Notes

1. ALBEMARLE COUNTY

1. David Hackett Fischer and James C. Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (Charlottesville and London, University Press of Virginia, 2000), pp. 95–98.

2. Thomas Perkins Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers (Gloucester MA, Peter Smith, 1962), pp. 44–45. Colonel Nicholas Meriwether obtained 13,000 acres in 1727; Charles Lewis obtained 12,000 acres in 1732.

3. Patricia L. Zontine, “Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks (1752–1837): Her Life and Her World” (www.monticello.org, Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies, 2009, accessed 12/20/12). Do a search on website for Lucy Marks. This section also has an interactive map of early buildings in Albemarle County and extensive biographies. Zontine writes that Lucy and William either married in 1768 or 1769, I have chosen 1769. Their first child, Jane, was born in 1770.

4. David Hackett Fisher, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press,1989) pp. 281–286.

5. Rhyss Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 (Williamsburg VA, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, and Chapel Hill NC, The University of North Carolina Press, 1982) p. 258.

2. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK

6. James Alton James, The Life of George Rogers Clark (Chicago, University of Chicago Press. 1928/1978) p. 31.

7. Ibid, p. 52–54.

8. Ibid, p. 69.

9. Ibid, p. 112 (citing Clark to Patrick Henry, Clark Papers, p. 30).

10. Ibid, p. 114. Thomas Jefferson, George Mason and George Wyethe served as advisors to Governor Henry in ordering a secret expedition to capture Kaskaskia.

11. Ibid, pp. 119–121 (citing, “Mason Letter,” Clark Papers, p. 121).

12. The Liberty Bell is still on exhibit at Kaskaskia Bell State Historic Site in Kaskaskia, Illinois. Due to the shifting of the Mississippi River, the old town of Kaskaskia is located on the west bank of the river, surrounded by the state of Missouri.

13. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 124–126. In January, 1792 Pollock made a claim for reimbursement from the state of Virginia for $139,739, which he paid to support Clark and his Virginia militia; altogether he advanced $300,000 see p. 293.

14. Ibid, pp. 128–129 (citing “Memoir,” Clark Papers, p. 244).

15. John Bakeless, Background to Glory: The Life of George Rogers Clark (Philadelphia and New York, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1957), pp. 123–124.

16. Temple Bodley, George Rogers Clark: His Life and Public Services (Boston and New York, Houghton Miflin Co, 1926), p. 107. Bodley clears up the confusion among historians regarding how many men made the march with Clark. Though Bowman’s journal (p. 111) reported 170 men, he was counting the artillerists on board the boat.

17. Robert J. Holden, “Clark’s Attack on Vincennes, February 5–25, 1779” in The Life of George Rogers Clark, 1752–1816: Triumphs and Tragedies, edited by Kenneth C. Carstens and Nancy Son Carstens (Westport CT, Praeger 2004), p. 93.

18. Holden, “Clark’s Attack on Vincennes,” pp. 96–97.

19. Bakeless, Background to Glory, pp. 200–204.

20. Bakeless, Background to Glory, pp. 213–218.

3. GROWING UP IN ALBEMARLE

21. George Gilmer, Sketches of Some of the First Settlers of Upper Georgia (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co.,1965 Indexed Edition, first published, 1855), p. 112–113. Dr. George Gilmer was in charge of the First Independent Company of Albemarle which William Lewis served in.

22. Ibid, pp. 112–13,

23. All information comes from the website of First Virginia re-enactors, based in Alexandria. (www.1va.org, accessed 12/28/13)

24. Gilmer, Sketches, p. 82.

25. Ibid, p. 70.

26. Ibid, p. 74.

27. Edgar Woods, History of Albemarle County (Albemarle, Michie Co., 1901: Google Books), pp. 31–33.

28. Peter McGhee “Meriwether Lewis” transcript, University of Virginia Special Collections, MSS 4730-a., p. 2.

29. http://valleyforgemusterroll.org

30. Zontine, “Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks,” Monticello website.

31. Linda Cooper and Alice Roker with the Town of Yorktown, Images of America: Yorktown (Charleston SC, Chicago IL, Portsmouth NH, San Francisco CA, Arcadia Publishing, 2003) pp. 11–12, (citing Yorktown at War by John Martino).

32. Woods, History of Albemarle County, pp. 37–38.

33. Temple Bodley: George Rogers Clark: His Life and Public Services (Houghton MifflinCompany, 1926) pp. 330–333.

34. Jean L. Cooper, A Guide to Historic Charlottesville & Albemarle County, Virginia (Charleston, History Press, 2007), p. 58. Citing The Life of Thomas Jefferson by B. L. Rayner, 1834, pp. 172–173. (http.//archive.org, accessed 1/7/13).

35. Virginus Dabney, “Captain Jack Jouett, Junior: American Revolutionary War Hero (1754–1822),” Jack Jouett Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution reprint, 1966. Courtesy of the Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society.

36. Dabney, “Captain Jack Jouett,” p. 1.

37. Steven Meriwether Long, “British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and the American Revolution: Drama on the Plantations of Charlottesville,” Meriwether Connections, vol 24, no. 2, Apr-June, 2005. p. 5. See http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~meriweth/ (accessed 1/7/13).

38. Ibid, p. 6.

39. Ibid, p. 7.

40. Ibid, p. 5.

41. Woods, History of Albemarle County, pp. 46–47.

42. Zontine, “Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks,” Monticello website.

43. Thomas Jefferson, “Biographical Sketch of Lewis” circa August 18, 1813, from Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents (1783–1854) edited by Donald Jackson, (Urbana and Chicago, IL, University of Illinois Press, 2nd edition, 1978), vol. 2, p. 593.

44. Woods, History of Albemarle County, pp. 263, 379.

45. Jefferson, “Biographical Sketch,” p. 593.

46. Bakeless, Background to Glory, p. 18.

47. McGhee, “Meriwether Lewis,” pp. 2–3.

48. Wikipedia, “James Waddell (1739–1805).”

49. Bakeless, Background to Glory, pp. 19–21.

50. Jefferson, “Biographical Sketch,” p. 593.

4. THE WHISKEY REBELLION

51. Leland D. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1939), p. 70.

52. Ibid, pp. 107–108. Citing Coxe in the Pittsburgh Gazette, September 20, 1794.

53. Ibid, p. 69.

54. Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 3, 5.

55. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels, pp. 110–112.

56. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion, pp. 223–24.

57. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels, p. 255.

58. Meriwether Lewis to Lucy Marks, Nov. 24, 1794, Grace Lewis Miller Papers, Meriwether Lewis letters, 1790’s (St. Louis, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial). The originals are in the Lewis Archives at Missouri History Museum.

59. Lewis to Marks, December 7, 1794.

60. Captain Thomas Walker (1774–94) probably was Thomas Hudson Walker from Jump Creek Mountain, Rockbridge County, Virginia, about 70 miles west of Charlottesville. The location is near Waynesboro on I-64, the route of Three Notched road. Since Lewis calls him an “old friend,” they must have been schoolmates. A search of a genealogy website for Thomas Walker, born 1774, turned up this name. Genealogy records for Dr. Thomas Walker of Albemarle reveal no connection to a 20 year old, although there are three generations of Thomas Walkers. Dr. Walker became the guardian of Thomas Jefferson after the death of his father, Peter Jefferson. Walker, a partner of Jefferson’s in the Loyal Land Company, explored Kentucky and named the Cumberland Gap in 1750. He was related to Meriwether Lewis through his marriage to Lewis’s great aunt, Mildred Thorton, the widow of Nicholas Meriwether, by which he came into possession of Castle Hill.

61. Lewis to Marks, December 24, 1794.

62. Lewis to Marks, April 6, 1795.

63. Lewis to Marks, May 22, 1795.

64. Lewis to Walker, May 23, 1795. See also Ruth Colter Frick’s, Courageous Colter and Companions (Washington MO, L. R. Colter-Frick, 1997), pp. 304–305. Frick created the finding aid to the Grace Lewis Miller Papers, which is available on the internet. Her own book is a treasure trove of documents and research.

5. JAMES WILKINSON

65. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times (Philadelphia, 1816, reprint, three volumes), Volume 1, p. 324. Letter of Horatio Gates to John Hancock, October 18, 1777.

66. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 43–45; Wilkinson, Memoirs, I: 330–31.

67. Wilkinson, Memoirs, I: 386–87.

68. William McWilliams was treasurer of George Washington’s Masonic Lodge #4, Fredericksburg, Virginia See: The Craftsman, and Freemason’s Guide: Containing a Delineation of the Rituals of Freemasonry, 1866; Google Books and Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 44, 47, 51.

69. Harlow Giles Unger, The French War Against America: How a Trusted Ally Betrayed Washington and the Founding Fathers (Hoboken NY, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005), pp. 76–77, 83–86, 88.

70. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 59–61.

71. Wilkinson, Memoirs, I: 410. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 62–69

72. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 72.

73. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 268–275.

74. Ibid, pp. 305–606, citing Jefferson to Clark, March 4, 1784.

75. Ibid, pp. 298–300.

76. Ibid, p. 325, citing a report to the Secretary of War in 1790.

77. Bodley, George Rogers Clark, pp. 276–286.

78. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 356–357.

79. Jay Gitlin, Bourgeois Frontier: French Towns, French Traders & American Expansion (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, 2010), p. 43; R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830 (Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1996), pp. 207–208. Bodley, George Rogers Clark, p. 220, quoting Clark.

80. Bodley, George Rogers Clark, pp. 287–299.

81. Ibid, pp. 317–323; Appendix, pp. 379–404.

82. Arthur Preston Whitaker, “James Wilkinson’s First Descent to New Orleans in 1787,” The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol 8: I (February, 1926) pp. 86, 90–95.

83. Bodley, George Rogers Clark, pp 317–323.

84. Alcee Fortier, A History of Louisiana, The Spanish Domination and the Cession to the United States, 1769–1803 (New York, Manzi, Joyant & Co., Successors to Goupil & Co of Paris, 1904; Google Books) V 2, p. 136

85. Wilkinson, Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 114–115.

86. William R. Shepherd, “Wilkinson and the Beginnings of the Spanish Conspiracy,” The American Historical Review, vol. 9: 3 (April, 1904), pp. 502–503.

87. Fortier, A History of Louisiana, vol. 2, pp. 141–42. This quote (partially quoted) is at the front of Jacobs’ Tarnished Warrior.

88. John Mason Brown, The Political Beginnings of Kentucky (Google eBook, 1890) pp. 98–99.

89. Whitaker, “James Wilkinson’s First Descent to New Orleans in 1787,” p. 90. The letter from Clark to Gardoquui was written at the Falls of the Ohio, March 15, 1788. Bodley, George Rogers Clark, pp. 329–333.

90. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 89–90, citing Wilkinson’s letter to Miro, February 12, 1789.

91. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 100–101.

92. Daniel Clark, Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkinson, and of His Connexion with Aaron Burr: A Full Refutation of His Slanderous Allegations in Relation to the Character of the Principal Witness Against Him (Honolulu, University Press of the Pacific, 2005/1809); Google Books, p. 21, Note #5, deposition of Joseph Ballinger, January 12, 1809.

93. Thomas Jefferson letter to Archibald Stuart, January 25, 1786. (Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, American Memory website).

94. Richard M. Lytle, The Soldiers of America’s First Army, 1791 (Lanham MD, Toronto, Oxford, The Scarecrow Press, 2004), p. 84.

95. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 115.

96. Thomas Robson Hay and M. R. Werner, The Admirable Trumpeteer: A Biography of General James Wilkinson (Garden City NY, Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1941), p. 109.

97. Hay and Werner, The Admirable Trumpeteer, p. 197. See also: John Thomas Scharf’s History of St. Louis City, From the Earliest Periods to the Present Day (1883, Google eBook), vol. 1, p. 241.

6. THE LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES

98. “Narrative of John Heckewelder’s Journey to the Wabash in 1792,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 12, 1888, p. 42.

99. “Narrative of John Heckewelder,” p. 169.

100. Charles Theodore Greve, Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens (Google eBook, vol. 1, 1904), p. 252.

101. Humphrey Marshall, The History of Kentucky Exhibiting an Account of the Modern Discovery; Settlement; Progressive Improvement; Civil and Military Transactions; and the Present State of the Country. (Google eBook, 1812), vol. 2, p. 41.

102. Royal Ornan Shreve, The Finished Scoundrel: General James Wilkinson Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the United States, who made intrigue a trade and treason a profession (Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1933), pp. 34–35; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, vol. 1, pp. 233–235.

103. Humphrey Marshall, The History of Kentucky (Google eBook, 1824), vol. 2, pp. 41–43.

104. A. C. Quisenberry, The Life and Times of Hon. Humphrey Marshall (Google eBook, 1892), pp. 31–35. See also: p. 66. Green says that a protege of Wilkinson was paid by Wilkinson to write letters under the name of Jordan Harris, who tried to assassinate Marshall. The letters attacking Marshall were published in the Lexington Gazette.

105. James Ripley Jacobs, The Beginning of the U. S. Army, 1783–1812, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1947), pp. 171. See also: The Forts of Anthony Wayne by David A. Simmons (Historic Fort Wayne pamphlet, 1977).

106. Alan D. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne’s Legion in the Old Northwest (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), pp. 184–88.

107. Ibid, p. 203.

108. Ibid, p. 235–236.

109. Ibid, p. 238–239.

110. Ibid, p. 242.

111. Richard C. Knopf, Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1960), Wayne’s letter of July 7, 1794 to Secretary of War Henry Knox.

112. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 247.

113. Landon B. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York, Hill and Wang, A Division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004) pp. 70–71.

114. Knopf, Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms, pp. 383–384, letter dated January 29, 1795.

115. William Clark, “Journal of General Anthony Wayne’s Campaign Against the Shawnee Indians in Ohio, 1794–1795,” edited by R. C. McGrane (Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 1, Dec. 1914; Google eBook)

116. Dwight L. Smith, editor, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers: A Journal of the Wayne Campaign: July 28-September 14, 1794 (Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society, 1952), p. 262.

117. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1985), p. 261.

118. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 274.

119. Nelson, Anthony Wayne, p. 262.

120. Timothy M. Rusche, “Treachery Within The United States Army,” Pennsylvania History, vol. 65, Autumn, 1998, pp. 478–491. See p. 481 in which Rusche concludes: “The available evidence suggests that Newman was probably employed by Wayne.”

121. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 279–280. See also John F. Winkler’s, Fallen Timbers 1794: The US Army’s First Victory (Oxford and Long Island City NY, Osprey Publishing, 2013), p. 56.

122. Clark, “Journal,” p. 423 (August 6, 1794).

123. Graf. Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 288.

124. Ibid, p. 290. 60 or more Chickasaw and Chocktaw warriors must have joined the original group which Clark brought up from Chickasaw Bluffs.

125. Simmons, Forts of Anthony Wayne, pp. 18–19.

126. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 297.

127. Ibid, p. 312. The battlefield site and the site of Fort Miamis are located in Maumee, Ohio, on the southern edge of Toledo, Ohio.

128. Jacobs, The Beginnings of the U. S. Army, pp. 174–175.

129. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, pp. 317, 327.

130. Ibid, pp. 299–300.

131. Ibid, p. 320.

132. Ibid, p. 324–327.

133. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 143.

134. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 143–145.

135. Rusche, “Treachery Within the United States Army,” See pages 480–484. The Simcoe letter to R. G. England was written August 19, 1794 (Correspondence of Simcoe, II), p. 392. This analysis contradicts that of some historians (Graf and Nelson), but is supported by Richard Knopf. The evidence in favor of this view is Simcoe’s letter and the testimony of the man who received payment of his debt from Newman.

136. Knopf, Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms, p. 383.

137. Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, Norton & Co, 1973), p. 82. See also, Frederick Jackson Turner’s The Policy of France Toward the Mississippi Valley in the Period of Washington and Adams (Google eBook, 1905), p. 969, letter from Clark to Genet, dated Louisville, Febry 5, 1793 in the Draper Collection. An earlier letter from Clark had been received in France before Genet departed. The existence of the letter is noted in French records, but the letter has not been found.

138. Ibid, p. 44. Privateers were legalized pirate ships, serving under government license during times of war. The proceeds from the sale of captured ships and cargo were split between investors, officers and crew, and the government which sponsored them. See also: James, George Rogers Clark, p. 419.

139. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 2, p. 589. Jefferson to Paul Allen, August 18, 1813.

140. Andre Michaux, Journal of Andre Michaux, 1793–1796 (Nabu Public Domain Reprints), pp. 41–42.

141. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, pp. 212–213 has the best account. See also Nancy Son Carstens, “George Rogers Clark and the French Conspiracy, 1793–1801,” The Life of George Rogers Clark, 1752–1816: Triumph and Tragedies edited by Kenneth C. Carstens and Nancy Son Carstens (Westport, CT and London, Praeger, 2004), pp. 230–256. See also, James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 417–431.

142. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, p. 215–216.

143. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, p. 427.

144. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 417, 418, 425.

145. This is my own speculation. For a discussion of the Genêt mission, Jefferson’s role in it, and Washington’s cabinet, see François Furstenberg, When the United States Spoke French: Five Refuges Who Shaped a Nation (New York, The Penguin Press, 2014), pp. 301–317.

146. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 135–138. See also: Andro Linklater, Artist in Treason: The Extraordinary Double Life of General James Wilkinson (New York, Walker Publishing Company, 2009), pp. 144–146. See also: Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University, 1961, 1989) pp. 204–206. Wayne’s reference to tobacco is in a private letter to McHenry, dated October 28, 1796; see Knopf, Anthony Wayne, pp. 536–538.

147. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 148, 152.

148. Graf, Bayonets in the Wilderness, pp. 365–366. See also: Landon Y. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York, Hill and Wang, Division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), p. 85.

149. Dick Steward, Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri (Columbia and London, University of Missouri Press, 2000), p. 6.

150. Thomas Danisi, Uncovering the Truth About Meriwether Lewis (Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2012), pp. 251–269 for transcript of court martial. See also Grace Lewis Miller Papers (St. Louis, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1999) Series 1:1 Lewis Papers, Anthony Wayne document, dated Nov. 17, 1795.

151. Knopf, Anthony Wayne, letter from Henry Knox, Secretary of War to General Wayne, dated March 31, 1794. pp. 313–320. (Excerpt pp. 317–18.)

The late intention of some restless people of the frontier settlements to make hostile inroads into the dominions of Spain, renders it indispensible that you should immediately order as respectable a detachment as you can to take post at Fort Massac and to erect a strong redoubt and block house with some suitable cannon from Fort Washington.

Wayne’s secret instructions may be read in the letter from Henry Knox. The quotation from Baron de Carondelet is found in Frederick Jackson Turner’s “Correspondence of Clark and Genet: Selections from the Draper Manuscripts” in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1896. (https://archive.org, Internet Archive). Carondelet’s secret letter to Alcudia is #67 in the collection found on pp. 1089–1091.

152. James Holmberg, editor, Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark (New Haven & London, Yale University Press, and the Filson Historical Society, 2002), letter from William Clark to Fanny Clark O’Fallon, May 9, 1795. See also Knopf, Anthony Wayne, pp. 486–487, letter dated June 24, 1796 at Pittsburgh, stating Wayne will arrive at Fort Washington in ten days.

153. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Clark to Nicholas Biddle dated August 15, 1811.(#345).

154. Jacobs, Beginning of the U. S. Army, p. 183.

155. Knopf, Anthony Wayne, pp. 481–484, 489–491.

156. Ibid, pp. 495–497. Some months later—in what may have been another assassination engineered by Wilkinson—Collot’s map maker, Joseph Warin, was attacked by two Chickasaw Indians who followed them from Illinois country. General Collot believed the attempted assassination was meant for him and was a case of mistaken identity. Warin died of his injuries, and Collot was arrested and imprisoned in New Orleans by Carondelet. See “General Collot’s Reconnoitering Trip Down the Mississippi and his Arrest in New Orleans by order of the Baron de Carondelet, Governor of Louisiana,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 4, (1918) 303–329; or Google eBook).

157. Knopf, Anthony Wayne, p. 498.

158. Rusche, “Treachery Within the U. S. Army,” p. 483.

159. Knopf, Anthony Wayne, letter of October 28, 1796, Wayne to McHenry, pp. 536–538.

160. Daniel Clark, Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkinson, and of His Connexion with Aaron Burr: A Full Refutation of His Slanderous Allegations in Relation to the Character of the Principal Witness Against Him (Honolulu, University Press of the Pacific, 2005, reprint from 1809; see also Google eBook), pp. 33–49.

161. Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America (New York & London, The Free Press, A Division of MacMillan Publishing Co., 1975), pp. 184–185.

162. Ibid, p. 186.

163. Ibid, p. 187.

164. Knopf, Anthony Wayne: A Name in Letters, pp. 525–529.

165. Ibid, pp. 536–538.

166. Ibid, pp. 543–546. See also Papers of the War Department, Nov.21, 1796 the issuance of a government horse, pistol and holster to Lewis at Pittsburgh, to be returned at Philadelphia. (wardeptpapers.org). “Letters Relating to the Death of Maj.-Gen. Anthony Wayne, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 19:1 (1895) pp. 112–115.

167. Grace Lewis Miller Papers, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, “Papers of Meriwether Lewis,” Sub-Series 1, Record Unit 116: Box 2, Folder 2. See also “Detroit, 1796,” Record Unit 116; Box 37, Folder 7.

168. “Letters Relating to the Death of Maj.-Gen. Anthony Wayne,” pp. 112–115.

169. Letter, George Balfour to Samuel Hodgdon, Dec. 14, 1796, RG 94, Collection National Archives and Records Adminstration, Papers of the War Department. (wardepartmentpapers.org).

170. Letter, Thomas Truxton to James McHenry, November 6, 1797, Papers of the War Department (wardepartmentpapers.org).

171. History of Erie County, Pennsylvania, vol. 1 (Google eBook, 1884), pp,.210–212.

172. R. A. Witthaus and Tracy Becker, Medical Jurisprudence Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, vol. 4 (Google eBook, 1896), pp. 436–441.

7. MISSISSIPPI VALLEY CONSPIRACIES: 1797–98

173. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 161.

174. Alexander De Conde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966), pp. 8–11.

175. Arthur Preston Whitaker, The Mississippi Question, 1795–1803: A Study in Trade, Politics and Diplomacy (New York and London, D. Appleton-Century Company and the American Historical Association, 1934), p. 180.

176. Ibid, pp. 102–103.

177. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 162–166 and p. 152 (finances).

178. Isaac Joslin Cox, editor, “Documents Relating to Zachariah Cox,” Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, vol. VIII, 1913, Nos. 2 &3, April-June, July-September, pp. 39–40. See also: Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, pp. 155–160; Robert V. Haynes, The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795–1817, (Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2010), pp. 32–33.

179. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, pp. 159–160.

180. Cox, “Documents Relating to Zachariah Cox,” p. 56, citing a letter from McHenry to President Washington, dated Nov. 6, 1799.

181. Jack D. Holmes, Gayoso: The Life of a Spanish Governor in the Mississippi Valley, 1789–1799 (Baton Rouge, Lousiana State University Press, 1965), pp. 257–258.

182. Clarence Burton, editor-in-chief, The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922 vol. 1, (Google eBook, 1922) pp. 247–248.

183. Mary-Jo Kline, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, 2 vol (Princeton University Press), vol 1, pp. 257, 268–269.

184. Frederick Jackson Turner, “Documents on the Blount Conspiracy,” American Historical Review, vol. X, No. 3, April, 1905, pp. 574, 582–583.

185. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, p. 176.

186. Ibid, p. 177.

187. Quotes from Turner, “Documents Relating to the Blount Conspiracy” pp. 600–601. See also: Annals of the Fifth Congress, II, 2356–2365.

188. Bucker F. Melton, Jr. The First Impeachment: The Constitution’s Framers and the Case of Senator William Blount (Macon, GA, Mercer University Press, 1998). pp. 99–103.

189. Allan Potopsky, “The ‘Non-Aligned Status’ of French Emigres and Refugees in Philadelphia, 1793–1798,” Transatlantica, American Studies Journal, vol. 2, 2006 (www.transatlantica.org). Potopsky uses the official 1790 census for his Philadelphia population. Wikipedia says there were about 50,000 in residence in 1793. The Philadelphia Encyclopedia on the internet says the 1790 census reported 44,096 residents in Philadelphia and the adjacent communities. For the French refugees in Philadelphia see Furstenberg’s When the United States Spoke French.

190. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York &Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), p. 365.

191. “Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793” (en.wikipedia.org).

192. Frances Sergeant Childs, French Refugee Life in the United States, 1790–1800: An American Chapter of the French Revolution (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1940, Google Book reprint), pp. 65, 85.

193. John L Earl III, “Talleyrand in Philadelphia, 1794–1796,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 91:3 (July, 1967), pp. 294–296.

194. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (NY, The Penguin Press, 2004), p. 466.

195. Ibid, p. 549.

196. “Talleyrand and Jaudenes, 1795,” The American Historical Review, 30:4 (July, 1925), pp. 778–787.

197. Don Hickey, “America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti, 1791–1806,” Journal of the Early Republic, vol. 2, no. 4 (Winter, 1982), pp. 361–379, see 363–366,

198. Ibid. p. 371.

199. Andrew Ellicott, The Journal of Andrew Ellicott (Google eBook, 1803), pp. 43–44.

200. Catharine Van Cortlandt Matthews, Andrew Ellicott: His Life and Letters (New York, The Grafton Press, 1908; Google eBook), pp. 161–163.Elicott named General Wilkinson, U. S. Senator John Brown, Judge Sebastian, Mr. Lackasang, Mr. Murry, as being in the pay of Spain, and several others as receiving occasional payments. The translated cipher code is in the Pickering Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, 21:341.

201. Ellicott, Journal, p. 160. Letter to his wife dated November 8, 1798. See also Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 180–181.

202. Dan L. Flores, Southern Counterpart to Lewis and Clark: The Freeman and Custis Expedition of 1806 (Norman, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1984), pp. 51, 99.

203. In 1799, Fort Adams was built on the river, near the site of the old Spanish Fort Ferdinand (Fernando de las Barrancas). It was the third fort named for President Adams. Floods and malaria caused the fort to be rebuilt on the bluff at the location of the old Spanish fort in 1801, when it was renamed Fort Pickering. Fort Pickering was in existence until about 1812. and served as the Chickasaw Indian Agency from 1814–1818. It was later rebuilt as much larger Civil War Fort. (www.historicmemphis.com, www.northamericanforts.com, www.fortwiki.com)

204. Landon B. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York, Hill and Wang, Division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004). p. 98–106. Jones notes that the “Captain Lewis” that Clark met at Chickasaw Bluffs was not Meriwether Lewis, but rather an army captain named Thomas Lewis. There has been some confusion regarding this report of Lewis at Chickasaw Bluffs. There is no evidence that Meriwether Lewis visited Fort Pickering prior to 1809. War Department Papers confirm the presence of Captain Thomas Lewis in the area.

205. The original of these drawings are in the Missouri History Museum William Clark Papers, Box 11, Folder 6.

8. CONFLICTS AND SECRETS: 1798–1801

206. Richard Dillon, Meriwether Lewis: A Biography (Lafayette CA, Great Western Books, 2003), p. 22. See also Widow’s Sons’ Masonic Lodge No. 60 http://wsl.avenue.org) The lodge was called Widow’s Son in the singular until February 14, 1801 when it changed its name to Widows Sons. See www.lewis-clark.org for more information about his masonic connections, and to view his masonic apron. The Freemason’s Monthly Magazine, vol. 31, no. 9, July 1, 1872 (available on the internet) says he attended the Door to Virtue Lodge in Charlottesville in June, 1798, joined the lodge in 1799, and attended meetings regularly and held office in the lodge until March, 1799. The Door to Virtue Lodge closed in 1801 and its members transferred to the Widow’s Son Lodge. See pp. 265–66. This account of his degrees agrees with Dillon’s account and Joseph Musselman’s account on lewis-clark.org.

207. Dillon, Meriwether Lewis, p. 24.

208. Miller, Grace Lewis, Miller Archives, JNEM Archives: Record Unit #16, NPS Catalog # 9359, Box 37, Folder 11, “Recruiting II: C. O. Charlottesville; Adjutant, Staunton.” See also War Department Papers on the internet for letter dated May 20, 1799 by William Simmons, accountant, authorizing the pay of $1403.50 to Lewis and his detachment of recruits at Charlottesville, for the period of January 1-April 30, 1799 and letter of June 19, 1799 authorizing payment of $188 for the month of May at the camp near Staunton.

NOTE: Grace Lewis Miller developed a theory based on the financial records of the War Department that Meriwether Lewis was secretly buying 1,500 guns for Jefferson. This was based on the location of two payments to gun manufacturers on the same page as the end of 3 ½ pages of Meriwether Lewis’s account. The date of the entries is March 11, 1802. I went to the National Archives in Washington DC in August, 2013 to locate the original volume. It was found in Record Group 217, Entry 366, Second Auditors Journals of the Accountants for the War Dept, Volume No. 8 (“H”) pp. 4302–4305. Subsequent research, based on internet search of War Department Papers and American State Papers established it was payment for guns ordered directly by the federal government.

Ms. Miller devoted many years to research in the 1950’s, when it was extremely difficult and expensive to do research. Her extensive archives are well worth investigating. Because she located these accountant records, it is possible to know much more about Lewis’s army service. It is on these records that the dates of Lewis’s service and thirty nine recruits who received bounty payments is based.

209. Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1962), p. 380.

210. Thomas Jefferson Papers, American Memory, Library of Congress, letter to Archibald Stuart, February 13, 1799. (www.memory.loc.gov)

211. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (Old Saybrooke, CT, Konecky & Konecky, no date), pp. 186–187.

212. Richard Beale Davis, editor, Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6-7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart. (Westport CT, Greenwood Press, 1954), p. 143.

213. Second Auditors Journals for the Accountants of the War Dept Journals, Volume 8 (“H”), p. 4302.

214. Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammons, “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson’s and Madison’s Defense of Civil Liberties,” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April, 1948) p. 164.

215. James Iredell, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell: One of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (Google ebooks, 1858), Vol. 2, p. 577.

216. Philip G. Davidson, “Virginia and the Alien and Sedition Laws,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Jan, 1931), pp. 336–342. See pp. 339–340. The bill authorizing the purchase of 20,000 guns, and the building of two arsenals and an armory was passed on January 23, 1798 by the Virginia Legislature.

217. “Clark and the French Conspiracy, 1793–1801,” by Nancy Son Carstens in The Life of George Rogers Clark, 1752–1816: Triumph and Tragedies, edited by Kenneth C. Carstens and Nancy Son Carstens (Westport, CT and London, Praeger, 2004), pp. 243–244; citing Thomas, “Unpublished Papers of George Rogers Clark” (Historic Locust Grove), letter from Clark in Philadelphia to Samuel Fulton in Paris, June 3, 1798.

218. Ibid, p. 244, citing June 3, 1798 letter.

219. James, The Life of George Rogers Clark, pp. 445, 449, 457.

220. See note 205.

221. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West, p. 97.

222. Ibid, p. 106.

223. Alexander Hamilton, Portrait in Paradox by John C. Miller (Konecky & Koneky, by special arrangement with HarperCollins Publishers, 1959), p.452.

224. Ibid, p. 468.

225. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, p. 229.

226. Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 458.

227. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, p. 216–217.

228. Ibid, p. 230. January 7, 1797, Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

229. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 566–567.

230. Ibid, pp. 567–568. Chernow cites The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Vol. 22, letter to Harrison Gray Otis, January 26, 1799.

231. Ibid, pp. 577. Chernow cites the Papers of Alexander Hamilton, volume 22, letter to Harrison Gray Otis, December 27, 1798.

232. David McCullough, John Adams (NY, Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 522–523.

233. Ibid, p. 531.

234. Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 503–504, citing John Adams, Works, X, p. 113.

235. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times (1816 ) Volume 1, pp. 435–458. See p. 439 for comment about Burr. I am indebted to David P. Mayer, whose unpublished paper, “Cantonment Wilkinsonville 1801: Burr, Wilkinson, the U. S. Army and Treason,” first cited this reference. The paper, dated March 7, 1985, Erie, Pennsylvania is available at the Cairo Public Library, Cairo, Illinois. Mayer also noted that the Memoirs contain no reference to Wilkinsonville.

236. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 190–195. See also, De Conde, The Quasi-War, p. 122. See also, Norman Caldwell, “Cantonment Wilkinsonville,” Mid-America: An Historical Review, 31:1, Jan, 1949, pp. 7–13.

237. James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 250–252. Despite the destruction of records in the War Department fire, some 55,000 documents have been located in other collections and repositories. They are available online at www.wardepartmentpapers.org. The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason Univerity is managing the project.

238. Caldwell, “Cantonment Wilkinsonville,” pp. 3–4 and 13.

239. James, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 193–194.

240. Reuben Gold Thwaites, On the Storied Ohio (Chicago, A. C. McClurg and Co., 1903), p. 291. Thwaites made a lesiurely river trip in 1894 in a small boat with three companions, and reached the site of “Fort Wilkinson,”which he dates to the War of 1812–15, at 942 miles, in about five weeks time.

241. Mark Wagner, “Officer Country: Clothing and Personal Items from Cantonment Wilkinson (11PU282) in Southern Illinois” Midcontinental Journal of Archeology, 37:2, Fall, 2012, pp. 178–180. See also Thomas Rodney, A Journey Through the West: Thomas Rodney’s 1803 Journal from Delaware to the Mississippi Territory, edited by Dwight L. Smith and Ray Swick (Ohio University Press, 1997), pp. 165–168. Rodney visited Wilkinsonville on November 7–8, 1803 and found it to be no longer a military post, but instead was inhabited by about 200 Cherokee Indians and other squatters. See also, Zebulon Montgomery Pike, The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, edited by Elliott Coues (1895), letter of Jonathan R. Williams, August 26, 1846, pp. xxiii–xxx, regarding establishing the cantonment. This Williams is not to be confused with Wilkinson’s friend, Jonathan B. Williams, the first Superintendent of West Point. Jonathan R. Williams was the commissary agent at the post, and later became the first elected mayor of Detroit. The actual number of men in the U. S. Army when Jefferson took office was less than 3600.

242. Donald Jackson, editor, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854 (Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1978, two volume edition). See pp. 675–677, #430, volume 2.

243. Alexander De Conde, The Quasi War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (NY, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966), pp. 122–23 and footnote 34, p. 417.

244. Maurine T. Wilson and Jack Jackson, Philip Nolan and Texas: Expeditions to the Unknown Land, 1791–1801 (Waco, Texas, Texian Press, 1987), pp. 2–5.

245. Ibid, p. 40. Citing Life, Letters and Correspondence of William Dunbar, letter from Jefferson to Dunbar, January 16, 1800.

246. Ibid, p. 40–41. Jack Jackson provides an excerpt from Wilkinson’s letter to Jefferson and goes on to state:

Of the contemplated interview we have no information, but most writers suggest that it occurred and that it had some influence in determining Nolan to undertake a new expedition into the forbidden territory…. past historians like Isaac Joslin Cox have perhaps been too hasty in attributing Nolan’s final entry to the influence of Jefferson and his expansionist national policy….

Dan L. Flores, after examining the manuscript in the Thomas Jefferson Papers, presented evidence that this meeting never took place. He has found that Jefferson entered his receipt of Wilkinson’s letter of introduction on November 3rd ( Jefferson noted the date of receipt on all incoming mail). By then Nolan was leading his men across the Mississippi, headed to Texas. Flores notes Nolan had started to Monticello in May of 1800, “taking with him a fine paint stallion for Jefferson.” He believes Nolan sold this handsome animal in Lexington, Kentucky, after which he then decided against continuing to Virginia.

A check of the Flores account, which is a footnote in his book, Southern Counterpart to Lewis and Clark: The Freeman and Custis Expedition of 1806 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1984) p. 33, reveals Flores says: “I believe that while in Lexington Nolan sold the stallion he was taking to Jefferson.” He gives no evidence for his belief. Where is the evidence for the sale of a paint stallion destined for Jefferson in Lexington, and for Nolan turning back to Natchez after selling that particular horse? Jefferson’s original letter to Dunbar says that he wants to purchase “one of his fine horses.” Nolan almost certainly sold horses in Kentucky while traveling east.

Jefferson’s possession of Nolan’s letter, dated as being received by him on November 3, 1800 is Flores’s other evidence. Jefferson was perfectly capable of postdating the receipt of a document indicating a meeting with a “Mexican traveller.” He had possession of the letter introducing the “Bearer of this letter—Mr. P. Nolan.” indicating that he did meet with Nolan.

Nolan received the letter from Wilkinson on May 22nd at Fort Adams, on the eve of Wilkinson’s departure for the east coast. He had three months to bring a horse, or horses, to Monticello and return to Natchez. There is no problem with this timeline. The only other evidence Jack Jackson cites is a letter Wilkinson writes to Jefferson on September 1st that he was certain Nolan would have visited Monticello by this time, but he has received a letter from Kentucky, causing him to worry it hasn’t happened. It is my contention that Nolan not only met with Jefferson, but met with supporters of Aaron Burr before going by ship back to New Orleans. If he, in fact, did only travel as far as Kentucky, then he met with Burrites there who were able to promise him British support. It is as likely that he went to the east coast and returned by ship to the Mississippi.

247. Grace King, “The Real Philip Nolan,” Publication of the Louisiana Historical Society, Proceedings & Reports, vol. X (1917). Letters of Fanny Nolan, dated August and August 22nd, 1800. pp. 107–108.

248. Noel M. Loomis and Abraham P. Nasatir, Pedro Vial and the Roads to Sante Fe (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), pp. 217–219. Original letter, dated October 21, 1800, in Papeles de Cuba, leg. 71-A. See also Wilson & Jackson, Philip Nolan and Texas, pp. 47–48.

249. Wilson and Jackson, Philip Nolan and Texas, pp. 51–52, 61.

250. Ibid, p. 43.

251. Ibid, p. 73. The footnote cites Musquiz’s “Diary” in Nolan Documents, 795:29 for Nolan being killed by a cannonball. Loomis and Nasatir in Pedro Vial, p. 225, say he was killed by a “chance shot to the forehead.” Roger Kennedy in his book, Cotton and Conquest: How the Plantation System Acquired Texas (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2013) speculates he was killed in a “mafia-style” assassination on the orders of General Wilkinson, pp. 202–203.

251. Noel M. Loomis, “Philip Nolan’s Entry into Texas in 1800,” The Spanish in the Mississippi Valley, edited by Francis McDermott (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1974), p. 129.

252. J. H. Daviess, “View of the President’s Conduct Concerning the Conspiracy of 1806,” edited by Isaac J. Cox and Helen Swineford, Quarterly Publication of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, vol XII: nos. 2 & 3, April-June, July -September, 1917. p. 89.

253. Mary Jo Kline et al, The Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2 volumes, 1983) I: 457–458.

254. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times, Vol. 2, pp. 270–273. Letter from Burr to Wilkinson, dated October 10, 1800, Appendix, No. LXIV, Vol. 2.

255. Carlos Marichal, Bankruptcy of Empire: Mexican Silver and the Wars Between Spain, Britain and France, 1760–1810 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 61.

256. Kennedy, Cotton and Conquest, p. 32.

257. Robin Fabel, “Bernard Lintot: A Connecticut Yankee on the Mississippi, 1775–1805,” The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 1 (July, 1981), pp. 88–102.

258. De Conde, The Quasi-War, p. 200. See also, Peggy Liss, Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713–1826 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), p. 178.

259. See footnote 252.

260. Harold C. Syrett, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (NY, Columbia University Press, 1977) vol. 25, p. 257. Letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., December 16, 1800.

261. Michael A. Bellesiles, “The Soil Will Be Soaked with Blood,” The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race & the New Republic, edited by James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, & Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2002), p. 65.

262. Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 & 1802 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1993), pp. 50, 68.

263. Ibid, p. 115.

264. “Gabriel’s Rebellion” or “Gabriel Prosser” on Wikipedia. (accessed 3/10/2014).

265. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, pp. 268–271.

266. James E. Lewis, “What Is to Become of Our Government?” in The Revolution of 1800, p. 20 and footnote 62.

267. Richard N. Cote, Theodosia: Theodosia Burr Alston: Portrait of a Prodigy (Mt. Pleasant, SC, Corinthian Books, 2003), pp. 120, 126, 141.

268. Edward J. Larson, A Magnficent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign (NY, Free Press, A Division of Simon & Schuster, 2007), p.268.

269. Grace Lewis Miller Archives, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, #116, NPS Catalog No. 9359, Box 37, Folder 13, “Captain Lewis’s Company.” She notes the record of his paymaster travels is found in GAO, Journal N, 4302, Item D. His original notes are found in the journal he later used during the expedition labelled Lewis & Clark Diary # 6, Thermometrical Observations beginning 25 Feb. 1805.

9. THE PRESIDENT’S HOUSE: 1801–1803

270. Dumas Malone, Jefferson The President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Little Brown and Company, 1970), pp 43–46. See also “Residence Overview: Jefferson’s Enhancements: 1801–1809” at www.whitehousemuseum.org; and FAQ at www.whitehouse-history.org.

271. Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years of Washington Society: Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard) From the Collection of Her Grandson J. Henley Smith (Nabu Public Domain 1906), p. 385.

272. Malone, Jefferson The President: First Term,1801–1805, footnote, p. 43

273. William Seale, The President’s House: A History (White House Historical Association and National Geographic, two volumes, 1986), Vol. 1, pp. 93–94. Lynne Cheney, James Madison (Viking Press, 2014), pp. 296–297.

274. Thomas Jefferson, The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1986), p. 202.

275. Malone, Jefferson The President: First Term, 1801–1805, p. 44, and “dumbwaiter” at www.monticello.org.

276. Cynthia D. Earman, “Remembering the Ladies: Women, Etiquette and Diversions In Washington City, 1800–1814,” Washington History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring/Summer, 2000), pp. 102–117. See p. 110.

277. Merry Ellen Scofield, “The Fatigues of His Table: The Politics of Presidential Dining During the Jefferson Administration,” Journal of the Early Republic (University of Pennsylvania Press), Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall, 2006), pp. 449–469. Scofield writes: “All available evidence indicates that the only people omitted from the[dining] records were family members, staff, and house guests.” p. 464. See also Seale, The President’s House, p. 94.

278. Smith, First Forty Years of Washington Society, pp. 391–392.

279. Scofield, “The Fatigues of His Table,” p. 465.

280. Donald Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854 (Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1978, 2 volume edition), Jefferson to Lewis, February 23m 1801, pp. 2–3.

281. Theodore Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809 (NY & London, New York University Press, 1987) pp. 45–53, 58–62 and footnote 3, p. 193; and Donald Jackson, “Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and the Reduction of the United States Army, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 124, No. 2 (April 29, 1980), pp. 91–96, see pp. 95–96.

282. For the coded list of army officers see Thomas Jefferson Papers, American Memory, Library of Congress. Do a search for July 24, 1801, “War Department, List of Army Officers.” (www.memory.loc.gov).

283. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army, pp. 45–47, 50–51.

284. Stephen Witte, “Republicanizing the Army: The Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802” in Discovering Lewis & Clark at www.lewis-clark.org.

285. Jonathan Williams Archives (The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington), letter from Wilkinson to Williams, Pittsburgh, dated July 2, 1801.

286. “David Strong, Sr. (1744–1801)” on www.geni.com. Family historian Jerry Templeton’s biography of Colonel Strong lists a source, Mayer:1985, for his information. “Various records indicate that all of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Infantry Regiment companies …. were present at this time.” Templeton also writes:

A large amount of artillery ordinance was dispatched to Cantonment Wilkinsonville on July 1–8, 1801 in the anticipation of the arrival of General Wilkinson and Major Williams of the artillery. These included one 9 pound cannon, one 12 pound cannon, two 6 pound brass cannons, 40 barrels (4,000 pounds) of gunpowder, gun carriages, and hundreds of different types of round, case, grape—and possibly shrapnel—shot (Issac Craig Papers, 217, 219).

David P. Mayer’s unpublished paper, “Cantonment Wilkinsonville 1801: Burr, Wilkinson, the U. S. Army and Treason,” (March 7, 1985, Erie, PA) is available at the Cairo Public Library, Cairo, IL. It contains a great deal of well researched information and supports the idea that the cantonment was a staging area for an invasion of Spanish territory if Burr had been elected president.

287. Ibid.

288. Descendant Amy Schneider contacted me in January, 2011 after reading an internet blog posting of mine regarding my speculation concerning Wilkinson’s role in the assassination of Lewis, saying “I have always secretly believed that Gen. Wilkinson murdered my ancestor, Lt. Col. David Strong.”

289. Norman Caldwell, “Cantonment Wilkinsonville,” Mid-America: An Historical Review, 31:1, Jan, 1949, p. 24.

290. Mark J. Wagner, “Searching for Cantonment Wilkinson: An 1801–1802 U.S. Army Post in Pulaski County, Illinois, 2003 [November], Paper Presented At the Illinois Archaeological Survey Annual Meetings, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, p. 5. Original excerpt of Wilkinson letter dated September 8, 1801 found in Strong geneaology records, managed by Jerry Templeton, at www.geni.com. The letter is noted as received in War Department records, but research at the National Archives has failed to locate the letter itself.

291. The Western Spy newspaper, October 10, 1801. Courtesy of the Cincinnati Museum Center.

292. Strong Family Papers at the Cincinnati Museum Center. Handwritten notes taken from “Connecticut in the War” and Gen. Wayne’s Log Book by Mrs. R. C. Belt, Milford, Ohio (no date).

293. Letter from General Wilkinson to Major Williams, September 6, 1801, Jonathan William Archives, The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

294. The Western Spy newspaper, November 7, 1801, Cincinnati Museum Center.

295. The information on the location of camps is taken from Mark J. Wagner’s article, “Searching for Cantonment Wilkinsonville,” which was on the Southernmost Illinois History website in 2007. It was described as an “still in progress section of a report (chapter 3) on the archeaology and history of Cantonment Wilkinson.” The reference to Wilkinsonville as a customs house and port of entry in April, 1802 comes from a French traveler’s account by Francois Marie Perrin du Lac, Travels Through the Two Louisianas, and Among the Savage Nations of the Missouri; Also in the United States, Along the Ohio and the Adjacent Provinces, in 1801, 1802 & 1803. With a Sketch of the Manners, Customs, Character, and the Civil and Religious Ceremonies of the People of Those Countries. Translated from the French.

296. American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Volume 1, (7th Congress, 1st session), pp. 684–653.

297. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 197.

298. Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times, Volume 1, p. vii.

299. Thomas Robson Hay and M.R. Werner, The Admirable Trumpeteer: A Biography of General James Wilkinson (Garden City NY, Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1941), p. 192.

300. Barbara Oberg, editor, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2009) Volume 36, 1 Dec. 1801 to 3 March 1802, pp. vii.

301. John Whitcomb and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America’s Most Famous Residence (New York and London, Routledge, 2000). pp. 16–17.

302. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, pp. 722–723, and Wikipedia, “Chesire Mammoth Cheese.”

303. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, pp. 725–727.

304. Barbara Oberg, editor, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 36, xlvi-xlvii and Merrill Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, pp. 720–721.

305. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Vol 2, pp. 677–684, Excerpts from the Diary of Mahlon Dickerson. Quote from a letter to Silas Dickerson, April 21, 1803 (New Jersey Historical Society).

306. Ibid, pp. 678–679. See also, Oberg, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 36, xlvi-xlvii, and p. 406.

307. Charles Coleman Sellers, Charles Willson Peale: A Biography, (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969), pp. 306–308.

308. Ibid, pp. 299–300. Oberg, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 37, letter from Peale to TJ, June 6, 1802.

309. Paul Semonin, American Monster: How the Nation’s First Prehistoric Creature Became a Symbol of National Identity (New York & Londoln, New York University Press, 2000), pp. 4–6, 362–364.

310. Ibid, pp. 124–126.

311. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (original publication date of 1787, Google books), p. 83.

312. Oberg, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 37, pp. 431–437, John Vaughan to T J, May 8, 1802.

313. Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1981 and Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), pp. 122–124, and note 12, p. 158.

314. Ibid, p. 95, citing p. 411 in MacKenzie’s book.

315. Robert J. Miller, Native America, Discovered and Conquired: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny (Westport CT and London, Praeger, 2006), pp. 19–20, 25.

316. Warren L. Cook, Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543–1819 (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1973), p. 434.

317. Ibid, pp. 435–39.

318. A. P. Nasatir, editor, Before Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History of the Missouri, 1785–1804 (Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 1990, 2 volumes), letter from Trudeau to Carondelet, dated St. Louis, Octber 20, 1792, Vol. 1, pp. 160–161.

319. David Williams, “John Evans’ Strange Journey: Part I. The Welsh Indians and Part II. Following the Trail.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 54, No. 2 & 3 ( Jan. & Apr., 1949) (Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association), pp. 277–295 and 508–529. See p. 294.

320. Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Legend of the Welsh Discovery of America (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 149. See also W. Raymond Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Evans Expedition (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), pp. 190–193, letter of John Evans to Samuel Jones, St. Louis, July 15, 1797.

321. Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark, p. 192.

322. Gwynn A. Williams, “Welsh Indians:The Madoc Legend and the First Welsh Radicalism,” History Workshop, No. 1 (Spring, 1976) (Oxford, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press), pp.136–154, see p. 143.

323. Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, Vol. 1, p. 99, note.

324. Recommended reading: Footprints of the Welsh Indians: Settlers in North American Before 1492 by William L. Traxel (Algora Publishing, 2004); The Legend of Price Madoc and the White Indians by Dana Olson (Jeffersonville IN, Olson Enterprises,1987); Madoc and the Discovery of America Some New Light on an Old Controversy by Richard Deacon (New York, George Braziller, 1966); and Madoc: The Legend of Welsh Discovery of America by Gwynn A. Williams (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press, 1987).

325. Paul Jarman, “Madoc, 1795: Robert Southey’s Misdated Manuscript,” The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vod. 55, No. 220 (June, 2004), pp. 355–373 (Oxford University Press).

326. Williams, “John Evans Strange Journey,” Part I, p. 291.

327. 327. W. Raymond Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Evans Expedition (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), pp. 65–80.

328. Ibid, p. 192.

329. Abraham P. Nasatir, “John Evans, Explorer and Surveyor,” Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 25, Issue 3, Apr., 1931. Part II. Mackay’s letter of February 19, 1796 to Evans, pp. 447–449. See also Louis Houck’s The Spanish Regime in Missouri, Vol. 2, p. 254 at www.archives.org.

330.

331. Nasatir, “John Evans,” Part II, Document No. 5, pp. 441–447. Instructions to John Evans.

332. Ibid, p. 448, letter of February 19, 1796.

333. Ibid, pp. 449–454, “Extracts of Mr. Evans Journal,” also found in Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark, pp.180–183. The post is identified as Jusseaume’s Post in Wood, Prologue, pp. 126–128.

334. Abraham P. Nasatir, “Anglo-Spanish Rivalry on the Upper Missouri,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Mar., 1930), pp. 507–528, see pp. 519–520. Carlos(?) Howard reported Makay told him he had “definite information” thatEvans had started on his way to the Pacific. In any event, Evans did not go west, but returned to St. Louis. (Howard to Carondelet, May 13, 1797).

335. Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark, p. 132.

336. Thomas C. Danisi and W. Raymond Wood, “Lewis and Clark’s Route Map: James Mackay’s Map of the Missouri River,” The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Spring, 2004) (The Western History Association), pp. 53–72.

337. Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark, pp. 152–154.

338. Nasatir, “Anglo-Spanish Rivalry,” pp. 520–521. Mackay to Gayoso, letter dated June 8, 1797.

339. Wood, Prologue to Lewis and Clark, p. 193.

340. Nasatir, “John Evans,” Part III, pp. 595–597.

341. Ibid, p. 603–604.

342. Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Legend of Welsh Discovery of America (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 190.

343. Richard Deacon, Madoc and the Discovery of America ((New York, George Braziller, 1966), p. 149.

344. bid, pp. 149–150. Deacon cites the Reglamentos de Don Manuel Gayoso de Lemos, New Orleans, 1797.

345. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, 187–190.

346. Williams, “John Evans Strange Journey,” Part II, p. 528.

347. Deacon, Madoc, p.149.

348. Oberg, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 36, pp. 206–207, Livingston to Jefferson, December 26, 1801.

349. Jon Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), pp. 216–25.

350. Mary P. Adams, “Jefferson’s Reaction to the Treaty of San Ildefonso,” The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 21, No. 2, May, 1955, p. 175.

351. Ibid, p. 174. Letter from Jefferson to Horatio Gates, July 11, 1803.

352. Oberg, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 37, pp. 263–66, letter from Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802.

353. Ibid, p. 266.

354. Ronald D. Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana: Failure of the Proposed Expedition to Occupy and Defend Louisiana,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 12: 1, Winter, 1971, p. 26.

355. Kukla, A Wilderness So Immese, pp. 248–49.

356. Ibid, p. 249–50.

357. Ibid, pp. 266–268. Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana,” pp. 31–34.

358. Smith, “Napoleon and Louisiana,” p. 35.

359. Junius P. Rodriguez, editor, The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, ABC CLIO, 2002), p. 408.

360. Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, p. 327.

361. Donald Jackson, editor, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854 (Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1978, second edition, two volumes), Vol. 1, p. 18, Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, Feb. 28, 1803 (Document 13).

362. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, www.nps.gov/hafe/meriwether-lewis.htm.

363. Paul Russell Cutright, Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History, with site maps by Frank Muhly, a booklet edited by the Philadelphia Chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation (2001).

364. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, letter of Lewis to Clark, June 19, 1803 (Document # 46), pp. 57–60.

365. Ibid, Preface, vii.

366. Ibid, Lewis to Lucy Marks, July 2, 1803 (Document 58), pp. 100–101.

10. JOURNEY TO THE PACIFIC

367. Ibid, Clark to Lewis, July 18, 1803 (Document 74), pp. 110–111.

368. Ibid, Lewis to Jefferson, July 22, 1803 (Document 75), pp. 11–112.

369. Ibid, Lewis to Clark, August 3, 1803 (Document 80), pp. 115--117.

370. Ibid, Purveyors Summary (Document 57), pp. 93–99.

371. Arlen Large, “Additions to the Party: How An Expedition Grew and Grew,” We Proceeded On (Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation) Vol. 16, No. 1, February, 1990. pp. 4–10. PDF at www.lewisandclark.org.

372. Jackson, Letters, Dearborn to Russell Bissell and Amos Stoddard, July 2, 1803 (Document 64).

373. Ibid, Dearborn to Lewis, July 2, 1803 (Document 62).

374. Illustration from We Proceeded On, May, 2002, p. 2.

375. Jackson, Letters, Lewis to Jefferson, September 8, 1803 (Document 87), pp. 121–23.

376. Gary E. Moulton, editor, The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark (Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 2002), Volume 2, From the Ohio to the Vermillion, pp. 65–66, August 30, 1803 misdated entry in Lewis’s journal. It was actually August 31st. The Masonic farewell at Brunot’s Island is discussed in the article on the Discovering Lewis and Clark website, www.lewis-clark.org.

377. Rodney, A Journey Through the West, pp. 50–51.

378. Guns of the Lewis and Clark Expedition are discussed in the May, 2006 issue (Vol. 32:2) of We Proceeded On, the quarterly journal of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation (available online as a downloadable PDF at www.lewisandclark.org). See Jim Merritt’s article, “Shooting the Model 1800 short rifle and Girandoni repeating airgun,” p. 25, and Robert Beeman’s article, “Meriwether Lewis’s Wonder Weapon,” pp. 29–34. Beeman has Lewis’s original gun in his collection. The rifle’s mainspring has been replaced with an improvised piece of a ferrier’s file, the kind of file used to trim a horses’s hoof. On June 10, 1805, the expedition’s blacksmith, John Shields, replaced the mainspring of Lewis’s air gun. Lewis wrote on that date, “we have been much indebted to the ingenuity of this man on many occasions.”

379. Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis, edited and with an introduction by David J. Meltzer, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (Washington and London, Smithsonian Press, 1998; original date of publication, 1848), pp. 168–69.

380. Moulton, Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark, Vol. 2, pp. 77–79, Lewis journal entry, Septmber 10, 1803.

381. Robert E. Lange, “Private George Shannon: The Expedition’s Youngest Member—1785 or 1787–1836,” We Proceeded On, Vol 8:3, July, 1982, pp. 10–15. Available on the WPO archives at www.lewisandclark.org. Colter’s date of enlistment was October 15, 1803, and Shannon’s date of enlistment was October 19, 1803, which establishes their identities as the “two young men on trial.” Shannon probably joined Lewis at Pittsburgh where he was attending school. His family lived in Belmont, Ohio, however, so he may have joined Lewis at Cincinnati. Colter lived in Maysville (Limestone), Ohio.

382. Jackson, Letters, Jefferson to Lewis, November 16, 1803 (Document 94), pp. 136–140.

383. Potts, George Rogers Clark, pp 78–85. The drawing of a larger home seen in my Lewis and Clark Road Trips book (2006) is George Rogers Clark’s home after it was enlarged in 1808. He went to live with family members in 1809 after his leg was amputated. Private communication with Jim Holmberg, Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky.

384. Jackson, Letters, Lewis to Henry Dearborn, January 15, 1807 (Document 236), pp. 364–73. This report by Lewis contains his “remarks on their rispective merits and services.”

385. Large, “Additions to the Party,” p. 8. Available as a PDF download, WPO archives, www.lewisandclark.org.

386. Jackson, Letters, Delassus to de Casa Calvo and Salcedo, December 9, 1803 (Document 213), pp.142–43.

387. Ibid, Casa de Cavo and Manuel Salcedo to Nemesio Salcedo, March 5, 1804 (Document 119), pp. 185–186.

388. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 201–11 and Isaac J. Cox, “General Wilkinson and His Later Intrigues with the Spaniards,” American Historical Review, Vol XIX, No. 4 (July, 1914), pp. 794–812. See p. 800.

389. James Alexander Robinson and Paul Alliot, Louisiana Under the Rule of Spain, France, and the United States, 1785–1807; Social, Economic, and Political Conditions of the Territory Represented in the Louisiana Purchase (ULAN Press sold through Amazon, 2011, original publication date, 1923). “Reflections of Vincent Folch,” pp. 323–48. See page 338 for quote.

390. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 207–11, Cox, “General Wilkinson,” p. 800.

391. Cook, Flood Tide of Empire, pp. 446–83. For the fourth attempt, pp. 477–83.

392. Robert Hunt, “Crime and Punishment on the Lewis and Clark Expedition,” We Proceeded On, Vol. 15, Nos. 2&3, (May & August, 1989), Part 1, p. 4. PDFs available, WPO, www.lewisandclark.org.

393. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, p. 206.

394. Jackson, Letters, Lewis to Jefferson, December 28, 1803 (Document100), Vol. 1, pp. 148–157.

395. Robert E. Hartley, Lewis and Clark in the Illinois Country: The Little Told Story (Westminster CO, Sniktau Publications, 2002), pp. 124–42.

396. Thomas Danisi, Uncovering the Truth About Meriwether Lewis (Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2012), Chapter 9, “Was Governor Meriwether Lewis’s Correspondence Intentionally Delayed?,” pp. 108–23.

397. Jackson, Letters, Henry Dearborn to Lewis, 26th March, 1804 (Document 110)Vol. 1, pp.172–73; The Nicholas Biddle Notes [c. April, 1810], (Document 326), Vol 2, pp. 497–545. see p. 533; Clark to Nicholas Biddle, 15th August 1811 (Document 345) Vol. 2, pp. 571–72.

398. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, pp. 347, 518–519

399. Ibid, Nicholas Biddle notes, p. 534.

400. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, pp. 254–59, Lewis’s detachment orders.

401. Ernest Staple Osgood, editor, The Field Notes of Captain William Clark, 1803–1805 (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1964), p.64. For a good discussion of the techniques used in recording information for map making, see John Logan Allen’s discussion on “Geography” at www.lewis-clark.org.

401. Jackson, Letters, Lewis to Lucy Marks, Fort Mandan (Document 143), Vol. 1, pp. 222–25. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, pp. 289, 302.

402. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, pp. 305–07.

403. Paul Russell Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), pp. 8–11.

404. Jackson, Letters, pp. 234–42, Lewis to Jefferson, April 7, 1805 (Document 149).

405. Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains, pp. 192–195. See also Gary E. Moulton, “The Missing Journals of Meriwether Lewis,” The Montana Magazine of Western History, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Summer, 1985), pp. 28–39.

406. Horace W. Sellers, editor, “Letters of Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 1795–1825,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (1904), pp. 295–319. Letters dated October 6 & 9, 1805.

407. Jackson, Letters, pp. 234–42, Lewis to Jefferson, April 7, 1805 (Document 149).

408. Bob Saindon, “The Lost Vocabularies of the Lewis & Clark Expedition,” We Proceeded On, Vol.3, No.3, July, 1977. See archives at www.lewisandclark.org. James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians (Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 1984), “Lewis and Clark as Plains Ethnographers,” pp 113–32.

409. For a further discussion, see Robert R. Hunt, “Crime and punishment on the Lewis and Clark Expedition,” We Proceeded On, Vol. 15: 2&3, May and August, 1989. www.lewisandclark.org

410. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, p. 492.

411. James Holmberg, editor, Exploring with Lewis and Clark: The 1804 Journal of Charles Floyd (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004) pp. 70–71. This facsimile edition contains the handwritten manuscript, transcript and extensive notes.

412. David J. Peck, D.O., Or Perish in the Attempt: Wilderness Medicine in the Lewis & Clark Expedition (Helena, MT, Far Country Press, 2002), pp. 42–43, 102–07.

413. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 2, p. 495.

414. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, p. 77.

415. Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis & Clark Pioneering Naturalists (Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 1969), pp. 115–17.

416. Ibid, pp.79–89.

417. Jackson, Letters, Jefferson to Lewis, November 16, 1803 (Document 94), pp. 136–40. Quote, pp. 138–39.

418. Richard E. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade (Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963, pp. 151–52. John Sugden, Tecumseh’s Last Stand (Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), p. 28. Doane Robinson, editor, “A Sioux Indians View of the Last War with England,” South Dakota State Historical Collections, Vol. 5 (1910). Kira Gale, Defending the Western Frontier: Manuel Lisa and the War of 1812 in the Council Bluffs Area (Omaha, River Junction Press LLC, 2000).

419. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa, pp. 156–57. Walter B. Douglas,annotated and edited by Abraham Nasatir, Manuel Lisa (New York, Argosy-Antiquarian, 1964), pp. 374–386. John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of American in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811 (Google Books). Henry Marie Brackenridge, Journal of a Voyage Up the Missouri River in 1811 (Massachusetts, Applewood Press, reprint of second edition, 1816). The second edition of Brackenridge’s Journal contained Big Elk’s oration, but this reprint omits it and refers to Bradbury’s Travels.

420. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, “The Arikara Interlude,” pp.42–66. Roger Nichols, “The Arikara Indians and the Missouri River Trade,” Great Plains Quarterly, Paper 1656 (http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1656).

421. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, pp. 163–64, and Vol. 10 (Gass), pp. 54–55.

422. Jackson, Letters, Vol. 2, p. 537–38.

423. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, pp. 167–173. Jackson, Letters, Vol. 1, Lewis to Henry Dearborn, January 15, 1807, pp. 364–373.

424. Cutright, History of the Lewis and Clark Journals, pp. 263–64.

425. Hunt, “Crime and Punishment,” WPO, May and August, 1989.

426. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, pp. 186–88 (October 20, 1804).

427. Ibid, pp. 401–405 (“Estimate of Eastern Indians”).

428. Ronda, Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, p.75.

429. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, p. 218 (October 31, 1804).

430. Tracey Potter, Sheheke, Mandan Indian Diplomat: The Story of White Coyote, Thomas Jefferson and Lewis and Clark (Far Country Press and Fort Mandan Press, 2003), p. 91.

431. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, pp. 226–27 (November 3, 1804).

432. Ibid, pp.233–34 (November 12, 1804).

433. Ibid, p. 261 (December 25, 1804).

444. Ibid, p. 267 (January 1, 1805).

445. David Wishart, editor, Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, “Gros Ventres,” at www.plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.031

446. Thomas P. Lowry, Veneral Disease and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 2004), pp. 44–45 and Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, p. 273 (January 14, 2014), pp. 323–324 (March 31, 1805).

447. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 3, p. 308.

448. Jackson, Letters, Vol. 1, Lewis to Jefferson, April 7, 1805 (Document 149), pp. 231–242.

449. Jackson, Letters, Vol. 1, Etienne Lemaire to Jefferson August 20, 1805 (Document 166), p. 256.

450. Ibid, James Wilkinson to Henry Dearborn, Sept. 22, 1805 (#170), Oct. 8, 1805 (#172), Oct. 22, 1805 (#176);Wilkinson to Jefferson, Dec. 23, 1805 (#184); Dearborn to Wilkinson April 9, 1806 (#200), pp. 259–267, 272–75, 303–05.

451. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, p. 9 (April 7, 1805).

452. “Assiniboine Chief Rosebud Remembers Lewis & Clark,” You Tube video. The Indian history states that because they had a woman and baby with them, they were not a war party and would not be attacked.

453. Eldon G. Chuinard, M.D., Only One Man Died: The Medical Aspects of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Fairfield, WA, Ye Galleon Press,1979), p. 24.

454. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, p. 136 (May 10, 1805).

455. See 452, You Tube video.

456. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, p. 141 (May 11, 1805).

457. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, p. 225 (May 31, 1805).

458. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, pp. 248–49 (June 15, 1805).

459. Jackson, Letters, Israel Weeling Dr. to George Ludlam, May 25, 1803 (Document 55), Vol. 1, pp. 80–81.

460. See note 462.

461. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, pp. 297–98.

462. Peck, Or Perish in the Attempt, pp. 159–62. Dr. David Peck speculates that it was venereal disease, but that it might also have been a parasite roundworm infection caused by Trichinella, which could have happened when they ate grizzly meat in early June. The parasite symptoms are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and fever—which sound like Lewis’s symptoms.

463. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 4, p. 341 (June 29, 1805).

464. Ibid, p. 342 (June 29, 1805).

465. Ibid, p. 330 (June 24, 1805).

466. Ibid, p. 361 (July 4, 1805).

467. Ibid, p. 382 (July 15, 1805).

468. Ibid, p. 387 (July 16, 1805) and p. 412 (July 21, 1805).

469. Ibid, p. 405 (July 19, 1805).

470. Ibid, p. 423 (July 24, 1805).

471. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, p. 9 (July 28, 1805).

472. Ibid, p. 54 (August 6, 1805).

473. Ibid, p. 59 (August 8, 1805) and p. 63 (August 9, 1805).

474. Ibid, p. 74 (August 12, 1805).

475. Ibid, p. 79 (August 13, 1805).

476. Ibid, p. 97 (August 15, 1805).

477. Ibid, pp. 104–05 (August 16, 1805).

478. Ibid, p. 106 (August 16, 1805).

479. Ibid, p. 109 (August 17, 1805).

480. Ibid, p. 11 (August 18, 1805).

481. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Joseph Whitehouse, Volume 11, p.303 (September 5, 1805).

482. Salish-Pend d’Oreille Culture Committee and Elders Cultural Advisory Council Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, The Salish People and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln & London, University of Nebraska Press, 2005), pp. 12, 91–108. The oral histories contain numerous variations on the same themes, and are presented equally. The book is one of the best books to come out of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial.

483. Ted S. Hall, The Trail Between The Rivers: The Travels of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; August 24 thru September 26, 1805, (Stevensville, MT, Stoneydale Press Publishing Company, 2000), Volume 1, pp. 122–29 (September 15, 1805). My map markers indicate 6,692 ft for the campsite on Sept. 15, and 3,439 ft. for the campsite of the 14th, near Powell Ranger Station at White Sand (Killed Colt) Creek.

484. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, p. 209 (September 16, 1805).

485. Leandra Zim Holland, Feasting and Fasting with Lewis & Clark: A Food and Social History of the Early 1800s (Emigrant, Montana, Old Yellowstone Publishing, 2003), pp. 158–160, 220–21. Robert Moore, “The Making of a Myth: Did the Corps of Discovery Actually Eat Candles,” We Proceeded On, Vol. 25, No. 2, May, 1999, pp. 22–24. Available at www.lewisandclark.org, WPO archives.

486. Zoa L. Swayne, Do Them No Harm!: Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce (Caldwell, Idaho, Caxton Press, 2003), pp. 16–22. Allen V. Pinkham, and Steven R. Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce: Strangers in the Land of the Nimiipuu (Washburn, North Dakota, The Dakota Institute Press of the Lewis & Clark Fort Mandan Association, 2013), pp. ii-iii. “Discovering Lewis & Clark,” www.lewisclark.org for discussion of size and pictures of old Newfoundland dogs.

487. Peck, Or Perish in the Attempt, pp. 207–09.

488. Swayne, Do Them No Harm!, pp. 4–6, 28–42. Pinkham and Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce, pp. 35–43, “The Plot to Kill Lewis and Clark,” as told by Irvin Winters. This story by Winters has different details. Here the sex of the baby is unknown, and he goes across the ocean and she waits for him a year before returning home.

489. Pinkham and Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce, p.30.

490. Pinkham and Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce, pp. 52–55.

491. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, pp. 252–53 (October 9, 1805).

492. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Vol. 1, Document 47, Jefferson’s Instructions to Lewis, June 20, 1803, pp. 61–66.

493. Eric Jay Dolan, Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (New York and London, W.W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 147–65.

494. Jackson, Letters, Vol. 1, Document 207, pp. 319–25.

495. The 17 miles was measured from the top of a Milk River tributary on a map program. The Treaty of 1818 between the U.S. and Great Britain, swapped the Red River Basin south of the 49th parallel for the Milk River and other watersheds north of the 49th parallel.

496. Holland, Feasting & Fasting with Lewis and Clark, pp. 220–21. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, p. 256 (October 10, 1805).

497. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, p. 268 (October 13, 1805).

498. Ibid, pp. 318–19 (October 21, 1805).

499. Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, pp. 170–71.

500. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 5, pp. 331–33 (October 24, 1805).

501. Ibid, p. 339. “The Oregon History Project,” Fort Rock Sandals, Oregon Historical Society, www.ohs.org.

502. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 6, p. 41 (November 11, 1805).

503. Ibid, p. 416 (March 15, 1806).

504. Ibid, pp. 164–66 (January 4, 1806).

505. Ibid, pp. 167 (January 5, 1806).

506. Ibid, pp. 168 (January 6, 1806).

507. Ibid, p. 179 (January 8, 1806) and p. 187 (January 9, 1806).

508. Ibid, pp. 330–31 (February 20, 1806).

509. Ibid, p. 421 (March 16, 1806) and pp. 263–65 (February 1, 1806).

510. Ibid, pp. 425–26 (March 17, 1806).

511. Elin Woodger and Brandon Toropov, Encyclopedia of the Lewis & Clark Expedition (NY, Checkmark Books, imprint of Facts on File, 2004), p. 145.

512. Ibid, p. 421 (March 16, 1806) and pp. 425–26 (March 17, 1806).

513. Ibid, pp. 429–30 (March 18, 1806).

514. Ibid, p. 444 (March 22, 1806).

515. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Vol. 7, p. 149 (April 20, 1806).

516. Ibid, p. 156 (April 22, 1806).

517. Ibid, p. 180 (April 28, 1806). See also “Chemical Drugs” on Discovering Lewis and Clark website, www.lewis-clark.org

518. Ibid, pp. 196–97 (May 1, 1806).

519. William R. Swagerty, The Indianization of Lewis and Clark (Norman, OK, The Arthur H. Clark Company, a division of the University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, 2 volumes), pp.454–58.

520. Pinkham and Evans, Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce, pp. 165–67 and 236–37. The Nez Perce name of Clark’s son was Halahtookit. They report the second man who died in St. Louis was Speaking Eagle, a Nez Perce. William Clark Kennerly (as told to Elizabeth Russell), Persimmon Hill: A Narrative of Old St. Louis and the Far West (Norman, University of Oklahoma, 1948) pp. 62–64. Kennerly was the son of Harriet Kennerly Clark’s brother. His cousin Jeff was raised in their household after Harriet died. They were the same age, born in 1824. Kennerly says Man of the Morning was a Flathead. Zoa Swayne in Do Them No Harm! says the mother of Clark’s child left her tribe while she was pregnant and went to live with the Flatheads in the Bitterroot Valley, pp. 169 and 311–314. See also William E. Foley, Wilderness Journey: The Life of William Clark (Columbia, MO, University of Missouri Press, 2004, pp. 252–55; Jay H. Buckley, William Clark: Indian Diplomat (Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) pp. 219–221; Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 96–103. Josephy, an authority on the Nez Perce, says Man of the Morning (of the Dawn Light) was the son of a Nez Perce buffalo hunting leader and a Flathead mother.

521. Jackson, Donald, “Call Him a Good Old Dog, But Don’t Call Him Scannon,” We Proceeded On (Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation Quarterly, Vol. 2, No.3, August, 1985). Online archives, WPO, www.lewisandclark.org

522. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Volume 8, p. 113 (July 17, 1806).

523. The boundary matter was settled by the London Convention Treaty of 1818 in which the Red River Valley in North Dakota and Minnesota was swapped for tributaries of the Missouri extending further north of the U.S.-Canadian border (the Milk River, Poplar River and Big Muddy Creek). See Discovering Lewis & Clark at www.lewis-clark.org for more information regarding geography.

524. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Volume 8, p. 129 (July 26, 1806).

525. John C. Jackson, The Piikani Blackfeet: A Culture Under Seige (Missoula MT, Mountain Press Publishing Co, 2000), pp. 56–57, and note 114, p. 221. The quote is from Edmonton House Journal, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, B60/a/27, 11.

526. Olin D. Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark (Scituate MA, DSI Digital Scanning, Inc. 2002, reprint of 1904 edition, 2 volumes), Vol. 2, pp. 311–313. John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of American in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811 (Google Books and University of Nebraska Press, 1986). Bradbury relates that John Colter told him that one Blackfeet had been killed by Lewis, see pp. 44–47.

527. David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812 (Google Books), p. 375.

528. Thomas James, and Walter B. Douglas (editor, with notes & biographical sketches), Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, 1916), pp. 57–64. The reprint edition by BiblioLife contains the complete version of James’s acount, with appendices. John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of American in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811 (Google Books and University of Nebraska Press, 1986), pp. 44–47. Bradbury says it was a raft, James a two story beaver house. Both heard the story of his adventures directly from Colter.

529. M. O. Skarsten, George Drouillard: Hunter and Interpreter for Lewis & Clark and the Fur Trade, 1807–1810 (Spokane WA, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2003), pp. 282–311. Menard newspaper article, pp. 310–11. James,Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans, notes by Douglas, pp. 283–86.

530. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Volume 8, pp. 154–55 (August 11, 1806).

531. Ibid, p. 158 (August 12, 1806).

532. Ibid, p. 290 (August 12, 1806).

533. Potter, Sheheke, pp.112–18,

534. Moulton, Definitive Journals, Volume 8, p. 319 (August 22, 1806).

535. Ibid, pp. 346–7 (September 3, 1806).

536. Ibid, p. 349 (September 4, 1806). Jackson, Letters, Nicholas Biddle notes, c. April, 1810, Document No. 326, pp. 541–42.

11. THE BURR-WILKINSON CONSPIRACY: 1804–07

537. Thomas Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America (Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 1999), pp.260–63.

538. Charles Raymond Brown, The Northern Confederacy: According to the Plans of the Essex Junto, 1796–1814 (Kessinger Publishing’s Rare Reprints, first published 1915), p. 32. See also Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 678–79.

539. Fleming, Duel, pp. 269–270. Original letter at National Archives. website. www.founders.archives.gov. See also The True George Washington by Paul Leicester Ford, 1900, cited in Wikipedia article on Morris.

540. Robert E. May, “Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age of Manifest Destiny: The United States Army as a Cultural Mirror,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Dec.,1991), pp. 857–886. Rafael de la Cova, “Filibusters and Freemasons: The Sworn Obligation,” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring, 1997), pp. 95–120.

541. Fleming, Duel, p. 280. Helen I. Cowan, Charles Williamson: Genesee Promoter (Clifton NJ, Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1973), pp. 270 and 278–79.

542. Fleming, Duel, pp. 231–33, 301–03, 314, 342. Letter to Thomas Sedgewick online at Massachusetts Historical Society, www.masshist.org. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, p. 697,

543. Ibid, pp. 351–52.

544. Thomas Robson Hay, “Charles Williamson and the Burr Conspiracy,” The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (May, 1936), p. 184.

545. Isaac Joslin Cox, “Opening the Sante Fe Trail,” Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 25 (Oct. 1930), p. 37. Letter to Charles Biddle, March 18, 1805.

546. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, pp.24–26.

547. Ibid, pp. 28–30. See also Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 104–05, 113.

548. Ibid, pp. 53–54.

549. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army, p. 115.

550. Wilkinson, Memoirs, Vol. 2, Appendix XXXIII.

551. Wilkinson to Dearborn, September 8, 1805 marked “Private,” in the Library of Congress, American Memory, The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750–1820 Collection. This collection includes typed transcripts and original handwritten texts. The letter is in the handwriting of Lewis Edwards, the War Dept. clerk who wrote the so called “Russell Statement” for Wilkinson during his court martial in 1811. The letter is found in a private collection—not entered as received by the War Department—and so it may be a copy but it is signed JW in Wilkinson’s handwriting. The letter probably came from the collection of Reuben Durrett, founder of the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky. No other writings found in this handwriting connected to Wilkinson have been located, other than Wilkinson’s notes during his congressional investigations in 1808 and his court martial in 1811.

552. Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, 1805–1836 (New York, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982), pp. 75–78.

553. Kline, Political Correspondence and Papers of Aaron Burr, pp. 968–69.

554. Ibid, 943–48.

555. Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 118–120. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, pp 38–40, 55–56. Stewart says $3,000, Abernethy says $2,500.

556. “William S. Smith and Samuel G. Ogeden Trials: 1806.” Law Library, www.jrank.org

557. Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 120–21.

558. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson’s Army, p. 124 and www.avalon.law.yale.edu.

559. Donald Jackson, The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike with Letters and Related Documents (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1966, 2 volumes), Vol. 2, pp. 122–26.

560. David E. Narrett, “Liberation and Conquest: John Hamilton Robinson and U. S. Adventurism toward Mexico, 1806–1819,” Western Historical Quarterly, (Utah State University and Western History Association), Vol. 40, No. 1, (Spring 2009).

561. Jackson, Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, p. 441.

562. Ibid, pp. 441–42.

563. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, p. 163. American State Papers, House of Representatives, 11th Congress, 2nd sessions, Miscellaneous, Vol. 2, p. 113.

564. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton and Jefferson, p. 246.

565. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, pp. 73–77.

566. Ibid, pp. 74–75.

567. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 218, 280–82.

568. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, pp. 38–40.

569. Ibid, pp 39, 57–58.

570. Ibid, pp. 57–58.

571. McCaleb, The Aaron Burr Conspiracy, pp. 74–75.

572. Ibid, pp. 74–75 and Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, 72–73.

573. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, p. 103.

574. Ibid, pp. 192, 197–98. Kline, Political Correspondence and Papers of Aaron Burr, pp. 1051–56, 1059–60.

575. Ibid, pp. 141–46, 180–81.

576. Ibid, p. 146.

577. Ibid, pp. 148–49.

578. Ibid, pp. 150–51.

579. Ibid, pp.160–163.

580. William Claiborne, Official Letter Books of W. C. C. Claiborne, 1801–1816 (www.rarebooksclub.com, Nabu Public Domain Reprints, 2012, first published, 1917), Volume 4 (Sept 5, 1806-November 5, 1809), pp,53–54 (Jackson to Claiborne, November 12, 1806) and pp. 114–15 (Claiborne to Madison, Jan. 29, 1807).

581. Daniel Bissell’s statement concerning Burr’s activities in the vicinity of Fort Massac is found at Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Registered Series, 1801–1870, Microfilm M221, Roll 4 (Vol.3, May 1, 1806-Dec. 31, 1808), National Archives and Records Administration. Bissell was the fort commander. A transcript is on the internet at chribbs.wordpress.com. Look under documents/Chribbs/“1807-Daniel Bissell’s Account of Aaron Burr.” The other reference to Mr. Hopkins is found in Claiborne’s, Official Letter Books, Vol. 5, letter from Claiborne to Robert Smith, December 31, 1809. Volume 5 of the Letter Books is available as a reprint from the University of California Libraries. Digital versions at archives.org.

582. Thomas Jefferson Papers, American Memories, Library of Congress website (Jefferson to Wilkinson, February 3, 1807). James Wilkinson. Burr’s Conspiracy Exposed; and General Wilkinson Vindicated Against the Slander of His Enemies on that Important Occasion (Nabu Press, 2009, first published, 1811), pp. 33–36.

583. Abernethy, The Aaron Burr Conspiracy, pp. 199–226. Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 193–207.

12. GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA TERRITORY: 1807–09

584. Charles vanRavenswaay, St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764–1865 (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society Press, 1991), p. 139, and Moulton, The Definitive Journals, Vol. 9, John Ordway’s Journal, pp. 365–66 (September 21–23, 1806).

585. Clarence Edwin Carter, The Territorial Papers of the United States, Vol. XIV: The Territory of Louisiana-Missouri, 1806–1814 (Washington, U. S. Gov’t Printing Office, 1949), pp. 43–46 (Easton to Jefferson, December 1, 1806).

586. Ibid, p. 15 (Silas Bent to Jared Mansfield, October 5, 1806)

587. William E. Foley, The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood (Columbia and London, University of Missouri Press,1989), pp. 170–75.

588. Henry Rosecrans Burke, Papers (Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis). “Notes on John Smith T.” (Folder 6) and “Design for Treason” (Folder 8); Dick Steward, Frontier Swashbuckler: The Life and Legend of John Smith T (Columbia, Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 2000), pp. 8–16. Coleman, C. W., “Geneaology of the Smith Family of Essex County, Virginia,” William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 3 (January, 1917). Burke was a descendant of Smith T’s family and said another descendant showed him vases given to General Tom Smith by his “kinsman, General Wilkinson,” see “Notes on John Smith T” p. 6. Coleman was not able to establish a geneaology link. Regarding the 12,000 pounds of lead for Burr, see p. 33, in manuscript “Design for Treason.”

589. Steward, Frontier Swashbuckler, pp. 76–77.

590. John F. Darby, Personal Recollections of John F. Darby: Mayor of St. Louis, 1835 (St. Louis, Hawthorne Publishing Company, 1880), pp. 58

591. Henry Marie Brackenridge, Recollections of Persons and Places in the West (Bibliolife, 2009, originally published 1868), pp. 216–222. Darby, Personal Recollections, pp. 57, 65.

592. Kristie C. Wolferman, The Osage in Missouri (Columbia and London, University of Missouri Press, 1997), p. 60; Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, p. 325; Robert B. Betts, with a new epilogue by James J. Holmberg, In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark, Revised Edition (Boulder, Co, Colorado Associated University Press, originally published 1985, revised edition, 2000), pp. 109–110;

593. William Clark Kennerly, as told to Elizabeth Russell, Persimmon Hill: A Narrative of Old St. Louis and the Far West (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1948), pp. 19–20. Betts, In Search of York, pp. 109–110.

594. James J. Holmberg, “Lewis and Clark at the Falls of the Ohio Timeline” (Filson Historical Society, www.lewisandclarkinkentucky.org). Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp. 78–80.

595. Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 242, 272.

596. Holmberg, “Lewis and Clark at the Falls of Ohio Timeline.”

597. Holmberg, Epilogue, In Search of York, pp. 156–57. Jones, William Clark, p. 154.

598. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp. 81–83.

599. Ibid, p. 83. Jackson, Letters, Document 220, pp. 350–51 (Jefferson to Lewis, October 26, 1806).

600. Gene Crotty, The Visits of Lewis & Clark to Fincastle, Virginia (History Museum and Historical Society of Western Virginia, 2003), pp. 39–47.

601. Jackson, Letters, Document 236, pp. 363–64 (Dearborn to Willis Alston, January 14, 1807); Document 246, pp. 380–82 (“Messrs. Lewis & Clarke’s Donation Lands,” March 6, 1807).

602. For the pay amounts, see Joseph Musselman, “Discovering Lewis & Clark” website, www.lewis-clark.org, section called “Worth Their Salt.” Arlen Large, “Captain Clark’s Belated Bonus,” We Proceeded On (Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation), Vol 23, No. 4, November, 1997., pp. 10–12. Available as download on the foundation website at www.lewisandclark.org.

603. Jackson, Letters, Document 214, p. 347 (Clark to Dearborn, Oct. 10, 1806).

604. Jay H. Buckley, “William Clark: Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 1813–38,” a dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, www.digitalcommons.unl.edu. See also Buckley, William Clark: Indian Diplomat, p. 69.

605. Holmberg, Dear Brother, pp. 119–26.

606. Lewis to Clark, letter of March 13, 1807, in William Clark Papers, Missouri History Museum. This letter is a typescript, misdated March 15, 1807.

607. Jackson, Letters, Document 254, p. 387 (Lewis to Clark, March 15, 1807).

608. Ibid, Document 266, pp. 409–10 (Frazier to Jefferson, April 16, 1807).

609. Carter, “The Burr-Wilkinson Intrigue in St. Louis,” p. 462. Steward, Frontier Swashbuckler, p. 49.

610. Thomas Maitland Marshall, The Life and Papers of Frederick Bates (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, 2 volumes, 1926). Vol 1, pp. 103–09.

611. Ibid, pp. 110–14 (Bates to Woodson, May 1, 1807).

612. Schroeder, Opening the Ozarks, p. 288… Frederick Bates was from Goochland County, Virginia. Moses Bates was from Durham, Connecticut.

613. Ibid, pp. 135–142

614. Frederick A. Hodes, Beyond the Frontier: A History of St. Louis to 1821 (Tucson, Arizona, 2004), pp. 128–32.

615. Jackson, Letters, Document 268, pp. 411–12, (Clark to Dearborn, May 18, 1807); Foley, Wilderness Journey, p. 163.

616. Potter, Sheheke, pp. 138–39.

617. Jackson, Letters, Document 270, p. 414 (Clark to Dearborn, June 1, 1807).

618. Elliott Coues, “Letters of William Clark and Nathaniel Pryor,” Annals of Iowa (Des Moines, State Historical Society of Iowa), Vol 1, No. 8, (1895 ) pp. 615–619. Available as a pdf download at Iowa Research Online, ir.uiowa.edu. It is also found in Jackson’s Letters, Document 279, pp. 432–38 (Nathaniel Pryor to Clark, October 16, 1807).

619. James J. Holmberg, “Seaman’s Fate,” We Proceeded On (Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation), Vol. 26, No. 1 (February, 2000), pp. 7–9. Available on both www.lewisandclark.org (foundation website) and www.lewis-clark.org (Discovering Lewis & Clark website).

620. Jacques Nicolas Léger, Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors ( Classic Reprint first published 1907), p. 52. Available at www.archive.org.

621. Donald Jackson, “On the Death of Meriwether Lewis’s Servant,” The William and Mary Quarterly (Omuohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture), 3rd Serl, Vol. 21, No. 3 (July, 1964), pp. 445–448.

622. Potter, Sheheke, pp. 125–36.

623. Jackson, Letters, Document 262a, pp. 394–97 ( Conrad Prospectus, c. April 1, 1807).

624. Jackson, “A Notebook Sketch Among the Lewis & Clark Papers” We Proceeded On (Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation), Vol. 12, No. 3 (August, 1986), p. 15. Jackson discovered a drawing on the back cover of Lewis’s astronomical notebook at the University of Missouri Library that looks exactly like the woodcuts that appeared in Gass’s published journal. The drawing was published in WPO with a brief note. See archives at www.lewisandclark.org and search by issue.

625. Cutright, History of the Lewis and Clark Journals, pp. 25–26.

626. Jackson, Letters, Document 257, p. 389 (Jefferson to William Hamilton, March 22, 1807).

627. Ibid, Document 253, pp. 385–86 (Lewis to the Public, March 13, 1807).

628. Ibid, Document 295, pp. 462–63 (Lewis and Clark: Settlement of Account, August 21, 1809).

629. Jones, William Clark, pp. 208, 216, 238. Jackson, Letters, Document 388, pp. 621–23 (Thomas Ashley to Charles Chauncey, September 18, 1816).

630. Moulton, Definitive Edition, Vol. 2, p. 38. The Definitive Edition, referenced in these footnotes, is the paperback version of the original hard cover publication, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The journals may be read online at www.lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu

631. Jackson, Letters, Document 431, pp. 681–684 (Mahlon Dickerson Diary, 1802–09).

632. Dillon, Meriwether Lewis, p. 278. Dillon is mistaken about the letter being addressed to William Clark. The letter, dated February 11, 1807, was written to Auguste Chouteau, Sr. and hand carried to him as a letter of introduction for Frederick Bates. A typed transcript is found in the Grace Lewis Miller papers.

633. The next known correspondence by Lewis is a letter dated October 28, 1807, at Ivy Creek, his mother’s home in Albemarle County. Jefferson wrote a letter to him in July, 1808 saying that he had not heard from him since he parted with him in Albemarle in September. Jackson, Letters, Document 275, p. 418 (Lewis to Jefferson, June 27, 1807); Documents 276, p. 419 (Simmons to Lewis, July 31, 1807); Document 277, pp. 419–431 (Financial Records of the Expedition, August 5,1807); Document 280, pp. 438–39 (Lewis’s receipt to William Woods, October 28, 1807); Document 286, pp. 444–46 (Jefferson to Lewis, July 17, 1808). Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, footnote 12, p. 374 regarding the ledgers.

634. R. Kent Newmyer, The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr: Law, Politics and the Character Wars of the New Nation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 62–71. Stewart, American Emperor, pp. 257–258.

635. Stewart, American Emperor, 259–73.

636. Jackson, Letters, Document 443, pp. 696–719 (Observations and Reflections of Lewis, August, 1807). None of the historians who write about Lewis’s “Observations and Reflections” have made the connection between this and his planned publication. It reflects the lack of interest and understanding shown in his publication plans. For a discussion of his plans regarding the fur trade and Indians, see pp. 270–73 in Chapter 10 of this book. The compete text with annotations is also found in Danisi and Jackson’s book, Meriwether Lewis, pp. 349–373.

637. General Wilkinson wrote to Thomas Jefferson on September 15, 1807. See Thomas Jefferson Papers, American Memory website, Library of Congress.

638. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 321. Lewis’s account book for dates of October 8th and 20th, 1807. The accounts book is in the archives of the Missouri History Museum.

639. Jackson, Letters, Document 44, pp. 719–21 (Lewis to Mahlon Dickerson, November 3, 1807). This is the only known letter of Lewis to Dickerson.

640. William Clark Papers, Clark to Lewis, April 7, 1807, Missouri History Museum; James R. Bentley, “Two Letters of Meriwether Lewis to Major William Preston,” Filson History Quarterly, Vol. 44 (April, 1970), pp. 170–75. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, p. 440. Historians mention Letitia’s sister as another possible candidate for marriage, Elizabeth Brackenridge, but she was 14 years old at this time. See Crotty, The Visits of Lewis & Clark to Fincastle, Virginia, pp. 54–55.

641. Meriwether Lewis Papers, Lewis to Lucy Marks, February 15, 1808. Missouri History Museum, Meriwether Lewis Papers, Folder 10.

642. Grace Lewis Miller, His Excellency Meriwether Lewis and the First Publication West of the Mississippi River, (Master’s Thesis, University of Texas-Austin, August, 1948. (St. Louis, Grace Lewis Miller Papers, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial), pp. 42–49. Miller proposes that Lewis bought the press, and I agree.

643. Ibid, 76–78. David Kaser, Joseph Charless: Printer in the Western Country (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963), pp. 64–69. Library of Congress, “About Louisiana Gazette (St. Louis [Mo.]) 1809–1812.” Kaser notes that the first extant issue of the Gazette, dated July 26th, states Charless was going to Kentucky.

644. Kaser, Joseph Charless, p. 69.

645. Ibid, pp. 70–71.

646. Grace Lewis (Miller), “The First Home of Governor Lewis in Louisiana Territory” “… the house in which General Clark resides.” (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society Bulletin), Vol XIV (July, 1958), pp. 357–68.

647. Holmberg, Dear Brother, p.144.

648. Ibid, p. 154, 158. http://familytreemaker,geneaology.com, search for Richard Clough Anderson.

649. Ibid, p. 160.

650. Ibid, pp. 172–73.

651. Ibid, pp. 183–84.

652. Ibid, p. 212. Betts, In Search of York with an Epilogue by Holmberg, pp. 119, 163–70.

653. Grace Lewis Miller speculates Lewis moved out because he paid $125 rent on “General Clark’s house” on August 31, 1808. Clark repaid him a year later. There are no entries in Lewis’s account book for rent other than this. Miller was unaware of Clark’s letter to his brother establishing that Lewis was living with them in November, 1808. “Life as Governor til Death,” Box 48, Folder 11.

654. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp. 221–22 (Lewis to Mrs. Lucy Marks, December 1, 1808). Grace Lewis Miller, “The Landed Estate of Meriwether Lewis in Louisiana Territory (GLM Collection, JNEM), June, 1970, pp. 1–4, 16–26, 34. The property of 3,000 acres extended approximately from North Broadway on the east; Page Blvd and Dr. Martin Luther King Drive on the south; Lucas-Hunt Road on the west; and St. Cyr Road on the north. The property intended for his mother was in the northeast portion, south of Bellefontaine Park. The Great Mound was located between Second and Broadway, and Mound and Brooklyn streets.

655. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp. 128–29, 151.

656. Grace Lewis Miller, “Life as Governor Til Death,” Box 48, Folder 11, JNEM, pp. 40–48.

657. Carter, Territorial Papers, Vol. XIV, pp. 196–203 (Lewis to Dearborn, July 1, 1808); p. 204 (Dearborn to Lewis, July 2, 1808); pp.212–216 (Lewis to Dearborn, August 20, 1808); pp. 221--222 (Jefferson to Lewis, August 24, 1808).

658. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 138, and footnote 61, p. 378. Carter, Territorial Papers, Vol. XIV, pp. 293–312 (Lewis to Secretary of War, August 27, 1809). Danisi comments that Donald Jackson, the editor of the Letters of Lewis and Clark, believed Lewis did not write to Jefferson after June 27, 1807, but didn’t realize the two very long letters to the Secretary of War were also intended for Jefferson and Madison. Both letters also contained additional enclosures. These are the letters dated December 15, 1808 and August 27, 1809.

659. Carter, Territorial Papers, Vol. XIV, footnote, p. 221.

660. Ibid, p. 260 (Clark to Secretary of War, April 5, 1809); pp. 264–271 (Clark to Secretary of War, April 29, 1809).

661. Buckley, William Clark, Indian Diplomat, pp. 75–77. Marshall, Life and Papers of Frederick Bates, pp. 344–345 (Bates to John B. Treat, May 26, 1808).

662. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa, pp. 65,

663. GLM papers, typed transcripts of letters of 1809. Danisi, Meriwether Lewis, p. 241 and note 47, p. 250.

664. Carter, Territorial Papers, Vol. XIV, pp. 334–345 (Judge Lucas to the Secretary of the Treasury, October 19, 1809).

665. Ibid, pp. 353–356 (Judge Lucas to the Secretary of War, December, 1809).

666. Ibid, pp. 328–330, (“A Land Claimant” to the Missouri Gazette, October 16, 1809). The petition is on pp. 323–327, dated October 10, 1809 and signed by a Select Committee of John Smith T, Edward Hempstead, and George C. C. Harbison. It was received by the Committee on Public Lands on January 3, 1810.

667. Marshall, Life and Papers of Frederick Bates, Vol. II, pp.77–79, Moses Austin to Bates, August 27, 1809. Letter of Frederick Bates to his brother, Richard Bates, July 14, 1809, pp. 67–73. Regarding Lucas, “He was never my friend.” p. 70.

668. Ibid, pp. 108–112.

669. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, Chapter 9, pp. 108–123, “Was Governor Lewis’s Correspondence Intentionally Delayed?” This letter was also not included in Jackson’s Letters.

670. Regarding the letterbook, see Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, Document 5, Memoradum of Lewis’s Personal Effects, pp. 236–238 and Document 6, p. 239. The memorandum and Coles’s receipt are also found in Jackson, Letters, Documents 303 & 304, pp. 470–474.

671. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, Appendix A. #15 “Meriwether Lewis to William Simmons, August 18, 1809, Saint Louis,” pp. 225–27. The sentence is on page 227. Regarding Jackson and his omission, see p. 148, and footnote 100, p. 381 in Danisi. The full text is also found in Carter’s Territorial Papers, Vol XIV, pp. 290–293.

The original letter is found in RG 107, L-328 (4), Received, September 8th, 1809. In examining the original handwriting, there is no doubt Jackson’s omission was deliberate. On p. 6 a separate paragraph at the end of the page reads “I have reason to believe that sundry of my Letters have been lost as there re” and continues on p. 7, “main several important Subjests on which I have received no Answer.” The word “remain” is split in two parts. Jackson writes the sentence with no capital at the beginning: “as there remain several important Subjects on which I have not yet received an Answer.” Since the word remain is in his text, he would have seen the 13 words preceding it, “I have reason to believe that sundry of my Letters have been lost.” Jackson’s version of the August 18, 1809 letter is found in his Letters, Document 294, pp. 459–461. The footnote, “Lewis well deserved a scolding,” is found on p. 445. The letter is Document 286, pp. 444–446. (Jefferson to Lewis, July 17, 1808).

Danisi has his own distortion in publishing the August 18, 1809 letter. He states it was written by Lewis to the government accountant William Simmons. Instead it was written to William Eustis, Secretary of War, in response to a letter that Lewis received from Eustis dated July 15, 1809. Danisi says the July 15th letter was written by Simmons. He accuses William Simmons of petty and malicious behavior, and sa exerting financial control over the Treasury and War Departments. His biased thinking is revealed in crediting the letters as being sent and received by Simmons rather than by Eustis. Carter in the Territorial Papers correctly states they were written to and from the Secretary of War. (See pp. 285–86 for the July 15, 1809 letter from Eustis.) Again, this is a deliberate alteration of an important document by a historian.

672. Grace Lewis Miller typed countless transcripts of handwritten documents in her research on Meriwether Lewis.Typed transcripts of Lewis’s communications for the year 1808 fill two very fat file folders of mine. The letters cited are found there. Otherwise, a researcher should consult the microfilm in the National Archives for Lewis’s correspondence.

673. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 123. Jackson, Letters, Document 210, pp.335–343 (Lewis to an Unknown Correspondent, September 29, 1806).

674. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (Charlottesville and London, University of Virginia Press, 1990), pp. 460–66; Adams, Henry, Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800–1815 (Kessinger Publishing’s Rare Reprints), pp. 24–25. 236–237. Brown, The Northern Confederacy, pp. 65–72. Isenberg, Fallen Founder, p. 371.

675. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 481, 483, 484.

676. Cote, Theodosia, pp. 93–94, 105, 112–113, 162, 173, 248–250, 276.

677. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 67–68; Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p.144.

678. Kennerly, Persimmon Hill, pp. 16–18: Jackson, Letters, pp. 526 (Nicholas Biddle Notes, circa April 1810).

679. Carter, Territorial Papers, pp. 285–86, The Secretary of War to Governor Lewis, July 15, 1809. Meriwether Lewis to Secretary of War, May 13, 1809 in Grace Lewis Miller papers, JNEM. Either in “missing files, 1808–09” which were returned by an anonymous party and found on a desk in 1980, or in the files for 1809 documents. I keep the missing files separate, as a curiosity.

680. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa, pp. 74–84; Potter, Sheheke, 154–63. Jackson, Letters, Document 291, pp. 451–456 (Lewis to Pierre Chouteau, June 8, 1809).

681. Susan Colby, Sacagawea’s Child: The Life and Times of Jean-Baptiste (Pomp) Charbonneau (Spokane, WA, Arthur H. Clark Company, 2005), pp. 71–99. Jones, William Clark, p. 194.

682. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, Appendix D, Notes on Meriwether Lewis’s Real Estate Transactions and Personal Debts, p. 289.

683. Carter, Territorial Papers, pp. 289–90, The Secretary of War to William Clark, August 7. 1809. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 145, and note p. 380.

684. Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark, p. 70. has a photographic image of Robert Smith’s handwritten. signed, refusal to pay the bill, submitted by Lewis to James Madison, on February 6th, 1809, and noted by Smith as being refused on July 8, 1809. Marshall. Life and Papers of Frederick Bates, pp.73–74, Bates to Albert Gallatin, July 17, 1809. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp. 150–51.

685. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, pp.150–51.

686. It is not difficult to associate Dr. Eustis to Aaron Burr and, by extension, to the Northern Confederacy. See Cote, Theodosia, pp. 120, 126. 141. Wilkinson and Samuel Smith were longtime friends. See James Wilkinson Papers, for correspondence between him and Smith, University of Pittsburgh Library. The papers are digitized and available for pdf download. http://digital.library.pitt.edu

It is my speculation they were aware of conspiracy plans to invade Mexico that were underway in 1809, and wanted Lewis gone from office.

687. Ibid, pp. 225–27. Lewis’s letter of August 18, 1809, mistakenly labeled as being addressed to William Simmons, rather than to William Eustis, Secretary of War. Carter identifies the recipient correctly. Carter, Territorial Papers, pp. 290–293.

688. Ibid, Appendix D, Deed Book Transactions, Meriwether Lewis as Grantor and Grantee, pp. 292–95 and pp. 288–89. Appendix A, Will Carr to Charles Carr, August 25, 1809, pp. 227–28.

689. Holmberg, Dear Brother, pp. 233–36.

690. Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 401, note 84. Lewis’s handwriting may be examined in the microfilm, National Archives, RG 107, M 222, roll 38, L 101, frames 4907–31.

691. Wilkinson Papers, James Wilkinson to Samuel H. Smith, April 25, 1806, June 4, 1806, June 10 1806, regarding John B. C. Lucas.

692. Marshall, Life and Papers of Frederick Bates, pp. 86–92 (Bates to William Eustis, Secretary of War, September 28, 1809). Holmberg, Dear Brother. pp. 209–214, William Clark to Jonathan Clark, August 26, 1809.

693. Frederick Bates Collection, Missouri History Museum, James House to Frederick Bates, September 28, 1809.

694. Gilbert C. Russell to Thomas Jefferson, January 4 and January 31, 1809. American Memory, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers. Holmberg, Dear Brother, pp. 228–233, William Clark to Jonathan Clark, November 26, 1809. Jackson, Letters, Document 346, Statement of Gilbert C. Russell, November 26, 1811. Oddly enough, Jackson titles the document using Russell’s middle initial, C. for Christian. Russell always signed his name with the C included, and in fact the C joined his first and last names together as a single unbroken signature. The statement was signed without the C. middle initial. Jonathan Williams signature as a witness was also forged, and signed simply J. Williams, when he always signed his name Jon. Williams. The two experts who testified at the Coroner’s Inquest were Gerald B. Richards and Duayne Dillon. See The Death of Meriwether Lewis for their testimonies. Richards is the former head of the FBI’s Documents Division. Dillon, is a California criminologist.

695. Meriwether Lewis Collection, Missouri History Museum. The letter is not found in the papers of James Madison. This copy was either never sent, or it appears to be a draft.

696. James E. Starrs and Kira Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis: A Historic Crime Scene Investigation (River Junction Press LLC, 2009, 2012), pp. 246–47. Also available on Library of Congress American Memory website, Thomas Jefferson Papers.

697. Holmberg, Dear Brother, pp. 228–233, William Clark to Jonathan Clark, November 26, 1809. See pp. 42–43 in this book for the George Rogers Clark incident.

698. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 247–48, or TJ Papers.

699. As this book is going to press, Earl Weidner has turned up the name of an army officer who fits the profile of “Mr. X.” His name is Major Ambrose Whitlock, and he was Paymaster for the District. He was associated with Wilkinson since the Indian Wars, having served as a sergeant at Fort Washington in Cincinnati for five years. He was a 2nd lieutenant of the First Infantry Regiment with Benjamin Wilkinson in 1801. He had testified under oath supporting General Wilkinson’s version of his encounter with Major Bruff in 1805. (Wilkinson’s Memoirs, Vol. 2, pp. 297, 720.) Governor Harrison of Indiana reported that Whitlock had just returned from Fort Madison to Vincennes on July 8, 1809. (“Tecumseh’s Travels Revisited, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 96, No 2, pp. 150–68, available online). He was known as an incorruptible paymaster, who never lost or misappropriated any money. He served under General Wilkinson in building the Natchez Trace as a military road in 1801–03. Whether or not he was “Mr. X,” his record demonstrates there was an officer serving on the frontier who easily fit the profile of the conspirator “Mr. X.”

700. Tony Turnbow, “The Man Who Abandoned Meriwether Lewis,” pp. 20–31, We Proceeded On, 38:2, May, 2012. Available as download, www.lewisandclark.org, Archives of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation.

701. Starrs & Gale, Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 248–49, or Thomas Jefferson Papers on the Library of Congress American Memories website.

702. Lewis-Marks Collection, University of Virginia Special Collections, for unsigned note regarding Neelly having Lewis’s pistols and gold watch. Meriwether Lewis Collection, Missouri History Museum, for John Marks to Reuben Lewis, January 22, 1812.

703. Both letters by John Brahan may be examined on the Library of Cogress American Memory website, Thomas Jefferson Papers. Search for Brahan and for Neelly, October 18, 1809. Starrs & Gale, Death of Meriwether Lewis, 2nd edition (2012), pp. 17–22.

704. Tony Turnbow, the author of several articles in WPO on the death of Lewis, did the research regarding the court records. He found them in U. S. Federal Records, Mississippi Territory, R M1315, Atlanta NARA office, the Nashville archives in Atlanta. A descendant of Joseph Van Meter, Jim Van Meter, supplied the information, which may be found on a genealogy site online, by searching for Colonel Joseph Van Meter.

705. Dr. William Lindsey McDonald, Lore of the River: The Shoals of Long Ago (Bluewater Publications, USA, expanded 3rd edition, 2007), pp. 112–114.

706. Martin Cooper Avery, “Tragedy at Grinder’s Stand: The Death of Meriwether Lewis,” a Master’s thesis at Middle Tennessee State University, 1978, pp. 49–50.

707. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis: A Historic Crime Scene Investigation, pp. 234–36.

708. Ibid, pp. 251–53.

709. Ibid, pp. 260–262.

710. http://www.tngennet.org/lewis/meriwether.lewis.htm. Story of Meriwether Lewis as told by the Cooper Family.

711. Starrs & Gale, Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 262–65.

712. Avery, “Tragedy at Grinder’s Stand, pp. 65–67.

713. Tony Turnbow, the lawyer who discovered Neelly’s court record in Franklin County court, was the organizer of the event. Turnbow’s family has lived in Hohenwald, Tennessee since the early 1800’s. He also introduced me at my presentation at the Southern Book Festival in Nashville in October, 2009. The book talk was shown on C-Span Book TV, and both of us also appeared on Brad Meltzer’s History Decoded series on the History Channel in 2010.

714. Jay H. Buckley, “A Postmortem Trial concerning Meriwether Lewis’s Controversial Death,” a chapter in John Guice’s book, By His Own Hand?, pp. 137–38.

715. Jackson, Letters, Document 303, pp. 470–74 (Memorandum of Lewis’s Personal Effects, November 23, 1809). Original in Lewis-Marks Manuscripts, University of Viginia Special Collections, Memorandum of items contained in two trunks, and receipt of personal effects by Issac Cole, January 10, 1810. The inventory and receipt from Isaac J. Coles are in Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 236–39. Contrary to Jackson’s assertion, (and my own book) the William Anderson who signed the inventory was William P. Anderson, not William C. Anderson. The old fashioned writing of P. looked much like a C. It should be noted that this letter from Isaac Coles is only found in the Lewis-Marks manuscripts with the original inventory document. There is another letter by Isaac Coles dated January 5, 1810 found in the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Vol. 2, 16 November 1809 to 11 August 1810 (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 123–24. This letter, on the same subject, does not mention that the materials arrived “so badly assorted that no idea could be given of them…” The letters by Coles contain conflicting dates. The original in the Lewis-Marks collection is clearly dated January 10th. The printed transcript of the letter in the Papers of Thomas Jefferson is January 5th.

716. Daniel S. Dupre, Transforming the Cotton Frontier: Madison County, Alabama 1800–1840 (Baton Rouge and London, Louisiana State University Press, 1997), p. 27.

717. Ibid, pp. 27, 82–87.

718. Jefferson, Papers, Retirement Series, Vol. 2, pp. 33–35.

719. Ibid, pp. 42–44.

720. Jackson, Letters, Document 449. (Excerpts from Clark’s 1809 Journal), pp. 724–26.

721. Tony Turnbow, “The Man Who Abandoned Meriwether Lewis,” We Proceeded On, 38:2, May, 2012. Available as PDF at the Trail Heritage Foundation archives on www.lewisandclark.org.

722. John Bakeless, Lewis and Clark: Partners in Discovery (New York, William Morrow and Co, 1947), p. 421, 484.

723. Jefferson, Papers, Retirement Series, Vol 2, pp. 208–09, 364, 672, 673n. Donald Jackson, “On the Death of Meriwether Lewis’s Servant,” The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3 (July, 1964), pp. 445–448. Jackson says that Julian Boyd, editor of the Thomas Jefferson Papers suggested the publication of the letters which Boyd had discovered. Jackson chose not to include the letters pertaining to Pernier’s death in the second edition of the Letters published in 1978.

724. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 262–63.

725. Starrs & Gale, Death of Meriwether Lewis, p. 266.

726. James Wilkinson, Burr’s Conspiracy Exposed and General Wilkinson Vindicated Against the Slander of His Enemies (1811), p. 97. The full version, with appendices, is available as a download at Internet Archive, www.archive.org. Years ago I did an extensive search attempting to locate the court records by contacting Natchez archives and then the University of Texas at Austin archives, but they have disappeared.The case was ultimately heard in January, 1819 in Natchez, and Wilkinson was ordered to pay Adair $2,500. Friends came to his rescue and Congress passed a bill giving Wilkinson $3,000. See Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 327. The September 25, 1809 letter to Eustis is found RG 107, M221A, Roll 33, W-688. The letter dated November 15, 1809 is referenced in footnote in Tarnished Warrior, p. 261 as being in the collection of the Chicago Historical Society, Wilkinson Papers, Vol. 3.

727. Paul Lachance, “Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution in Louisiana,” a chapter in The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, edited by David P. Geggus (Columbia SC, University of South Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 213–19.

728. Claiborne, Official Letter Books Volume 4, pp. 391–393.

729. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, 2nd New Evidence Edition, pp. 62, 70–71. See also footnote 733.

730. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 64–69. The letters were written in French and enclosed in correspondence found in Wilkinson’s letter to Eustis, RG 107, M221A, roll 33, W-687, at the National Archives. I had them translated by a professional translator, and published them in their entirety in the second edition of The Death of Meriwether Lewis. I suspect that General Wilkinson himself placed Francis Newman in the service. When the general protests, look into it further.

731. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, Volume 4, letters to Secretary of State Robert Smith, dated November 5, November 12, December 31, 1809. They may have been jailed for their own safety. While they were in jail, Francis Newman was promoted.

732. To learn more about Francis Newman see www.newman-family-tree.net. The website is done by Jerry Gandolfo, a descendant of one of the oldest families in New Orleans, and owner of the Historic Voodoo Museum in the French Quarters.

733. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, Volume 5 (University of California Libraries reprint), pp. 22–24, letter to Secretary of State Robert Smith dated December 31, 1809.

734. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, p. 249.

735. Wilkinson, Memoirs, Vol. 2, pp. 370–73.

736. W. A. Goff, “Reuben Smith,” a chapter in Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, edited by Leroy Hafen (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Bison Books, 1982), Vol. 7, pp. 261–79.

737. James McCallum, A Brief Sketch of the Settlement and Early History of Giles County, Tennessee (Southern Historical Press, 2012, first published 1928), pp. 87–90. Nashville Democratic Clarion & Tennessee Gazette, May (?), 1812, photocopy of page from Tennessee State Archives, My thanks to Tony Turnbow, who provided this information to me.

738. Harrison Gaylord Warren, The Sword Was Their Passport: A History of American Filibustering in the Mexican Revolution (Port Washington NY/London, Kennikat Press, 1943), pp. 24–25.

739. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior, pp. 337–340.

740. Fisher, Suicide or Murder?, pp. 143–45.

741. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, “Testimony of Gerald B. (Jerry) Richards,” pp. 126–140, “Testimony of Duayne Dillon,” pp. 164–175.

742. Jackson, Letters, Document 347, Gilbert C. Russell Statement, November 26, 1811, pp. 573–75. Starrs & Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 253–256.

743. Starrs and Gale, The Death of Meriwether Lewis, “New Evidence Edition” published in 2012, pp. 23–28, 31–32. Thomas Danisi’s book—although it has valuable information concerning the delays in Lewis’s mail delivery and his finances—contains grossly inaccurate characterizations of key material. For example, Danisi writes about the court-martial that—

Russell … maintained that Wilkinson’s conduct during the years he was in Mississippi and Orleans territories was exemplary and he also gave a character reference.

Major Russell actually said the general had attempted to assassinate Seth Hunt. Danisi knows better. He is simply building a case for accepting the Russell Statement as genuine, despite the fact he knows the two document experts testifed under oath that it was a forgery. (Danisi, Uncovering the Truth, p. 173).

Danisi’s interpretation of other key material ignores evidence which doesn’t fit his narrative. Tony Turnbow and Thomas Danisi have written articles for We Proceeded On. Turnbow’s article, “The Man Who Abandoned Meriwether Lewis,” appeared in the May, 2012 issue (Vol. 38, No. 2, pp 20–31). Danisi’s article, “The Real James Neelly: Meriwether Lewis’s Caretaker,” appeared in the November, 2014 issue (Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 9–26). Turnbow’s letter of rebuttal will appear in the issue of May, 2015 issue of WPO. See pp. 16 and 18–19 of Danisi’s article for the court case.

Danisi would like to disprove Neelly’s appearance in court on October 11th, by saying that Neelly did not have to appear in court because he hired an attorney who represented him. Neelly signed a personal bond guaranteeing his appearance in court, and a jury was seated—both of which Danisi admits—which proves that he was in court on that day.

Danisi admits the Neelly letter was written by John Brahan, but claims it was signed by James Neelly, despite the evidence of a forged signature. He refuses to deal with the paid newspaper announcement created by Neelly at the Indian Agency on October 3rd, because it doesn’t fit in with his scenario, which has a different travel route and a different timeline. He says the standard travel time on horseback was 10–15 miles a day, and that they did not have enough time to go to the Indian Agency. Travelers on horseback routinely traveled 30 miles a day or more. Postal riders made 50 miles a day. Danisi wants to paint a picture of Neelly as a kind and compassionate man. He writes:

There was no else at the fort who could have guided Lewis as ably to Nashville. Neelly’s willingness to take on the obviously ill and perhaps troubled Lewis at this point reveals a level of compassion and altruism consistent with a responsible caretaker, rather than an inconsiderate man who would abandon Lewis in his time of need.

Danisi is defending the Neelly letter and the story of Lewis’s suicide as genuine. He never discusses the letter written by John Marks about his unsuccessful attempt to retrieve Lewis’s pistols, dirk and gold watch from Neelly in 1811. Marks, however, did manage to retrieve the rifle and horse from Mrs. Neelly. “Compassion and altruism” are hardly the words for Neelly’s behavior.” (“The Real James Neelly,” p. 12). The court martial charges come from the trial transcript.

744. Jackson, Letters, Document 362, Jefferson to Paul Allen, August 18, 1813. pp. 586–593. Starrs & Gale, Death of Meriwether Lewis, pp. 257–59.