Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery (northern California), 177, 178
Against the Stream Buddhist Meditation Society (Noah Levine), 69
Ajaan Geoff. See Thanissaro Bhikkhu
altars: and Buddhist Churches of America, 9, 10, 10, 79, 89; gohonzon on, 10–11, 93, 103; and Nichiren Buddhism, 102, 103; and Theravada Buddhism, 166; and Tibetan Buddhism, 144, 152; and Zen Buddhism, 11, 253
Alternative Altars (Ellwood), ix
American Buddhism: Asian Buddhism compared to, 4–5; clerical class of, 63; and dharma, 6, 8, 15, 16, 39, 40–41, 43, 45, 46–47, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69–70, 216, 265; and ecumenism, 65, 79, 175, 176, 179, 186, 208; evolution of, 3, 7–8, 264–68, 279–80; and gender equity, 5, 207, 208, 209–10, 232; and generational differences, 66–69; and historicism, 64–65, 67, 70; history of, xv–xvii, 40–50, 279; immigration’s influence on, 50–53, 75, 269; influence of Mahayana Buddhism on, 32; institutional complexity of, 7–8, 64, 65; lineages of, 4, 39, 40–41, 44; mainstream of, 61, 64; and mindfulness movement, 60, 63–65, 66, 67–70; and mixed practice, 62, 63, 65, 264; practice of, 14–15; public voice of, 6, 65; reshaping traditional ideas of, 23, 39; and social engagement, 5, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70–71, 207, 210–14; statistics on, 17; study of, ix–xii; traditionalism and innovation in, 265–67; types of, 15–16; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41–42. See also convert Buddhism; immigrant Buddhism
American Buddhism (Prebish), ix
American Buddhism (Queen and Williams), xii
American Buddhist Association, 285
American Encounter with Buddhism, The (Tweed), xi
Americanization: of Buddhist Churches of America, 77–81, 86, 89, 90, 280; of dharma, 6, 14, 46, 47, 75, 158, 176; and gender equity, 220; and immigrant Buddhism, 268–73; and immigration, 269, 272–73, 279–80; and Japanese Americans, 9, 58, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81; and Korean Buddhism, 194–95; meaning of, 219; and Nichiren Buddhism, 94; and Nichiren Shoshu of America, 100; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 92; of Theravada Buddhism, 158, 160, 161–65, 174–75, 179; of Tibetan Buddhism, 136–41, 154–56; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 196; of Zen Buddhism, 112, 116–17, 118, 122, 133–34, 277
American Jewish World Service, 258
American Steamship Company, 189
Amida Buddha: image of, 9, 10; and Jodo Shinshu, 87–89; and Mahayana Buddhism, 31, 87; and Shin Buddhism, 32–33. See also Amitabha
Amitabha, 181, 182, 183. See also Amida Buddha
Amravati Monastery (Great Britain), 177
Anderson, Tenshin Reb, 122, 123
Anglicization: and Jodo Shinshu, 73, 78, 79, 86, 87; and Mahayana Buddhism, 181; and Theravada Buddhism, 158, 161; and Zen Buddhism, 116, 133
animistic religious traditions, 29, 166, 263
Arnold Sensei, Geoffrey Shugen, 289
Asian Buddhism: American Buddhism compared to, 4–5; forms of, 27–38; and gender equity, 208, 221–22; impact of modernity on, 37–38, 42
Asian Classics Input Project (ACIP), 144, 152, 292
Asian Classics Institute, 292
Asian religions, generalized image of, 57, 92
Asian Religions in America (Tweed and Prothero), xi–xii
Asiatic Exclusion League, 76
Avalon Ballroom “Zenefit,” 121
Awakening the Buddha Within (Surya Das), 156
Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, 177, 296
Bartholomeusz, Tessa J., 222
BCA. See Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
Bearing Witness (Glassman), 127
Beat generation: and dharma, 218; and Goddard, 46; and Jewish Buddhists, 258; and Snyder, 293–94; and D. T. Suzuki, 46; and Transcendentalism, 48; and Watts, 47; and Zen Buddhism, 3, 4, 40–41, 47–49, 59, 61, 65, 70, 113, 121, 128, 133, 135
Beat Zen, Square Zen, and Zen (Watts), 46–47, 300
Beck, Charlotte Joko, 124
Becoming the Buddha in L.A. (documentary), 90
Beginner’s Mind Temple, 122
Benedictine Monastery of Mount Savior (New York), 256
Béthune, Pierre François de, 256
Beyond Dogma (Fourteenth Dalai Lama), 227
Beyond God the Father (Daly), 222
Bhaisajyaguru (Medicine Buddha), 183
Big Book of Jewish Humor (Waldoks), 259
Blue Collar and Buddha (documentary), 163
Blue Jean Buddha (Kim), 66, 302
BMNA (Buddhist Mission to North America), 74, 75, 76–79
Bodhi House (New York), 293
Bodhi Manda Zen Center (Jemez Springs, New Mexico), 117
bodhisattvas: and Chinese Buddhism, 181, 182; cosmic bodhisattvas, 30, 31; and immigrant Buddhism, 266; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and lovingkindness, 171; Nichtern on, 68; role of, 87; and social engagement, 62, 235–36; visualization of, 153
Boston Research Center for the Twenty-first Century, 108, 242, 295
Buddha: Amida, 9, 10, 31, 32–33, 87–89; Amitabha, 181, 182, 183; ceremony for birthday of, 75, 80, 89, 162, 167–68, 190, 248, 266; human image of, 25; meaning of, 24; Medicine Buddha, 153–54, 183; offerings to, 12; and oral tradition, 26; and Pure Land Buddhism, 86; recovery of historical Buddha, 61, 64–65, 67, 70; Shakyamuni, 19, 20–21, 20, 23–25, 28, 31, 37, 106, 132, 133; Tathagatha, 19; teachings of, 18–23, 172–73, 174, 183, 222, 227, 253
Buddha mind: and interreligious dialogue, 254; and kensho, 115; and Korean Buddhism, 194; and Mahayana Buddhism, 31, 88; and practice, 11; and social engagement, 232, 246; and Zen Buddhism, 134
Buddha Mind in Contemporary Art, (Baas and Jacob), 215
Buddha nature: and interreligious dialogue, 254; and Mahayana Buddhism, 31, 88; and practice, 11; and social engagement, 232, 236; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 109, 110; universality of, 31, 33
Buddha’s Apprentices, The (Kim), 66
Buddha’s Light International Association, 186
Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender (Cabezón), 221
Buddhism Across Cultures conference (1997), 186
Buddhism After Patriarchy (Gross), 222
“Buddhism and the Coming Revolution” (Snyder), 238
“Buddhism at Millennium’s Edge” series, 123
Buddhism Beyond Beliefs (Batchelor), 70
Buddhism in America (Kashima), ix
Buddhism in America (Layman), ix
Buddhism in America Conference (1997), 246
Buddhism Through American Women’s Eyes (Tsomo), 221
“Buddhism Without Borders” conference, 58
Buddhist AIDS Project, 227, 228
Buddhist Alliance for Social
Buddhist Association of Southwest Michigan, 248
Buddhist Association of the United States (BAUS) (Bronx, New York), 185, 188–90, 188, 293, 300
Buddhist Association of Wisdom and Compassion (Akron, Ohio), 183–84
Buddhist Bible, The (Goddard), 46, 300
Buddhist Churches of America (BCA): and altars, 9, 10, 10, 79, 89; and Asian Americans, 16; centennial of, 302; changes in, 58; and chanting, 9–10; and dharma, 58, 73, 90, 91, 289; and generational differences, 73, 76, 77–79, 81, 85, 90, 288–89; history of, 76–81, 280, 300; and institution building, 76, 80–81, 85, 288–89; mainstreaming of, 81–85; membership of, 74–75, 85; Ministerial Research Committee, 81; and Minister’s Assistant Program, 58; missionary priests of, 75, 76; practice and worldview of, 86–91; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73–75, 85; and religious adaptation, 73, 74, 75–81; and school prayer, 81–82; and social life, 76, 84, 89; stupa on roof of San Francisco headquarters, 74
Buddhist Compassion Relief. See Tzu Chi Foundation
Buddhist Council of the Midwest, 248, 285
Buddhist Mission to North America (BMNA), 74, 75, 76–79, 299. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
Buddhist Monastic Code, The (Thanissaro Bhikkhu), 177, 296
Buddhist Pastoral Care (Willa Miller), 211
Buddhist Society for Compassionate Wisdom, 193
Buddhist Society of America (New York), 44. See also First Zen Institute
Buddhist Temple of Chicago (BTC), 285
Buddhist Text Translation Society (San Francisco, California), 189, 293
Buddhist Vihara Society (Washington), 158, 174
Buddhist Women on the Edge (Dresser), 221
Buddhist Women’s Association, 76, 89
Bukkyo Seinen Kai. See Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA)
Burma: and Chinese Buddhism, 182; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and social engagement, 239; Theravada Buddhism in, 29, 168, 169
Cambodia: and gender equity, 231; and social engagement, 239; Theravada Buddhism in, 29, 159, 161, 164
Cambodian Buddhist Society, 301
Cambridge Buddhist Association, 128
Cambridge Insight Meditation Center, 172
Catholicism: and immigration, 50–51, 52, 53, 73, 77, 271, 272; institutions of, 265; and interreligious dialogue, 207, 254–57; mainstreaming of, 85; and tradition, 270; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41
Catholic liberation theology, 239
Center for Contemplative Mind in Society, 63, 211–12
Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, 211, 246, 286
Ch’an Buddhism, 113, 124, 128, 192, 194. See also Korean Buddhism; Zen Buddhism
Ch’an Meditation Center, 184–85
chanting: and Buddhist Churches of America, 9–10; and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 183; and gender equity, 223; and Jodo Shinshu, 86, 88–91; and Nichiren Buddhism, 4, 11, 33, 96, 100, 102–3, 109, 110; and social engagement, 235; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 61, 93, 109; and Theravada Buddhism, 165, 167–68; and Tzu Chi Buddhism, 60
Chayat Roshi, Sherry, 303
Cheng Chio Buddhist Temple (New York), 183
China: and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30; Manchu government, 181; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73; and Tibetan Buddhism, 35, 135; and U.S. relations, 181; and Zen Buddhism, 113, 124, 128
Chinese Buddhism: Buddhist Association of the United States, 188–90; Buddhist Association of Wisdom and Compassion, 183–84; Ch’an Meditation Center, 184–85; Cheng Chio Buddhist Temple, 183; Dharma Realm Buddhist Association, 186–87; Eastern States Buddhist Temple of America, 182–83; Fo Kuang Buddhism, 185–86; and gender equity, 229; history of, 181; and immigrant Buddhism, 51, 60, 180, 182, 203, 268, 271; and Mahayana Buddhism, 32, 180, 181–90; and monastics, 182, 183, 187; and Pure Land Buddhism, 86, 181, 183, 185; and religious adaptation, 180; Tzu Chi Foundation, 184
Chithurst monastery (England), 177
Chochmat HaLev (San Francisco, California), 282
Christianity: and Chinese immigrants, 182; and conversion of Buddhists, 83–84; and European imperialism, 41; and gender equity, 220, 221, 222; influence on Buddhist Churches of America, 78, 85; and interreligious dialogue, 43, 207–8, 248, 253–57, 263, 281, 302; in Japan, 75; and Korean immigrants, 190; popular movements in, 170; and social engagement, 239; and Theosophy, 41; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41–42, 43
Chua Duc Vien (San Jose, California), 198
Chua Duoc Su (Orange County, California), 199
Chua Hue Quang (Orange County, California), 199
Chua Lien Hoa (Orange County, California), 199
Chuang Yen Monastery (Kent, New York), 188, 188, 293
Chua Truc Lam Yen Tu (Orange County, California), 199
Chua Vietnam (Los Angeles, California), 197, 297
Chua Vietnam (Orange County, California), 199, 200
Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies (Taiwan), 184
Cimarron Zen Center (Idyllwild, California), 117
City of Ten Thousand Buddhas (Talmadge, California), 177, 187, 301
College of Buddhist Studies (Los Angeles, California), 176
Communities of Mindful Living, 63, 202
community. See sangha
Community of Mindful Living (Berkeley, California), 202, 235, 239, 241
Compass of Zen, The (Seung Sahn), 193
Complete Guide to Buddhism (Morreale), 273, 276
“Composting Desire” (Nichtern), 68
Concerts for a Free Tibet, 139
Conference on World Buddhism in North America (1987), 193, 249, 302
Confession of a Buddhist Atheist (Batchelor), 70
convert Buddhism: and Buddhist Churches of America, 85; and Chinese Buddhism, 186–87; and counterculture, 49–50, 279; development of, 4–5, 15, 61, 273–79; and dharma, 6, 16, 217, 266, 267, 275, 276; and ethics, 218, 219–21, 223, 252, 253; and feminism, 220–21, 222, 224–25; and gender equity, 217–32, 274; and generational differences, 16, 40–41, 48, 49, 59, 65–66, 67, 70, 114, 118, 127, 139, 142, 145, 150, 154, 156, 167, 171, 173, 179, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 245, 261, 267, 273–75, 280, 302; immigrant Buddhism compared to, 5–6, 16, 27, 52–53, 59, 216, 265–67, 271, 279; indigenous spiritual lineage of, 39, 40–41, 49–50, 52; and interreligious dialogue, 256; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 250–53; and Korean Buddhism, 190; and literature, 16, 40–41, 47, 49; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32, 62, 68, 177, 180, 181; and meditation, 86, 273–74; and monastics, 45; and Nichiren Buddhism, 33, 49, 52, 61, 94; and parallel congregations, 173, 278, 279; population of, 274; and religious adaptation, 277; and Rinzai Zen, 35, 44–45, 117; and shared-practice Buddhism, 250–51; and social engagement, 238–47; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 92, 106–7, 273, 274, 275; and Theravada Buddhism, 49, 50, 52, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 71, 134, 158, 159, 160, 167, 168–73, 177, 178, 179; and Tibetan Buddhism, 49, 51, 52, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 150, 156, 157; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 201; and Zen Buddhism, 7, 46, 49, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 79, 113–15, 123, 140, 274–76
cosmic bodhisattvas, 30, 31
Council of Thai Bhikkhus, 164
counterculture: and Chinese Buddhism, 187; and convert Buddhism, 49–50, 279; and dharma, 267; and Fields, 61; and gender equity, 217, 218, 223; and generational differences, 65–66; and Insight Meditation movement, 171; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 252; and social engagement, 210, 214, 234, 240; and Tibetan Buddhism, 59, 142, 149, 301; and Trungpa, 59, 282; and Zen Buddhism, 92, 113, 119–21
Creation Spirituality, 244
Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism (Trungpa), 142
Cutts, Ji Ko Linda Ruth, 223
Dahl Ma Sa temple (Los Angeles, California), 190
Dai Bosatsu Zendo Monastery (New York), 303
Daitokuji monastery (Kyoto, Japan), 294
Dalai Lama, Fourteenth (Tenzin Gyatso): and Buddhist identity, 271; and Chuang Yen monastery, 188; film on, 139; and gays and lesbians, 226–29, 302; and gender equity, 209; and interreligious dialogue, 207, 250, 256, 258–62, 281, 282, 302; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 251–52; and Kalachakra empowerment, 152; and Merton, 255; and Nhat Hanh, 201; Nobel Peace Prize of, 137, 227, 302; political work of, 138; popularity of, 137–38, 137; public relations work of, 59, 301; and Sheng-yen, 185; and Snow Lion Publications, 142; and social engagement, 213–14; and Thurman, 156; and Tibetan community in exile, 135; as Tibetan head of state, 37, 138
DeGraff, Geoffrey. See Thanissaro Bhikkhu
Democratic National Committee, 186, 271
dependent origination, 62
Dhamma Dana Publication Fund, 296
Dhamma Dena (Joshua Tree, California), 169, 220, 284
Dhammadharo, Ajaan Lee, 296
dharma: and American Buddhism, 6, 8, 15, 16, 39, 40–41, 43, 45, 46–47, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69–70, 216, 265; Americanization of, 6, 14, 46, 47, 75, 158, 176; and Beat generation, 40, 61; and Buddhist Churches of America, 58, 73, 90, 91, 289; and Chinese Buddhism, 184, 265; and convert Buddhism, 6, 16, 217, 266, 267, 275, 276; expressions of, 11; and forest tradition, 178–79; and gender equity, 218, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230–31, 232; and immigrant Buddhism, 16–17, 60, 217, 264, 267; and interreligious dialogue, 248, 257, 263; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 250, 251–53, 263; and Korean Buddhism, 192; and lineages, 23, 129; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30–31; meaning of, 24; and mindfulness, 64; and Nichiren Buddhism, 32, 33, 94, 102–3, 105; and social engagement, 210, 212, 213–14, 232, 234, 240, 243, 244–46, 247; and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 158, 159, 168, 172, 176, 178; and Tibetan Buddhism, 35–36, 37, 137, 139, 141, 149, 154, 155–56, 157; transmission of, 23, 37, 115, 116, 118, 129, 149, 156, 185, 193, 252, 276, 289, 290; transmission to United States, 15, 42, 53, 65, 67; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 42–43, 42; young dharma teachers, 65; and Zen Buddhism, 134
Dharma Communications, 125, 289
Dharma Friendship Foundation (Seattle, Washington), 230
Dharma Overground (DhO), 68
Dharma Punk Nation, 69–70
Dharma Punx (Noah Levine), 69–70
Dharma Realm Buddhist University, 187
Dharma Vijaya Buddhist Vihara (Los Angeles, California), 167, 176, 291
dialogue: and American Buddhism, 43. See also interreligious dialogue; intra-Buddhist dialogue
Diamond Abbey (New York), 292
Diamond Vehicle. See Tibetan Buddhism
diet. See eating
Don’t Just Do Something, Sit There (Boorstein), 171, 281
Dropping Ashes on the Buddha (Seung Sahn), 193
Dzogchen Foundation (Cambridge, Massachusetts), 156
Eastern States Buddhist Temple of America (New York), 182–83
eating, and oryoki, 12, 132
Eight Gates of Zen (Loori), 127, 289
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 40, 279
European American Buddhists, x–xi, 6, 15, 61–66, 70–71, 207. See also convert Buddhism
Everyday Blessings (Kabat-Zinn and Kabat-Zinn), 246, 287
Everyday Dharma (Willa Miller), 211
exiles: and immigration, 50; and Tibetan Buddhism, 135, 136, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 157, 230, 258, 260; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 195–96, 198–203
Faces of Buddhism in America, The (Prebish and Tanaka), xii
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 79
Fellowship for Reconciliation, 239
feminism: and convert Buddhism, 220–21, 222, 224–25; and International Women’s Partnership for Peace and Justice, 210; and social engagement, 234; and spiritual movements, 243; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41. See also gender equity
First Buddhist Women, The (Murcott), 222
First International Conference on Buddhist Women (1987), 230
Florida Nature and Culture Center, 58
Fo Kuang Shan (Taiwan), 185–86
Followers of Buddha, 45–46
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT), 142, 229–30
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), 251, 301
Fruitful Darkness, The (Halifax), 226, 285
Fujinkai. See Buddhist Women’s Association
Full Catastrophe Living (Kabat-Zinn), 246, 287
Fully Present (Smalley and Winston), 64
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 213
Gay Buddhist Fellowship (San Francisco, California), 226
gender equity: and American Buddhism, 5, 207, 208, 209–10, 232; and convert Buddhism, 217–32, 274; and dharma, 218, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230–31, 232; and global Buddhist communities, 208–9; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 251; and monastics, 209, 220, 229–30; and Zen Buddhism, 115, 118, 220, 223–24, 229. See also feminism; women
Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907, 76
Godstow Retreat Center (Redding, Connecticut), 292
Gold Mountain Dhyana Monastery (San Francisco, California), 187
Gradual Awakening, A (Stephen Levine), 69
Great Buddha Hall, Chuang Yen monastery, 188
Great Stupa of Dharmakaya, Rocky Mountain Shambhala Center, 148, 149
Great Vehicle. See Mahayana Buddhism
Green Gulch Farm (Marin County, California), 122, 223
Greyston Bakery (Yonkers, New York), 126
Greyston Family Inn (Yonkers, New York), 126
Greyston Mandala (Yonkers, New York), 126, 127, 241
Gyatso, K. T. Shedrup, 228
Gyatso, Tenzin. See Dalai Lama, Fourteenth (Tenzin Gyatso)
Haihui monastery (Taiwan), 187
Hall of Ten Thousand Buddhas Encircling Buddha Vairochana, 188
Hanamatsuri ceremony, 75, 89
Harada-Yasutani teaching lineage, 115, 116, 289
Hartford Street Zen center, 226
Harvard Divinity School, 210–11
Harvard Pluralism Project, 267
Hazy Moon Zen Center (Los Angeles, California), 130
Healing and the Mind (PBS series), 287
Heart as Wide as the World, A (Salzberg), 171
Heartland Sangha (Evanston, Illinois), 285
Hispanic Americans, 92, 101
How the Swans Came to the Lake (Fields), x, xvi, 61, 279
Human Encounter with Death, The (Halifax and Grof), 285
Humphries, Christmas, 249
Hurst, Jane, x Hyang, Soeng, 256–57
Iliff School of Theology, 221
immigrant Buddhism: and Americanization, 268–73; convert Buddhism compared to, 5–6, 16, 27, 52–53, 59, 216, 265–67, 271, 279; and dharma, 16–17, 60, 217, 264, 267; and ethnic identity, 6, 52, 53, 85, 200, 270–72; and gender equity, 218; and generational differences, 6, 16–17, 52, 53, 76, 77–79, 158, 161, 180, 181, 188, 190, 191, 196, 200, 203, 216, 217, 268, 269–70, 272, 280, 288–89; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32; as minority communities, 81–82, 90; and personal and social identity, 180–81; and religious adaptation, 61, 73; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 92, 99; and Theravada Buddhism, 29, 59, 159–68, 172, 173, 179, 180, 203; and Tibetan Buddhism, 136, 138, 271; traditions of, 14, 16, 215–16, 269, 270; Watts on, 47; and Zen Buddhism, 180. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA); Chinese Buddhism; Jodo Shinshu; Korean Buddhism; Nichiren Shoshu Temple (NST); Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI–USA); Theravada Buddhism; Tibetan Buddhism; Vietnamese Buddhism
immigration: and Americanization, 269, 272–73, 279–80; and Catholicism, 50–51, 52, 53, 73, 77, 271, 272; changes in immigration law, 5, 16, 50, 181, 299, 300; and Chinese Buddhism, 181–82; effect on American Buddhism, 50–53, 75, 269; effect on American religious history, 39–40, 50–53; and Japanese Americans, 76, 77, 180; and Judaism, 51–52, 53, 73, 77, 272; and Theravada Buddhism, 180. See also immigrant Buddhism
India: Buddhist tradition in, 18–26, 28, 30, 35, 228, 278; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73; and social engagement, 239; and Tibetan Buddhism, 135, 136, 141, 150
Inner Revolution (Thurman), 156–57
Insight Meditation Society (IMS) (Barre, Massachusetts), 13, 63–64, 169, 170, 171–73, 177, 179, 256, 258, 261, 281, 284, 301
Institute for the Translation of the Chinese Tripitaka (Taiwan), 293
Institute for World Religions (Berkeley, California), 187
Institute of Buddhist Studies (IBS) (Berkeley, California), 58, 81
Instructions to the Cook (Glassman), 126, 127
Interbeing (Nhat Hanh), 235
Interdependence Project (IDP), 67, 68
Interfaith Peacemaker Assembly, 241
Interfaith Prayer Gathering for Religious Freedom, 138
International Buddhist Meditation Center (IBMC) (Los Angeles, California), 175, 200–201, 297
International Buddhist Progress Society, 185–86
International Campaign for Tibet, 138, 260
International Congress on Women’s Role in the Sangha (2007), 208–9, 303
International Dai Bosatsu Monastery (Catskill Mountains, New York), 117–18
International Foundation of Dharma Drum Mountain, 184–85
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 228
International Institute of Buddhist Studies, 291
International Network of Engaged Buddhists, 239
International Tibet Independence Movement, 139, 140–41
International Women’s Partnership for Peace and Justice, 210
International Zen Center (Songgwang Sa temple), 192
Interreligious Council of Southern California, 176, 291
interreligious dialogue: and American Buddhism, 207; and Chinese Buddhism, 187; and Christianity, 43, 207–8, 248, 253–57, 263, 281, 302; and Dalai Lama, 207, 250, 256, 258–62, 281, 282, 302; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 108; and Theravada Buddhism, 175, 176, 256; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41, 43
intra-Buddhist dialogue: and convert Buddhism, 250–53; and cooperative ventures, 248; and dharma, 250, 251–53, 263; and doctrine, 249–51, 264, 279; and immigrant and convert Buddhism, 6, 249; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 108; and Tibetan Buddhism, 249, 250, 251, 265
It’s Easier Than You Think (Boorstein), 171, 281
Japan: and background of Nichiren Buddhism, 94–99; Buddhist history in, 73; educational system of, 94–95; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32–35; nationalism of, 112; new religious movements in, 38; politics in, 98; postwar religious movements in, 97, 101; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73–74; and Shin Buddhism, 33, 74; and Soto Zen, 33, 35; and U.S. relations, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82. See also Nichiren Buddhism
Japanese American Citizens’ League, 286
Japanese Americans: and Americanization issues, 9, 58, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81; generational differences, 77–78, 79, 80, 81; and immigration, 76, 77, 180; racial stereotypes of, 81, 82; and Watts, 47; World War II internment of, 73, 77, 79–80, 81, 285, 288; and Zen Buddhism, 114, 118, 120, 123. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
Japanese American Service Committee, 286
Japanese Buddhism: and immigrant Buddhism, 51, 271; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Mahayana Buddhism, 32–35; and monastics, 221, 229. See also Nichiren Buddhism; Rinzai Zen; Shin Buddhism; Soto Zen
Jerusalem Moonlight (Fischer), 261
Jew in the Lotus, The (Kamenetz), 258, 259, 261
“Jew in the Lotus” conference (1995), 282
Ji Do Poep Sa Nims (Guides to the Way), 193, 195
Jodo Shinshu: Americanization of institutions, 80, 268; and Amida Buddha, 87–89; founding of, 10, 33, 75; and generational differences, 86; and immigration, 52, 75, 180; and laity, 11; mainstreaming of, 81–85; and Nembutsu, 88–89, 103; practice and worldview of, 86–91; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73–75, 85, 86–87, 88; and religious adaptation, 75–81, 83, 86; and sectarian model, 264; and shinjin, 88; translation of doctrine, 78, 130; and women, 76; and World War II internment, 79–80, 81; Zen Buddhism compared to, 114, 128. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
John Wayne Dhamma Center, 178
Judaism: and American Buddhism, 62; and gender equity, 220, 221, 222; and immigration, 51–52, 53, 73, 77, 272; institutions of, 265; and interreligious dialogue, 43, 248, 257–62, 263, 281–82; Jewish identity, 271; mainstreaming of, 85; popular movements in, 170; and Theosophy, 41; and tradition, 270; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41–42
Kachi Sozo (The Creation of Value), 95
Kagyu Droden Kuncha (KDK), 146–47
Kalyana Mitta (Spiritual Friends) Network, 172
karma: and Buddhist Churches of America, 78, 84; and Eightfold Path, 21, 22; and immigrant Buddhism, 266; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and merit-making, 24, 29; and Siddhartha, 18–19; and Theravada Buddhism, 29, 168
Karma Thegsum Tashi Gomang (Crestone, Colorado), 147
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra (KTD) (Woodstock, New York), 7, 147, 189, 293
Kerouac, Jack: on Buddhism, 4; and Goddard, 46, 300; influence of, 40, 47; and political and social criticism, 48; and Snyder, 294; writings of, 47–48, 47, 294
Khyentse Rinpoche, Dilgo, 145, 155
Kim, Sumi Loundon, 66, 302
Korea: and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32; and Pure Land Buddhism, 74; and Zen Buddhism, 113, 128
Koun Roshi, Yasutani, 257
Kunzang Palyul Choling (Poolesville, Maryland), 226
Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism and Human Values, 123
Kwan Um Sa temple (Los Angeles, California), 190
laity: and American Buddhism, 5, 45; and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 183–84; and immigrant Buddhism, 269; and Insight Meditation movement, 170; and Jodo Shinshu, 11; and Mahayana Buddhism, 32; and monastics, 14, 23–24, 25, 29, 35, 45, 113–14, 118, 161, 165, 166, 168, 172–73, 176, 177, 178, 277–78, 287; and Nichiren Buddhism, 11, 33, 92; roles of, 23–24, 38; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 58, 92, 108, 275; and temporary ordination, 25, 29; and Theravada Buddhism, 29, 59, 158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 172–73, 174, 177; and Tibetan Buddhism, 152, 156; and Zen Buddhism, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120, 122, 124, 275–76, 277
lamas: devotional regard for, 136; and empowerments, 151–52; exile of, 150, 157; and immigration, 50; and lineages, 59–60, 146, 274; and practice of Tibetan Buddhism, 37, 135, 145, 150, 180; and preservation of texts, 141; teachings of, 155, 157. See also Dalai Lama, Fourteenth (Tenzin Gyatso)
liberation. See nirvana
literature: and American Buddhism, 63, 215; and convert Buddhism, 16, 40–41, 47, 49; and Zen Buddhism, 4, 12, 41, 113, 128, 180. See also Beat generation
Living Buddha, Living Christ (Nhat Hanh), 202, 253
Long Quiet Highway (Goldberg), 128
Loori, John Daido, 3, 4, 6–7, 124–27, 125, 129, 277, 289–90, 303
Los Angeles Friends of Tibet (LAFT), 138
Los Angeles Interreligious Council, 288
Lotus Sutra: Ikeda’s writings on, 110; and Mahayana Buddhism, 11, 31, 33; and Nichiren Buddhism, 11, 33, 93, 96, 99, 102–3; and Nichiren Shoshu of America, 100
lovingkindness meditation, 171
Lovingkindness (Salzberg), 64, 171
Luminous Passage (Prebish), xii
Maezumi Roshi, Hakuyu Taizan: death of, 123, 302; and Hua, 187; lineage of, 118–19, 124, 126, 129, 223, 289, 290; and Zen Center of Los Angeles, 3, 118, 123, 300; and Zen Mountain Monastery, 4, 125
Mahayana Buddhism: and Buddhist Churches of America, 78; and convert Buddhism, 30, 32, 62, 68, 177, 180, 181; cosmology of, 35; and daimoku, 103; and dharma, 30–31; emergence of, 29–30; and European imperialism, 41; and gender equity, 209, 229, 231–32; and Ikeda, 110; and interreligious dialogue, 255, 259; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Lotus Sutra, 11, 31, 33; meaning of, 28; and mindfulness, 63; and Nembutsu, 103; and Nichiren Buddhism, 93; preservation of texts, 141; and social engagement, 31, 210, 232, 235; Theravada Buddhism contrasted with, 28, 30; and Tibetan Buddhism, 35, 136; and women’s lineages, 176. See also Chinese Buddhism; Korean Buddhism; Nichiren Buddhism; Rinzai Zen; Shin Buddhism; Soto Zen; Vietnamese Buddhism; Zen Buddhism
mantras, and Tibetan Buddhism, 36, 36, 89, 153
Maria Kannon Zen Center (Dallas, Texas), 257
Marpa (Tibetan master), 146
Mastering the Core Teachings of the Buddha (Ingram), 68–69
Medicine Buddha sadhana, 153–54
meditation: and American Buddhism, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68; and Chinese Buddhism, 182; and convert Buddhism, 86, 273–74; and creativity, 215; Insight Meditation movement, 168–73, 174; 177–79, 220, 250, 274–76, 281–82; and interreligious dialogue, 208, 256, 261, 262; and Korean Buddhism, 192; and right concentration, 22; and right effort, 22; and right mindfulness, 22; shamatha, 151; sitting meditation, 11, 13, 61, 62, 65, 113, 159; and social engagement, 207, 210, 211–12, 235, 238–39, 245–46, 256; and Soto Zen, 35, 113, 115, 120, 131; styles of, 11; and Theravada Buddhism, 4, 11, 12–13, 29, 59, 159, 160, 165, 168–73, 174, 245; and Tibetan Buddhism, 4, 11, 35, 150, 151, 153, 156, 214; and visualization, 12; zazen, 12, 35, 85, 87, 89, 115, 120, 123, 126, 131, 151; and Zen Buddhism, 4, 11, 112, 114, 131, 182, 277
Meditation in Action (Trungpa), 142
Meetings with Remarkable Women (Friedman), 221
Meeting the Great Bliss Queen (Klein), 222
Merzel, Dennis Genpo, 123
Metta Forest Monastery. See Wat Metta
Midwest Buddhist Temple (Chicago), 10
Milarepa (Tibetan ascetic), 146
Mind and Life Conference (2010), 213–14
Mind and Life Institute, 212
Mind Like Fire Unbound, The (Thanissaro Bhikkhu), 177, 296
Mipham Rinpoche, Sakyong, 150, 283
Miracle of Mindfulness, The (Nhat Hanh), 202
modernity: and Asian Buddhism, 37–38, 42; and context of, 42; and Tzu Chi Foundation, 60
monastic community. See sangha
Monastic Interreligious Dialogue, 256
monastics: and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 183, 187; and convert Buddhism, 45; decline in influence, 38; and gender equity, 209, 220, 229–30; and interreligious dialogue, 207, 255, 256; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 251, 252; and Japanese Buddhism, 221, 229; and Korean Buddhism, 190–91; and laity, 14, 23–24, 25, 29, 35, 45, 113–14, 118, 161, 165, 166, 168, 172–73, 176, 177, 178, 277–78, 287; lineages of, 23, 229, 230; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32, 229; as religious elite, 25; and Rinzai Zen, 45; and Soto Zen, 35; and Shunryu Suzuki, 120; and Theravada Buddhism, 28–29, 59, 158, 159, 160, 161–64, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172–79, 269; and Tibetan Buddhism, 37, 156; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 199, 200–202; and vinaya, 24; and Zen Buddhism, 11–12, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 123, 124, 130, 132, 229, 277
Mountain Record, The, 125, 289
Mountains and Rivers Order, 4, 125, 289
Mountains and Rivers Sutra (Dogen), 125, 242, 294
Mountains and Rivers Without End (Snyder), 294
Mt. Baldy Zen Center (Los Angeles, California), 117
Mukpo, Osel Rangdrol, 283
Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory (Macy), 224, 244
Myths and Texts (Snyder), 294
Namdroling Monastery (India), 140
Namgyal, Mipham Jamyang, 150
Namgyal Monastery (Ithaca, New York), 142
Naropa Institute (Boulder, Colorado), 143, 149–50, 154, 211, 247, 256, 258, 261, 281, 283, 301
Native Americans, 48, 225
Native Hawaiian rights, 117
Nhat Hanh, Thich: and Buddhist identity, 271; exile of, 201; and Halifax, 226, 284; and hooks, 224; and interreligious dialogue, 253; and refugees, 202; and social engagement, 63, 68, 201, 202, 210, 234, 235–36, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243; tour of U.S., 201, 301; writings of, 201, 202–3, 235, 236, 253; and Zen Buddhism, 128
Nichiren: Ikeda’s writings on, 110; and kosen-rufu, 110; letters of, 11; as reformer, 32, 33, 93, 275; teachings of, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 106, 109, 275; Three Great Secret Laws, 102–3, 105
Nichiren Buddhism: and altars, 102, 103; and chanting, 4, 11, 33, 96, 100, 102–3, 109, 110; and convert Buddhism, 33, 49, 52, 61, 94; doctrine and practice of, 11, 93–94, 108–9; and immigrant Buddhism, 180; Japanese historical background of, 94–99; and laity, 11, 33, 92; and Makiguchi, 95; and proselytizing style, 94, 96, 97, 100, 110; sectarian nature of, 93–94; and Toda, 96–97; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 42, 42, 75; Zen Buddhism compared to, 128. See also Soka Gakkai International
Nichiren Shoshu: and Ikeda, 110; and Makiguchi, 95, 97; and Soka Gakkai International, 97, 99, 101–111; and value creation, 96
Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism and the Soka Gakkai in America (Hurst), x
Nichiren Shoshu of America (NSA): Bicentennial Convention, 100; development of, 99–100; formation of, 92, 93; and gender equity, 223; membership of, 101, 107–8; and Phase II, 100–101
Nichiren Shoshu Temple (NST): and daimoku, 102–3, 106; and gohonzon, 102, 103, 105, 106; and kaidan, 105; multiculturalism of, 180; prominence of, 33; and sangha, 106; and schism, 92, 101–11, 223, 275, 302; and social engagement, 247; and Three Great Secret Laws, 102–3, 105
nirvana: and Buddhist Churches of America, 78; and Eightfold Path, 21; and interreligious dialogue, 208; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30; meaning of, 19; and Siddhartha, 19; and social engagement, 212; and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 29; and yanas, 27
Nishi Hongwanji, 74, 75–76, 78, 80, 81. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
Nothing Special (Beck), 124
NSA. See Nichiren Shoshu of America (NSA)
NST. See Nichiren Shoshu Temple (NST)
Nung Ch’an Monastery (Taiwan), 184
Old Wisdom in the New World (Numrich), xi
once-returners, and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 278
One Dharma (Goldstein), 64–65
Open Court Publishing, 46
Opening the Lotus (Boucher), 221
“Open Letter to the Buddhist Community,” 253
Ordinary Mind School of Zen, 124
ordination: and Buddhist Churches of America, 78; and Chinese Buddhism, 187; meaning of, 25; temporary ordination, 25, 29; and Theravada Buddhism, 167, 168, 174, 179; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 201; of women, 174, 176, 201, 208–9, 228, 229–31, 287–88, 291, 303; and Zen Buddhism, 130, 130, 131
Oriental Exclusion Act (1924), 77
Osel Shen Phen Ling (Missoula, Montana), 153–54
Our Lady of Joy Monastery (Hong Kong), 256
Panama Canal Exposition (1915), 76–77
Parliament of the World’s Religions (1993), 127, 193, 302
Passionate Enlightenment (Shaw), 222
Path to Perfection, The (Ratanasara), 291
Path With Heart, A (Kornfield), 64, 171
pilgrimage: and Soka Gakkai International, 97, 99, 105, 107; and Tzu Chi Buddhism, 60
Pioneer Institute for Public Policy Research, 295
Plum Village (France), 202, 235
poetry. See Beat generation
“Point of Being Buddhist, Christian, or Whatever in America, The” (Yoshimura), 83–84
“Powerful Silence, A” (Center for Contemplative Mind in Society), 212, 303
“Practical Experimentation in Value-Creation Education Methods Through Science and Supreme Religion” (Makiguchi), 95
practice, 11, 12, 24, 219. See also meditation
“Pragmatic Dharma” (Horn), 67
Prebish, Charles, ix, xii
proselytizing: and Nichiren Buddhism, 94, 96, 97, 100, 110; and Nichiren Shoshu of America, 100, 101; and Soka Gakkai International, 96, 97, 99
prostrations: and Theravada Buddhism, 165; and Tibetan Buddhism, 152; and Tzu Chi Buddhism, 60; and Zen Buddhism, 51
Protestantism: and American Buddhism, 62; and Buddhist Churches of America, 9, 78; and declension, 173; and generational differences, 269; and Protestant Reformation, 61, 101, 105, 106; and social engagement, 234–35, 239; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 41
psychotherapy: and gender equity, 219; Horn on, 67; and Insight Meditation movement, 168, 169; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 252, 253; and Jewish Buddhists, 62; and mindfulness meditation, 213; and social engagement, 214; and D. T. Suzuki, 46; and Theravada Buddhism, 159; and Zen Buddhism, 134
Pure Land Buddhism: and Buddhist Churches of America, 73–75, 85; and Chinese Buddhism, 86, 181, 183, 185; increased interest in, 58; and samsara, 86–87; and Shin Buddhism, 32–33; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 75
rebirth: and immigrant Buddhism, 266; and Pure Land Buddhism, 86, 87; and samsara, 19, 22; and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 29
Reconstructionist Judaism, 52
refugees: and immigrant Buddhism, 53; and immigration, 50; and Theravada Buddhism, 159–60; and Tibetan Buddhism, 141, 224, 239; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 195, 196, 200–201, 202, 297
Refuge (Thanissaro Bhikkhu), 296
Religious Action Center, 260
retreats: and Bhavana Society, 174; and Chinese Buddhism, 183, 186; and forest tradition, 177, 178; and Insight Meditation movement, 171, 172; and Shambhala International, 283; and social engagement, 239, 242; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 202; and vipassana meditation, 283–84; and Zen Buddhism, 276
right livelihood, 22, 133
Rinzai Zen: and convert Buddhism, 35, 44–45, 117; and kinhin, 131; and koans, 35, 113, 115, 129, 132; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 200; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 42; and Yasutani, 114
Rochester Zen Center (Rochester, New York), 115, 116, 300
Rumtek monastery (Sikkim), 147, 150
Russell, Mrs. Alexander, 217
Sambo Sa temple (Carmel, California), 191
samsara: and dukkha, 21; and Eightfold Path, 21, 22; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 31; and Pure Land Buddhism, 86–87; and Siddhartha, 19; and yanas, 27
Samye Ling (Scotland), 282
San Francisco Zen Center (SFZC): affiliates of, 123; elective leadership of, 122, 219, 301; founding of, 118, 120, 300; and gender equity, 218, 223; history of, 119–22; and interreligious dialogue, 256, 258; and roshi, 129; and social engagement, 239; and Zen Center Mess, 122
sangha: and American Buddhism, 66; formation of, 23–26; and gender equity, 222; and Jodo Shinshu, 83, 85; meaning of, 24; and Nichiren Shoshu, 106; and Theravada Buddhism, 160
Sangha Council of Buddhist Elders, 252
Sanghapala Foundation, 177
sanghika dana, 166
Schachter-Shalomi, Zalman, 258–59
Schwartz, Jacqueline, 258
Second Vatican Council, 255
Senshin Buddhist temple (Los Angeles, California), 84, 89, 288
Seven Storey Mountain, The (Merton), 254
Seven Years in Tibet (film), 139–40
sexual practices, and Tantric Buddhism, 36
SGI-USA. See Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA)
Shakyamuni Buddha: death of, 24; liberation attained by, 25; and Mahayana Buddhism, 31; and Nichiren Buddhism, 106; and oryoki, 132; and Pali canon, 28; and samu, 133; sermon at Sarnath, 20–21, 20, 23; and sesshin, 133; Siddhartha as, 19; and Tibetan Buddhism, 37
Shamanic Voices (Halifax), 285
Shambhala Center of New York, 67
Shambhala Meditation Centers, 150
Shin Buddhism: and Pure Land tradition, 32–33, 74. See also Jodo Shinshu
Siddhartha Gautama, 18, 222, 249, 254. See also Buddha
Simmer-Brown, Judith, 256
Sisters in Solitude (Tsomo), 288
sitting meditation. See meditation
Six (or Seven) Companies, 181
Smile of the Buddha (Baas), 215
Snow Lion Publications, 142
social engagement: and American Buddhism, 5, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70–71, 207, 210–14; and Buddhist Peace Fellowship, 117; and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 183–84; and dharma, 210, 212, 213–14, 232, 234, 240, 243, 244–46, 247; and environmentalism, 31, 62, 234, 241–45; history of, 232; and Mahayana Buddhism, 31, 210, 232, 235; and meditation, 207, 210, 211–12, 235, 238–39, 245–46, 256; and mindfulness movement, 211–12; and Nhat Hanh, 63, 68, 201, 202, 210, 234, 235–36, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243; and pastoral education programs, 210–11; and science, 210, 212–14; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 61, 108; and Tibetan Buddhism, 135; and Tzu Chi Buddhism, 60; and Zen Buddhism, 63, 124, 125, 126–27, 234, 245
Sogenji Monastery (Japan), 224
Soka Gakkai Culture Bureau, 98
Soka Gakkai International: and culture festivals, 59, 295; and daimoku, 102–3, 106, 107; founding of, 94, 97; and gohonzon, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107; and Ikeda, 97–99; and kaidan, 105; and laity, 97, 101, 106, 110–11; and Makiguchi, 94–95; and member care initiative, 59; membership of, 96, 97, 99; and Nichiren Shoshu, 97, 99, 101–11; and Nichiren tradition, 11, 33, 96; and politics, 98; and sangha, 106; and schism, 92, 101–11, 223, 275, 302; and Three Great Secret Laws, 102–3, 105; and Toda, 96–97. See also Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA)
Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA): and chanting, 61, 93, 109; and convert Buddhism, 92, 106–7, 273, 274, 275; development of, 99–101; diversity of membership, 58, 61, 92, 99, 108, 109, 110, 180, 223; and gender equity, 223; and generational differences, 273, 274; GLBT association, 58; and gohonzon, 103, 105, 109; and Ikeda, 108; institutional structure of, 93, 108, 114; and laity, 58, 92, 108, 275; membership of, 93, 100; and politics, 98; and sangha, 106; and sectarian model, 264; and social engagement, 242, 247; stabilization of membership, 58; and women, 58–59, 99, 108, 109–10. See also Soka Gakkai International
Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value-Creation Education Society), 95
Soka Kyoikugaku Taikei (System of Value-Creating Pedagogy) (Makiguchi), 94
Soka University of America, 108
Songgwang Sa temple (Korea), 192
Soto Zen: and Dogen, 33; Eiheji monastery, 34; and gender equity, 224; and Halifax, 284; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 265; and Sumi Loundon Kim, 66; lineage of, 118; and Maezumi, 123, 290; and meditation, 35, 113, 115, 120, 131; and ordination, 131; and Shunryu Suzuki, 120; and Yasutani, 114–15
southeast Asia: forest ascetics, 176–77; Theravada Buddhism in, 29, 158–59, 162, 163. See also specific countries
Spiritual Summit Conference, 255
Springwater Center for Meditative Inquiry and Retreats (New York), 116
Sri Lanka: and bhikkhuni sangha, 221; and gender equity, 231; and immigrant Buddhism, 268, 269, 271; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; Sarvodaya Movement, 224; and Theosophical Society, 41; Theravada Buddhism in, 29, 159, 160, 161, 168, 174, 175–76
Stalking Elijah (Kamenetz), 260
Start Where You Are (Chodron), 151
stream-winners, and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 88, 278
Stress Reduction Clinic, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 211, 245–46, 286, 301
Students for a Free Tibet, 138–39
sutras: and Americanization of Zen Buddhism, 116, 117; and Amida Buddha, 87; and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 184; Diamond Sutra, 31, 189–90, 193, 293; and Pure Land Buddhism, 86; and Theravada Buddhism, 165; and Tibetan Buddhism, 142. See also Lotus Sutra
Suzuki, D. T.: and Halifax, 284; introduction of Zen Buddhism to U.S., 43, 46, 49, 112, 135, 290, 300; and Merton, 255; writings of, 4, 113, 115, 133; and Zen Studies Society, 117
Taiwan Marrow Donor Registry, 184
Tantric Buddhism, 35, 36, 136, 151, 259, 263. See also Tibetan Buddhism
Tao of Physics (Fritjof Capra), 142
Tassajara Bread Book, The, 142
Tassajara Hot Springs, 121, 122
Temple Mahayana (Catskill Mountains, New York), 183
Temple of Great Enlightenment (Bronx, New York), 185, 188
Temple of Understanding, 255
Ten Gates (Seung Sahn), 193
Texas Buddhist Council, 248
Thailand: and forest tradition, 168, 177, 178, 209, 295, 303; and gender equity, 231; and immigrant Buddhism, 51, 268, 269; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249; and Merton, 255; and social engagement, 239; Theravada Buddhism in, 29, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 169, 177, 178
Thanh Cat temple (Palo Alto, California), 196, 198
Tharchin, Geshe Lobsang, 144, 292
That’s Funny, You Don’t Look Buddhist (Boorstein), 261–62, 282
Theravada Buddhism: Americanization of, 158, 160, 161–65, 174–75, 179; and convert Buddhism, 49, 50, 52, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 71, 134, 158, 159, 160, 167, 168–73, 177, 178, 179; and dharma, 28, 158, 159, 168, 172, 176, 178; and European imperialism, 41; and gender equity, 209, 229; and generational differences, 158, 161, 167, 171, 173, 179; and immigrant Buddhism, 29, 59, 159–68, 172, 173, 179, 180, 203; and institutions, 158, 160, 172; and interreligious dialogue, 175, 176, 256; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249, 250; and laity, 29, 59, 158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 172–73, 174, 177; lineages of, 265, 275–76; Mahayana Buddhism contrasted with, 28, 30; and meditation, 4, 11, 12–13, 29, 59, 159, 160, 165, 168–73, 174, 245; and mindfulness movement, 63; and monastic-led middle range, 173–79; and monastics, 28–29, 59, 158, 159, 160, 161–64, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172–79, 269; and nirvana, 28, 29; and Pali canon, 28; practice and worldview, 165–68; and religious adaptation, 173–79; and social engagement, 245, 246–47; and stream-winners, 28, 88; and Tibetan Buddhism, 150; and traditionalism, 158, 160, 161, 173; Vietnamese Buddhism compared to, 196; and women, 29, 159, 174, 175; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 42, 42, 158; and Zen Buddhism, 134, 159
Three Great Secret Laws of Buddhism, 102–3, 105
three vehicles, 27–38. See also Mahayana Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism; Tibetan Buddhism
Tibet: campaign for free Tibet, 135, 138–41, 145, 157; and Chinese Buddhism, 182; Chinese invasion of, 37, 136, 141, 157; Chinese occupation of, 135, 144; Hollywood filmmakers’ interest in, 59; independence of, 36; and Tibetan Buddhism, 35–37
Tibetan Book of the Dead, The, 141
Tibetan Buddhism: Americanization of, 136–41, 154–56; and convert Buddhism, 49, 51, 52, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 150, 156, 157; demographics of, 136; and dharma, 35–36, 37, 137, 139, 141, 149, 154, 155–56, 157; and empowerments, 151–54; and exiles, 135, 136, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 157, 230, 258, 260; and gender equity, 229; and generational differences, 59–60, 139, 141, 142, 145, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 211, 258, 274; and immigrant Buddhism, 136, 138, 271; institutions of, 136, 146, 147, 149–50; and interreligious dialogue, 256, 258, 259, 260; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 249, 250, 251, 265; Kagyu school, 146–47, 149–50; Kalachakra initiation, 138, 152; lineages of, 57, 265; and Mahayana Buddhism, 35; and mantras, 36, 36, 89, 153; and meditation, 4, 11, 35, 150, 151, 153, 156, 214; orders of, 37; practice and worldview, 150–57; preservation of religious texts, 135, 136, 141–45, 152, 155, 292; and religious adaptation, 135, 156; schools of, 146; and traditionalism, 59–60, 136, 149, 155, 214; Vajrayana practice communities, 141–42, 145–47, 149–50, 153, 155; and visualization, 36, 36, 152, 153–54; and Zen Buddhism, 134
Tibetan Cultural Center (Bloomington, Indiana), 139
Tibetan Department of Religion and Culture (India), 209
Tibet House (New York), 139, 156
Tilopa (Indian king), 146
Time, Space, Knowledge Association, 155
Torah and Dharma (Linzer), 261
Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain (Begley), 213
Trauma Resource Institute, 210
Treace Sensei, Bonnie Myotai, 289
Tricycle, 49, 66, 140, 142, 178, 219, 225, 267, 277, 302
True Pure Land school, 10, 74. See also Pure Land Buddhism
True Sect of Nichiren, The. See Nichiren Shoshu
Trungpa Rinpoche, Chogyam: and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 251; and Jewish Buddhists, 258; and Merton, 255; at Naropa Institute, 143; reinterpretation of Tibetan traditions, 59–60, 149, 282, 283; and Rocky Mountain Shambhala Center, 149; Shambhala community, 67, 149–50; as teacher, 145, 155, 282–83; writings of, 142
Tsurphu monastery (Tibet), 147
Tulku Rinpoche, Bardor, 147
Turtle Island (Snyder), 243, 294
UCLA Mindful Awareness Research center (MARC), 212, 213
Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam, 201
Union of Concerned Scientists, 286
United Nations Earth Charter, 242
University of Hawaii Press, 123
University of the West, 211
University of Virginia, 141
upaskas/upasikas, 23–24. See also laity
Upaya Peace Institute, 241, 285
Upaya Zen Center (Santa Fe, New Mexico), 210, 284
U.S. Tibet Committee, 138
Vajrayana Buddhism. See Tibetan Buddhism
value creation: and Nichiren Buddhism, 95, 108; and Nichiren Shoshu of America, 100; and Soka Gakkai International, 95, 96, 98, 106
Vietnam: and Mahayana Buddhism, 30, 32; and Nhat Hanh, 201; and Pure Land Buddhism, 73, 86; and social engagement, 239; and U.S. relations, 196; and Zen Buddhism, 113, 128
Vietnamese Buddhist Peace Delegation, 201
Vietnamese Buddhists of America, 198
Village Zendo (New York City), 226
vinaya: and Chinese Buddhism, 185; and monastics, 24; and Siddhartha, 19; and Theravada Buddhism, 28, 160, 161, 167, 174, 177, 178, 179
Vista Buddhist Temple, 83
visualization: and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 251; and Jodo Shinshu, 86; and meditation, 12; and Tibetan Buddhism, 36, 36, 152, 153–54
War Relocation Authority, 80
Washington Buddhist Vihara (Washington, D.C.), 300
Wat Dhammaram (Chicago), 20
Wat Pah Nanachat (Thailand), 177
Wat Promkunaram (Phoenix, Arizona), 163–64
Wat Thai (Los Angeles, California), 162
Watts, Alan: and Denison, 283; and Halifax, 284; and D. T. Suzuki, 46; on Zen Buddhism, 4, 46–47, 49, 113, 115, 128, 133, 135, 300
Way of the Elders. See Theravada Buddhism
Way to Freedom, The (Fourteenth Dalai Lama), 227
Western American Buddhism. See convert Buddhism
Western Buddhist Teachers Network, 156
Western School of the Original Vow, 74. See also Buddhist Churches of America (BCA)
Wherever You Go, There You Are (Kabat-Zinn), 246, 287
White Buddhist, The (Prothero), xi
White Plum Buddhist AIDS Network, 226
Wings to Awakening, The (Thanissaro Bhikkhu), 296
Without Buddha I Could Not Be a Christian (Knitter), 208
women: and American Buddhism, 5; and Chinese Buddhism, 182, 183; and Jodo Shinshu, 76, 89; ordination of, 174, 176, 201, 208–9, 228, 229–31, 287–88, 291, 303; and Soka Gakkai International-USA, 58–59, 99, 108, 109–10; and Theravada Buddhism, 29, 159, 174, 175; and Vietnamese Buddhism, 198; women’s rights issues, 117; and Zen Buddhism, 44, 122, 124, 214–15. See also gender equity
Women Under the Bo Tree (Bartholomeusz), 222
Won Buddhist temples, 191
World as Lover, World as Self (Macy), 224, 244
World Buddhist Conference (1915), 76–77
World Fellowship of Buddhists, 249
World’s Columbian Exposition, 41
YMBA (Young Men’s Buddhist Association), 75–76
Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA), 75–76
zazen: and Buddhist Churches of America, 85; and Jodo Shinshu, 87, 89; and Loori, 126; and Maezumi, 123; meaning of, 131; practice of, 12; shamatha compared to, 151; and Soto Zen, 35, 115; and Shunryu Suzuki, 120. See also meditation
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (Pirsig), 128
Zen and the Birds of Appetite (Merton), 255
Zen Buddhism: Americanization of, 112, 116–17, 118, 122, 133–34, 277; and Beat generation, 3, 4, 40–41, 47–49, 59, 61, 65, 70, 113, 121, 128, 133, 135; and convert Buddhism, 7, 46, 49, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 79, 113–15, 123, 140, 274–76; “Eight Gates of Zen,” 124; and gender equity, 115, 118, 220, 223–24, 229; and generational differences, 114, 118, 127, 134, 290; Insight Meditation movement compared to, 170, 172; institutions of, 112, 113, 114–27, 128, 134; and interreligious dialogue, 254–55, 256, 257; and intra-Buddhist dialogue, 250, 251, 252, 265; and laity, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120, 122, 124, 275–76, 277; liberal/left political tilt of, 117; lineages of, 115, 116, 129, 265, 274–75, 276, 290; and literary expressions, 4, 12, 41, 113, 128, 180; and meditation, 4, 11, 112, 114, 131, 182, 277; and monastics, 11–12, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 123, 124, 130, 132, 229, 277; practice and worldview, 128–34; and religious adaptation, 127, 133–34; and social engagement, 63, 124, 125, 126–27, 234, 245; Soka Gakkai International-USA compared to, 92, 93, 94; Tibetan Buddhism compared to, 145, 146, 150, 151, 156; traditionalism of, 45, 124; traditions of, 116, 118, 127, 128–29, 214; and women, 44, 122, 124, 214–15; and World’s Parliament of Religions, 42, 42, 43, 75, 113. See also Korean Buddhism; Rinzai Zen; Soto Zen
Zen Community of New York (ZCNY), 126, 284, 290
Zen Hospice Project (San Francisco, California), 226
Zen in America (Tworkov), x–xi
“Zen in Balance” (Tworkov), 277
Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind (Shunryu Suzuki), 113
Zen Mountain Center (Mountain Center, California), 290
Zenn, Patricia Jean. See Tsomo, Karma Lekshe
Zenshuji temple (Los Angeles, California), 123, 290, 299
Zen Spirit, Christian Spirit (Kennedy), 257
Zopa Rinpoche, Thubten, 142, 230