Index

Concept definitions are shown in bold.

A

absolute monarchies 62–3

accountability 124, 134, 136, 151, 153, 175

Acton, Lord 70

Afghanistan 68

Africa see also individual countries

coup d’etats 66–7

internet access 237

personal rule 159

political parties 65, 266

ruling presidents 63

state formation 25, 26, 75

sub-Saharan Africa 59, 178

Algeria 300

anarchism 11

Arab Spring 51–2, 57, 60, 61, 62, 68, 159, 248–9

Argentina 278

Aristotle 7, 14, 40

Asia 14, 25, 28, 38, 75, 140, 177, 225, 237, 247 see also individual countries

assassination 221

assembly see legislature

Athens, Ancient 38–41, 42

Australia

bureaucracy 176

constitution 114

elections 272

federalism 187

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 156

Human Development Index 17

legislature 131, 137

metropolitan governance 193

political culture 201

political parties 256

referendums 280

trade unions 315

Austria 25, 156, 261, 282

authoritarian states 39, 57 see also China; hybrid regimes; Russia

absolute monarchy 62–3

authoritarian rule 59–69, 59

clientelism 229–31, 229

constitutions 109, 123–4

corruption 61, 69–71, 69

courts 124–5

elections 282–4

electoral authoritarianism 300

elite political culture 206

executives 59–61, 62–3, 147–8, 158–9, 158–60, 338

interest groups 320–2

legislature 142–3

military 61, 65–8

party systems 254–5, 263–7

patronage 61

personal rule 158–9, 158

political communication 234, 241–2, 247–9

political culture 212–14

political participation 228–31

political parties 64–5, 252

public policy 338–40

rent-seeking 338–9, 339, 340

rule of law 109

social movements 231

sub-national government 196–8

theocracies 68–9, 69

totalitarianism 70, 70

transition to democracy 51–2, 53

voters 299–302

authority 9–10, 10

B

Bagehot, Walter 155

behaviouralism 82

Belgium 102, 155, 187

Brazil

bureaucracy 165

comparative political ranking 15

electoral system 146, 278, 301

executive 146, 147

federalism 146, 187

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 131, 146

legislature 135, 146

political participation 229

political parties 146, 256–7

Spotlight 146–7

BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) 28 see also individual countries

bureaucracy 163

accountability 175

administrative capacity 178

affirmative action 171–3, 173

authoritarian states 177–9

bureaucratic authoritarianism 177

crony capitalism 178

departmental recruitment 171, 173

departments 166–8, 166

divisions 168–9, 168

e-government 165, 176–7, 176

evolution 163–6

interest groups and 311–12

new public management 174–6, 174

non-departmental public bodies 169–70

ombudsman 175

organization 166–71

outsourcing 165, 169, 170

recruitment 163, 171–3

regulatory agency 169–71, 169

spoils system 164–5, 165

unified recruitment 171, 172–3

Weber’s model of 164, 174–5

bureaucratic authoritarianism 177

Burke, Edmund 129, 134, 234

Burma 28, 68, 123, 150, 320

Burundi 16

C

cabinet 150

cabinet government 151

cadre (elite) parties 252, 253

Canada

bureaucracy 164, 165, 173

comparative political ranking 15

constitution 114

elections 271–2, 273

executive 151

federalism 187, 188

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 156

Human Development Index 17

KOF Globalization Index 102

legislature 135–6, 312

separatist movement 31

trade unions 315

women in the labour force 174

career politicians 139–41

cartel parties 262

catch-all parties 253

checks and balances 45

Chile 278

China

ancient Chinese empire 20

as authoritarian state 61, 67

as communist state 64–5

comparative political ranking 16

constitution and courts 120, 124

economic development 61, 64

elections 282–3

electoral system 66

elite political culture 206

executive 66, 160

form of government 66

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

interest groups 320–1

judiciary 66

legislature 66, 135, 143

mass media 248

meritocracy 163

multinational corporations 34

party systems 255

political communication 248–9

political participation 229

political parties 66

public policy 340

social organizations 321

Spotlight 66–7

sub-national government 185, 197

Christian democracy 154, 253, 257, 276, 291

Churchill, Winston 38, 51, 160, 269, 292

cities, governance 193

citizens’ juries 223

citizens/citizenship 22–3, 22, 24

Athenian citizens 39–41

uninformed 223

civic culture 201–3, 203

civil law 122

civil liberties 44

civil service see bureaucracy

civil society 305

clientelism 229

coalition governments 12, 152, 153–4, 153

Cold War 14, 39, 51, 52, 68, 75, 210

collective action 6, 85

collective decision-making 2, 6, 7, 217

Colombia 278

colonialism 21, 25, 29 see also de-colonialization; post-colonial states

committee-based legislature 130, 137–9, 137

common law 121–2, 122

communism 26

communist states 50, 63

bureaucracy 178

elections 282

institutions 79

interest groups 320

party systems 255

political participation 229

voters 300

comparative approaches 12–13

comparative method 91

comparative politics 2 see alsotheoretical approaches

challenges of 99–100

classifying political systems 13–17

defined 12

goals and purposes 12–13

and prediction 12–13

concepts 2

conservatism 11

constitutional monarchy 155

constitutional courts 115–18 see also judiciary

constitutions 109–13, 114, 123–4 see also individual countries

codified constitution 110

uncodified constitutions 109–10, 110, 112, 113, 119

consumer politics 220

conventional political participation 217, 220

corporatism 310

corruption 69–71, 69, 77

cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 236

council system 195–6

coup d’etats 65–6, 67–8

courts 113–18, 123–4 see also judiciary

authoritarian states 124–5

constitutional courts 115–18

supreme courts 115, 118–19, 120

crony capitalism 178

Cuba 17, 60, 64, 98, 135, 225

cult of personality 63

culture 201–2 see also political culture

D

Dahl, Robert 8, 9

decision-making approach 8

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 24

de-colonialization 20, 25, 29, 82 see also post-colonial states

decrees 142, 143, 156, 160, 179

de-facto states 27–8

democracy see also liberal democracy

Athenian 38–41, 42

constitutions 109

defined 38

degrees of 42

direct 38–41, 38–9

e-democracy41

features 38, 40, 45

flawed 15, 44–5, 51, 54

and the French revolution 24

government within 3–4

military intervention and imposition of 52

and modernization 46–9

numbers of 39

participatory 41

representative democracy 40, 41–3, 41–2

role of institutions 78

rule of law 109

and sovereignty 21–2

use of terms left and right 11–12

waves of democratization 49–51, 49, 301

weaknesses 51

Democracy Index 14–16, 44–5, 51, 56

democratization 38, 49–54, 49, 301

Denmark 70, 165, 256, 261, 315 see also Scandinavia

despotism 60

developmental state 178

diaspora 30–1

direct democracy see democracy Doing Business Index 337

dominant party systems 255–6

due process 109

Duverger’s law 254

E

economic development

in authoritarian states 61

economic performance and voter choice 292–5

emerging economies 34

modernization and democracy 48–9, 48

role of governance 4

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) 14–16

education

within bureaucracy 167, 168, 183

democracy and modernization 48

elite political culture 205–6

and political participation 218, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292

politics as 7

and post-materialist values 209

and role of states 17, 24, 35

as slow-moving cause 106

e-government 165, 176–7, 176

Egypt

comparative political ranking 16

constitution and courts 123

elections 278, 283, 316

executive 316

form of government 316

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

as hybrid regime 60

interest groups 317

judiciary 316

legislature 135, 142–3, 316

political culture 213

political participation 229

political parties 65, 316

post-Arab Spring 159

Spotlight 316–17

Elazar, Daniel 202

election campaigns 278–80

elections 43

alternative vote (AV) 271, 272

authoritarian states 282–4

distribution requirements 277

electoral fraud 69–70

first-order elections 270

franchise 273

hybrid regimes 58, 283–4

initiatives 281–2, 282

legislature 270–6

majority systems 271, 272

mandate 279

mixed systems 271, 275–6

party lists 273

plurality system 271–2, 271

presidential 276–8

proportional representation 12, 271, 272–5, 272

recalls 282

referendums 280–1, 280

regional government 186

second-order elections 270

short campaigns 278–9, 279

electoral authoritarianism 300

electoral colleges 136, 149, 155, 275, 277

electoral formula 270

electoral systems 270 see also individual countries

electoral volatility 301–2, 301

elite political culture 205–6, 205

end of history 51

England see United Kingdom (UK)

Europe

corporatism 310

elections 270

elite political culture 205

major parties 258

post-materialism 207

voter behaviour 288

voter turnout 298

European Union (EU)

bureaucracy 166

confederation 190

electoral system 32

executives 32

expansion and democracies 39

form of government 32

Greek debt crisis 78–9, 105

gross national income (GNI) 16

interest groups 315–16

judiciary 32

legislature 32, 135

multilevel governance (MLG) 183

political parties 32

political trust 204, 205

referendums 280–1

regional development program 186

regional integration 4, 33

regulatory agencies 170–1

Spotlight 32–3

system of governance 4

executives see also individual countries

authoritarian states 146–7, 158–60

coalition governments 153–4, 153

as formal institution 78

head of government 147

head of state 147, 155

majority government 153

parliamentary 147, 148, 150–4, 150, 157

personal rule 158

presidential 148–50, 157

semi-presidential 147, 154–8, 154

separation of powers 149

term limits 148

women as 227–8

F

Failed States Index 35

failing states 26, 35

fascism 11

federal systems 182, 186–92 see also individual countries

asymmetric federalism 188

confederations 190

cooperative federalism 188

dual federalism 188

quasi-federations 189–90

federations 186

Fiji 68

Finland 151, 176, 261, 278, 315 see also Scandinavia

focus groups 222–3, 223

fourth estate 234

France

bureaucracy 165, 166, 171

comparative political ranking 15

e-government 176

elections 194, 272, 277, 278, 301

executive 157–8, 194

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 194

KOF Globalization Index 102

legislature 135, 136, 194

military intervention and imposition of democracy 52

political parties 194

post-materialism 209

semi-presidential system 78, 157–8, 194, 195

social movements 319

Spotlight 194–5

sub-national government 185, 186

Freedom House 14, 15

freedom of speech 44

French revolution 10, 11, 22, 24, 31

G

gendered institutions 225, 225 see also women

genocide 87

Germany

bureaucracy 165, 168, 171

coalition governments 154

comparative political ranking 15

concept of the state 22

constitution (Basic Law) 113, 114, 151

democracy 50

elections 276

electoral system 208

executive (chancellor) 151, 152, 156, 208

Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) 116, 117–18, 120

federalism 187, 188, 189, 208

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 208

KOF Globalization Index 102

legislature 135, 137, 208

partisan dealignment 289

political culture 209

political parties 208, 257–8

Spotlight 208–9

trade unions 307–8, 315

women in the labour force 174

global cities 192

globalization 31–2, 34, 102–3, 241–3

governance 4, 5–6, 5

metropolitan governance 193

multilevel governance (MLG) 182–3, 182

government

Aristotle’s classification of 14

checks and balances 45

defined 2–5

as distinct from the state 21

limited government 43, 44, 148

self-government 2, 30, 38, 40, 41

sizes of 166

Greece 78–9, 105

gross national income (GNI) 16–17, 16

Guinea 68

H

Haiti 59, 111, 267

head of government 147

head of state 147

Hobbes, Thomas 3, 4, 233

Hong Kong 6, 21, 115, 117, 193, 337

Human Development Index 17

human rights 123

Hungary 154, 301

Huntington, Samuel 49–51, 58, 210–12

hybrid regimes

as authoritarian state 57–9, 58, 60, 142

elections 58, 283–4

interest groups 321

legislature 58

political communication 234, 249

I

Iceland 31, 111, 133, 315

ideologies

defined 10–11, 201

five major ideologies 11

left to right spectrum of 11–12

immigration 22–3, 31

India

comparative political ranking 15

constitution 112, 114

council system 195–6

democracy 47, 50

elections 272

electoral system 46

electoral volatility 301

executives 46

federalism 46, 187, 188

as flawed democracy 44–5

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 155, 156

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 46

legislature 46, 135, 137

as multinational state 22, 31

Nehru-Gandhi dynasty 140

political participation 229

political parties 46, 255, 258

Spotlight 46–7, 301

state incomes 28

structural violence 44–5

Supreme Court 118, 120

Indonesia 277

institutionalism 76

institutions 76

institutionalization 76

interest groups see also political participation

authoritarian states 320–2

compared to social movements and political parties 318

defined 305

degrees of influence 314–17

density 315

dynamics of 308–11

issue networks 311

lobbying 312–14, 313

peak association 307, 310–11

promotional groups 306–7, 307

protective groups 305–6, 306, 307

spheres of influence 311–14

think-tanks 308

types of 305–8

intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 31–2, 33, 337

internet see also social media

and the Arab Spring 248–9

citizen monitoring 33

and deconcentration 184

the echo chamber 41

e-democracy 41

e-government 165, 176–7, 176

interest groups 311

internet access 236–7, 238

mass communication and social movements 319

political communication 234, 235, 238–9, 241–2, 246, 248, 249

political participation and 219, 221, 222

interpretive approach 85–8, 86

Iran

comparative political ranking 16

constitutional theocracy 68–9

elections 283

electoral system 296

executives 296

form of government 296

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 296

legal system 124

legislature 135, 296

media 61

political parties 296

presidential elections 278

voters 297

Iraq 30, 52, 60, 71, 211, 224, 302, 319

Ireland 102, 114, 137

iron law of oligarchy 258

iron triangles 309, 310

Islam 122–3, 122, 211–12

Islamic republics 68–9, 69, 212–13, 248

Israel 118, 273, 275

issue networks 311

issue voting 292

Italy 120, 132, 156, 185, 205, 261, 315

J

Jamaica 156

Japan

bureaucracy 165, 166, 173, 178

comparative political ranking 15

e-government 176

elections 275, 301

electoral system 172

elite political culture 206

executive 152, 172

form of government 172

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 156

Human Development Index 17

iron triangle 309

judiciary 172

legislature 135, 140, 172

as nation-state 31

pluralism 309

political parties 172, 255

Spotlight 172–3

trade unions 315

women in the labour force 174

judicial activism 118–19, 118

judicial restraint 118

judicial review 114–15, 114

judiciary 78, 82, 114–21 see also individual countries

abstract review 115

appellate jurisdiction 115

concrete review 115

constitutional courts 115–18

supreme courts 115, 118–19, 120

juristocracy 114

K

Kenya 15, 229, 236, 277, 319

Keynes, John Maynard 24

KOF Globalization Index 102

Kosovo 22

Kurds 30, 31

Kuwait 62–3

L

Laos 63–4

Latin America see also individual countries

bureaucratic authoritarianism 177, 179

constitution and courts 115, 122, 149

democratization 38, 49, 50

elections 272

federalism 191

interest groups 320

military rule 62, 65, 67

political communication 249

political participation 227, 249

presidential system 94, 103, 157

proportional representation 271, 272

referendum initiatives 282

state formation 25

unitary systems 184

law 121–3, 130–1 see also constitutions; judiciary

legislation 130–1

legislature 128 see also individual countries

authoritarian states 57, 142–3

committees 130, 131, 137–9, 137

and constitutional amendments 113, 114

debating legislature 130, 131

elections 270–6

functions 78, 128–33

hybrid regimes 58

members 139–41

parliamentary systems 132

plenary sessions 130

population and size of legislature 97–8

separation of powers 149

size of 135

strong bicameralism 134, 135

term limits 141

unicameral and bicameral 131, 133–6, 133, 137

weak bicameralism 134

women in 225–7

legitimacy 10, 21

liberal democracy 44 see also democracy

civic culture 203

elite political culture 205

executives 147

form of 40, 43–7, 48

political communication 234

political participation 217–18

promotional groups 307

women’s political participation 224

liberalism 11, 43–4, 44, 213

Libya 51, 59–60

limited government 43, 44, 148

list system (PR) 227, 260, 271, 273

lobbying 312–14, 313

local government 192–6

Locke, John 4, 23, 43, 128

logic of appropriateness 80

logic of consequences 80

Lukes, Steven 8–9

Luxembourg 26

M

Machiavelli, Niccolò 81

Malaysia 156, 213

Mao Zedong 7, 66

Marx, Karl 81, 164

Marxism 11

mass media

media structures 245–6, 245

newspapers 235, 238, 241, 244–6, 247, 248, 249

self-selection 238

television 245–6

mayor-council system 195–6

McWorld thesis 102, 210

meritocracy 163

methodology 91

metropolitan governance 193

Mexico

bureaucracy 165, 166

comparative political ranking 15

constitution 111–12

democracy 54

electoral system 264

electoral volatility 301

executive 264

federalism 187, 264

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

interest groups 320

judiciary 264

law-making 131

legislature 135, 137, 141, 264

political participation 229

political parties 264–5

presidential elections 276, 278

Spotlight 264–5

trade unions 315

microstates 26–7

Middle East see also individual countries

absolute monarchies 62–3, 159

Arab Spring 51–2, 57, 60, 61, 62, 159, 248–9

party systems 254–5

personal rule 159

migrants, international 22–3, 31

military

in authoritarian states 61, 65–8

coup d’etat 65–6, 67–8

military governments 62, 65–8, 160

Mill, John Stuart 30, 44, 75, 130, 223

ministerial government 152

modern 47

modernization 48

monarchies

absolute 62–3

constitutional monarchy 155

European 62

and modern bureaucracies 163–4

multilevel governance (MLG) 182–3, 182

multinational corporations 34

multinational state 31

multi-party systems 254, 256–7

N

nationalism 30

nations 29

nation-states 31

natural rights 23, 23, 43

Netherlands

bureaucracy 171

e-government 176

electoral volatility 301

executive 152

KOF Globalization Index 102

local government 192

mass media 245–6

political parties 261

trade unions 315

new institutionalism 79–80, 80

new public management 174–6, 174

New Zealand

bureaucracy 166, 175

comparative political ranking 15

corruption 70

e-government 176

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

legislature 131–2

local government 192

trade unions 315

uncodified constitution 109–10, 113, 119

newspapers 235, 238, 241, 244–6, 247, 248, 249

niche parties 257

Niger 17, 68

Nigeria

bureaucracy 166, 177

comparative political ranking 15

constitution 114

electoral system 4

executive 4, 160

federalism 4, 187

government and politics 5

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 4, 120

legislature 4, 135

lootocrats 61

military government 67

political culture 213–14

political participation 229

political parties 4, 265–6

presidential elections 277

Spotlight 4–5

sub-national government 196–7

voters 300–1

non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 34

North Korea

authoritarianism 15, 16, 60

as communist state 69

corruption 71

cult of personality 64

human rights 123

totalitarianism 7, 70, 254

Norway see also Scandinavia

bureaucracy 165

comparative political ranking 15

Human Development Index 17

local government 192

political parties 261

trade unions 315

O

Obama, Barack 4, 241, 295

oligarchies 14, 139, 179, 258, 284

Oman 62

ombudsman 175

opinion polls 222

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 28, 174

outsourcing 165, 169, 170, 192–4

P

Paine, Thomas (The Rights of Man) 42

Pakistan 17, 229

parliamentary government 150–4, 150, 157

parties see political parties

party systems 253–8, 254, 263–7

patronage 61

Peace of Westphalia 23

personal rule 158–9, 158

Peru 278, 301

Philippines 276, 278

pluralism 183, 308

Poland 185, 315

policy analysis 325

policy entrepreneurs 330

political authority 27–8

political classes 139–40, 140

political communication 234

authoritarian states 241–2, 247–9

mass media 234–40, 235

media outlets 244–7

social media 236–7

transmission model 237, 238–40

trends in 240–4

political culture 201

authoritarian states 212–14

civic culture 201–3, 203

democracies 203

elite 205–6, 205

political capital 205–6

political trust 204–5

political economy 16

political families 140–1

political generations 207

political institutions 35, 79

political leaders see also executives

cult of personality 63

ruling presidents 62–3

and voter choice 295–6

political participation see also interest groups

authoritarian states 228–31

conventional 217, 220

deliberative opinion polls 223

forms of 217–21

mobilized participation 228

opinion polls 222

political exclusion 219

public opinion 10, 221–4, 221, 314

sample surveys 222

social movements 317–19

unconventional 217, 220

women 224–8

political parties see also individual countries

authoritarian states 252

cadre (elite) 252, 253

cartel parties 262

catch-all parties 253

compared to social movements and interest groups 314, 318

defined 252

electoral volatility 301–2, 301

finance 262

as formal institution 78

iron law of oligarchy 258

mass parties 253

membership 261–2

niche parties 257

organization 258–61

roles of 253, 289

safe district 259

selectorate 259

political systems 5, 13–17 see also individual countries

political trust 51, 203–5, 203, 298

politics 6–8, 6

populations 21, 26–7

diaspora 30–1

legislature size and 97–8

post-colonial states 25–6, 213

see also de-colonialization post-communist states 26, 57, 62–3, 110, 111, 184

post-materialism 206–10, 206

power 8–9, 8

presidential government 148, 152–3, 157

prime ministerial government 151–2

promotional groups 306–7, 307

propaganda 247

proportional representation 12, 271, 272–5, 272

protective groups 305–6, 306, 307

public authority 6–7

public opinion 10, 221–4, 221, 314

public policy

authoritarian states 338–40

bottom-up implementation 331

cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 236

defined 325

garbage-can model 238, 326, 327–8

incremental model 236, 327

models 325–8

policy convergence 335–8, 335

policy cycle 328–35

policy diffusion 335–6, 335

policy entrepreneurs 330

policy instruments 329

policy outcomes 332–3, 332

policy outputs 332

rational model 236, 326–7

top-down implementation 331

Putin, Vladimir 159, 160, 197–8, 211, 212–13, 284

Q

quasi-states 27

R

rational choice 84–5, 84

rational model 326–7

red tape 163

regional government 185–6, 186

regional integration 4, 33

regulatory agencies 169–71, 169

religion see also Islam; Islamic republics

conflict of civilizations thesis 210–12

secularization 292

and voter choice 291–2

religious law 122–3

representation (by legislature) 4

research methods 91

analytic narrative 103

case-study method 92–4, 92

comparative method 2, 9, 12–13, 91–2, 99–103

confirmation bias 101

correlation 97

counterfactuals 100

critical junctures 104, 105

dependent variables 94–5

historical method 93, 103–6

hypotheses 94–5

independent variables 94–5

level of analysis 91

methodology 91

most different/similar systems design 96

outliers 98

path dependence 104, 105

process tracing 104

qualitative method 92, 93, 95–6, 95, 97

quantitative method 92, 93, 96–9, 97

regression line 97–8

selection bias 100–1, 100

sequencing 104–5, 105

slow-moving causes 106

survivorship bias 101

unit of analysis 91

value bias 101

variables 91

resource curse 339

rule of law 44, 109

Russia

bureaucracy 165, 179

comparative political ranking 16

constitution 124–5

cultural kinships 210

electoral system 226, 284, 301

executive 159–60, 226

federalism 187

form of government 226

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

interest groups 321–2

judicial appointments 120

judiciary 226

KOF Globalization Index 102

legal systems 125

legislature 135, 137, 143, 226

political communication 249

political culture 212–13

political participation 227, 229

political parties 226, 266–7

presidential elections 62, 278

public policy 340

Spotlight 226–7

sub-national government 197–8

S

Saudi Arabia 16, 62, 63, 159

Scandinavia see also individual countries

bureaucracy 165

legislature 130, 138–9

voter choice 291–2

Schumpeter, Joseph 43, 46

second-order elections 270

secularization 292

security state 34

self-determination 29, 30

semi-presidential government

152–3, 154–8, 154

separation of powers 149

sharia law 122–3, 122

Singapore 58, 176, 266

single-member plurality (SMP) 271

single-party systems 255

social capital 204–5, 205

social class 290–1

social media 94, 111 see also internet

and the Arab Spring 248–9

interest groups 311

political communication 236–7, 236, 241

public opinion 221–2

social movements 231, 317, 318

social sciences 2, 74

Somalia 27, 35, 71

South Africa

bureaucracy 165

comparative political ranking 15

constitution and courts 111, 117

electoral system 116

executive 116, 150

form of government 116

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 116

legislature 116, 133, 135

political participation 229

political parties 116, 256

presidential elections 278

quasi-federation 190

Spotlight 116–17

South Korea 176

sovereignty 21–2, 23, 26, 184

Soviet Union 26, 70, 206, 282 see also Russia

Spain 155, 156

states

authority 9–10, 86

challenges to 31–5

criticisms of 33

de-factostates 27–8

defined 9, 20–1

diversity of 26–9

emergence 23–4

expansion 24–6

failing states 26, 35

formation of 23, 25–6, 75

major features 20–3

microstates 26–7, 27

post-colonial 25–6, 213

post-communist 26

quasi-states 27

security state 34

and sovereignty 21–2

stateless nations 30

and wars 23, 24

statute law 122

structural violence 44–5

structuralism 82–4, 83

sub-national government 185, 196–8

subsidiarity 189

supreme courts 115, 118–19, 120

Sweden

bureaucracy 165

coalition governments 153–4

committees 139

comparative political ranking 15

constitution 114

electoral system 301, 334

executive 334

form of government 334

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 156

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 334

KOF Globalization Index 102

legislature 133, 135, 334

local government 192

partisan dealignment 289

political culture (earlier ref?) 201

political parties 334

public policy 335

Spotlight 334–5

sub-national government 185

trade unions 315

women in the labour force 174

Switzerland 26, 29, 187, 280, 282

T

Taiwan 22

term limits 141

terrorism 34, 221

Thailand 15

theocracies 68–9, 69

theoretical approaches

behaviouralism 76, 81–2, 82

empirical approaches 81

grand theory 72

institutional 76–81

interpretive 76, 85–8

new institutionalism 79–80, 80

normative approaches 81

overview 74–7

rational 76

rational choice 84–5

structural 76, 82–4

theory 74

think-tanks 308

Three Worlds system 14

total war 24

totalitarianism 70, 70

trade unions 104–5, 307–8, 315

transmission model (communication) 234

Tunisia 60

Turkey 15, 17, 165, 174, 210, 229

Tuvalu 16

two-party systems 256

typologies

Aristotelian 14

defined 13–14

Three Worlds system 14

U

Ukraine 58–9, 211, 213, 301

unitary systems 182, 184–6, 191–2

United Kingdom (UK)

bureaucracy 165, 166, 172

civic culture 203

comparative political ranking 15

democracy 45–7, 49, 50

e-government 176

elections 271, 273, 279

electoral system 138

electoral volatility 301

executive 138, 153

form of government 138

gross national income (GNI) 16

head of state 156

Human Development Index 17

judiciary 46–7, 119, 120, 138

KOF Globalization Index 102

legislature 130, 131, 135, 137–8, 139

lobbying 313

local government 192

military intervention and imposition of democracy 52

newspapers 235, 238

opinion polls 222

parliamentary government 153

political generations 209

political parties 138, 256, 257, 261

political trust 204

referendums 281

regional assemblies 186, 189

regulatory agencies 169

social movements 318–19

Spotlight 138–9

sub-national government 185

trade unions 315

uncodified constitution 110

voter behaviour 288–9

women in the labour force 174

United States of America (USA)

American dream 95–6

American Revolution 24

bureaucracy 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 173

civic culture 203

comparative political ranking 15

concept of the state 22

constitution 24, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114

cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 326

Declaration of Independence 24

democracy 45, 49

e-government 176

elections 270, 273, 275, 301

electoral system 274

executive 148, 149–50, 159, 274

federalism 187, 188–9, 190, 274

gross national income (GNI) 16

Human Development Index 17

institutions 79

interest groups 315

iron triangle 309, 310

judiciary 274

KOF Globalization Index 102

law-making 131

legislature 130, 132, 135, 137, 139–40, 141, 148, 274, 311–12

mass media 239, 241

mayor-council system 196

military intervention and imposition of democracy 52

opinion polls 222

pluralism 309

political generations 209

political parties 256, 263, 274

political trust 204

presidential elections 277, 278

public policy 330–1

regulatory agencies 169–70

social movements 317–18, 319

Spotlight 274–5

Supreme Court 115, 118–19, 120

trade unions 315

voter choice 288, 291, 293, 295

voter turnout 298

women in the labour force 174

Uzbekistan 62–3

V

Venezuela

comparative political ranking?? 15

constitution 179

electoral system 242, 301

executive 242

form of government 242

judiciary 242

legislature 242

political communication 243

political parties 242

Spotlight 242–3

Vietnam 63–4

von Clausewitz, Carl 7

vote of confidence 133

voters

authoritarian states 299–302

behaviour explanations 287

compulsory voting 299

issue voting 292

partisan dealignment 288–9, 288, 290

party identification 287–9, 288

rational choice 293

turnout 297–9

voter choice 289–97, 292

W

warlords 197

wars 23, 24

waves of democratization 49

Weber, Max

on authority 9–10

definition of the state 20

model of bureaucracy 164, 174–5

welfare state 24

Westphalian system 23

women

in bureaucracy 173–4

cultural differences and 211

gendered institutions 225, 225

political culture 212

political participation 224–8

Y

Yemen 60

Z

Zaire 159, 266

Zambia 266

Zimbabwe 63, 123–4