov. 23, 1938: 26.

44. “Coughlin’s Hot Potato,” Variety, Nov. 23, 1938: 25.

45. “Los Angeles Man in Custody,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 11, 1938: 2.

46. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Apr. 18, 1933: 20.

47. “Seeks Unusual Films,” New York Times, Dec. 1, 1932, 25.

48. Wolfe Kaufman, “Hitler and Germany,” Variety, Apr. 25, 1933: 14.

49. “Hitler and Germany,” Film Daily, Apr. 4, 1933: 8.

50. “55,000 in Protests of Hitler Attacks,” New York Times, Mar. 28, 1933, 1, 12.

51. Tom Waller, “Newsreels,” Variety, Apr. 4, 1933: 14.

52. “Newsreels Answer March of Time on Pictures of Hitler,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 23, 1935: 30.

53. John C. Flinn, “Film Showmanship,” Variety, Apr. 26, 1939: 3.

54. Robert Landry, “March of Time (no. 7),” Variety, Oct. 23, 1935: 13.

55. Variety, October 30, 1935: 31.

56. Shan., “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, June 30, 1937: 53.

57. “Press Supports Warner’s Charge March of Time Reel Is Pro-Nazi,” Motion Picture Herald, Feb. 19, 1938: 33.

58. “Chi’s Censorial Frowns,” Variety, Oct. 23, 1938: 15.

59. “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Nov. 23, 1938: 45.

60. “Newsreels Huddle on Nazi Outrages,” Film Daily, Nov. 17, 1938: 1; “Footage Dearth Stymies Newsreels’ Nazi Expose,” Film Daily, Nov. 21, 1938: 10.

61. Chester Bahn, “Film Daily Closes Berlin Bureau,” Film Daily, Nov. 21, 1938: 1.

62. Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Jan. 28, 1939: 39.

63. There are several different versions of the “God Bless America” story, most of which inaccurately place the date of the show on Armistice Day itself. See Laurence Bergeen, As Thousands Cheer: The Life of Irving Berlin (New York, Viking Penguin, 1990), 370–72.

64. “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Jan. 18, 1939: 45; “Chi’s Anthem Singing,” Variety, Feb. 15, 1939: 6.

65. Mike Wear, “Embassy, N.Y.,” Variety, Jan. 25, 1939: 53.

1. To fact-check Riefenstahl’s own accounts, see Steven Bach, Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl (New York: Knopf, 2007), and Rainer Rother, Leni Riefenstahl: The Seduction of Genius (London: Continuum, 2002). Ray Muller’s essential documentary The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl (1993) includes some on-camera denials by Riefenstahl of the written record. Riefenstahl’s version is related in Leni Riefenstahl, A Memoir (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).

2. Andrew Kelly, All Quiet on the Western Front: The Story of a Film (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 122–23; Riefenstahl, A Memoir, 65–66.

3. “The Blue Light,” Film Daily, May 8, 1934: 8.

4. “Hitler Gets Cold Feet on Picture Glorifying Horst Wessel, Nazi Hero,” Variety, Oct. 31, 1933: 11. The ban was later lifted so the producers could recoup their investment, but only under the condition that Wessel’s name not be used. It was released under the title Hans Westmer (1933).

5. “The Winnah,” Variety, May 8, 1935: 15.

6. Roy Chartier, “Newsreels,” Variety, Oct. 16, 1934: 14.

7. Irving Hoffman, “Tales of Hoffman,” Hollywood Reporter, July 6, 1939: 3.

8. “Nazi Congress as Feature Pic,” Variety, Mar. 13, 1935: 13.

9. Carl Dreher, “Parade Ground Art—The German Film Under Hitler,” New Theatre and Film (June 1936): 34.

10. “Sport: Games at Garmish,” Time, Feb. 16, 1936.

11. James P. Cunningham, “Hitler Makes U.S. Olympic Films Advertise Germany,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 8, 1936: 13–15; “Hitler’s Riefenstahl Watching U.S. Reels,” Motion Picture Herald, Aug. 22, 1936: 73.

12. Fulton Oursler, “Is Hitler in Love with a Jewess?” Liberty, July 9, 1938: 58; Princess Catherine Radziwill, “Is Hitler in Love with a Jewess?” Liberty, July 16, 1938: 21–23.

13. “Italians, Nazis Split Venice Awards,” Variety, Sept. 14, 1938: 13.

14. “German Award,” Motion Picture Herald, May 7, 1938: 8.

15. Riefenstahl, A Memoir, 231.

16. Smith, quoted in Joseph D. Ravotto, “‘Politics’ Charged in Venice Festival,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 10, 1938: 63; Terry Ramsaye, “International,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 17, 1938: 7.

17. For an in-depth look at her trip to America, see Cooper C. Graham, “‘Olympia’ in America, 1938: Leni Riefenstahl, Hollywood, and the Kristallnacht,” Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 13.4 (1938): 433–50.

18. “Anti Nazis Protest Visit to Circulate Olympic Film,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 12, 1938: 19.

19. “Trade, Public Balk, at Nazi ‘Olympia,’” Box Office, Nov. 12, 1938: 16.

20. “Anti Nazis Protest Visit to Circulate Olympic Film,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 12, 1938: 19.

21. Morris Gilbert, “Leni Riefenstahl, an Individualist Even Under Hitler, Expects to Teach 1,000 Beautiful Women to Ride Horses,” New York World-Telegram, Nov. 9, 1938: 3.

22. Edward W. Beattie Jr., “Mobs Wreck 10,000 Jewish Shops in Nazis’ 14-Hour Reign of Terror,” New York World-Telegram, Nov. 10, 1938: 1.

23. Riefenstahl, A Memoir, 237.

24. Irving Hoffman, “Tales of Hoffman,” Hollywood Reporter, Nov. 15 1938: 3.

25. Arch Ward, “In the Wake of the News,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 22, 1938, 23.

26. “The Female of the Species,” Hollywood Now, Dec. 2, 1938: 1.

27. “Hitler ‘Girl Friend’ Barred at Studios,” Daily Variety, Nov. 30, 1938: 1.

28. “Hitler’s Girlfriend Gets Snub from Hollywood,” Daily Worker, Dec. 2, 1938: 1, 8.

29. “Leni Riefenstahl Still Getting Film Business’ Brushoff,” Variety, Dec. 7, 1938: 1.

30. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Nov. 30, 1938: 2.

31. Ernst Jaeger, “How Leni Riefenstahl Became Hitler’s Girlfriend,” Hollywood Tribune, June 23, 1939: 13.

32. “Miss Riefenstahl Is Surprised,” Box Office, Dec. 3, 1938: 20.

33. “Hedda Hopper’s Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 13, 1939: A19; “Hedda Hopper’s Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 5, 1938: 26.

34. Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Jan. 21, 1939: 29.

35. Ivan Spear, “Spearheads,” Box Office, Jan. 14, 1939: 39.

36. “Nazi Retreat from Hollywood Chilled by Frigid Farewells,” Daily Variety, Jan. 14, 1939: 3.

37. Ed Sullivan, “Looking at Hollywood,” Jan. 17, 1939: 13.

38. “Hollywood Closes Doors to Hitler’s Emissary,” Hollywood Now, Dec. 2, 1938: 1, 4.

39. “Leni Riefenstahl Sails,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 21, 1939: 8; James Golding, “Riefenstahl’s Exit Is Not Exactly Gay,” Box Office, Jan. 21, 1939: 24.

40. “Leni Riefenstahl in January,” Hollywood Now, Feb. 3, 1939: 2.

1. “Anti-Nazi League Meets,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 8, 1938: 7; “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 10, 1938: 2.

2. W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 7, 1938: 1.

3. The anomalous anti-Nazism of Warner Bros. Pictures has attracted a good deal of scholarly attention. See Christine Ann Colgan, “Warner Brothers’ Crusade Against the Third Reich: A Study of Anti-Nazi Activism and Film Production, 1933 to 1941” (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 1985).

4. Told from the perspective of Harry’s granddaughter, Cass Warner’s documentary The Brothers Warner (2008) provides an informative family history of the brothers.

5. “He Sailed Without ‘Snow White,’” Box Office, Apr. 1, 1939: 32.

6. “Metro about Ready to Bow Out of Germany if Par-20th Will Likewise,” Variety, July 22, 1936: 35.

7. “Sure Seaters Concur on Anti-Nazi Film Stand in U.S.; Jerk M-G Olympix,” Variety, Nov. 11, 1936: 11.

8. “Loew Cancels Anti-Nazi Pic; Squawks,” Variety, Sept. 2, 1936: 7; “MG’s German 12,” Variety, Sept. 9, 1936: 13.

9. Douglas Miller to American Embassy, Apr. 23, 1936. Record Group 281, Records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, National Archives, College Park, MD.

10. George B. Canty, Confidential Memorandum to Mr. White, Jan. 26, 1935.

11. “Ten Nazi Editors Are Guests at Metro Lot,” Box Office, June 24, 1939: 74–75.

12. “Companies Halt Films to Austria,” Motion Picture Herald, Apr. 2, 1938: 20.

13. “Bernstein Out as M-G Austria Rep; Nazi Move,” Variety, Mar. 23, 1938: 13.

14. “Anschluss Shifts Austrian Film Biz Under Berlin Office Direction,” Variety, Mar. 30, 1938: 5.

15. Special Correspondent, “Anschluss Shuts Austrian Studios; Only Three American Offices Open,” Motion Picture Herald, June 4, 1938: 20.

16. “Foreign Coin Curbs Held Biggest Bugaboo for Yank Picture Firms,” Variety, June 7, 1939: 11.

17. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness, 1933–1941: A Diary of the Nazi Years, trans. Martin Chambers (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 211–38.

18. “Prospects for German Industry Not Bright, U.S. Attache Finds,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 15, 1938: 35–36; “20th-Fox’s Move to Dub German Dialog in Italy (Because of Low Costs) Important to All U.S. Pix,” Variety, Apr. 7, 1937: 13.

19. “‘Totalitarian’ States Put Further Squeeze on Hollywood’s Films,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 28, 1939: 17.

20. “Hitler Hates Us,” Hollywood Reporter, June 30, 1939: 1.

21. Harry M. Warner, quoted in “Patriotic Films,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 17, 1938: 35.

22. “WB Drops Short Tuners,” Daily Variety, Dec. 9, 1937: 16.

23. “Hollywood Insider,” Daily Variety, Aug. 23, 1938: 2.

24. “Warner Shorts Heard on New Radio Program,” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 8, 1938: 14.

25. “Warner Stresses Education Value of Shorts,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 10, 1938: 70.

26. “Warners in Tieup with Legion Posts,” Motion Picture Herald, Dec. 17, 1938: 34.

27. “WB Skeds Historical Series Themed on American Sagas,” Daily Variety, May 19, 1936: 2.

28. Van Schmus, quoted in Terry Ramsaye, “It Moves,” Motion Picture Herald, Nov. 26, 1938: 7.

29. “Declaration of Independence,” Box Office, Oct. 15, 1938: 32.

30. “Lincoln in the White House,” Variety, Jan. 18, 1939: 12.

31. “Lincoln in the White House,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 14, 1939: 49; Phil M. Daily, “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, Jan. 9, 1939: 2.

32. “Lincoln in the White House,” Variety, Jan. 18, 1939: 12.

33. “Lincoln in the White House,” Box Office, Jan. 14, 1939: 95.

34. “Sons of Liberty,” Motion Picture Herald, Mar. 25, 1938: 48; “Advertisement for Sons of Liberty,” Box Office, Mar. 27, 1938: 11; “Sons of Liberty,” Film Daily, Mar. 23, 1939: 10.

35. “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, June 21, 1939: 12.

36. “Warner Short Answers ‘isms,’” Motion Picture Herald, Oct. 15, 1938: 30.

37. “Americanism, Motion Pictures, and a Warner Creed,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 28, 1939: 12.

38. Phil M. Daily, “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, June 1, 1939: 2.

39. “Americanism, Motion Pictures, and a Warner Creed,” Motion Picture Herald, Jan. 28, 1939: 13.

40. “WB’s Schmeling Ban,” Variety, July 1, 1936: 1.

41. “Jack Warner to Be HANL Banquet Host,” News of the World, Mar. 12, 1938: 1.

42. “League on KFWB at 6:30 Tonight!” News of the World, Apr. 1, 1938: 1.

43. “Jack Warner’s Dinner to Exiled Thos. Mann May Touch Off a Militant Anti-Hitler Campaign in Hollywood,” Variety, Mar. 23, 1938: 2.

44. “Sons of Legion,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 9, 1938: 3.

45. Alexander Gardiner and Boyd B. Stutler, “Now Showing: Legion,” American Legion Magazine (Nov. 1938): 56.

46. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 22, 1938: 2.

47. “H. M. Warner Condemns All Isms,” Variety, Sept. 21, 1938: 2.

48. “Red Charge Is False, Warner Tells Legion,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 24, 1938: 16.

49. Douglas W. Churchill, “Hollywood Pledges Allegiance to America,” New York Times, Jan. 15, 1939, X5.

50. “Embassy Newsreel, N.Y.,” Variety, Oct. 26, 1938: 44. “Now we will enter the trial courtroom with a Paramount cameraman,” declared the announcer as a photographer marches briskly into the revolving door of the court building—only to be ejected through the other side of the same door, propelled by a court marshal.

51. Hardy, quoted in Leon G. Turrou, Nazi Spies in America (New York: Random House, 1938), 285.

52. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Dec. 10, 1938: 2.

53. Dr. Georg Gyssling to Joseph I. Breen, Dec. 6, 1938 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, Production Code Administration files, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA; hereinafter, PCA files).

54. Joseph I. Breen to Dr. Georg Gyssling, Dec. 7, 1938 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, PCA files).

55. Joseph I. Breen to Jack L. Warner, Dec. 30, 1938; Joseph I. Breen to Jack L. Warner, Dec. 30, 1938; Joseph I. Breen to Will H. Hays, Dec. 30, 1938 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, PCA files).

56. Robert Lord to Joseph I. Breen, Jan. 25, 1939 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file PCA files).

57. Karl Lishka, memo, Jan. 22, 1939 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, PCA files).

58. Internal memo from Walter MacEwen to Robert Lord, Nov. 16, 1939 (Warner Bros. archives, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA).

59. Internal memo from Hal Wallis to Robert Lord and Anatole Litvak, Jan. 6, 1939 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, Warner Bros. archives, USC).

60. Hedda Hopper, “Dramatic Story Behind Spy Film,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 23, 1939, C3.

61. “A.F.A. Releases Story of ‘Confessions of a Nazi Spy,’” Hollywood Now, Mar. 10, 1939: 2.

62. Hal Wallis to Nathan Levinson, Mar. 24, 1939 (Confessions of a Nazi Spy file, Warner Bros. archives, USC).

63. “See ‘Confessions of a Nazi Spy,’” Hollywood Now, May 5, 1939: 1.

64. “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 24, 1939: 2.

65. “‘Nazi Spy’ Must Attraction Scoring Boxoffice Bullseye,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 28, 1939: 3; “Big Police Guard at Nazi Preview but All’s Quiet,” Daily Variety, Apr. 28, 1939: 22.

66. “Confessions of a Nazi Spy,” Daily Variety, Apr. 28, 1939: 3, 22.

67. “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, May 12, 1939: 2.

68. “Deny Kuhn Injunction,” Variety, June 21, 1939: 2.

69. “Can’t Bar ‘Spy’ Hull Tells Nazis,” Motion Picture Herald, June 1, 1939: 42.

70. “Nazi Consul Fails to Stop ‘Confessions,’” Hollywood Now, May 12, 1939: 1.

71. “‘Confessions’ to Run in France, Cuba,” Hollywood Now, June 23, 1939: 2.

72. “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, May 2, 1939: 2.

73. “‘Juarez’ Opening Sparkles B’way to a Fare-thee-well,” Hollywood Reporter, Apr. 26, 1939: 1, 7.

74. Frank S. Nugent, “Juarez,” New York Times, Apr. 26, 1939: 27.

75. “Donald Ogden Stewart (Hollywood): Meyer Levin (New York),” Hollywood Tribune, Apr. 28, 1939: 2, 19.

76. “Slashed Seats During ‘Nazi’ Engagement,” Variety, June 21, 1939: 2.

1. The traumatic impact of the Hitler-Stalin Pact on Hollywood’s Popular Front is recollected in many memoirs and oral histories from the era, both left and right. See, for example, Douglas Bell’s interview with MGM producer Richard Goldstone in Bell, An Oral History with Richard Goldstone (Beverly Hills: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 1991), 152–53.

2. “Soviet Film Replaced,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 2, 1939: 8.

3. “A Program for Peace,” Hollywood Now, Sept. 22, 1939: 2.

4. Donald Ogden Stewart, By a Stroke of Luck! An Autobiography (New York: Paddington Press, 1975), 247–48.

5. “League Attacks Finnish Loans,” Hollywood Now, Jan. 26, 1940: 1.

6. “Pardon Our Bluntness,” Hollywood Now, Dec. 1, 1939: 4.

7. Dalton Trumbo, Johnny Got His Gun (New York: Lippincott, 1939). Though written before the Hitler-Stalin Pact, the timing of the antiwar tract for isolationist purposes was perfect: it was published in September 1939. In the 1971 motion picture, Johnny taps out “Kill me.”

8. Dalton Trumbo, “Trumbo Hits War Market,” Hollywood Now, Jan. 19, 1940: 1, 3.

9. “Films’ 8–9% Foreign Loss,” Variety, Oct. 4, 1939: 1, 18.

10. “War Jitters Clip Show Biz,” Variety, Aug. 30, 1939: 1, 18.

11. “Exhibs of ‘Nazi Spy’ in Poland Hung By Nazis,” Variety, Apr. 24, 1940: 2.

12. “European War Crisis Films Shown At Embassy, N.Y., 56–72 Hours Later,” Variety, Aug. 30, 1939: 16.

13. “German Picture House in Yorkville Passes the Hat for Nazi Winter War Relief; Hitler a Popular Kid,” Variety, Oct. 23, 1940: 3.

14. “‘Mad Dog of Europe’ Project Stirs Again,” Box Office, Apr. 15, 1939: 62–63; “Rosen’s ‘Dog’ Rebarks,” Daily Variety, Apr. 13, 1939: 2.

15. “The Mad Dog of Europe,” Box Office, Apr. 22, 1939: 26-G.

16. “Beasts of Berlin,” Variety, Nov. 22, 1939: 16.

17. Stewart, By a Stroke of Luck!, 257.

18. “Willkie Named Film Counsel,” Daily Variety, Sept. 2, 1941: 1, 6.

19. “Willkie Gagged by Senate Rules as Probe Opens,” Daily Variety, Sept. 10, 1941: 10.

20. “Zanuck Speech Given Big Hand Even by Isolationists,” Daily Variety, Sept. 29, 1941: 8.

21. “H. Warner on Grill All Day,” Daily Variety, Sept. 26, 1941: 1, 8–9.

22. “German Consul Burns Records, Closes Offices,” Los Angeles Times, June 29, 1941, 1; “Nazi Consul Here Receives a Notice of Closing Order,” Los Angeles Times, June 18, 1941, 4.

23. I am grateful to Fritz Neubauer and Miranda Neubauer for accessing information from the handbook of the German foreign service and translating same for the information on Gyssling’s post-Hollywood career.

24. “Laemmle at 70, Champing at the Bit for Another Whirl at Making Films,” Variety, Jan. 13, 1937: 4.

25. “Laemmle to Auto Tour Europe This Summer,” Variety, June 1, 1938: 2.

26. “Laemmle Would Evacuate His German Home Town,” Variety, Feb. 1, 1939: 1.

27. “‘Uncle Carl’ Laemmle Dies at Home, Aged 72,” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 25, 1939: 1, 6.

28. “Entire Industry Mourns Passing of ‘Uncle Carl,’” Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 26, 1939: 1, 7.

29. Terry Ramsaye, “Laemmle’s Death Takes Pioneer ‘Independent’ of IMP Film Days,” Motion Picture Herald, Sept. 20, 1930: 19, 21.

1. Susan Sontag, “Fascinating Fascism,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 6, 1975.

2. Kellogg, quoted in Abel Green, “Pix as Evidence in Nazi Trials,” Variety, Oct. 3, 1945: 1, 24.

3. J. P. Shanley, “TV: The Time of Hitler,” New York Times, Mar. 15, 1956, 46; Walter Ames, “Hitler’s Downfall Seen in TV’s ‘Twisted Cross,’” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 14, 1956: B9.