1. Reginald Isaacs, Gropius: An Illustrated Biography of the Creator of the Bauhaus (Boston: Bulfinch Press, 1991), p. 3.
2. Ibid., p. 13.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 17.
5. Ibid., p. 18.
6. Hans M. Wingler, The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, ed. Joseph Stein, trans. Wolfgang Jabs and Basil Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 20.
7. Ibid, p. 21.
8. Francoise Giroud, Alma Mahler; or The Art of Being Loved, trans. R. M. Stock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 16.
9. Ibid., p. 17.
10. Ibid, p. 20.
11. Ibid, p. 23.
12. Ibid, p. 79.
13. Alma Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge Is Love (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958), p. 50.
14. Ibid, p. 51.
15. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 81.
16. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 83.
17. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 82.
18. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 51.
19. Ibid.
20. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 34.
21. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 83.
22. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 52.
23. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 34, undated letter from Alma Mahler (AM) to Walter Gropius (WG), Vienna, probably June 1910.
24. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 35.
25. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 53.
26. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 88.
27. Ibid.
28. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 35.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., quoting letters of September 19 and 21, 1910.
32. Ibid., quoting letter of September 21, 1910.
33. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 90.
34. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 35; AM to WG, late October 1910, from New York.
35. Ibid., p. 36; Anna Moll to WG, November 12, 1910, sent from Vienna.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., WG to AM, late May 1911.
39. Ibid., pp. 36–37; WG to AM, mid-August 1911.
40. Ibid., p. 37; WG to AM, September 18, 1911.
41. Ibid., WG to AM, December 15, 1911.
42. Ibid., p. 38; WG to AM, November 21, 1912.
43. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 78.
44. Ibid., p. 72.
45. Ibid., p. 73.
46. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 30.
47. Ibid., p. 38; AM to WG, May 6, 1914.
48. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 84.
49. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 41. The date of the letter is incorrect in Isaacs’s footnote; it can’t be November, since it refers to New Year’s.
50. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 85.
51. Ibid., pp. 85–86.
52. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 43; AM to WG, probably June 1915.
53. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 87.
54. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 21; Henry van de Velde to WG, April 11, 1915.
55. Ibid.; Van de Velde to WG, July 8, 1915.
56. Ibid., p. 45; F. Mackensen to WG, October 2, 1915.
57. Ibid.; WG to F. Mackensen, October 19, 1915.
58. Ibid.; AM to WG, late fall 1919.
59. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 46.
60. Ibid.; WG to MG, September 1915.
61. Ibid., pp. 47–48; AM to WG, September 1915.
62. Ibid., p. 48; WG to Manon Gropius (MG), December 1915.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.; AG to WG, January 1916.
65. Wingler, Bauhaus, manuscript of January 25, 1916, p. 23.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., pp. 23–24.
68. Ibid., p. 24.
69. Ibid., pp. 24, 23.
70. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 49; AG to WG, March 1916.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 77; AG to WG, Summer 1916.
73. Ibid., p. 51.
74. Ibid.; AG to WG, August 1916.
75. http://thenonist.com/index.php/thenonist/permalink/oscar_and_the_alma_doll/.
76. Ibid.
77. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 52.
78. Ibid., p. 52; WG to MG, October 16, 1916.
79. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 89.
80. Ibid., pp. 89–90.
81. Ibid., p. 91.
82. Ibid., p. 96.
83. Ibid., pp. 97–98.
84. Ibid., p. 98.
85. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 15; WG to MG, March 26, 1917.
86. Ibid.; WG to MG, Schloss Flawinne near Nemurs, June 17, 1917.
87. Ibid.; WG to MG, August 1917.
88. Ibid., p. 54; WG to Karl Ernst Osthaus (KEO), December 19, 1917.
89. Ibid.; WG to MG, January 7, 1918.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., pp. 55–56; WG to MG, June 11, 1918.
92. Ibid., p. 57; WG to Richard Meyer, July 6, 191.
93. Ibid., p. 58; WG to MG, August 17, 1918.
94. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, pp. 120–21.
95. Ibid., p. 122; Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 124.
96. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 125.
97. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 63; WG to KEO, December 29, 1918.
98. Ibid.; WG to MG, Berlin, January 1919.
99. Ibid., p. 64.
100. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 26.
101. Ibid.
102. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 67; WG to MG, March 31, 1919.
103. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 31.
104. Ibid.
105. Giroud, Alma Mahler, p. 127.
106. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 133.
107. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 319 n. 48.
108. Ibid., p. 79; Lyonel Feininger to his wife, May 30, 1919.
109. Feininger letters, The Lyonel Feininger Archive, Harvard Art Museum Archives, Morgan Center, Harvard Art Museum/ Busch-Reisinger Museum.
110. Julia Feininger to Lyonel Feininger, May 26, 1919, Feininger Archive.
111. Lyonel Feininger to Julia Feininger, May 20 and May 28, 1949, Feininger Archive.
112. Julia Feininger to Lyonel Feininger, May 31, 1919, Feininger Archive.
113. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 134.
114. Lyonel Feininger to Julia Feininger, June 7, 1919, Feininger Archive.
115. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 81; WG to MG, June 14, 1919.
116. Ibid.; WG to AM, July 12, 1919.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid., p. 82; WG to AM, July 18, 1919.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 36.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 82; FW to WG, August 29, 1919.
126. Ibid.; AMG to WG, September 1919.
127. Ibid., p. 83; WG to Lily Hildebrandt (LH), October 14, 1919.
128. Ibid.; WG to LH, October 15, 1919.
129. Ibid., p. 85; WG to LH, November 1919.
130. Ibid.; WG to LH, December 13, 1919.
131. Ibid., p. 86; WG to LH, December 1919.
132. Ibid.; WG to MG, undated, probably 1919, just after Christmas.
133. Ibid.; WG to LH, February 1, 1920.
134. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 37.
135. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 87; AMG to WG, undated, from Vienna, probably early December 1919.
136. Ibid., p. 88; WG to unnamed “young widow,” April 19, 1920.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid., p. 90; WG to LH, undated.
139. Tut Schlemmer, ed., The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990), p. 90.
140. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 142.
141. Ibid., p. 143.
142. Isaacs, Gropius, pp. 92–93; WG to LH, late spring 1921.
143. Wingler, Bauhaus, pp. 51–52.
144. AM to the Feiningers, July 3, 1922, Houghton Library, Harvard University, 6MS Ger 146 (1423).
145. Lyonel Feininger to Julia Feininger, September 7, 1922, Feininger Archive.
146. Mahler Werfel, And the Bridge, p. 142.
147. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 64.
148. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 105; WG to Ilse Frank, undated.
149. Ibid.
150. Walter Gropius, “Statement on Haus on Horn,” 1923.
151. Ibid.
152. Herbert Bayer, Walter Gropius, and Ise Gropius, eds., Bauhaus, 1919–1928 (Boston: C. T. Branford, 1952), p. 93.
153. Igor Stravinsky, An Autobiography (New York: M & S Steven, 1958), p. 107.
154. Ibid., p. 108.
155. Ibid.
156. Stephen Walsh, Stravinsky: A Creative Spring(New York: Knopf, 1999), p. 370.
157. Ibid.
158. Bayer, Gropius, and Gropius, Bauhaus, p. 91.
159. Ibid.
160. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 109.
161. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 76.
162. Ibid.
163. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 111.
164. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 84.
165. Ibid., p. 86.
166. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 113.
167. Ibid., p. 115.
168. Ibid., p. 116.
169. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 89.
170. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 117.
171. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 109.
172. Ibid., p. 110.
173. Ibid.
174. Ibid., p. 125.
175. Ibid.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid., p. 127.
178. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 135; WG to Wassily Kandinsky, February 1927.
179. Ibid., p. 137.
180. Ibid., p. 139.
181. Ibid.
182. Christian Walsdorf, at the Bauhaus-Archiv in Berlin, generously supplied this information.
183. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 141.
184. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 136.
185. Ibid.
186. Isaacs, Gropius, p. 141.
187. Ibid., p. 145.
188. Ibid., pp. 148–49.
189. Ibid., p. 321.
190. Malcolm Ticknor, introduction to the Huntington Gallery project, Huntington, WV, 1967, in The Walter Gropius Archive: An Illustrated Catalogue of the Drawings, Prints, and Photographs in the Walter Gropius Archive at the Busch-Reisinger Museum, Harvard University, Vol. 4: 1945–1969: The Works of The Architects Collaborative, ed. John C. Harness (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1991), p. 479.
1. The Diaries of Paul Klee, ed. and intro. Felix Klee (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), p. 419.
2. Ibid., p. 377.
3. Jankel Adler, “Memories of Paul Klee,” in The Golden Horizon, ed. Cyril Connolly (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), p. 38.
4. Ibid.
5. Prince Myshkin speaking in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s The Idiot, trans. David McDuff (London: Penguin Classics, 2004), p. 639.
6. Ibid., p. 645.
7. Diaries of Paul Klee, p. 4.
8. Marta Schneider Brody, “Paul Klee in the Wizard’s Kitchen,” Psychoanalytic Review 91 (2004): 487.
9. Marta Schneider Brody, “Who Is Anna Wenne? Gender Play Within Art’s Potential Space,” Psychoanalytic Review 89 (2002): 486.
10. Ibid., p. 410.
11. Diaries of Paul Klee, p. 4.
12. Ibid., pp. 4–5.
13. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
14. Ibid., pp. 23–24.
15. Ibid., p. 33.
16. Ibid., p. 34.
17. Ibid., p. 35.
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 38.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 39.
23. Ibid., pp. 40–41.
24. Ibid., p. 41.
25. Ibid., p. 43.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 45.
28. Will Grohmann, Paul Klee (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1967), p. 31.
29. John Richardson, “A Cache of Klee,” Vanity Fair, February 1987, p. 83.
30. Grohmann, Klee, p. 53.
31. Ibid., p. 57.
32. Tut Schlemmer, ed., The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990), p. 41.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 96.
35. Marcel Franciscono, Paul Klee: His Work and Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 242.
36. Ibid., p. 241.
37. Adler, “Memories,” p. 266.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Franciscono, Paul Klee, p. 241.
41. Ibid.
42. O. K. Werckmeister, The Making of Paul Klee’s Career, 1914–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), p. 226.
43. Grohmann, Klee, pp. 62–63.
44. Stefan Tolksdorf, Der Klang der Dinge: Paul Klee—Ein Leben (Freiburg: Herder, 2004), p. 140; translation by Jessica Csoma.
45. Paul Klee, Lettres du Bauhaus, trans. into French by Anne-Sophie Petit-Emptaz (Tours: Farrago, 2004), p. 22.
46. Frank Whitford, ed., The Bauhaus: Master and Students by Themselves (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 1993), p. 54.
47. Klee, Lettres, p. 27.
48. Transcript of Felix Klee’s interview with Ludwig Grote, March 26, 1972, Klee Archive, Bern.
49. Ibid.
50. Klee, Lettres, p. 29.
51. Ibid., p. 34.
52. Ibid.
53. Rainer Maria Rilke et Merline: Correspondance, 1920–1926, ed. Dieter Bassermann (Zurich: Insel Verlag, 1954), p. 224.
54. Klee, Lettres, p. 38.
55. Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 62.
56. Klee, Lettres, p. 35.
57. Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 70.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., pp. 70–71.
62. Ibid., p. 71.
63. Ibid., p. 72.
64. Grohmann, Klee, p. 68.
65. Ibid.
66. Klee, Lettres, p. 39.
67. Richardson, “Cache of Klee,” p. 83.
68. Klee, Lettres, p. 40.
69. Ibid., pp. 40–41.
70. Ibid.
71. Grohmann, Klee, p. 69.
72. Tagebücher von Paul Klee, 1898–1918 (Cologne: M. Dumont Schauberg, 1957), p. 416; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
73. Felix Klee, Reflections on My Father, Klee, catalogue for exhibition at Foundation Pierre Gianadda Martigny, 1985.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Klee, Lettres, p. 489.
77. Ibid., p 253.
78. Felix Klee, introduction to Pierre von Allmen, Paul Klee: Puppets, Sculptures, Reliefs, Masks, Theatre (Neuchátel: Editions Galeries Suisse de Paris, 1979), p. 19.
79. Grohmann, Klee, p. 54.
80. Lothar Schreyer, quoted in Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 120.
81. Felix Klee, introduction to Allmen, Paul Klee, pp. 19–21.
82. Klee, Lettres, p. 49.
83. Grohmann, Klee, p. 64.
84. Hans M. Wingler, The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, ed. Joseph Stein, trans. Wolfgang Jabs and Basil Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 54.
85. Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 121.
86. Brody, “Who Is Anna Wenne?,” p. 497.
87. Ibid., p. 496.
88. Ibid., p. 489.
89. Ibid., p. 493.
90. Ibid., p. 494.
91. Ibid., pp. 494–95.
92. Ibid., p. 499.
93. Grohmann, Klee, p. 377.
94. Brody, “Who Is Anna Wenne?,” p. 499.
95. Tolksdorf, Der Klang der Dinge, p. 164; translation by Jessica Csoma.
96. Marta Schneider Brody, “Paul Klee: Art, Potential Space and the Transitional Process,” The Psychoanalytic Review 88 (2001): 369.
97. Wilhelm Uhde, “Quelques opinions sur Klee,” in Les Arts Plastiques, vol. 7 (1930); translation by Philippe Corfa.
98. Klee, Lettres, p. 65.
99. Jürg Spiller, ed., Paul Klee Notebooks, vol. 2: The Nature of Nature (London: Lund Humphries, 1973), p. 6.
100. Ibid., p. 25.
101. Ibid., p. 29.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid., p. 31.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid., p. 35.
107. Ibid., p. 43.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid., p. 44.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid., p. 45.
112. Ibid., p. 51.
113. Ibid., p. 53.
114. Ibid., p. 63.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid., p. 66.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid., p. 67.
120. Ibid.
121. Marianne Ahlfeld Heymann, “Erinnerungen an Paul Klee,” in Und trotzdem überlebt (Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 1994), p. 78; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
122. Ibid., p. 80.
123. Ibid., p. 82.
124. Ibid., p. 83.
125. Ibid.
126. Paul Klee, Briefe an die Familie, Vol. 2: 1907–1940 (Cologne: Dumont, 1979), p. 768; July 30, 1911.
127. Ibid., p. 789; March 14, 1916.
128. Ibid., p. 813; May 9, 1916.
129. Ibid., p. 831; November 9, 1916.
130. Ibid., p. 838; December 2, 1916.
131. Ibid., p. 889; December 5, 1917.
132. Ibid., p. 861; April 1, 1917.
133. Ibid., p. 930; August 5, 1918.
134. Ibid., p. 935; August 29, 1918.
135. Ibid., p. 1177; February 15, 1932.
136. Ibid., pp. 1178–79.
137. Ibid., p. 1183; March 15, 1932.
138. Ibid., p.1231; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
139. Spiller, Nature of Nature, p. 125.
140. “Taschenkasender Paul Klee,” in Klee, Briefe an die Familie, Vol. 2: 1907–1940, entry for January 3, 1935, p. 1257; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
141. Ibid., entries for January 20 and 22, 1935, pp. 1258–59; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
142. Ibid., entry for January 9, 1935, p. 1259; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
143. Spiller, Nature of Nature, p. 69.
144. Ibid.
145. Ibid., p. 72.
146. Ibid., p. 79.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid., p. 101.
149. Ibid., p. 103.
150. Ibid., p. 105.
151. Ibid., p. 107.
152. Ibid.
153. Reproduced ibid., p. 170.
154. Brody, “Paul Klee in the Wizard’s Kitchen,” p. 398.
155. Ibid., p. 400.
156. Ibid., p. 415.
157. Ibid., p. 403.
158. Ibid., p. 412.
159. Ibid., pp. 416–17.
160. Ibid., p. 255.
161. Ibid.
162. Grohmann, Klee, p. 365.
163. Ibid., p. 366.
164. Howard Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus (New York: Rizzoli, 1986), p. 264.
165. Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 130.
166. Ibid.
167. See Isabel Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer and the Blue Four (Bern: Benteli Verlag, 2006), p. 180, for picture.
168. Ibid., p. 7.
169. Ibid., pp. 37–38.
170. Ibid., p. 47.
171. Ibid., p. 46.
172. Klee, Lettres, pp. 67–68; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
173. Interview with Felix Klee in Paul Klee: Aquarelle und Zeichnungen, ed. Dieter Honisch, exh. cat., Museum Folkwang, Essen, August 22—October 12, 1969, p. 15.
174. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 76.
175. Ibid., p. 78.
176. Ibid., p. 77.
177. Klee, Lettres, p. 69.
178. Ibid., p. 71.
179. Ibid., p. 68.
180. John Willet, Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety, 1917–1933 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), p. 49.
181. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 137.
182. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 93.
183. Ibid.
184. Feininger’s letter cited ibid., p. 96.
185. Ibid., p. 97.
186. Ibid.
187. Felix Klee, Aquarell und Zeichungen, p. 17.
188. Feininger’s letter in Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 97.
189. Grohmann, Klee, p. 200.
190. Ibid.
191. Klee, Lettres, p. 77; September 16, 1925.
192. Ibid., p. 78; September 16, 1925.
193. Ibid., p. 79; October 25, 1925.
194. Ibid., p. 88; January 24, 1926.
195. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 134; April 9, 1926.
196. Klee, Lettres, p. 96; May 8, 1926.
197. Ibid.
198. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 519.
199. Helen Nonne Schmidt quoted ibid., p. 524.
200. See Eberhard Rotters, Painters of the Bauhaus (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), pp. 94–206.
201. Klee, Lettres, p. 112; May 11, 1926.
202. Whitford, Bauhaus, p. 215.
203. Ibid.
204. See Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 158, for original article.
205. Grohmann, Klee, p. 58.
206. Ibid.
207. Wingler, Bauhaus, p. 120.
208. Klee, Lettres, p. 104; November 1926.
209. Gerhard Kadow, quoted in Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus, p. 139.
210. Ibid.
211. Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus, pp. 137–38.
212. Gerhard Kadow, “Paul Klee and Dessau in 1929” (translated by Lazlo Hetenyi, from the catalogue of an exhibition of Klee’s late work held in Düsseldorf, November—December 1948), College Art Journal 9, no. 1 (Autumn 1949): 35.
213. Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus, p. 133.
214. Kadow quoted ibid., p. 139.
215. Christof Hertel, quoted in Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus, p. 140.
216. Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus, pp. 141–43.
217. This and the following quotes from interview with Hans Fischli by Sabine Altdorfer, “Mich faszinierte der Musiker, Renker, Tráumer,” Berner Zeitung, September 8, 1987.
218. Grohmann, Klee, p. 70.
219. Ibid., p. 74.
220. Ibid., p. 55.
221. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, pp. 202, 199.
222. Klee, Lettres, p. 120; June 28, 1927; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
223. Ibid.; July 2, 1927.
224. Ibid.
225. Ibid., p. 122.
226. Ibid., p. 123; July 6, 1927.
227. Grohmann, Klee, p. 76.
228. Klee, Lettres, p. 137, August 6, 1927.
229. Brief an Lily Klee, from Brief an die Familie, Vol. 2: 1907–1940, p. 1058; August 10, 1927; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
230. Grohmann, Klee, p. 76.
231. Ibid., p. 77.
232. Ibid., p. 159; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
233. Ibid., pp. 162–63.
234. Ibid., p. 186; January 13, 1929.
235. Ibid., p. 268.
236. Ibid., p. 205.
237. Klee, Lettres, p. 189.
238. Ibid., p. 192; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
239. Grohmann, Klee, p. 64.
240. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 265.
241. Grohmann, Klee, p. 78.
242. Klee, Lettres, p. 214; April 3, 1930.
243. Ibid., pp. 223–24; April 18, 1930.
244. Ibid., p. 238; May 22, 1930.
245. Ibid., p. 249; June 1, 1930.
246. Ibid., January 26, 1931.
247. Edward M. M. Warburg, As I Recall (Westport, Conn.: privately published, 1977).
248. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 241.
249. Richardson, “Cache of Klee,” p. 102.
250. Gunter Wolf, “Endure! How Paul Klee’s Illness Influenced His Art,” The Lancet, May 1, 1999.
251. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 382.
252. “Fish of the Heart,” Time, October 21, 1940.
253. Ibid.
254. Ibid.
1. Berner Kunstmitteilungen 234–236, letter 16, Wassily Kandinsky (Dessau) to Lily Klee (Weimar), December 7, 1925, courtesy of Paul Klee Stiftung, Bern; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
2. Will Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky: Life and Work (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1958), p. 9.
3. Ibid.
4. John Richardson, “Kandinsky’s Merry Widow,” Vanity Fair, February 1998, p. 130.
5. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 10.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 9.
8. Kenneth Lindsay and Peter Vergo, eds., Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (Boston: Da Capo Press, 1994), pp. 357–58.
9. Ibid., p. 358.
10. Ibid., p. 365.
11. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 16.
12. Ibid., p. 14.
13. Ibid., p. 29.
14. Lindsay and Vergo, Kandinsky, pp. 371–72.
15. Ibid., p. 343.
16. Ibid., p. 363.
17. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 31.
18. Lindsay and Vergo, Kandinsky, p. 360.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 361.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 366.
25. Ibid., p. 364.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 363.
28. Ibid., p. 343.
29. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, pp. 33–34.
30. Ibid., p. 77.
31. Ibid., p. 83.
32. Ibid., pp. 84–85.
33. Ibid., p. 87.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., p. 88.
37. Lindsay and Vergo, Kandinsky, p. 346.
38. Richardson, “Kandinsky’s Merry Widow,” p. 130.
39. Nina Kandinsky, Kandinsky und Ich (Munich: Knaur Nachf, 1999), p. 192.
40. Tut Schlemmer, ed., The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1990), p. 140; June 23, 1922.
41. Hans Wingler, The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, ed. Joseph Stein, trans. Wolfgang Jabs and Basil Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 56.
42. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 175.
43. Wolfgang Venzmer, “Holzel and Kandinsky as Teachers: An Interview with Vincent Weber,” Art Journal 43, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 29.
44. Ibid.
45. Jelena Hahl-Koch, Kandinsky (New York: Rizzoli, 1993), p. 292.
46. Venzmer, “Holzel and Kandinsky as Teachers,” p. 29.
47. Ibid., p. 30.
48. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 178.
49. Lindsay and Vergo, Kandinsky, pp. 486–87.
50. Hahl-Koch, Kandinsky, p. 294.
51. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 188.
52. Jelena Hahl-Koch, ed., Arnold Schoenberg—Wassily Kandinsky: Letters, Pictures, and Documents (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p. 73.
53. Ibid., p. 21.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., pp. 22–24.
56. Ibid., p. 75.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Dore Ashton, “No More Than an Accident?” Critical Inquiry 3, no. 2 (Winter 1976): 238.
61. Hahl-Koch, Arnold Schoenberg—Wassily Kandinsky, p. 77.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 78.
65. Ibid., p. 79.
66. Ibid., p. 82.
67. Ibid.
68. Nina Kandinsky, Kandinsky und Ich, p. 196.
69. Ibid.
70. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 188.
71. Ibid., p. 190.
72. Lindsay and Vergo, Kandinsky, p. 218.
73. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, pp. 187–88.
74. Ibid., p. 188.
75. Isabel Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer and the Blue Four (Bern: Benteli Verlag, 2006), p. 43.
76. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 174.
77. Ibid., p. 175.
78. Ibid., p. 174; October 2, 1924.
79. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 187.
80. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 179.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., p. 182.
84. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 101; September 1, 1925.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., p. 102.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid., p. 103.
89. Ibid., p. 119.
90. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 199.
91. Ibid., p. 200.
92. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 140; July 18, 1926.
93. Ibid.
94. Hahl-Koch, Kandinsky, p. 294.
95. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 171.
96. Ibid., p. 200.
97. Ibid., p. 201.
98. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 191.
99. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 154.
100. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 203.
101. Ibid.
102. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 230.
103. Paul Klee, Lettres du Bauhaus, trans. into French by Anne-Sophie Petit-Emptaz (Tours: Farrago, 2004), p. 154.
104. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 202.
105. Alfred H. Barr Jr., Defining Modern Art: Selected Writings of Alfred H. Barr Jr. (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1986), pp. 57–61.
106. Ibid., pp. 124–25.
107. Alice Goldfarb Marquis, Alfred H. Barr Jr.: Missionary for the Modern (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989), p. 50.
108. From the unpublished manuscripts of Hugo Perls, “Why Is Camilla Beautiful?/ Warum 1st Kamilla schon?” in the archive of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
109. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 164; May 10, 1929.
110. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 248.
111. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 202.
112. Ibid., p. 195.
113. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 174.
114. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky, p. 86.
115. Giorgio Cortenova, Vasilij Kandinskij (Milan: Edizioni Gabriele Mazzotta, 1993), p. 168.
116. Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky.
117. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 265; August 23, 1930.
118. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, pp. 199–200.
119. Eckhard Neumann, Bauhaus and Bauhaus People (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970), p. 161.
120. Ibid., p. 162.
121. Wünsche, Galka E. Scheyer, p. 209.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid., p. 210.
124. Ibid., p. 214.
125. Ibid., pp. 218–19.
126. Schlemmer, Letters and Diaries, p. 312.
1. I. Quoted in Nicholas Fox Weber, The Drawings of Josef Albers (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983), p. 2.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., p. 3.
6. Philipp Franck, Ein Leben für die Kunst (Berlin: Im Rembrandt Verlag, 1944), p. 30; translation by Brenda Danilowitz.
7. Weber, Drawings of Josef Albers, p. 7.
8. Letter from Josef Albers (JA) to Franz Perdekamp (FP), February 14, 1916; translation by Oliver Pretzel. All letters from Josef Albers to Franz Perdekamp are in a private collection in Germany, with copies at the Josef & Anni Albers Foundation, Bethany, Conn.
9. Letter from JA to FP, March 1, 1916.
10. Ibid.; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
11. Ibid.; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
12. Margit Rowell, “On Albers’ Color,” Art forum 10 (January 1972): 30.
13. Weber, Drawings of Josef Albers, p. 21.
14. Letter from JA to FP, November 19, 1916; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
15. Letter from JA to FP, April 14, 1917; translation by Oliver Pretzel. 16. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Letter from JA to FP, April 25, 1917; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
19. Brenda Danilowitz, “Teaching Design: A Short History of Josef Albers,” in Frederick A. Horowitz and Brenda Danilowitz, Josef Albers: To Open Eyes: The Bauhaus, Black Mountain College, and Yale (London and New York: Phaidon Press, 2006), p. 14.
20. Letter from JA to FP, June 20, 1917; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
21. Ibid.
22. Letter from JA to FP, June 22, 1917;
23. translation by Oliver Pretzel.
24. Letter from JA to FP, March 26, 1918; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
25. Weber, Drawings of Josef Albers, p. 30.
26. Ibid.
27. Letter from JA to FP, November 30, 1919; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
28. Letter from JA to FP, December 11, 1919; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
29. Letter from JA to FP, Easter Sunday 1920; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
30. Letter from JA to FP, July 5, 1920; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
31. Weber, Drawings of Josef Albers, p. 33.
32. This and all following quotations from Marcel Breuer interviewed by Robert Osborn, November 22, 1976, Marcel Breuer Papers, 1920–1986, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
33. Letter from JA to FP, January 10, 1921; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
34. Danilowitz, “Teaching Design,” p. 16.
35. Nicholas Fox Weber, “The Artist as Alchemist,” in Josef Albers: A Retrospective, exh. cat. (New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and Harry N. Abrams, 1988), p. 21.
36. Ibid., pp. 21–22.
37. Letter from JA to FP, March 22, 1922; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
38. Anni Albers, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, undated.
39. Ibid.
40. Danilowitz, “Teaching Design,” p. 21; citing Josef and Anni Albers interview by Martin Duberman, November 11, 1967.
41. Ibid., p. 19.
42. Ibid., p. 21.
43. George Baird, interview with Josef Albers, produced by Jane Nice, 2007; LTMCD 2472, LTM Recordings, 2007 (Track 8).
44. Hans M. Wingler, The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, ed. Joseph Stein, trans. Wolfgang Jabs and Basil Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 293.
45. Danilowitz, “Teaching Design,” p. 22.
46. Letter from JA to FP, October 22, 1924; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
47. Josef Albers, Historicalor Present, Archive of the Josef & Anni Albers Foundation.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Letter from JA to FP, October 22, 1924; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
51. Ibid.
52. Letter from JA to FP, December 5, 1924; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
53. Letter from JA to FP, May 12, 1925;
54. translation by Ingrid Eulmann. 54. George Baird interview with Josef Albers, produced by Jane Nice, 2007; LTMCD 2472, LTM Recordings, 2007 (Track 9).
55. Weber, “The Artist as Alchemist,” p. 23.
56. Ibid., p. 24.
57. Erwin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 144.
58. Weber, “The Artist as Alchemist,” p. 24.
59. Ibid.
60. Letter from JA to FP, January 1, 1928; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
61. Ibid.
62. Letter from JA to FP, February 9, 1928; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
63. Ibid.
64. Josef Albers, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, undated.
65. Undated document in archives of the Josef & Anni Albers Foundation.
66. Letter from JA to FP, April 22, 1928; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
67. Letter from JA to FP, December 10, 1928; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
68. Ibid.
69. Letter from JA to FP, January 17, 1929; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
70. Ibid.
71. Letter from JA to FP, February 22, 1930.
72. Letter from JA to FP, June 21, 1930; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
73. Letter from JA to FP, March 29, 1932; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
74. Wingler, The Bauhaus, p. 188.
75. Ibid.
76. Letter from JA to FP, June 10, 1933; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
77. Wingler, The Bauhaus, p. 188.
78. Weber, Drawings of Josef Albers, p. 44.
79. Ibid., p. 46.
80. Ibid., pp. 46–47.
81. Rudolf Arnheim, The Power of the Center (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), p. 146.
82. Ibid.
83. George Eliot, Middlemarch (Harmonds-worth, U.K., and New York: Penguin Books, 1985), p. 35.
84. Josef Albers, Interaction of Color (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 44.
1. Josef Albers to Franz Perdekamp, July 31, 1925; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
2. Anni Albers, On Designing (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1979), p. 36.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Sigrid Weltge-Wortmann, Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993), p. 42, and Anja Baumhoff, “Weberen Intern: Autorriát und Geschlecht am Bauhaus,” in Magdalena Droste and Manfred Ludewig, Das Baushaus Webt: Die Textilwerkstatt am Bauhaus (Berlin: G+H Verlag, 1998), p. 53.
6. Elizabeth (Betty) Farman, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, undated.
7. Anni Albers, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, 1974.
8. Ibid.
9. Anni Albers, in conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, 1974–80. Subsequent unattributed quotations from Anni Albers also come from these conversations.
10. Anni Albers, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, 1973.
11. Wilhelm Worringer, Abstraction and Empathy: A Contribution to the Psychology of Style, trans. Michael Bullock (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963), p. 4.
12. Ibid., p. 14.
13. Ibid., p. 20.
14. Ibid.
15. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Metamorphosis of the Plants, (1790); translation provided by Anni Albers to Nicholas Fox Weber, 1973.
16. Buckminster Fuller, back cover of Albers, On Designing.
17. Letter from Edward M. M. Warburg to Alfred Barr, August 31, 1933, Alfred H. Barr Jr. Papers, Museum of Modern Art Archives, New York, quoted in Nicholas Fox Weber, Patron Saints: Five Rebels Who Opened America to a New Art, 1928–1943 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), p. 203.
18. Philip Johnson, conversation with Nicholas Fox Weber, 1977.
19. Quoted in Weber, Patron Saints, p. 203.
20. Letter from Ted Dreier to Nicholas Fox Weber, March 6, 1989, quoted ibid., p. 409.
21. Letter from Anni Albers to Ted Dreier, March 18, 1937, The Albers-Dreier Correspondence Collection, The Josef& Anni Albers Foundation Archives; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
22. Ibid.
1. Franz Schulze, Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (Chicago: Univerisity of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 177.
2. Ibid., p. 16.
3. Ibid., p. 23.
4. Ibid.
5. Hugo Perls, unpublished memoir, Leo Baeck Institute, undated, n.p.
6. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 61.
7. Ibid., p. 83.
8. Ibid., p. 92.
9. Ibid., p. 106.
10. Ibid.
11. Barry Bergdoll and Terence Riley, Mies in Berlin (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2001), p. 107.
12. Ibid., p. 137.
13. Ibid., p. 214.
14. Ibid., p. 139.
15. “6 Students Talk with Mies” (interview of Mies van der Rohe by students of the School of Design, North Carolina State College), LINE magazine, vol. 2, no. 1 (February 1952).
16. John Peter, interview with Mies van der Rohe, ms., 1956, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
17. Hans M. Wingler, The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, ed. Joseph Stein, trans. Wolfgang Jabs and Basil Gilbert (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 165.
18. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 175.
19. Josef Albers to Franz and Friedel Perdekamp, Dessau, March 29, 1932; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
20. Nicholas Fox Weber, “Historic Architecture: Mies van der Rohe, Revisiting the Landmark Tugendhat House,” Architectural Digest, October 1990, pp. 74–86.
21. Ibid.
22. Bergdoll and Riley, Mies in Berlin, p. 99.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 170.
26. Saturday Review, January 23, 1965.
27. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 176.
28. Howard Dearstyne, Inside the Bauhaus (New York: Rizzoli International, 1986), p. 223.
29. Transcript of interview with Dirk Lohan, p. 37, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
30. Saturday Review, January 23, 1965.
31. Ibid.
32. Unidentified voice from February 26, 1986, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
33. North Carolina State College in 1952; reprinted in LINE magazine, vol. 2, no. 1.
34. Ibid.
35. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 177.
36. Ibid., p. 338.
37. Lohan interview, p. 39.
38. Werner Blaser, Mies van der Rohe (New York: Praeger, 1972), p. 14.
39. Schulze, Mies van der Rohe, p. 179.
40. Nicholas Fox Weber, “Revolution on Beekman Place,” House & Garden, August 1986, p. 58.
41. Letter from Philip Johnson to Mies van der Rohe, November 2, 1934, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
42. Ibid.
43. Mies van der Rohe to Philip Johnson, Berlin, November 23, 1934, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art; translation by Oliver Pretzel.
44. Philip Johnson to Mies van der Rohe, December 5, 1934, Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
45. “Mies at 100” symposium, moderated by Franz Schulze, Museum of Modern Art, New York, February 25, 1986, p. 47 of transcript, in Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
46. Ibid.
47. Transcript in Mies van der Rohe Archive, Museum of Modern Art.
1. Wassily Kandinsky to Josef Albers, December 19, 1935, in Jessica Boissel, ed., Une Correspondence des Kandinsky—Albers années trente (Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1998), p. 71.
2. Ibid., p. 73.
3. John Richardson, “Kandinsky’s Merry Widow,” Vanity Fair, February 1995, p. 131.
4. Ibid., p. 135.
5. Gabrielle Annan, “Girl from Berlin,” The New York Review of Books, February 14, 1985.
6. Sebastian Haffner, Defying Hitler, trans. Oliver Pretzel (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 26.
7. Ibid., p. 52.
8. Ibid., p. 53.
9. Ibid., pp. 128–29.