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Aims and Scope
Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate; anthropogenic impact on the environment; water, air and soil pollution; remediation and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geoecology; chemical reactions and processes; chemical and biological transformations as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in environmental analytical chemistry.
With remarkable vision, Prof. Otto Hutzinger initiated The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry in 1980 and became the founding Editor-in-Chief. At that time, environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and geological transformations of chemical substances occurring on a local as well as a global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the impact of man's activities on the natural environment by describing observed changes.
While a considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated over the last three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , there are still many scientific and policy challenges ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contributions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad range of environmental topics from a chemical perspective, including methodological advances in environmental analytical chemistry.
In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to include subject matter of societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , the publisher and Editors-in-Chief have decided to keep the handbook essentially a source of information on “hard sciences” with a particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology and engineering as applied to environmental sciences.
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This volume adds deep insights to the picture of the Nile Delta in Egypt due to the fact that groundwater in Egypt is the second source of freshwater. The demand for groundwater is increasing in Egypt due to its limited water resources. The volume consists of 23 chapters divided into 11 parts and contributed by more than 33 scientists, groundwater specialists, and researchers from Egypt.
Part I is an introduction to the volume and it consists of two chapters. The first chapter is titled “An Overview of Groundwater Resources in Nile Delta Aquifer” and presents a comprehensive overview of groundwater in the Nile Delta as a freshwater resource in Egypt. The authors covered almost all topics related to groundwater in the Nile Delta to provide a background for the volume subject. In the chapter “Land and Groundwater Resources in the Egypt’s Nile Valley, Delta and Its Fringes,” the author assesses the land and groundwater resources and its sustainable development in the Nile valley, delta, and its fringes.
Part II consists of two chapters which deal with agriculture and water uses. The chapter “Use of Groundwater in Nile Alluvial Soils and Their Fringes” provides a comprehensive overview of the available water resources including groundwater and their usage particularly in irrigation and agricultural activities. In the last chapter of Part II, which is titled “Groundwater and Agriculture in the Nile Delta,” the author provides an overview of the exchangeable relationships between groundwater and agriculture in the Nile Delta region.
Part III consists of two chapters to cover the sedimentology of the northern Nile Delta and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Nile Delta. In the chapter “Sedimentological Characteristics of the Quaternary Groundwater Aquifer, Northwestern Nile Delta, Egypt,” the authors focus on the grain size analysis and mineralogical study of the Plio-Pleistocene sediments of the area under consideration. In the chapter “Hydrogeophysical Characteristics of the Central Nile Delta Aquifer,” the authors estimate the aquifer parameters as clay volume, porosity, clay thickness, permeability, total dissolved solids, and hydraulic conductivity of the formation for typical study areas in the central Nile Delta, namely, Bliqas and Mit Ghamer cities using electrical resistivity and gamma ray logs for 34 wells.
Part IV consists of two chapters which deal with groundwater investigations, namely, resistivity characterization and hydrogeophysical investigations. In the chapter “Resistivity Characterization of Aquifer in Coastal Semi-Arid Areas: An Approach for Hydrogeological Evaluation,” the authors present the fundamentals of direct current resistivity (DCR) and induced polarization (IP) as groundwater investigation methods and demonstrate the efficiency of DCR method for hydrogeological assessment in the Nile Delta, Egypt, with an emphasis on technical constraints to achieve sustainable development in coastal and semi-arid areas. On the other hand, the chapter “Hydrogeophysical Investigations at El-Nubariya-Wadi El-Natrun Area, West Nile Delta, Egypt” is planned to address and evaluate the hydrogeological regime in the area of West Nile Delta using geophysical electrical and electromagnetic methods.
Also, Part V consists of two chapters which dealing with groundwater contamination and degradation. The chapter “Salinization and Origin of the Coastal Shallow Groundwater Aquifer, Northwestern Nile Delta, Egypt” discusses the originality of brackish water in the coastal areas, the chemical analysis of pollutants and determination of the source of pollution, the hydrochemical characterizations of groundwater in the northwestern Nile Delta, and the evaluation of the suitability of groundwater for different purposes. The chapter “Soil Aquifer Treatment System Design Equation for Organic Micropollutant Removal” presents a novel model for more accurate prediction of the removal efficiency of the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system for the organic micropollutants (OMPs) and the fate of the OMPs trapped within the vadose zone of the aquifer.
Part VI comprises of two chapters to investigate the seawater intrusions in the Nile Delta aquifer and how to control this intrusion. The first chapter titled “Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifer s ” reviews briefly the history of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers and also presents the traditional methods that are applied to investigate saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers around the world and in the Nile Delta aquifer. The chapter titled “Control of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers” discusses the different methods and approaches for saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifers.
Part VII consists of three chapters to explore the usage of geophysical methods to delineate the groundwater flow and saltwater intrusion. The chapter “Use of One-Dimensional Subsurface Temperature Profiles to Characterize the Groundwater Flow System in the Northwestern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt” presents the usage of the borehole temperatures to trace the groundwater stream lines and to assess the groundwater vertical flux rates in the study region which is located at northwestern part of the Nile Delta. In the chapter “Use of Geoelectrical Resistivity to Delineate the Seawater Intrusion in the Northwestern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt,” the authors present a detailed vertical electrical sounding survey in the northern part of the Nile Delta to delineate and follow seawater intrusion with interpretation of results to help groundwater manager to take proper decision and design a good management startegy. In the chapter “Integrated Subsurface Thermal Regime and Hydrogeochemical Data to Delineate the Groundwater Flow System and Seawater Intrusion in the Middle Nile Delta, Egypt,” the authors utilize the temperature and water chemistry for following the groundwater stream framework and seawater intrusion in the middle Nile Delta.
Part VIII consists of three chapters which deal with modeling and assessment of groundwater in the Nile Delta and its fringes. In the chapter titled “Integrated Groundwater Modeling for Simulation Saltwater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt,” the authors build an integrated 3-D groundwater model for the Nile Delta aquifer to simulate saltwater intrusion under different climate change scenarios using the MODFLOW and SEAWAT softwares including the rescharge from the existing irrigation canals network in the Nile Delta region. Also, they proposed different scenarios for management and control of saltwater intrusion in the Nile Delta aquifer. In the chapter titled “Groundwater Modeling and Assessment Under Uncertain Hydrological Conditions for Egyptian Sahara,” the author performs groundwater flow analysis using the developed modified grey model (MGM) which combines the finite element method (FEM) and the new developed modified genetic algorithms (MGA) for the Kharga Oasis southwest of the Nile Delta in the Egyptian Sahara. The chapter “Groundwater Potential in the New Valley South West of the Nile Delta in Egypt” provides the benefits of applying the modeling techniques. Numerous valuable inputs for the national development plan in Egypt are presented.
Part IX consists of two chapters to cover the usage, assessment, and management. In the chapter “Hydrogeochemistry and Quality Assessment of Groundwater Under Some Central Nile Delta Villages, Egypt,” the authors present the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in some village in the central Nile Delta. The quality of groundwater in these villages is assessed too. The chapter “Assessment of the Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in the Central Nile Delta Region, Egypt” provides an integrated approach of water quality indices to evaluate groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes in the central Nile Delta.
Part X has two chapters dealing with groundwater management for sustainability. The chapter “Groundwater Management for Sustainable Development East of the Nile Delta Aquifer” presents budget analysis for the study area and provides some strategies for sustainable management. In the chapter “Groundwater Management for Sustainable Development Plans for the Western Nile Delta,” the authors integrated the GIS and MODFLOW models to simulate the groundwater flow in the western Nile Delta of the Quaternary aquifer. The groundwater potentiality is evaluated, and different management scenarios are analyzed for groundwater prediction.
The volume ends with the conclusions chapter which briefly summarizes the most significant findings and recommendations of the volume.
The editor would like to express his great thanks and his special appreciation to all the authors who have contributed to this volume. Without their patience and effort in writing and revising the different versions to satisfy the high-quality standards of Springer, it would not have been possible to produce this volume and make it a reality. All appreciation and thanks must be extended to include all members of the Springer team who have worked long and hard to produce this volume and make it a reality for the researchers, graduate students, and scientists around the world. I must thank all the experts who contributed to the review processes of the volume chapters.
Also, the editor would like to thank all those who contributed to make the book entitled Groundwater in the Nile a great source of information and knowledge for all those who are interested in it. Much appreciation and great thanks are also owed to the editors of the HEC book series and the Springer team who worked hard during the production of this volume.
The volume editor would be so happy to receive any comments to improve future editions. Comments, feedback, suggestions for improvement, or new chapters for next editions are much welcome and can be sent directly to the volume editor.