Footnotes

Module 1

¹If you are a student using these Multiple-Choice Questions for self-testing, please consult with your teacher to check your answers.

Module 2

¹Confession: I [DM] wrote the last part of this sentence on April Fool’s Day.

²Also sometimes called “Recite.”

Module 4

¹Boston is south of Paris.

²The anagram solution: CHAOS

Module 5

¹These researchers were able to carefully observe and record naturally occurring behaviors outside the artificiality of a laboratory. However, outside the lab they were not able to control for all the factors that may have influenced the everyday interactions they were recording.

Module 6

¹negative

²positive

³positive

⁴negative

⁵In this case, as in many others, a third factor can explain the correlation: Golden anniversaries and baldness both accompany aging.

⁶The independent variable, which the researchers manipulated, was the ethnicity-related names. The dependent variable, which they measured, was the positive response rate.

Module 9

¹ANSWER: Morphine is an agonist; curare is an antagonist.

Module 11

¹Answer: The cat would be aroused via its sympathetic nervous system.

Module 13

¹So, would the reverse damage lead to the opposite symptoms? Indeed, there are a few such patients—who can see and recognize objects but have difficulty pointing toward or grasping them.

Module 17

¹The title’s first error is its repeated “The.” Its ironic second error is its misstatement that there are two errors, when there is only one.

Module 18

¹Answer: Your blind spot is on the nose side of each retina, which means that objects to your right may fall onto the right eye’s blind spot. Objects to your left may fall on the left eye’s blind spot. The blind spot does not normally impair your vision, because your eyes are moving and because one eye catches what the other misses. Moreover, even with only one eye open, our brain gives us a perception without a hole in it.

Module 25

¹This analogy, adapted here with world-based numbers, was suggested by mathematician Sam Saunders, as reported by K. C. Cole (1998).

Module 26

¹The “buzzer” (English translation) was perhaps the bell people commonly associate with Pavlov (Tully, 2003). Pavlov used various stimuli, but some have questioned whether he used a bell.

²ANSWER: generalization

³ANSWER: The US was the loud noise; the UR was the fear response to the noise; the NS was the rat before it was paired with the noise; the CS was the rat after pairing; the CR was fear of the rat.

Module 27

¹ANSWER: The baby negatively reinforces her parents’ behavior when she stops crying once they grant her wish. Her parents positively reinforce her cries by letting her sleep with them.

Module 33

¹One of my cookie-scarfing sons, on reading this in his father’s textbook years later, confessed he had fibbed “a little.”

²bicycle, void, cigarette, inherent, fire, process

Module 35

¹Answer to SPLOYOCHYG anagram: PSYCHOLOGY.

²The word is apple: pineapple, crabapple, applesauce.

³The first answer is 5 cents. The bat would then cost $1.05, for a $1.10 total. If the ball cost the intuitive answer of 10 cents, the bat would then have to cost $1.10 (for a bat-and-ball total of $1.20, not $1.10). The second answer is 5 minutes, because each machine makes a widget every 5 minutes. If you answered incorrectly, don’t feel bad—so do most university students (Frederick, 2005).

Module 36

¹How did you illustrate “the girl pushes the boy”? Anne Maass and Aurore Russo (2003) report that people whose language reads from left to right mostly position the pushing girl on the left. Those who read and write Arabic, a right-to-left language, mostly place her on the right. This spatial bias appears only in those old enough to have learned their culture’s writing system (Dobel et al., 2007).

Module 40

¹Note: The researchers later debriefed and reassured the participants.

Module 42

¹From left to right, top to bottom: happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust.

²ANSWERS: (1) Most students report feeling more happy than sad when their cheeks are raised upward. (2) Most students report feeling more sad than happy when their cheeks are pulled downward.

Module 45

¹By one careful estimate, the average human has 37.2 trillion cells (Bianconi et al., 2013).

Module 53

¹Answer: Figure (c)

Module 59

¹We couldn’t resist throwing that in. But don’t worry, you won’t be tested on floccinaucinihilipilification, which is the act of estimating something as worthless (and was the longest nontechnical word in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary).

Module 64

¹ANSWER: The correct answer is c.

Module 65

¹A book of case illustrations accompanying the previous DSM edition provided several examples for this unit.

Module 66

¹OCD and PTSD were formerly classified as anxiety disorders, but the DSM-5 now classifies them separately.

²Because the behaviors result in removal or reduction of unpleasant anxiety, they are examples of negative reinforcement.

Appendix D

¹Although this appendix draws primarily from available U.S. data, its descriptions of psychology’s subfields and suggestions for preparing for further psychology studies are applicable to students in many other countries.