CONTENTS

	Abbreviations used
	Introduction
CHAPTER ONE The Caliphs
1.	The Rightly-Guided or ‘Patriarchal’ or ‘Orthodox’ Caliphs (al-Khulafā’ al-Rāshidūn)
2.	The Umayyad Caliphs
	1.	The Sufyānids
	2.	The Marwānids
3.	The ‘Abbāsid Caliphs
	1.	The caliphs in Iraq and Baghdad
	2.	The caliph in Aleppo, Ḥarrān and northern Syria
	3.	The caliphs in Cairo
CHAPTER TWO spain
4.	The Spanish Umayyads
5.	The Mulūk al-Ṭawā’if or Reyes de Taifas in Spain
	1.	The Ḥammūdids of Málaga
	2.	The Ḥammūdids of Ceuta
	3.	The ‘Abbādids of Seville
	4.	The Banū Birzāl in Carmona
	5.	The Banū Khazrūn in Arcos
	6.	The Zīrids of Granada
	7.	The Banū Ṣumādiḥ of Almería
	8.	The Banū Mujāhid of Denia and Majorca
	9.	The rulers in Majorca during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries
	10.	The Jahwarids of Cordova
	11.	The rulers in Cordova of the Almoravid-Almohad interregnum
	12.	The Afṭasids of Badajoz
	13.	The Dhu ’l-Nūnids of Toledo
	14.	The ‘Āmirids of Valencia
	15.	The rulers in Valencia of the Almoravid-Almohad interregnum
	16.	The Tujībids in Saragossa
	17.	The Hūdids in Saragossa, Huesca, Tudela and Lérida, and, subsequently, Denia, Tortosa and Calatayud
	18.	The rulers of Murcia, including the Ṭāhirids and Hūdids
6.	The Banū Ghāniya
7.	The Naṣrids or Banu ’l-Aḥmar
CHAPTER THREE North Africa
8.	The Idrīsids
9.	The Rustamids
10.	The Midrārids
11.	The Aghlabids
12.	The Kalbids
13.	The Zīrids and Ḥammādids
14.	The Almoravids or al-Murābiṭūn
15.	The Almohads or al-Muwaḥḥidūn
16.	The Marīnids
17.	The ‘Abd al-Wādids or Zayyānids or Ziyānids
18.	The Ḥafṣids
19.	The Waṭṭāsids
20.	The Sa‘did Sharīfs
21.	The ‘Alawid or Filālī Sharīfs
22.	The Ḥusaynid Beys
23.	The Qaramānlīs
24.	The Sauūsī Chiefs and Rulers
CHAPTER FOUR Egypt and Syria
25.	The Ṭūlūnids
26.	The Ikhshīdids
27.	The Fāṭimids
28.	The Mirdāsids
29.	The chief dā‘īs of the Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs or Assassins in Syria
30.	The Ayyūbids
	1.	The line in Egypt
	2.	The line in Damascus
	3.	The line in Aleppo
	4.	The line in Ḥimṣ
	5.	The line in Ḥamāt
	6.	The line in Diyār Bakr (Mayyāfāriqīn and Jabal Sinjār)
	7.	The line in Diyār Bakr (Ḥiṣn Kayfā, Āmid and Akhlāṭ)
	8.	The line in Yemen
	9.	The minor branches of the family in Ba‘lbakk, Karak, Bāniyās and Subayba, and Buṣrā
31.	The Mamlūks
	1.	The Baḥrī line
	2.	The Burjī line
32.	The Ma‘n Amīrs of Lebanon
33.	The Shihāb Amīrs of Lebanon
34.	The house of Muḥammad ‘Alī
CHAPTER FIVE Iraq and Jazīra before the Seljuqs
35.	The Ḥamdānids
	1.	The line in Mosul and Jazīra
	2.	The line in Aleppo and northern Syria
36.	The Mazyadids
37.	The Marwānids
38.	The ‘Uqaylids
	1.	The line in Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar, Niṣībīn and Balad of Muḥammad b. al-Musayyab al-‘Uqaylī
	2.	The line in Mosul and later in Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umar, Niṣībīn and Balad, also of the al-Musayyab line
	3.	The line in Takrīt of Ma‘n b. al-Muqallad’s descendants
	4.	The line in Hīt
	5.	The line in ‘Ukbarā of Ma‘n b. al-Muqallad’s descendants
	6.	The other minor branches at Āna and al-Ḥadītha and at Qal‘at Ja‘bar
39.	The Numayrids
CHAPTER SIX The Arabian Peninsula
40.	The Carmathian or Qarmaṭī Rulers of the line of Abū Sa‘īd al-Jannābī
41.	The Zaydī Imāms of Yemen
	1.	The early period: the Rassid line
	2.	The more recent period: the Qāsimid line
42.	The Ziyādids
43.	The Yu‘firids or Ya‘furids
44.	The Najāḥids
45.	The Ṣulayḥids
46.	The Zuray‘ids or Banu ’1-Karam
47.	The Hamdānids
	1.	The first line of the Banū Ḥātim
	2.	The line of the Banu ’1-Qubayb
	3.	The second line of the Banū Ḥātim
48.	The Mahdids
49.	The Rasūlids
50.	The Ṭāhirids
51.	The Ā1 al-Julandā
52.	The Mukramids
53.	The Ya‘rubids
54.	The Āl Bū Sa‘īd
	1.	The united sultanate
	2.	The line of sultans in Oman
	3.	The line of sultans in Zanzibar
55.	The Āl Su‘ūd (Sa‘ūd)
56.	The Hāshimite Sharīfs of Mecca from the ‘Awn family
	1.	The original line in Western Arabia
	2.	The post-First World War branches of the Hāshimite family in the Fertile Crescent countries
		(a)	The line in Syria
		(b)	The line in Iraq
		(c)	The line in Transjordan and then Jordan
57.	The Āl Rashīd
CHAPTER SEVEN West Africa
58.	The Keita Kings of Mali
59.	The Kings of Songhay
	1.	The Zas or Zuwas of Gao
	2.	The Sis or Sonnis
	3.	The Askiyas
60.	The Rulers of Kanem and Bornu or Borno
	1.	The ‘red’ (i.e. white) Sayfī (Sefuwa) or Yazanī rulers of Kanem
	2.	The ‘black’ Sultans of Kanem
	3.	The new line of Sultans in Bornu, the Mais or rulers, claiming Sayfī descent
	4.	The Kanembu line of Shaykhs or Shehus of Bornu and Dikwa
		(a)	The Shehus in Bornu, reinstated by the British
		(b)	The Shehus and Mais in Dikwa, reinstated by the French
61.	The Fulani Rulers in Hausaland, as Sultans and Caliphs of Sokoto
CHAPTER EIGHT East Africa and the Horn of Africa
62.	The Sultans of Kilwa
	1.	The Shīrāzī dynasty
	2.	The Mahdali Sayyids
63.	The Nabhānī Rulers of Pate
64.	The Mazrui (Mazrū‘ī) Liwalis or Governors of Mombasa
65.	The Āl Bū Sa‘īd in East Africa
66.	The Sultans of Harar
	1.	The line of Aūmad Grān in Harar and Ausa
	2.	The line of ‘Alī b. Dāwūd in Harar, independent of Ausa
CHAPTER NINE The Caucasus and the Western Persian Lands before the Seljuqs
67.	The Sharwān Shdāhs
	1.	The first line of Yazīdī Shāhs
	2.	The second line of Shāhs
68.	The Hāshimids
69.	The Justānids
70.	The Sājids
71.	The Musāfirids or Sallārids
	1.	The line in Azerbaijan
	2.	The line in Daylam
72.	The Rawwādids
73.	The Shaddādids
	1.	The main line in Ganja and Dvīn
	2.	The line in Ānī
74.	The Dulafids
75.	The Būyids or Buwayhids
	1.	The line in Jibāl
		(a)	The branch in Hamadan and Isfahan
		(b)	The branch in Rayy
	2.	The line in Fars (Fārs) and Khūzistān
	3.	The line in Kirman (Kirmān)
	4.	The line in Iraq
	5.	The rulers of the dynasty acknowledged by local chiefs in Oman
76.	The Ḥasanūyids or Ḥasanawayhids
77.	The ‘Annāzids
78.	The Kākūyids or Kākawayhids
79.	The Dābūyid Ispahbadhs
80.	The Bāwandid Ispahbadhs
	1.	The line of the Kāwūsiyya (Ṭabaristān), with their centre at Firrīm
	2.	The line of the Ispahbadhiyya (Ṭabaristān and Gīlān), with their centre at Sārī
	3.	The line of the Kīnkhwāriyya (vassals of the 1l Khānids), with their centre at Āmul
81.	The Ziyārids
CHAPTER TEN The Eastern Persian Lands, Transoxania and Khwārazm before the Seljuqs
82.	The Ṭāhirids and Muṣ‘abids
	1.	The governors in Khurasan and its administrative dependencies
	2.	The military governors [Aṣḥāb al-Shurṭa) in Baghdad and Iraq
83.	The Sāmānids
84.	The Ṣaffārids
	1.	The Laythid branch
	2.	The Khalafid branch
85.	The Bānījūrids or Abū Dāwūdids
86.	The Sīmjūrids
87.	The llyāsids
88.	The Muḥtājids
89.	The Khwārazm Shāhs
	1.	The Afrīghids of Kāth
	2.	The Ma’mūnids of Gurgānj
	3.	The Ghaznawid governors with the title of Khwārazm Shāh
	4.	The line of Anūshtigin Shiḥna, originally as governors for the Seljuqs with the title of Khwārazm Shāh, from towards the mid-twelfth century often in practice largely independent rulers in Khwārazm and, at times, in Transoxania and Persia
90.	The Qarakhānids
	1.	The Great Qaghans of the united kingdom
	2.	The Great Qaghans of the western kingdom (Transoxania, including Bukhara and Samarkand, and Farghāna at times), with its centre at Samarkand
	3.	The Great Qaghans of the eastern kingdom (Ilāq, Talas, Shāsh, at times Farghāna, Semirechye, Kāshghar and Khotan), with its centre at Balāsāghūn, later Kāshghar
	4.	The Qaghans in Farghāna, with their centre in Uzgend
CHAPTER ELEVEN The Seljuqs, Their Dependants and the Atabegs
91.	The Seljuqs
	1.	The Great Seljuqs in Persia and Iraq
	2.	The Seljuqs of Syria
	3.	The Seljuqs of Kirman
92.	The Börids or Būrids
93.	The Zangids
	1.	The main line in Mosul and Aleppo
	2.	The line in Damascus and then Aleppo
	3.	The line in Sinjār
	4.	The line in Jazīra
	5.	The line in Shahrazūr
94.	The Begtiginids
95.	The Lu’lu’ids
96.	The Artuqids
	1.	The line in Ḥiṣn Kayfā and Āmid
	2.	The line in Khartpert
	3.	The line in Mārdīn and Mayyāfāriqīn
97.	The Shāh-i Armanids
	1.	The Sökmenids
	2.	The Sökmenid slave commanders
98.	The Aḥmadīlīs
99.	The Eldigüzids or Ildegizids
100.	The Bādūspānids
	1.	The rulers of the united principality
	2.	The rulers in Kujūr (with the title of Malik)
	3.	The rulers in Nūr (with the title of Malik)
101.	The Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs or Assassins in Persia
102.	The Hazāraspids
103.	The Salghurids
104.	The Atabegs of Yazd
105.	The Qutlughkhānids
106.	The Maliks of Nīrnrūz
	1.	The Naṣrids
	2.	The Mihrabānids
CHAPTER TWELVE The Turks in Anatolia
107.	The Seljuqs of Rūm
108.	The Dānishmendids
	1.	The line in Sivas
	2.	The line in Malatya and Elbistan
109.	The Mengüjekids
	1.	The line in Erzincan and Kemakh
	2.	The line in Divriği
110.	The Saltuqids
111.	The Qarasï (Karasï) Oghullarï
112.	The Ṣarukhān Oghullarï
113.	The Aydïn Oghullarï
114.	The Menteshe Oghullarï
115.	The Inanj Oghullarï
116.	The Germiyan Oghullarï
117.	The Ṣāḥib Atā Oghullarï
118.	The Ḥamīd Oghullarï and the Tekke Oghullarï
	1.	The Ḥamīd Oghullarï line in Eğridir
	2.	The Tekke Oghullarï line in Antalya
119.	The Beys of Alanya
120.	The Ashraf (Eshref) Oghullarï
121.	The Jāndār Oghullarï or Isfandiyār (Isfendiyār) Oghullarï
122.	The Parwāna Oghullarï
123.	The Chobān Oghullarï
124.	The Qaramān Oghullarï or Qaramānids
125.	The Eretna Oghullarï
126.	The Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn Oghullarï
127.	The Tāj al-Dīn Oghullarï
128.	The Ramaḍān Oghullarï
129.	The Dulghadïr Oghullarï or Dhu ’l-Qadrids
130.	The Ottomans or Osmanlis
CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Mongols and their Central Asian and Eastern European Successors
	The Mongols or Chingizids
131.	The Mongol Great Khāns, Descendants of Ögedey and Toluy, later the Yüan Dynasty of China
132.	The Chaghatayids, Descendants of Chaghatay
133.	The Il Khānids, Descendants of Qubilay’s brother Hülegü
134.	The Khāns of the Golden Horde, Descendants of Jochi
	1.	The line of Batu’ids, Khāns of the Blue Horde in South Russia, Khwārazm and the western part of the Qïpchaq steppe
	2.	The line of Orda, Khāns of the White Horde in western Siberia and the eastern part of the Qïpchaq steppe, and, after 780/1378, of the Blue and White Hordes united into the Golden Horde of South Russia
135.	The Giray Khāns of the Crimea, Descendants of Jochi
	1.	The Khāns of the Crimea
	2.	The Khāns of the Tatars of Bujaq or Bessarabia, as Ottoman nominees
136.	The Khāns of Astrakhan (Astrakhān, Ashtarkhān)
137.	The Khāns of Kazan (Qāzān)
	1.	The line of Ulugh Muhammad
	2.	Khāns from various outside lines
138.	The Khāns of Qāsimov
	1.	The Khāns from the line of rulers of Kazan
	2.	The Khāns from the line of the rulers of the Crimea
	3.	The Khāns from the line of the rulers of Astrakhan
	4.	Kazakh Khān
	5.	The Khāns from the line of the rulers of Siberia
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Persia after the Mongols
139.	The Karts or Kurts
140.	The Muẓaffarids
141.	The Inju’ids
142.	The Jalāyirids
143.	The Sarbadārids
144.	The Tīmūrids
	1.	The rulers in Samarkand
	2.	The rulers in Khurasan after Ulugh Beg’s death
	3.	The rulers in western Persia and Iraq after Tīmūr
145.	The Qara Qoyunlu
146.	The Aq Qoyunlu
147.	The Musha‘sha‘ids
148.	The Ṣafawids
149.	The Afshārids
150.	The Zands
151.	The Qājārs
152.	The Pahlawīs
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Central Asia after the Mongols
153.	The Shïbānids (Shaybānids) or Abu ‘l-Khayrids
154.	The Toqay Temürids or Jānids or Ashtarkhānids
155.	The Mangïts
156.	The Qungrats or Inaqids
157.	The Mings
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Afghanistan and the Indian Subcontinent
158.	The Ghaznawids
159.	The Ghūrids
	1.	The main line in Ghūr and then also in Ghazna
	2.	The line in Bāmiyān, Ṭukhāristān and Badakhshān
160.	The Delhi Sultans
	1.	The Mu‘izzī or Shamsī Slave Kings
	2.	The Khaljīs
	3.	The Tughluqids
	4.	The Sayyids
	5.	The Lōdīs
	6.	The Sūrīs
161.	The Governors and Sultans of Bengal
	1.	The governors for the Delhi Sultans, often ruling as independent sovereigns
	2.	The governors, and then independent rulers, of Balban’s line
	3.	The line of Ilyās Shāh
	4.	The line of Rājā Gaṇeśa (Ganesh)
	5.	The line of Ilyās Shāh restored
	6.	The domination of the Ḥabashīs
	7.	The line of Sayyid Ḥusayn Shāh
	8.	The Sūrīs
	9.	The Kararānīs
162.	The Sultans of Kashmīr
	1.	The line of Shāh Mīr Swātī
	2.	The line of Ghāzī Shāh Chak
163.	The Sultans of Gujarāt
164.	The Sharqī Sultans of Jawnpur
165.	The Sultans and Rulers of Mālwa
	1.	The line of the Ghūrīs
	2.	The line of the Khaljīs
	3.	Various governors and independent rulers
166.	The Sultans of Ma‘bar or Madura
167.	The Bahmanids
	1.	The rulers at Aḥsanābād-Gulbargā
	2.	The rulers in Muḥammadābād-Bīdar
168.	The Fārūqī Rulers of Khāndesh
169.	The Barīd Shāhīs
170.	The ‘Ādil Shāhis
171.	The Niẓām Shāhīs
172.	The ‘Imād Shāhīs
173.	The Quṭb Shāhīs
174.	The Arghūns
	1.	The line of Dhu ’1-Nūn Beg
	2.	The line of Muḥammad ‘Īsā Tarkhān
175.	The Mughal Emperors
176.	The Nawwāb-Viziers and Nawwāb-Nāẓims of Bengal
177.	The Nawwāb-Viziers and Kings of Oudh (Awadh)
178.	The Nāẓims of Hyderabad (Haydarābād)
179.	The Muslim Rulers in Mysore (Mahisur, Maysūr)
180.	The Abdālī or Durrānī Rulers and Kings of Afghanistan
	1.	The Sadōzays or Popalzays
	2.	The Bārakzays or Muḥammadzays
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN South-East Asia and Indonesia
181.	The Rulers of Malacca (Melaka)
182.	The Sultans of Acheh (Atjèh, Aceh)
183.	The Rulers of Mataram
184.	The Susuhunans of Surakarta
185.	The Sultans of Jogjakarta
186.	The Sultans of Brunei
Indexes: (a) Personal names; (b) Dynasties, peoples, tribes, etc. (c) Places