Figures

1.1

Panathenaic prize amphora showing events from the pentathlon, attributed to the Euphiletos Painter, c.530–520 BCE, British Museum 1842, 0314.1, © Trustees of the British Museum

2.1

Restored line drawing of the Boxer Rhyton, c.1550–1500 BCE, from R. Koehl, Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta, frontispiece, image courtesy of INSTAP Academic Press. Used with permission of R. Koehl

3.1

Athenian amphora possibly depicting a chariot race, c.700 BCE, British Museum 1936, 1017.1, © Trustees of the British Museum

5.1

Athenian krater showing torch race victor, attributed to the Nikias Painter, c.420 BCE, British Museum 1898, 0716.6, © Trustees of the British Museum

5.2

Athenian cup showing boxers and trainer, attributed to Douris, c.480 BCE, British Museum 1867, 0508.1060, © Trustees of the British Museum

5.3

Athenian cup showing boxer/pentathlete, attributed to the Epidromos Painter, c.500 BCE, Hood Museum of Art C.970.35, Dartmouth College, gift of Mr and Mrs Ray Winfield Smith, Class of 1918

5.4

Athenian chous showing two athletes with a younger slave, attributed to the Achilles Painter, c.440 BCE, Basel, Antikenmuseum und Sammlung Ludwig BS 485

5.5a–b

Panathenaic prize amphora showing Athena and wrestling contest, attributed to the Berlin Painter, c.480 BCE, Hood Museum of Art C.959.53, Dartmouth College, gift of Mr and Mrs Ray Winfield Smith, Class of 1918

5.6a–b

Silver stater minted by the city of Aspendos showing wrestlers and youth aiming slingshot, c.350 BCE, Hood Museum of Art 990.24.27095, Dartmouth College, Gift of the Class of 1962

5.7

Drawing of an athletic victor holding branches and fillets, from an Athenian amphora attributed to Douris, c.480 BCE, St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum B.5576, from Compte Rendu de la Commission Impériale Archéologique 1874, pl. 7

5.8

Marble statue of a boy athlete (the “Westmacott Athlete”), Roman copy of Greek original by Polykleitos of Argos from c.440 BCE, British Museum 1857,0807.1, © Trustees of the British Museum

5.9

Bronze head of a boxer found at Olympia, c.330–320 BCE, Athens National Museum Bronze 6439. Photograph by Sharon Mollerus. Used with permission

10.1

Marble relief found in the Athenian Agora showing apobates race, fourth century BCE, Agora Museum S399. Photograph by Steven Bach. Used with permission

12.1

Family tree of the Deinomenids and Emmenids

12.2a

Bronze statue of a charioteer found at Delphi (the “Delphi Charioteer”), c.475 BCE, Delphi Archaeological Museum Inv. Nos. 3484, 3520, 3540. Photograph by Raminus Falcon. Used with permission

12.2b

Marble statue of a charioteer found at Motya in Sicily (the “Motya Charioteer”), c.480–450 BCE, Museo Joseph Whitaker, Motya, San Pantaleo, Italy. Photograph by Carole King. Used with permission

15.1

Athenian skyphos showing a courtship scene, attributed to the Lewis Painter, c.460 BCE, Copyright © Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and the Regents of the University of California Catalog No. 8-4581

15.2

Athenian kylix showing courtship scene, attributed to Douris, c.480–470 BCE, © 2013 Image copyright The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence

16.1

Bronze figurine, possibly made in Sparta, of a female runner or dancer, found at Prizren in Serbia, c.520–500 BCE, British Museum 1876.5–10.1 (Bronze 208), © Trustees of the British Museum

18.1

View of the Nemea stadium (c.330–320 BCE) from the southeast with the starting line and tunnel entrance leading west to the apodyterion. Photograph by Stephen Miller. Used with permission

18.2

Drawing of the starting line with toe grooves and reconstructed hysplex mechanism at Nemea, from S. Miller, Excavations at Nemea II: The Early Hellenistic Stadium (2001), fig. 91. Used with permission

18.3

The vaulted entrance to the Nemea stadium, c.320 BCE, with the track at the far end. Photograph by Stephen Miller. Used with permission

18.4

Drawing of a cutaway restoration of the apodyterion at Nemea, from S. Miller, The Ancient Stadium at Nemea: A Self-Guided Tour (1994), p. 7. Used with permission

25.1

Reconstruction of the Circus Maximus in Rome, based on B. Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (1921), p. 105

25.2

Mosaic from a Roman villa at Bad Kreuznach, Germany, showing gladiatorial combat between a thraex and murmillo, third century CE. Photograph by Michael Eckrich-Neubauer. Used with permission

26.1

Wall painting from the Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia, showing wrestlers and the “Phersu Game,” c.540–530 BCE. Photograph by Romualdo Moscioni (24 133), American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive

26.2a

Drawing of the paintings on the rear wall of the Tomb of Chariots at Tarquinia showing athletic contests and spectators, c.500–490 BCE, based on O. Stackelberg and A. Kestner, Unedierte Gräber von Corneto (1830), pl. 2

26.2b

Detailed drawing of the painting in the upper left corner of the rear wall of the Tomb of Chariots at Tarquinia showing spectators and boxers, c.500–490 BCE. German Archaeological Institute Rome (Schwanke, Neg. D-DAI-ROM 79.943 and 79.989)

28.1

Wall painting of gladiators from the Tomb of Vestorius Priscus at Pompeii, 76 CE. Photograph by Steven Tuck. Used with permission

28.2

Mosaic from the Porta Marina Baths in Ostia showing athletes, second century CE. Photograph by Steven Tuck. Used with permission

28.3

Front panel from a marble sarcophagus for a child, showing chariot race with Erotes as charioteers, c.190–220 CE, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri (83.65): Silver anniversary gift of the UMC Development Fund Board and the Boone County Community Trust

28.4

Marble relief from the amphitheater at Capua showing reenactment of the Calydonian boar hunt, second century CE. Photograph by Steven Tuck. Used with permission

29.1

Bronze gladiator’s helmet from Pompeii, first century CE, British Museum GR 1946.5–14.1, © Trustees of the British Museum

29.2

Roman clay lamp from London (made in Gaul or Britain), showing gladiatorial combat, first century CE, British Museum P&EE 1856.7–1.336, © Trustees of the British Museum

31.1

Mosaic from Zliten, Libya showing a fallen gladiator appealing for missio while a referee restrains his opponent, third century CE, © Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, NY

31.2

Mosaic from Zliten, Libya showing an injured gladiator appealing for missio, third century CE, © Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, NY

32.1

Marble relief from Halicarnassos showing female gladiators, first to second century CE, British Museum GR 1847.4-24.19, © Trustees of the British Museum

33.1

Bronze statuette of an African child charioteer (discovered in Altrier), second century CE, Musée national d’histoire et d’art Luxembourg, inv. n. 2004–15/1750, © MHNA Luxembourg/T. Lucas.

33.2

Marble funerary altar of T. Flavius Abascantus, 95 or 98 CE, Palazzo Ducale (Museo Lapidario), Urbino, inv. no. 41117, © Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche

34.1

Lower register of ivory diptych made for Anastasius showing venatio, 517 CE (formerly in Berlin, now lost). Photograph from J. Helbig, L’Art Mosan (1906), pl. 4

35.1

Part of a mosaic from El-Djem, Tunisia showing damnatio ad bestias, c.180 CE. Photograph by Erron Silverstein. Used with permission

37.1

The amphitheater at Pompeii, c.70 BCE. Photograph by Roger B. Ulrich. Used with permission

37.2

The amphitheater at Saintes, France (ancient Mediolanum Santonum), c.40 CE. Photograph by Myrabella. Used with permission

37.3

The interior of the Colosseum in Rome, c.75 CE. Photograph by Kacan. Used with permission

38.1

The circus at Caesarea Maritima in modern-day Israel, c.20 BCE. Photograph by Odemars. Used with permission

38.2

The stadium at Aphrodisias in modern-day Turkey, late first century CE. Photograph by D. Enrico di Palma. Used with permission

38.3

The South Theater at Gerasa in modern-day Jordan, originally constructed in late first century CE. Photograph by Diego Delso. Used with permission

42.1

Mosaic from Smirat, Tunisia showing beast hunt and sponsor (Magerius), c.250 CE. Photograph by Vanni/Art Resource, NY