abolitionist movement, 344, 472, 473, 485, 486, 498, 504, 511. See also names of specific abolitionists
Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 271
abortion issue/controversy, 1–3, 54, 144, 267, 341, 788, 789, 814, 825; culture wars and, 73, 75; Democratic Party stance, 347; internal GOP conflict, 347; partial birth abortion, 814; Republican Party stance, 347; wedge issue, 341, 342. See also names of specific candidates; Campaigns of 1972, 1976, 1980, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2012, 2016; Griswold v. Connecticut; Roe v. Wade
activist community, rugged individualism versus, 257
Adams, Charles Francis, 468, 472, 489, 517, 521, 527, 528, 529, 531
Adams, John, 356, 358, 377, 390, 449, 794; attacks against, 372–373; campaign of 1792, 359; campaign of 1796, 366–367; campaign of 1800, 364, 368, 842; criticism of, 369, 370; first vice presidential election, 354; Hamilton rejection of, 373; nomination, 40. See also Alien and Sedition Acts; Quasi War; XYZ Affair
Adams, John Quincy: campaign and election of 1824, 404, 406, 407, 408–409, 411, 412–413, 414, 415, 506, 750, 802; campaign of 1820, 401, 402, 403; campaign of 1828, 413–414, 415, 416–417; congressman, 420; “corrupt bargain” with Clay, 412, 414, 417, 418; House of Representatives election role, 820; rumors, 42; tariffs, 418
Adams, John Quincy II, 521, 531
Adams, Samuel, 353; campaign of 1796, 366, 367
advertisements, campaign, 33–35; billboards, 35; campaign speech broadcasts, 33; “Daisy Girl” campaign ad, 33–34, 76–77, 229–230, 735–736; “Eisenhower Answers America,” 33; first televised, 229, 701; focus groups and, 112; issue ads, 33, 38; Internet, 35; KKK ad, 34; negative, 33–35; print media, 33, 35; radio, 33, 35; Swift Boat ads, 30–31, 157; television, 33, 35; testimonials, 33; “Willie Horton” ad, 30, 54, 112, 157, 244, 262; YouTube videos, 35. See also specific presidential campaigns and candidates; advertisements, political
advertisements, political, 229–231; biographical, 229; campaign speeches, 229; emotions associated with, 231; first television, 229; issue, 229; manner of dissemination, 229, 231; negative, 229–230; spot, 229; testimonial, 229; YouTube, 231. See also advertisements, campaign; Campaigns of 1964, 2004, 2008, 2012; “Daisy Girl” campaign ad
affirmative action, 3–6, 54, 58, 59, 91–92. See also Campaigns of 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992; Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 772
Afghanistan War, 256, 284, 338, 339, 341, 822, 824, 839
Affordable Care Act (ACA), 29, 57, 142–145, 258, 267, 846, 848; contraception mandate, 143, 144, 180, 342–343, 346; Democrat support of, 144–145; Medicaid expansion portion, 143; most popular elements, 143–144; Republican opposition to, 143–144, 303. See also Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
African Americans: campaign of 1928, 653; campaign of 1932, 652–653; campaign of 1936, 666; Democratic Party, 172, 261, 670; disenfranchisement, 259, 551; electoral participation, 327; end of Reconstruction and, 545, 546; Klan targets, 648–649; post-Reconstruction, 172; presidential campaign/election firsts, 756–757, 835; Republican Party and, 171–172, 261, 749; Republican Party members, 552; Republican to Democrat shift, 652–653; Theodore Roosevelt and, 593; Truman administration and, 687, 688–689; voting restrictions and intimidation, 321–322, 524, 542, 546; voting rights, 572, 587. See also Campaigns of 1928 and 1936; Jim Crow laws
Agnew, Spiro, 54, 243, 752; campaign of 1968, 744, 750; resignation, 761
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Bill Clinton dismantling of, 86, 804
AIDS epidemic, 175–176
Alabama: constitutional gun rights, 135; immigration policy, 154
Albany Regency machine, 432, 456, 472, 553
Alien and Sedition Acts, 369, 370, 371, 377
Alien Contract Labor laws (1885, 1887), 211
all-white primary, 327
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 2014 IRS 501(c)(4) rules and, 79
American Conservative Union, 70
American Crossroads, 31
American exceptionalism, 7–10, 190–191, 219, 338. See also Campaigns of 1984, 2012, 2016; manifest destiny
American Independence Party, 53
American Independent Party, 243, 739, 759–760; convention of 1968, 748
American Issues Project, Bill Ayers ads and, 31
American Party, 15, 147, 211, 279, 643. See also Know-Nothing (American) Party
American Revolution, 368
American Suffrage Association, 344
American System. See Clay, Henry
Americans for a Sound Economy, 11
Americans for Prosperity (AFP), 11–13, 18, 40, 221, 304
Americans for Tax Reform, 13–14
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 55, 93
AmeriCorps, 173
Amnesty Act (1872), 535
Anderson, John B., 206, 244; campaign of 1980, 773, 774, 777
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 334
anti-Catholicism, 14–18, 461–462, 484, 489, 490, 494, 638, 648–649, 720–721. See also Campaigns of 1884, 1928, 1960, 2000, 2004, and 2008
anti-corruption, 594
antidiscrimination law of 1970, Supreme Court decision upholding, 91
Anti-Federalists, 40, 354, 356
anti-immigrant sentiment, 489
anti-imperialists, 584, 589, 590, 596
Anti-Masonic Party, 210–211, 415, 431, 441, 443; campaign of 1832, 429; first self-defined national political convention, 429
Anti-Monopoly Party, 558
anti-nuke movement, 779
anti-Semitism, 489, 638, 648, 649
antiterrorism, wedge issue of, 341
anti-trust law enforcement, 592–593, 595, 596
Antiquities Act (1906), 105
antiwar movement, 1960s–1970s, 333, 739, 746–747, 752
approval ratings, 864. See also names of specific presidents
Arab Americans, racial profiling of, 299
Arab Spring, Republican Party response to, 338
Arizona, immigration policy of, 154
Arkansas: admission as slave state, 476; battleground state, 815, 827; Shelby County v. Holder voter restrictions, 328; 2012 primary, 114
Armed Criminal Act of 1986, 130
arms control talks and treaties, U.S.-Soviet, 334, 336, 337. See also specific arms control talks and treaties
Arthur, Chester A., 62, 550, 553–554, 555, 556, 561–562; election of 1884, 740
Asian Americans, voting rights of, 321
astroturfers, 12, 18; Tea Party organizations, 304
atomic age, 686
attack ads: George H. W. Bush versus Dukakis, 790–791; Carter versus Reagan, 775–776; first televised, 735–736; Nixon versus McGovern, 759. See also names of specific candidates; advertisements, campaign; advertisements, political; “Daisy Girl” campaign ad; “Willie Horton” ad
Atwater, Lee, dirty tricks against Dukakis, 791
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 363, 370
Bache, Margaret, 371–372
Bachmann, Michele, 849, 851; TARP, 313; Tea Party movement, 303–304, 318; Values Voter Summit, 318
balanced budget amendment, 806
Ballinger, Richard A., 102–103, 608
bank bailout, 86
bank holiday, 660
Barkley, Alben, 669, 678, 699; Campaign of 1948, 688, 691
Barnburners, 465, 468, 472, 479
battleground states, 2, 19–21, 65, 272, 815, 827. See also names of specific states; Campaigns of 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016; purple states; swing states
Beckley, John, Campaign of 1792, 359
Beecher, Henry Ward, 344
Bell, John, Campaign of 1860, 501, 502, 505, 506
Benghazi embassy attack, 859–860
Bentsen, Lloyd, 763; Campaign of 1988, 788; debate with Dan Quayle, 793; faithless elector and, 108
Biddle, Nicholas, 426, 427, 435, 447
Biden, Joe, 17, 787; Campaign of 2008, 831, 835; Campaign of 2012, 859; Catholicism of, 835; debate with Palin, 840; plagiarism scandal, 787; 2008 vice presidential debate, 247–248; 2012 Democratic convention speech, 859; 2012 vice presidential debate, 249
bimetallism, 557, 564, 572, 577, 578, 588. See also Free Silver policy
bin Laden, Osama, assassination, 338–339
Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), 38, 67–68, 78, 109, 111, 157, 223. See also soft money
Birney, James G.: Campaign of 1840, 449; Campaign of 1844, 460, 463, 464
Birth of a Nation, Ku Klux Klan and, 638
birthers and birtherism, 23–25, 56; similarities with Occupy movement, 845; Tea Party, 844. See also Campaigns of 2012 and 2016; Obama, Barack; Trump, Donald
birthright citizenship,154–155, 213, 264
black codes, 171
Black Lives Matter, 58, 263–264, 876
#BlackOpenCarry movement, 136, 137
Blaine, James Gillespie, 15, 42–43, 536–540, 548, 549, 551, 571–572, 607; attacks against, 537–538: Campaign of 1884, 554, 555, 556, 558, 560, 561, 563, 565, 568, 569, 610; “Mulligan Letters” scandal, 537–538, 548
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr.: Campaign of 1868, 520, 522; Republican attacks against, 523
Blair, Francis Preston, Sr., 489, 522
Bland-Allison Act, 579
Boone and Crockett Club, 102
Bourbon Democrats, 531, 557, 563, 573, 575, 577, 578, 580, 581, 585, 595, 601
Bowers v. Hardwick, 176
Boxer Rebellion, 588
Brady, James, 131; shooting, 130
Brady Bill, 131
Braun, Carol Moseley, 823
bread and butter issues, 27–30, 266; compassionate conservatism and, 65; 1930s, 27–28, 30; 1970s to 1990s, 28, 30; nineteenth century, 30; twenty-first century, 28, 29, 30, 339. See also Campaigns of 1896, 1932, 1976, 1980, 1992, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016
Breckinridge, John C., 330; Campaign of 1804, 379; Campaign of 1856, 492, 496; Campaign of 1860, 500, 501, 505, 506, 712
Bricker, John W., Campaign of 1944, 679, 680
Brooks, John A., 567
Brooks, Preston, 487; attack on Charles Sumner, 486–487
Brown, Benjamin Gratz, Campaign of 1872, 529
Brown, Edmund Gerald “Pat,” 699, 718, 734, 763
Brown, Edmund “Jerry” Brown Jr., 149, 763, 764, 772, 796, 797
Brown, John, 486, 504; raid on Harper’s Ferry, 498, 845
Brown v. Board of Education, 52, 92, 708
Bryan, Charles W., Campaign of 1924, 642
Bryan, William Jennings, 36, 67, 236, 573, 592, 596, 601–603, 610–611, 628, 630; attacks against, 582, 604; attacks against William Howard Taft, 604; Campaign of 1896, 308, 577, 578, 579–580, 581, 583, 585, 601, 671; Campaign of 1900, 587–588, 589, 590–591, 601; Campaign of 1908, 601–605; Chinese immigration issue, 601; “Cross of Gold” speech, 580, 581, 582; Ku Klux Klan opposition, 642; legacy, 656; monetary system, 601; Populist and Democratic nomination, 580–581; progressive positions, 601; recorded speeches, 603; Secretary of State, 616; social gospel views, 602
Buchanan, James: Campaign of 1844, 452–453, 457, 460; Campaign of 1848, 467; Campaign of 1852, 479–480, 481, 483; Campaign of 1856, 491–492, 493, 494, 496, 504, 506, 518, 553, 560, 561; Campaign of 1860, 498–499, 505; negative attacks against, 495
Buchanan, Pat, 237, 310, 799, 805, 815, 843; butterfly ballot, 32; culture wars, 318, 799; immigration views, 212; isolationism view, 169; Republican convention of 1992 speech, 73
Buckley v. Valeo, 30–31, 157; campaign finance reform, 37, 67. See also Campaigns of 1988, 2004, 2008, 2016; Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 (FECA)
Buckner, Simon Bolivar, Sr., Campaign of 1896, 580
Bull Moose Party, 103, 236, 321, 496, 610, 612. See also Progressive Party; Roosevelt, Theodore
Burnside, Ambrose, 510
Burr, Aaron, 40, 373, 374, 378–379, 380; Campaign of 1796, 366, 367; Campaign of 1800, 373, 375, 379; duel with Alexander Hamilton, 376, 379, 389; Tammany connection, 388–389
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 68–69, 181
Bush, George H. W., 5, 28, 44, 45, 55, 64, 131, 239, 255, 262, 840; active vice president role, 812; affirmative action, 54; approval ratings, 795–796, 822; attack ads, 789–791; Brady Bill, 131; George W. Bush election and, 866; Campaign of 1980, 773–774; Campaign of 1984, 780; Campaign of 1988, 232, 788–791, 793–795; Campaign of 1992, 796, 800, 801–802, 843; China most-favored-nation status, 310; debates with Clinton and Perot, 246, 801–802; debates with Dukakis, 244, 246, 792–793; decline in popularity, 798–799; economic situation and election loss, 863; first Gulf War, 337; Haitian refugee repatriation, 15; missile systems, 336; NAFTA, 310; Operation Desert Storm, 265; Panama invasion, 337; rally round the flag effect, 265, 337; reelection failure, 864; “Read my lips” line, 799; sound bite, 289; trickle-down economics criticism, 85, 174; wealthy upbringing, 848
Bush, George W., 2, 8, 16, 17, 32, 44, 164, 239, 270, 303, 325–326, 337–338, 836; Afghanistan War, 169, 338; approval ratings, 822, 830; Bob Jones University speech, 92; Bush dynasty and, 867; Campaign ads, 35, 230; Campaign of 2000, 232–233, 811, 813–821; Campaign of 2004, 127, 198, 822–823, 825–826, 827–828, 843, 862, 864; “compassionate conservative,” 64–65, 816; conservative Christian vote, 317; debates with Al Gore, 817, 246–247; debates with John Kerry, 247; education reform, 64, 94, 814, 816; Electoral College votes, 878; Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008), 312; entitlement programs, 29, 86; federal debt, 256; focus group use, 112; immigration issue and reform, 151–152, 212; Iraq War, 169, 338, 339; Kyoto Protocol, 105; LGBTQ issues, 177, 178, 181; media events, 196, 197; Medicare, 141; microtargeting, 199–200; Middle East military force, 219; military over domestic spending, 169; “Mission Accomplished” photo op, 226, 338; national parks snowmobile ban repeal, 105; negative campaigning, 816; 9/11 terrorist attack response, 338; No Child Left Behind, 94; nuclear power industry, 99; opposition research, 216; popularity and 9/11 attacks, 265; primaries, 113; push polls, 217; rally round the flag effect, 822–823; SCHIP veto, 142; Social Security, 29, 86, 284, 816; stem cell research opposition, 141; supply-side economics, 174; swift boating connection, 297; TARP, 256, 312; tax cuts and rebate, 28, 174, 255, 816; wealthy upbringing, 848
Bush, Jeb, 10, 14, 166, 305; anchor baby comments, 154–155; birthright citizenship issue, 154; Bush dynasty and, 866–867; campaign finance laws, 38–39; Campaign of 2016, 866, 869, 870; charter schools issue, 95; Common Core standards, 95; culture wars and, 75; debates of 2015/2016, 250, 251, 872, 873–874; dark money, 78; gender gap and, 117; immigration issue, 151, 152, 153; mandatory vaccination issue, 145; offshore oil drilling, 105; Right to Rise super PAC, 291
Bush, Prescott, 866
busing, school, 92–93
Butler, Benjamin, 509, 524; Campaign of 1864, 509, 510; Campaign of 1884, 558
Butler, Nicholas M., 628; Campaign of 1912, 610
butterfly ballot, 31–32, 820; Campaign of 2000, 31, 32
Byrd, Harry, Sr., faithless elector and, 108
Calhoun, John C., 389, 401, 430, 432, 470, 609; attacks against Jackson, 425; Campaign of 1824, 404, 406, 407, 409, 410; Campaign of 1828, 414, 415, 418–419, 422; Campaign of 1832, 421–425; Campaign of 1844, 456, 457, 460; Eaton Affair, 422–423; nullification doctrine, 424; resignation as vice president, 425, 761; slavery issue, 455; Texas annexation issue, 453, 454–455; U.S. senator, 425
California; admission as free state, 476; first Republican primary, 600; future Election Day registration, 323; primary of 2016, 115; Proposition 187, 150–151
campaign finance reform, 36–39. See also Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA); Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission; Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925; Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA); political action committees (PACs); Revenue Act of 1971; spoils system; Taft-Hartley Act; Tillman Act of 1907
campaign funding, 36, 590, 596–597. See also names of specific candidates
campaign manager, prototype of, 566–567
Campaign of 1788–1789, 351–355, 368; tariffs issue, 354. See also Adams, John; Washington, George
Campaign of 1792, 355–360, 368. See also Adams, John; Burr, Aaron; Clinton, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Washington, George
Campaign of 1796, 40, 361–367; impressment issue, 362; versus Campaign of 1800, 370. See also Adams, John; Burr, Aaron; Jefferson, Thomas; Pinckney, Thomas
Campaign of 1800, 40, 367, 368–376, 421; character issue, 41–42, 372; House of Representatives role, 374; North-South strategy, 373; party caucuses, 371; party machines, 371; tariff issue, 369; versus Campaign of 1796, 370. See also Adams, John; Burr, Aaron; Jay, John; Jefferson, Thomas; Pinckney, Charles C.
Campaign of 1804, 377–381; caucus system, 378, 379; North-South strategy, 379. See also Clinton, George; Jefferson, Thomas; King, Rufus; Pinckney, Charles C.
Campaign of 1808, 381–386; impressment issue, 381–382; one-party government, 381. See also Clinton, George; King, Rufus; Madison, James; Monroe, James; Pinckney, Charles C.
Campaign of 1812, 386–393; impressment issue, 387; sectional loyalties, 393; slogans, 386; war and peace issue, 329, 388. See also Madison, James; Clinton, DeWitt; Gerry, Elbridge
Campaign of 1816, 393, 397, 399; caucus system, 397. See also Harper, Robert; Howard, John; King, Rufus; Marshall, John; Monroe, James; Ross, James; Tompkins, Daniel
Campaign of 1820, 399–403; Panic of 1819, 400; slavery issue, 400. See also Adams, John Quincy; Harper, Robert; Monroe, James; Rush, Richard; Tompkins, Daniel
Campaign of 1824, 40–41, 403–413, 421, 645; caucus issue, 405–406; electoral process issues, 320, 405; expansion of suffrage, 409–410; House of Representatives role, 411; national bank issue, 408; sectionalism, 407; slavery issue, 407, 408; tariffs and trade, 308, 407, 408. See also Adams, John Quincy; Calhoun, John C.; Clay, Henry; Crawford, William H.; Jackson, Andrew; Macon, Nathaniel; Sanford, Nathan; Van Buren, Martin
Campaign of 1828, 236, 413–420, 421, 439; character issue, 42, 417–418; electoral process issues, 320; role of money, 416; South Carolina secession crisis, 424; tariffs and trade issue, 308, 418–419. See also Adams, John Quincy; Calhoun, John C.; Jackson, Andrew; Rush, Richard; Smith, William
Campaign of 1832, 308, 421–430, 431; national bank issue, 426; political cartoons, 428; third party, 428–429. See also Clay, Henry; Ellmaker, Amos; Floyd, John; Jackson, Andrew; Van Buren, Martin; Wirt, William
Campaign of 1836, 431–439; issues, 436–437, 439; national bank issue, 439; tariffs, 439. See also Granger, Francis; Harrison, William Henry; Johnson, Richard M.; Smith, William; Tyler, John; Van Buren, Martin; Webster, Daniel; White, Hugh Lawson
Campaign of 1840, 439–449, 493; Democratic National Convention, 446–447; political cartoons, 448; populists, 236; slogans, 448; songs, 447, 448; third party, 449. See also Harrison, William Henry; Johnson, Richard M.; Polk, James K.; Tazewell, Littleton; Tyler, John; Van Buren, Martin
Campaign of 1844, 450–464; anti-Catholicism, 461, 474; campaign slogans, 330; character issue, 42, 461–462; Democratic Party convention, 456–458; National Democratic convention, 457; nativism issue, 461–462, 463, 474; interparty policy distinctions, 462–463; slavery issue, 452, 455, 462, 463; slogans, 330, 461, 462, 464; Texas annexation issue, 452, 453–455, 459, 462, 463; third party importance, 457, 464; war and peace issue, 330, 464; Whig Party convention, 458–459. See also Clay, Henry; Dallas, George M.; Frelinghuysen, Theodore; Polk, James K.
Campaign of 1848, 465–475, 532; anti-immigrant/anti-Catholic nativism, 474; carpetbag governments, 530; strategies, 473. See also Butler, William O.; Cass, Lewis; Fillmore, Millard; Taylor, Zachary
Campaign of 1852, 475–485; immigrant vote, 483–484; slavery issue, 475–477; slogans, 482; slurs, 482–483. See also Pierce, Franklin; Scott, Winfield; King, William Rufus; Graham, William A.
Campaign of 1856, 485–496, 497; nativism issue, 211, 489; secession talk, 497; slavery issue, 486, 488, 490, 493; songs, 495. See also Breckinridge, John C.; Buchanan, James; Dayton, William; Donelson, Andrew Jackson; Fillmore, Millard; Fremont, John C.
Campaign of 1860, 42, 497–507, 645; policy issues, 497; recession, 499; secession, 504, 506–507; slavery issue, 497–499, 503–504; slogans, 505; war and peace issue, 330. See also Bell, John; Breckinridge, John C.; Civil War; Douglas, Stephen A.; Everett, Edward; Hamlin, Hannibal; Johnson, Herschel V.; Lane, Joseph; Lincoln, Abraham; Lincoln-Douglas debates
Campaign of 1864, 332, 507–514; Republican party platform, 511; slogans, 513; war and peace issue, 330, 507–514. See also Johnson, Andrew; Lincoln, Abraham; McClellan, George B.; Pendleton, George H.
Campaign of 1868, 515–525; anti-black violence, 524; black vote, 522; black voter intimidation, 524; currency issue, 519; Democratic Party platform, 519–520; political cartoons, 523; Republican Party platform, 519; slogans, 519. See also Blair, Francis Preston, Jr.; Colfax, Schuyler; Grant, Ulysses S.; Seymour, Horatio
Campaign of 1872, 42, 526–534; African American vote, 533–534; civil service reform, 62, 527; Democratic party platform, 530; equal rights issue, 530; first Catholic nominee, 531; government reform issue, 530; Republican Party platform, 531–532, 533; temperance movement, 533; women’s rights issue, 532. See also Brown, Benjamin Gratz; Davis, David; Grant, Ulysses S.; Greeley, Horace
Campaign of 1876, 534–546; African American voters, 542, 546; campaign techniques, 541; Chinese immigration issue, 540, 541; civil rights issue, 48, 540, 546; civil service reform, 537, 539, 540; currency issue, 541; Democratic party platform, 540–541; Reconstruction issue, 534, 535–536, 541; Republican corruption, 536; Republican Party platform, 540; sectional animosity, 535; slogans, 539, 541; songs, 541–542; tariff issue, 540; voting fraud issue, 542. See also Cooper, Peter; Hayes, Rutherford B.; Tilden, Samuel J.; Wheeler, William A.
Campaign of 1880, 62, 546–552; African American disenfranchisement, 551; currency issue, 546; immigration and nativism issue, 211, 546; songs, 551; tariff issue, 546. See also Arthur, Chester A.; English, William H.; Garfield, James A.; Hancock, James B.; Weaver, James B.
Campaign of 1884, 15, 42–43, 211, 552–565; bimetallism, 557; civil service reform issue, 554; populism, 558; slogans, 558, 560, 561; songs, 559. See also Blaine, James G.; Butler, Benjamin F.; Cleveland, Grover; St. John, John P.
Campaign of 1888, 562–569; Chinese immigration issue, 567; free public education issue, 567; monetary policy/currency issue, 563, 564, 567; prohibition/temperance issue, 563–564; railroads issue, 562–563, 567; Republican party platform, 567; tariffs issue, 563, 567. See also Cleveland, Grover; Fisk, Clinton B.; Harrison, Benjamin; Morton, Levi P.; Thurmond, Allen G.
Campaign of 1892, 570–577; labor issues, 575; monetary policy/currency issue, 571; populists, 236, 574–575; Republican party platform, 572. See also Cleveland, Grover; Harrison, Benjamin; Reid, Whitelaw; Stevenson, Adlai; Weaver, James B.
Campaign of 1896, 36, 66–67, 308, 577–583, 592, 714; bread and butter issues, 30; Democratic party platform, 580; labor movement, 577; monetary and currency policy, 577, 578, 583; populists, 236, 578; Republican party platform, 579; slogans, 580, 581–582; songs, 582. See also Bryan, William Jennings; Buckner, Simon Bolivar, Sr.; McKinley, William; Palmer, John M.
Campaign of 1900, 67, 583–591, 592, 617; anti-imperialism, 601; campaign funding, 36, 590; foreign policy issues, 585; imperialism issue, 584–585, 588, 589; monetary policy issues, 588, 590; Republican party platform, 587; slogans, 589; songs, 590; trusts issue, 585, 588, 589, 590; war and peace issue, 331, 583–584, 585. See also Bryan, William Jennings; Debs, Eugene V.; McKinley, William; Roosevelt, Theodore; Stevenson, Adlai
Campaign of 1904, 67, 167, 591–597, 600, 617; anti-corruption, 594; anti-trust laws, 592–593, 596; campaign funding, 36, 596–597; civil service reform, 594; Democratic party platform, 596; environment and conservation issue, 102, 593; Republican party platform, 595; slogans, 594; “square deal,” 594. See also Davis, Henry Gassaway; Debs, Eugene V.; Fairbanks, Charles W.; Hanford, Benjamin; Parker, Alton B.; Roosevelt, Theodore
Campaign of 1908, 598–605; anti-trust law enforcement, 602; business regulation, 600; Democratic party platform, 602–603; first presidential preference primaries, 600; health issue, 138, 602–603; railroad regulation, 602; Republican party platform, 600–601; songs, 604; tariffs, 600, 602; workplace protections issue, 600, 602. See also Bryan, William Jennings; Debs, Eugene V.; Hanford, Benjamin; Kern, John W.; Sherman, James S.; Taft, William Howard
Campaign of 1912, 606–617, 620; conservation and environment issue, 103, 608, 610; Democratic Party platform, 612; populists, 236, 610, 612; Republican Party divisions, 727; slogans, 606; trade issue, 308. See also Butler, Nicholas M.; Debs, Eugene V.; Johnson, Hiram; Marshall, Thomas R.; Roosevelt, Theodore; Taft, William H.; Wilson, Woodrow
Campaign of 1916, 617–625; currency reform, 619; farm reforms, 619; Federal Reserve System, 619; isolationism, 167–168, 618–619, 622; labor reforms, 619; New Hampshire primary, 697; slogans, 618, 619; tariff reform, 619; trust-busting, 619; war and peace issue, 331, 617, 618. See also Fairbanks, Charles W.; Hughes, Charles E.; Marshall, Thomas R.
Campaign of 1920, 626–635; campaign funding, 632; Chinese exclusion issue, 212; conservation issue, 632; farming, 632; immigration, 632; isolationism, 168, 626; labor unrest, 626; League of Nations, 632; nativism issue, 212; prohibition enforcement, 632; recession, 626; slogans, 627, 630, 632; songs, 633. See also Coolidge, Calvin; Cox, James M.; Debs, Eugene V.; Harding, Warren G.; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Stedman, Seymour
Campaign of 1924, 33, 308, 635–645, 646, 714; child labor issue, 637; Democratic party platform, 642; federal expenditure cuts issue, 637; Ku Klux Klan, 638–639, 642; Prohibition issue, 639; Republican party platform, 637, 643; slogans, 638; tariffs issue, 637; tax cut issue, 637, 642; technology as tool, 643; workplace reform issue, 637. See also Bryan, Charles W.; Coolidge, Calvin; Davis, John W.; Dawes, Charles G.; La Follette, Robert M.; Wheeler, Burton K.
Campaign of 1928, 103, 645–652, 714; African American voters, 172; anti-Catholicism, 16, 648–649; repeal of Prohibition issue, 646; slogans, 647, 650, 652. See also Curtis, Charles; Hoover, Herbert; Robinson, Joseph T.; Smith, Alfred E.
Campaign of 1932, 51, 103–104, 309, 652–659; African American vote, 652–653; bread and butter issues, 27–28, 30; government and social responsibility issue, 653; slogans, 657; songs, 657. See also Curtis, Charles; Garner, John Nance; Great Depression; Hoover, Herbert; New Deal; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Thomas, Norman
Campaign of 1936, 51, 168, 236, 660–666; African American voters, 172, 666; Democratic party platform, 662; Republican party platform, 663–664. See also Depression, Great; Garner, John Nance; Knox, Frank; Landon, Alfred “Alf”; New Deal; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Thomas, Norman
Campaign of 1940, 667–676; equal rights, 672; isolationism, 672, 673; Republican party platform, 672; slogans, 671; war and peace issue, 332, 667, 668, 672, 673. See also McNary, Charles L.; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Wallace, Henry A.; Willkie, Wendell L.
Campaign of 1944, 676–685; economic rights, 677; Republican party platform, 676–677; war and peace issue, 332, 678–679. See also Bricker, John W.; Dewey, Thomas E.; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Truman, Harry S.
Campaign of 1948, 33, 685–693; civil rights issue, 327, 687, 688–689, 691; Democratic party platform, 688–689; labor unrest, 687; populists, 236–237, 690; right-to-work laws, 687; security versus civil rights, 687; slogans, 691; U.S. army desegregation, 689; war and peace, 686–687. See also Barkley, Alben; Dewey, Thomas E.; Thomas, Norman; Thurmond, J. Strom; Truman, Harry S.; Wallace, Henry A.; Warren, Earl; Wright, Fielding L.
Campaign of 1952, 43, 694–707; “appeasement” issue, 699; Democratic party platform, 700–701; first televised campaign ads, 229, 701; Red Scare, 695–696; Republican party platform, 698–699; slogans, 701, 702; television, 33, 76, 701, 706; war and peace issue, 332, 695. See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Nixon, Richard M.; Sparkman, John J.; Stevenson, Adlai, II
Campaign of 1956, 707–715; civil rights movement, 707–709; first televised presidential debate, 710; Republican party platform, 712–713; slogans, 713–714. See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Kefauver, Estes; Nixon, Richard M.; Stevenson, Adlai II
Campaign of 1960, 43, 327, 716–726; anti-Catholicism, 16, 720; civil rights issue, 716; Kennedy-Nixon debates, 47, 241–242, 245, 721–723, 776; national security issue, 332–333, 716, 720, 726; United States-Soviet relations, 716. See also Johnson, Lyndon B; Kennedy, John F.; Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.; Nixon, Richard M.
Campaign of 1964, 84–85, 92, 239, 274, 283, 727–738, 739; civil rights issue, 53, 727, 728; “Daisy Girl” ad, 33–34, 33, 76–77, 123–124, 735–736; Democratic party platform, 735; nuclear war issue, 735–736; political ads, 229, 735–736; Republican party platform, 732; slogans, 737; viral ad, 123–124, 735–736. See also Goldwater, Barry M., Humphrey, Hubert H., Johnson, Lyndon B., Miller, William E.
Campaign of 1968, 41, 92–93, 130, 149, 194–196, 237, 738–751, 758, 763; assassinations, 738, 742, 746, 750; civil rights issue, 53, 739, 745; civil unrest, 739, 745, 746–747; law-and-order wedge issue, 298, 341, 749; presidential debates, 243; silent majority, 276; slogans, 740. See also Agnew, Spiro T.; Humphrey, Hubert H.; LeMay, Curtis F.; Muskie, Edmund S.; Nixon, Richard M.; Vietnam War; Wallace, George C.
Campaign of 1972, 43, 53–54, 90–91, 175, 185, 237, 752–760, 763; abortion controversy, 1; civil unrest, 752; Democratic party platform, 758; dirty tricks, 214, 753; election, 759–760; gun control issue, 129–130, 758; law-and-order wedge issue, 341, 752; presidential debates, 243; Republican party platform, 754; slogans, 757, 759; viral moments, 123; war and peace issue, 333–334, 752; women’s equality issue, 345. See also Agnew, Spiro T.; McGovern, George; Nixon, Richard M.; Schmitz, John G.; Shriver, Sargent; Vietnam War
Campaign of 1976, 37, 93–94, 129, 130, 140, 761–770; abortion controversy, 1–2, 766; affirmative action, 766; bread and butter issues, 30; campaign strategies, 767; candidate gaffes, 768–769; Carter-Ford debates, 243, 245, 767–768, 776; character issue, 43, 766; civil rights issue, 54, 766; isolationism, 169; Moral Majority, 206; national security issue, 334; presidential coattails effect, 239; slogans, 766, 767; women’s equality issue, 345. See also Carter, Jimmy; Dole, Bob; Ford, Gerald R.; Humphrey, Herbert; McCarthy, Eugene J.; Mondale, Walter F.
Campaign of 1980, 54, 90, 94, 105, 169, 174, 175, 206, 770–778; abortion issue, 2, 54, 144, 341, 775; affirmative action, 4, 54; bread and butter issues, 28, 30; Carter-Reagan debates, 243–244, 245, 289, 776–777; energy crisis, 98; gun control issue, 130, 774; national security issue, 334; presidential coattails effect, 239; prosperity issue, 255; red meat issue, 267; Republican party platform, 774–775; right-to-work laws, 270; school prayer issue, 775; slogans, 775, 776; sound bite, 289; Social Security issue, 283; U.S. economy, 334; welfare reform issue, 298, 774; women’s equality issue, 345. See also Anderson, John B.; Bush, George H. W.; Carter, Jimmy; Mondale, Walter F.; Reagan, Ronald
Campaign of 1984, 4, 5, 8, 28, 169, 206, 289, 778–785; abortion issue, 782; civil rights issue, 54; Democratic party platform, 782; energy issue, 98; gun control issue, 130; national security issue, 335–336; Reagan-Mondale debates, 244, 245, 783–784; Republican party platform, 780. See also Bush, George H. W.; Ferraro, Geraldine; Mondale, Walter F.; Reagan, Ronald
Campaign of 1988, 5, 43–44, 45, 54, 206, 232, 289, 785–795; Bush-Dukakis debates, 244–245, 792–793; Democratic party platform, 788; energy issue, 100; focus groups, 112; gender gap, 116–117; gun control issue, 130; immigration issue, 150; national security issue, 336–337; poll-driven, 232; Republican party platform, 789–790; slogans, 789; Super Tuesday, 292–293. See also Bentsen, Lloyd; Bush, George H. W.; Dukakis, Michael; Quayle, Dan
Campaign of 1992, 5, 44, 55, 73, 150, 196, 225, 278, 795–803; abortion controversy, 2, 798; bread and butter issues, 30; Bush-Clinton-Perot debates, 246, 801–802; culture wars, 73, 318; Democratic party platform, 797–798; economic inequality issue, 86; gun control issue, 131, 798; health care issue, 140–141, 798; national debt priority, 797; populists, 237, 799; Republican party platform, 799–800; songs, 798; Super Tuesday, 293; third-party challenge, 800; trade issue, 309–310; war and peace issue, 337. See also Bush, George H. W.; Clinton, Bill; Gore, Al; Perot, H. Ross
Campaign of 1996, 55, 804–810; abortion controversy, 2, 806, 807; balanced budget amendment, 806; character issue, 44, 804, 808; Clinton-Dole debates, 246; Democratic party platform, 806–807; government shutdown, 806; gun control issue, 131; immigration issue, 151; LGBTQ issues, 176; Republican party platform, 805–806; slogans, 808; tax reform, 805–806. See also Clinton, Bill; Dole, Robert; Gore, Al; Kemp, Jack; Perot, H. Ross
Campaign of 2000, 16–17, 20, 44, 81, 127, 174, 191, 270, 811–821, 827; abortion controversy, 2, 814; bread and butter issues, 28, 29; Bush-Gore debates 246–247, 817; butterfly ballot, 31–32, 820; Democratic party platform, 813; economic inequality issue, 86; education reform issue, 94, 814; energy issue, 98–99, 100; environment issue, 105; focus groups and presidential debates, 112; frontloading and, 113; gasoline prices, 98; gun control issue, 131, 814; health care issue, 141, 813; immigration issue, 151; Internet campaigning, 158; invisible primary, 164; isolationism, 169; LGBTQ issues, 177; marriage gap, 191; media events, 196; median voter theory, 198; opposition research, 216; poll-driven, 232–233; prosperity issue, 255; purple states, 26; push polls, 217; race relations issue, 262; Republican party platform, 814; Social Security issue, 29, 284, 813; Super Tuesday, 293; trade issue, 310. See also Bush, George W.; Election of 2000; Gore, Al; Nader, Ralph; Cheney, Dick; Lieberman, Joe
Campaign of 2004, 20, 44, 55, 169, 174, 265, 270, 822–829; abortion controversy, 2, 825; anti-Catholicism, 17, 827; antiterrorism as wedge issue, 341; Bush-Kerry debates, 247; culture wars, 72, 74; daily opinion polls, 234; Democratic party platform, 824–825; early voting, 81; economic inequality issue, 86; energy issue, 99; 527 group donations, 109, 111; frontloading and, 113, 114; funding sources, 78; gun control issue, 131; health care issue, 141, 825; immigration issue, 151; Internet campaigning, 158, 823; LGBTQ issues, 177–178, 825; media events, 196, 197; median voter theory, 198; microtargeting, 199; political moneyball, 204–205; provisional ballots, 260; purple states, 26, 827; race relations issue, 262; Republican party platform, 825; slogans, 825; Social Security issue, 284, 825; Swift Boat ads, 111, 296, 297, 826; values voters, 317; viral videos, 122; voter turnout, 118, 322; war and peace issue, 337–338; wartime patriotism as wedge issue, 341. See also Bush, George W.; Cheney, Richard B.; Edwards, John; Kerry, John F.
Campaign of 2008, 2, 17, 45, 56, 117, 270, 274, 318, 829–841; battleground states, 20–21; blue states and red states, 24; bread and butter issues, 30; campaign ads, 34–35; culture wars, 74; daily opinion polls, 234; data mining, 23; DINO candidate, 274; economic inequality issue, 86; economic recession as wedge issue, 341; education reform issue, 90–91, 95; energy issue, 99; environment issue, 105–106; first African American president, 173; 501(c) group spending, 109, 111; 527 group spending, 111; frontloading and, 113–114, 115; Great Recession, 29; ground war, 127; gun control issue, 129, 132; health care issue, 141, 142; horse-race coverage, 146; immigration issue, 152; Internet campaigning, 158–159; LGBTQ issues, 178; marriage gap, 191–192; median voter theory, 198; microtargeting, 200; Obama-McCain debates, 247, 839–840; opposition research, 216; political moneyball, 205; poll-driven, 233; presidential coattails effect, 239; primaries, 194; prosperity issue, 256; purple states, 26; race relations issue, 262; social media, 280; Social Security issue, 284; soft voters, 315; sound bites, 289; Super Tuesday, 293; superdelegates, 294; TARP, 312; viral videos, 122; war and peace issue, 338; women’s equality issue, 345–346. See also Biden, Joe; Clinton, Hillary Rodham; McCain, John; Obama, Barack; Palin, Sarah
Campaign of 2012, 8–9, 12, 29, 45, 57, 95, 174, 188, 300, 304, 841–862; abortion issue and controversy, 3, 342; battleground states, 21, 188, 272; birther and birtherism, 23–24; bread-and-butter issues, 28–29, 339; contraception access as wedge issue, 342; corporate personhood, 68, 70; culture wars, 74–75; dark money, 78; data mining, 23; economic inequality as wedge issue, 86–87, 341–342; energy issue, 99, 100; environment issue, 106; 501(c) group spending, 110; 527 group spending, 111; frontloading and, 114; gender gap, 117; ground war, 128; gun control issue, 133; horse-race coverage, 146; immigration issue, 152, 212; independent advocacy groups, 224; Internet campaigning, 159–161; invisible primary, 165; isolationism, 169, 220; LGBTQ issues, 178–179; marriage gap, 192; media events, 196; microtargeting, 200–201; minority voting, 213; Muslim comments, 299; nativism issue, 212, 213; Obama bus tour, 225–226; Obama-Romney debates, 248–249, 860–861; opposition research, 216; political moneyball, 205; polls, 232–233, 234–235; prosperity issue, 256–257; purple states, 26; race relations issue, 262–263; reelection of first African American president, 173; Republican anti-union stance, 271–272; Republican economic proposals, 302; right-to-work issue, 271–272; RINO candidates, 273; Rockefeller Republicans, 276; same-sex marriage as wedge issue, 343; social media, 280–281; Social Security issue, 29, 284–285; sound bites, 289; super PACs, 157, 290, 291, 292; “swift boating” of Mitt Romney, 297; TARP, 313; viral videos, 122; voter photo ID requirements, 323; war and peace issue, 338–339; “war on women,” 3; women’s equality issue, 346. See also Biden, Joe; Obama, Barack; Romney, Mitt; Ryan, Paul
Campaign of 2016, 10, 21, 45–46, 63, 110, 863–880; anti-Muslim rhetoric, 17, 299; birtherism, 24–25; dark money, 78, 80; Democratic candidate debates, 250, 876; early candidate pool, 867–869; economic inequality as wedge issue, 87, 342; gun control issue, 143; health care issue, 144–145; immigration issue, 152–156, 302; Internet and social media campaigning, 161–162, 281; Iran nuclear deal, 339; ISIL/ISIS in Syria, 339–340; Middle East policy, 339; minimum wage raise, 87; national security issue, 339–340; nativism, 212–213; Planned Parenthood funding as wedge issue, 342–343; race relations issue, 263–264; Republican candidate debates, 871, 872–874; RINO candidate, 273–274; super PACs, 291, 292; voting rights issues, 325; war and peace issue, 339; women’s equality issue, 345, 346–349. See also Bush, Jeb; Carson, Ben; Clinton, Hillary Rodham; Cruz, Ted; Fiorina, Carly; Huckabee, Mike; Jindal, Bobby; Kasich, John; O’Malley, Martin; Pataki, George; Paul, Rand; Rubio, Marco; Sanders, Bernie; Trump, Donald; Walker, Scott
campaign success, preconditions for, 864–866
CampaignGrid, 200
canal in Nicaragua, campaign issue of, 572, 579
cap-and-trade, 100
carpet bag government, 534–535
Carrol, George W., 597
Carson, Ben, 166, 874; anti-Muslim remarks, 17, 59, 75; birthright citizenship issue, 154; Bob Jones University speech, 92; Campaign of 2016, 869, 870; contraception access issue, 347; debates of 2015/2016 Republican candidates, 250, 251, 872; gun control issue, 134; LGBTQ issues, 181; mandatory vaccination issue, 145
Carter, Jimmy, 2, 4, 54, 163, 206, 283, 334, 770–773, 843, 862; anti-Reagan attack ads, 775–776; approval ratings, 770; B-1 bomber cancellation, 771; Campaign and election of 1976, 763, 764, 766, 769, 787, 840; Campaign and election of 1980, 771–773, 775–777, 780, 781, 843, 864, 865; character issue, 43, 255; civil rights support, 54; “crisis of confidence” comments, 771; debates with Ford, 243–244; debates with Reagan, 776–777; Department of Education, 93–94, 140; economic situation and election loss, 863; energy crisis, 98; ERA support, 345; gun control, 130; health care cost control, 140; Iran hostage crisis, 771–772, 864; Israel-Egypt peace broker, 770; “lust in my heart” comment, 768, 769; majority of popular vote, 233; “malaise” speech, 771; military spending, 169; national health care policy, 771; Olympics boycott, 334, 772; popularity and Iran hostage crisis, 265; religion and, 767; Rose Garden campaigning, 772–773, 776; strip mining regulations, 100
cartoons, political, 428, 448, 537; Campaign of 1868, 523; Campaign of 1872, 532, 533; Campaign of 1892, 575–576. See also Nast, Thomas
Casey, Robert, 797
Cass, Lewis, 486, 487; Campaign and election of 1848, 467, 473, 474; Campaign of 1844, 453, 457, 459, 460; Campaign of 1856, 491, 492; Campaign of 1852, 479, 480, 481, 482; character issues, 474; slavery issue, 467–468. See also squatter’s sovereignty
Castro, Julian; 2012 Democratic convention speech, 859
Catholicism, presidential race and, 645, 646. See also anti-Catholicism; Kennedy, John F.; Smith, Alfred E.
Cato Institute, 11
cattle call, 39–40
caucus, 40–41. See also caucuses, Democratic; caucuses, Republican; King Caucus
caucuses, Democratic: 1976, 763–764; 1984, 780; 1988, 787; 1992, 797; 2000, 811; 2004, 823; 2008, 832
caucuses, Republican presidential: 1988, 788; 1996, 805; 2000, 813–814; 2008, 836–837; 2012, 852–853
Chafee, Lincoln, 170, 275, 867; Campaign of 2016, 251, 866
Chafin, Eugene W., 603, 605, 613
character issue, 41–46. See also specific campaigns
Chase, Salmon P., 469, 487–489, 495, 502–503, 509, 513, 517, 520–521, 527–528. See also Pendleton Act of 1883
“Checkers” speech, 46–47. See also Nixon, Richard M.; Cheney, Dick, 44, 219, 830; Campaign of 2000, 814; Campaign of 2004, 178; debate with Lieberman, 247; Rush Limbaugh guest, 300
child labor issue, 587; campaign of 1924, 637
Child Nutrition Act, 85
China, communist revolution in, 694
China, People’s Republic of, 332; Richard Nixon and, 753
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 49, 148, 211
Chinese immigrants and immigration, 211–212, 540, 541, 551, 567, 587
Chisholm, Shirley, 756, 757, 758, 780, 831
Christian conservative movement, Tea Party and, 303
Christie, Chris, 166, 848, 849, 854; birthright citizenship issue, 154; Campaign of 2016, 869; character issue, 45; gender gap and, 117; LGBTQ issues, 181; mandatory vaccination issue, 145; public employee collective bargaining rights, 63; teachers’ collective bargaining rights and, 95; 2012 Republican convention speech, 857, 858
Churchill, Winston, 686, 724; Franklin D. Roosevelt and, 678, 684–685
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 31, 35, 38, 66, 68, 78–79, 144, 157, 290, 325; Anthony Kennedy and, 79; criticism, 78; political ads and, 231. See also Buckley v. Valeo
civil liberties, domestic security and, 687
Civil Rights Acts: 1866, 527, 528; 1870, 326; 1871, 326; 1957, 172, 708–709; 1960, 172; 1964, 4, 52, 53, 60, 76, 91, 172, 180, 261, 321. See also Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964; Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964
civil rights issue, 48–60, 716; African Americans, 48–49, 51–52; Asian immigrants, 49, 51; bullying, 60; Campaign of 1876, 48, 540, 546; Campaign of 1980, 54; generational shifts, 58; German Americans, 49–50; Japanese Americans, 50; Jewish immigrants, 50–51; John F. Kennedy, 727, 728; Latin American immigrants, 50; LGBTQ, 59–60; mandatory school busing, 53; Muslims/Arab Americans, 59; Native Americans, 48, 50; state-mandated segregation, 52; wedge issue, 341. See also Campaigns of 1876, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016; civil rights movement
civil rights movement, 707–709, 739
civil service reform, 36, 61–63, 554, 564, 594; Campaign of 1876, 537, 539, 540, 547; public employee collective bargaining rights, 63; Republican Party split, 62–63. See also Campaigns of 1872, 1880, and 2016; Civil Service Reform Act; Hatch Act; spoils systems
Civil Service Reform Act, 4, 36, 62, 63, 563
Civil War, 497–498, 507, 547. See also Campaigns of 1860 and 1864; Civil War Amendments; Lincoln, Abraham
Civil War Amendments, 170–171, 321, 326, 344. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Thirteenth Amendment
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 660
Clark, Wesley, 823
Clay, Henry, 330, 450–451, 452; American System, 407, 408, 412, 414, 415, 416, 418, 421, 426, 433, 434, 439, 444, 477, 488, 491; Campaign of 1812, 387; Campaign of 1824, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 444; Campaign of 1828, 413, 416–417; Campaign of 1832, 427, 429, 430, 431, 444; Campaign of 1840, 443–444; Campaign of 1844, 456, 458, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464; Campaign of 1848, 470, 471; Campaign of 1852, 475, 477; “corrupt bargain” with Adams, 412, 414, 417, 418; Democratic attacks against, 461; duel with John Randolph, 414; rumors, 42; slavery issue, 462–463, 444; Texas annexation issue, 455; U.S. senator, 425, 426; Martin Van Buren and, 452; Whig leader, 453
Clean Air Act of 1970, 104
Cleveland, Grover, 15, 42, 578, 585, 595–596, 624, 700, 809, 810; Campaign and election of 1884, 557–558, 560, 561, 617, 621; Campaign and election of 1892, 572–574, 575, 576, 577, 617; child out of wedlock, 559; election of 1996, 843, 862; rumors, 43; support of William Jennings Bryan, 602; Yellowstone National Park, 102
climate change issue, 267. See also global warming/climate change
Clinton, Bill, 2, 64, 74, 195, 209, 227, 287, 293, 519, 576, 846; African American support, 55; approval ratings, 805; assault weapons ban, 131; Bosnia intervention, 169; Brady Bill, 131; Campaign and election of 1992, 796–798, 800, 802–803, 878; Campaign and election of 1996, 233, 806–810, 840, 864; Campaign of 2008 role, 833; character issue and attacks, 44, 46, 255, 804, 808; charisma and campaign media coverage, 866; debates with Bush and Perot, 801–802; debates with Dole, 246; Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), 176–177, 178; Democratic convention speeches, 796, 824, 859; “don’t ask, don’t tell,” 56; gay rights, 176; government shutdown, 806; Haitian refugee repatriation, 150; health care reform, 85, 140–141, 804; impeachment attempt, 517, 811; infidelity rumors and scandals, 216, 797; issue ads, 806, 807; 1992 bus tour, 226, 798; media events, 196; party loyalty, 847; police funding, 807; popularity, 812–813; presidential successes, 811; prison building, 807; Sister Souljah moment, 277, 279; soft money, 806; Somalia intervention, 169; third-way economic policies, 255, 258; “war room” strategy against Bush attacks, 802; welfare reform, 85–86, 804. See also North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 10, 74, 166, 797; Benghazi embassy attack, 859–860, 875; Black Lives Matter, 264; Campaign of 2008, 114, 830, 831, 832–835; Campaign of 2016, 866, 875, 876; Bill Clinton legacy and, 866–867; contraception access issue, 348; Correct the Record super PAC, 291; criticism, 45, 46; Democratic debates of 2015–2016, 251, 876; economic agenda, 258; Facebook supporters, 159; first health care reform attempt, 140–141, 804; gender gap, 117; health care reform, 142; Hobby Lobby case, 69; mandatory vaccination issue, 145; MoveOn and, 208; opposition research, 216; party establishment support, 875; political moneyball, 205; Senate campaign, 204; superdelegates, 294; teachers’ unions and school reform, 96; Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, 288; TPP, 311; 2008 viral video, 122; voting rights issue, 325
Clinton, DeWitt, 383; Campaign of 1812, 390, 391, 392, 432; Campaign of 1820, 402; Campaign of 1824, 404, 406
Clinton, George, 352, 354, 356, 383, 389, 456, 493, 609; Campaign of 1792, 359, 360; Campaign of 1796, 366, 367; Campaign of 1804, 379; Campaign of 1808, 383, 384, 385
Club for Growth, 304
coattails effect, 239, 707. See also presidential coattails
Coinage Act of 1873, 579
Cold War, 332–337, 659, 687, 695
Colfax, Schuyler: Campaign of 1864, 510; Campaign of 1868, 517, 518, 519, 520; Campaign of 1872, 531; Crédit Mobilier scandal, 526; Democratic attacks against, 523
Colorado: battleground state, 827; Election Day registration, 323; 2012 caucus, 114; women’s right to vote, 116, 344, 627
Colorado River Compact, 103
Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection, 194
Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), 245
Committee on Civil Rights, 687
Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP), 753, 756
Common Core standards, 95, 316
Communist Party, Campaign of 1936 and, 666
compassionate conservatism, 64–65, 86
Compromise of 1850, 476–477, 479, 484, 485, 486
Confederate States of America, 507
Conkling, Roscoe, 538, 539, 549, 553, 554
Connecticut: Election Day registration, 323; post-Sandy Hook gun laws, 135
Constitution Party, 169
Constitutional Union Party, 330
contraception access issue, 348, 501–502; 2012 wedge issue, 342
conventions, Democratic Party: 1836, 434; 1840, 446–447; 1844, 456–458, 467, 478; 1852, 481–482; 1856, 491–493; 1864, 511–512; 1868, 519–522; 1872, 530; 1876, 540–541; 1880, 550; 1884, 556–558; 1888, 564–565; 1892, 572–574; 1896, 579–581; 1900, 587–588; 1904, 595–596; 1908, 602; 1912, 611–612; 1916, 618–619; 1920, 630–631; 1924, 638–642; 1928, 647; 1932, 655–656; 1936, 662; 1940, 669; 1948, 688–690, 718; 1952, 700–701; 1956, 710–711, 717; 1964, 734–735; 1968, 333, 746, 754; 1972, 757–758; 1976, 764–765; 1980, 773; 1984, 781–782; 1988, 790; 1992, 797–798; 2000, 813; 2004, 824–825; 2008, 835; 2012, 858–859
conventions, Republican Party: 1872, 531–532; 1876, 536, 538–540; 1880, 548–550; 1884, 553–556; 1888, 565–567; 1892, 572; 1896, 578–579; 1900, 586; 1904, 594–595; 1908, 600–601; 1912, 609; 1916, 620–621; 1920, 628–630; 1924, 636–638; 1928, 647; 1932, 655; 1936, 663–664; 1940, 670–672; 1948, 690–691; 1952, 698–699; 1956, 711; 1960, 717; 1964, 731–734; 1968, 744–745; 1972, 754; 1976, 765–766; 1980, 774–775; 1984, 780; 1992, 799–800; 1996, 805–806; 2000, 814; 2008, 838; 2012, 857–858
Coolidge, Calvin, 637, 638, 650, 794, 255; assumption of presidency, 636; Campaign and election of 1924, 636, 637, 638, 641, 642, 644, 645, 651, 666; Campaign of 1920, 628, 629, 630, 633, 635; 1928 movement to draft, 647; radio, 643
Constitutional Convention of 1789, 351
Constitutional Union Party, 501
Cooper, Peter, Campaign of 1876, 542
Copperheads, 508
corporate personhood, 65–70. See also Campaigns of 1884, 1900, 1904, 2012; Burwell v. Hobby Lobby; Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission; Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA); Tillman Act
Cortelyou, George B., 593, 597
Cox, James M., 639, 640, 644, 830; Campaign of 1920, 630, 631, 633–634, 635, 639, 640, 651; campaign recordings, 633; League of Nations, 632
CPAC (Conservative Political Action Conference), 40, 70–71
Crawford, William H., 320, 419, 456; Campaign of 1816, 397, 398; Campaign of 1824, 404, 405, 406–407, 408, 410, 415, 425
Credit Mobilier scandal, 526, 551, 554
Cruz, Ted, 10, 166; birtherism, 24–25; birthright citizenship issue, 154; Bob Jones University speech, 92; Campaign of 2016, 120, 233, 869, 870, 874, 877; “carpet bombing” comment, 220, 340; character issue, 45; gun-related proposal, 133; Hobby Lobby support, 69; immigration reform effort, 152; LGBTQ issues, 181; mandatory vaccinations issue, 145; political moneyball, 205; Republican 2015–2016 debates, 251, 873; Tea Party and, 305; Voting Rights Act, 325
Cuban Missile Crisis, 77, 726, 728
culture wars, 71–76, 318; Conservatives versus Progressives, 71–72; Judeo-Christian values versus secular humanism, 72; Protestants versus Catholics, 71, 72; science versus faith, 72; traditional values versus counterculture values, 72. See also specific cultural issues; Campaigns of 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016; Moral Majority
Cuomo, Mario: 1984 Democratic convention speech, 824
Curtis, Charles: Campaign of 1928, 647; Campaign of 1932, 655
“Daisy Girl” campaign ad, 33–34, 76–77, 229–230, 735–736; viral, 123–124. See also Campaign of 1964; Goldwater, Barry; Johnson, Lyndon B.
Dallas, George M., Campaign of 1844, 459, 463
dark money, 78–80; Campaign of 2012, 78; Campaign of 2016, 78, 80; Tea Party, 79. See also independent advocacy groups
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 65–66
data mining, 22–23. See also campaigns of 2008, 2012, 2016
Davis, David, 503; Campaign of 1872, 527, 528, 529; newspaper attacks against, 528–529
Davis, Henry Gassaway, Campaign of 1904, 596
Davis, John W., 630; Campaign of 1924, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643–644, 645, 651; radio and, 643
Davis-Bacon Act, 272
Dawes, Charles G., Campaign of 1924, 637, 638
Dayton, William, 502, Campaign of 1856, 489, 496
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 7, 190, 253
Dean, Howard, 237, 823, 831; Internet campaigning and fundraising, 158, 160, 823, 832; 2004 viral video, 122, 823–824, 831; universal health care proposal, 141
death penalty, gender gap and, 117–118
debates, presidential, 47, 240–252; Bush-Clinton-Perot (1992), 246, 801–802; Bush-Dukakis (1988), 244–245, 792–793; Bush-Gore (2000), 246–247, 817; Bush-Kerry (2004), 247; Campaign of 2016 Democratic, 250, 876; Campaign of 2016 Republican, 871, 872–874; Carter-Ford (1976), 243, 245, 767–768, 776; Carter-Reagan (1980), 243–244, 245, 289, 776–777; Clinton-Dole (1996), 246; first televised, 241, 710, 722; intraparty primary, 250–252, 262, 719, 871, 872–874, 876; Kennedy-Nixon (1960), 47, 241–242, 245, 721–723, 776; Lincoln-Douglas (1858), 240, 722; Obama-McCain (2008), 247, 839–840; Obama-Romney (2012), 248–249, 860–861; Reagan-Mondale (1984), 244, 245, 783–784; town hall meeting format, 245–246. See also League of Women Voters; debates, vice presidential
debates, vice presidential: Bentsen-Quayle (1988), 793; Biden-Palin (2008), 247–248, 840; Biden-Ryan (2012), 249; Cheney-Lieberman (2000), 247; Quayle-Gore-Stockdale (1992), 246
Debs, Eugene V.: imprisonment, 631; Socialist candidate, 573, 591, 624, 876
Decatur, Stephen, 377, 378, 527
Declaration of Independence, 368, 375, 565
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), 176–177, 178
Democratic Change Commission, 295
Democratic National Committee (DNC), 194, 293
Democratic Party, 414, 415, 421, 430, 431, 432, 433, 438, 441, 446, 470, 472, 474, 504, 506, 535, 635–636; African Americans, 670; attacks against Henry Clay, 461; Catholics, 638; civil rights divide, 689; defection of Southern faction, 689–690, 700, 737; defections to Whigs, 446; diversity, 653; divisions, 638, 741, 745, 754; first convention, 421, 499–500; Ku Klux Klan and, 638; Locofoco nickname, 433–434; national organization, 434; 1972 delegate rules change, 754–755; schisms, 433–434; second convention, 500–501; social and political diversity, 670; West and, 577; Young Turks, 488. See also specific campaigns, candidates, and presidents; conventions, Democratic Party; platform, Democratic Party; primary elections, Democratic Party
Democratic-Republicans (Jackson Party), 320, 404, 407, 415, 416, 420, 421, 489. See also Democratic Party
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 140
Depression, Great, 84, 654–655, 657, 658, 659, 667, 845–846; Herbert Hoover and, 663; Keynesian economics and, 173. See also specific New Deal Programs; Hoover, Herbert; New Deal; Roosevelt, Franklin D.
desegregation: the South, 709; U.S. military, 689, 708
détente, 753
Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, 151–152
Dewey, Thomas E., 274, 332, 670, 671, 798; Campaign of 1944, 679–680, 690; Campaign of 1948, 685, 690, 691–692, 694, 697; as campaigner, 691–692; Democratic attacks against, 681, 682; Eisenhower campaign of 1952 and, 698, 705
DINO, 274
diplomatic success, incumbent president reelection and, 863
dirty tricks, 214–215, 753, 790. See also “Canuck Letter”; Watergate scandal
disabled voters, federal protections for, 328
District of Columbia: Election Day registration, 323; handgun restrictions, 132; primary of 2016, 115; as slave district, 476; Twenty-Third Amendment and, 737
Dixiecrat Party, 52, 53, 237, 737; campaign of 1952, 700; convention of 1948, 689, 693; 1948 defection, 544
Dole, Bob, 44, 55, 64, 126, 255, 773, 788, 789; anti-Clinton ads, 808; Campaign of 1976, 638, 765; Campaign of 1996, 805, 807–809; debates with Bill Clinton, 246
donations, political, 160–161; Democrats versus Republicans online, 161; via Internet and text message, 160, 161
Donelson, Andrew Jackson, Campaign of 1856, 490, 496
“don’t ask, don’t tell” (DADT), 56, 176, 177, 178, 179
Douglas, Stephen, 42, 330, 468, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 486, 487–488, 491, 492, 511, 631; Campaign of 1860, 499, 500, 501, 505, 506; 1858 debate, 240; Freeport Doctrine, 500. See also Lincoln-Douglas debates
Douglass, Frederick, 566, 579; Campaign of 1872, 533
Dream Act. See Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 498, 499, 500
DSPolitical, 200
Dukakis, Michael, 5, 54; acid rain issue, 100; army tank viral video, 123, 124, 337; Bush attack ads, 337, 790–791; Campaign of 1988, 787, 788, 790–794; criticism of George H. W. Bush, 336; criticism of Ronald Reagan, 336–227; debates with George H. W. Bush, 244–245, 792–793; faithless elector and, 108; polls, 232. See also “Willie Horton” ad
Dunn v. Blumstein, 321
Eagleton, Thomas, 758; character issue, 43; 1972 viral electroshock story, 123, 759
Earle, Thomas, 449
early voting, 80–81, 322; Campaign of 2004, 81; Campaign of 2008, 80; Campaign of 2012, 81; Campaign of 2016, 81; reduced time for, 323
earmark, 82
earned media, 83, 195, 196, 222, 289; Campaign of 2016, 83
Eastwood, Clint, 858
Eaton, John, 453
economic inequality issue, 84–88; Campaign of 1964, 84–85; Campaign of 1992, 86; Campaign of 2000, 86; Campaign of 2004, 86; Campaign of 2008, 86; Campaign of 2012, 86–87; Campaign of 2016, 87; late 1970s to early 1980s, 85; late nineteenth to early-twentieth century, 84; 1930s, 84; 1960s antipoverty programs, 85; 2016 wedge issue, 342
economic situation, 2; approval ratings and, 864; incumbent president reelection, 863; 2008 wedge issue, 341
Edmunds, George, 548, 555, 556
education, free public, 567. See also Sanders, Bernie
Education Amendments of 1972, Title IX of, 93, 348
education reform issue, 64, 88–96, 814. See also Campaigns of 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 2000, 2008, 2012, and 2016; No Child Left Behind; Race to the Top
Edwards, John, 831, 832, 833; campaign of 2004, 158, 823, 824; faithless elector and, 108
Eighteenth Amendment, 634
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 28, 46, 275, 332, 638, 726, 749, 785, 810., 830; approval ratings, 796; attacks from Adlai Stevenson, 703–704; campaign ads, 229, 701; Campaign and election of 1952, 697, 698, 701, 702–703, 862; Campaign and election of 1956, 707–710, 714–715, 862; Campaign of 1948 and, 688; civil rights movement, 707–709; coattail effect, 707; entitlement programs, 84; health issues, 711–712, 717, 812; Korean War, 710; legacy, 715; Lyndon B. Johnson and, 708, 709; military desegregation, 689, 708; New Deal and, 709; Richard Nixon and, 706; school desegregation, 52; Social Security, 283; South desegregation, 709
election materials, bilingual, 327
Election of 2000, 259, 569, 818–821; Florida ballot problems, 820; Florida recount, 819–820; popular vote versus Electoral College issue, 818–819, 820; twenty-four-hour news cycle and, 820. See also Bush v. Gore
Election Day voter registration, 323
elections, U.S. presidential: critical, 716; 1824, 542, 543; 1848, 474; 1852, 484; 1856, 496; 1860, 505–506; 1864, 513–514; 1868, 525; 1872, 533; 1876, 542–545, 546; 1880, 551; 1884, 560–561; 1888, 568–569; 1892, 576; 1896, 582–583; first, 354; House of Representatives and, 374–375; 1900, 590–591; 1904, 597; 1908, 605; 1912, 615; 1920, 634; 1924, 644; 1928, 651; 1932, 658–659; 1936, 666; 1940, 675–676; 1944, 683–684; 1948, 108, 692–693; 1952, 706; 1956, 108, 714; 1960, 108, 242, 716; 1964, 737–738; 1968, 108, 333, 750–751; 1972, 108, 759–760; 1976, 108, 243, 769; 1980, 777; 1984, 244, 784; 1988, 108, 794; 1992, 802–803; 1996, 809–810; 2000, 108, 827–828; 2004, 108; 2008, 248, 840; 2012, 861–862. See also specific campaigns and candidates; Election of 2000
elections, vice presidential, first, 352, 354. See also specific campaigns and candidates
Electoral College, 107–109, 319, 862; Democratic Party and, 878, 879; first, 353–354; importance of in 2016 election, 878; record, 399; Republicans and, 879; slave population count and, 395; tie, 374; voting public influence, 410. See also elections, Democratic Party; elections, Republican Party; faithless elector
Electoral Commission of 1876, 543–544
Ellmaker, Amos, 429
Ellsworth, Oliver, Campaign of 1796, 366, 367
Emancipation Proclamation, 509, 511, 598–599
Embargo Act, 382
Emergency Banking Act, 660
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008), 312
Emergency Tariff Act (1921), 308
Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA), 181
energy issue, 97–101; alternative energy sources, 99, 100, 101; auto industry, 98; CAFE regulations, 98; “clean” coal, 99, 106; fracking, 99, 101, 106; Keystone Oil pipeline, 99, 106; nuclear disasters and meltdowns, 99; nuclear power industry, 98, 99; offshore drilling, 99, 105–106; oil imports, 99; oil spills and disasters, 97, 99; strip mining, 100. See also Campaigns of 1980, 1984, 1988, 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012; cap-and-trade
Energy Tax Act (1978), 98
Enforcement Acts, 535
English, William, 550
environment and conservation issue, 101–106, 593; Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 103–104; “clean” coal, 99, 106; culture wars and, 73; dams and levees, 106; DDT, 104; environmental regulations, 104, 105; fracking, 106; Keep America Beautiful program, 104; Kyoto Protocol, 105; late nineteenth-century conservation movement, 101–102; national parks and monuments, 102, 103–104, 105; offshore oil drilling, 105–106; Pelican Island Bird Reservation, 102; recycling programs, 104; Republicans, 106. See also specific environmental acts and laws; campaigns of 1904, 1912, 1928, 1932, 1980, 2000, 2008, 2012; energy issue; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); global warming/climate change; National Parks and Monuments
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 104
environmental regulation issue, 788
Equal Opportunity Act of 1964, 90
Equal Pay Act, 346
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 54, 116, 345–346, 754, 758, 775, 782, 788
Equal Women’s Rights Party, 558
Equality Act, 181
Era of Good Feelings, 393–394, 399–400, 404, 407, 414, 547
Essex Junto, 379–380, 394, 395
Everett, Edward, 468, 470; campaign of 1860, 501
Facebook, 280; Internet campaigning, 158, 159, 160, 162. See also specific candidates
Fair Deal, 28, 255, 693, 697, 700, 731
Fairbanks, Charles W., 558, 588, 599; Campaign of 1904, 595; Campaign of 1916, 620, 621
faithless elector, 107–109; criminal prosecution, 109; fines, 108; recent instances, 108
Falwell, Jerry, 205–206; AIDS as punishment comments, 175. See also Moral Majority
Family Research Council, 318. See also Values Voter Summit
fearmongering: Campaign of 1928, 650; Campaign of 1932, 658
Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, 37
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA), 37, 38, 67, 156, 157; amendments, 30, 156. See also Buckley v. Valeo