Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations
Abner (Country Mouse character), 91–92, 93
ACA (Animated Cartoon Associates), 210, 211, 232
Academy Awards ceremonies, 49, 68, 101–102, 133, 171
action analysis. See live-action references
Adelquist, Harold “Hal,” 103, 166, 186, 235, 236, 237
and Art Babbitt, 82, 95, 102, 127, 174–175, 238, 241
Aesop’s Film Fables (1926), 16, 16
AFL (American Federation of Labor), 151, 156, 165, 176–178, 183, 195, 216–218, 225
Alice short comedies, 20
Alice’s Wonderland (1923), 17–18
Allied Printing Trades, 206
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 151, 156, 165, 176–178, 183, 195, 216–218, 225
American Federation of Musicians (AFM), 26
American Society of Equity, 5–6
American Society of Screen Cartoonists (ASSC), 183, 184, 186, 210
Animated Cartoon Associates (ACA), 210, 211, 232
animation, 13, 15–17, 60, 79. See also cutout animation; live-action references; personality animation
Appeal to Reason (newspaper), 7, 8
art education program, 50, 51, 81–83, 88–89, 95, 128, 197
Babbitt, Art, 48, 50–51, 96, 129, 249
assignments given to, 44–47, 55–57, 80, 90–93, 118, 136, 141–142, 145, 158, 172, 238, 245
compensation and contracts, 67, 94, 95, 98, 131, 141, 177
and Disney management, 165
employment at Warner Bros, 240–241
and Federation of Screen Cartoonists, 119–121, 137, 150
friendship with Tytla, 41, 42, 59, 60, 67–68, 73–76, 79, 125, 187, 240
and Gunter Lessing, 78, 109, 119–120, 168–169, 187, 238, 241
hirings, promotions, and terminations from Disney, 128, 187, 235, 238–240, 244–245
lawsuits filed by, 77–78, 239–244
military service, 240, 243, 244
negotiation efforts, 217–218, 229–230
photographs and illustrations, 41, 43, 46, 54, 75, 93, 103, 111, 147, 189, 192, 202, 250
principles and temperament, 69, 89, 100, 148, 150, 174–175, 176
scene padding by, 71, 80, 96, 99–101
and Screen Cartoonists Guild, 168–170, 185–187
strike activities, 191, 201–202, 207–209, 223
and unionization, 109–110, 160–161, 174–176, 180–181, 183, 194
and use of movie camera, 81, 82–83, 101–102
and Walt Disney, 42, 45, 56, 60–61, 71, 80, 92–93, 134, 139–140, 142, 143, 146, 148, 170, 172, 180–181, 201, 207, 236, 242
and Willie Bioff, 218
See also Babitzky, Arthur Harold; live-action references; personality animation
Babbitt, Barbara Perry, 246, 249
Babbitt, Dina Gottliebova, 135n, 246
Babbitt, Irving “Ike,” 28, 30–31, 34
Babbitt, Marge Belcher, 1, 103, 111, 126, 140–141. See also Belcher, Marjorie “Marge”
Babbitt, Rose Cohen, 37, 38, 42
Babitzky, Arthur Harold, 28–36, 29. See also Babbitt, Art
Babitzky, Solomon, 28–34, 29, 90
Babitzky, Zelda, 28–31, 29, 32, 34
Baggage Buster (1941), 149
Balaban, Barney, 65
Balaban and Katz Theater Corporation, 65
Bambi (1942), 143, 182, 188, 239
Bank of America, 80, 95, 107, 191
Barks, Carl, 197
Belcher, Marjorie “Marge,” 73–74, 82, 83, 94, 99, 102. See also Babbitt, Marge Belcher
Bell, Carl, 246
Big Bad Wolf (character), 55–56, 57
Bioff, Willie, 64–66, 65, 84–87, 106, 109, 130, 153–155, 214–221, 224–225, 247–248
Blair, Aubrey, 163, 163, 183, 208, 216–217, 224
Blair, Lee, 197
Blix, Lew, 203
Bodle, George, 147, 163, 172, 183, 193, 209, 212, 217, 225. See also Screen Cartoonists Guild
Bodrero, James, 211
Bounds, Lillian. See Disney, Lillian Bounds
boycotts and boycott threats, 165, 169, 173, 203–206, 227
Brotherhood of Set Painters and Scene Decorators, 152. See also Painters Union
Browne, George, 64–66, 65, 84, 86–87, 106, 153, 155, 215, 216, 247–248
Bryan, William Jennings, 3
Burbank, studio in, 135, 137, 139–140
Buzzell, J. W., 203–205, 203, 232
Cagney, Jeanne, 75
Canemaker, John, 247
Capra, Frank, 63
cartoon-character acting. See personality animation
Casey, Pat, 206
Cauger, A. Vern, 14
China Shop, The (1933), 60–61, 69
Churchill, Frank, 51, 52, 55, 70
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 151, 156, 224, 227
Clampett, Robert “Bob,” 241
Clark, Leslie “Les,” 21, 48, 75, 83, 91, 92, 111, 134, 174, 191, 248
Clerc, Adrienne le, 89–90, 95, 125, 202
Cochran, Nora, 191
Cohen, Rose. See Babbitt, Rose Cohen
Collins, Eddie, 83
Columbia Pictures, strike against, 63, 86, 165
Colvig, Vance DeBar “Pinto,” 51, 54, 55, 81, 95, 99, 102–103
Committee of 21, 208–209, 209, 212, 227
“Concert Feature, The.” See Fantasia
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 151, 156, 224, 227
Control Girls, 166
Country Cousin, The (1936), 88, 91–93, 93, 96, 97, 98, 101–102
Debs, Eugene Victor, 4, 9, 10, 11
del Río, Dolores, 116–117, 117
del Rio, Jaime, 116
Dewey, James F., 232–234, 233, 236, 238
Dies, Martin (senator), 155
Dippy Dawg (character), 51, 52, 69. See also Goofy
Disney, Elias, 3–7, 9–10, 12, 14, 15–16, 131–132
Disney, Flora, 4, 5, 15–16, 131–132
Disney, Lillian Bounds, 20, 23, 24, 110, 127
Disney, Ray, 6
Disney, Roy E. (nephew), 249
Disney, Roy O., 129, 144, 193, 235, 239
and Art Babbitt, 67
bonuses and profit-sharing, 128
and Federation of Screen Cartoonists, 137
handling of layoffs, 237
negotiation efforts, 216, 218–219, 224, 232–233
and Walt Disney, 6–10, 18, 20, 22–23, 26
See also Walt Disney Productions
Disney, Walt, 15, 48, 56, 131–132, 164, 248
accusations against, 247
and Art Babbitt, 42, 45, 56, 60–61, 71, 80, 92–93, 134, 139–140, 142, 143, 146, 148, 170, 172, 180–181, 201, 207, 236, 242
and art education program, 50–51, 88–89, 128, 248
branding and merchandising, 51, 68
as an employer, 20–23, 78–79, 98, 103, 125–127, 134–135, 139–140
and Gunter Lessing, 116, 165–166
Latin American project, 226, 236–237
negotiation efforts, 178–179, 180, 203–206, 209, 211, 213, 216–221, 226, 236–237
photographs and illustrations, x, 12
and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 70, 79, 82, 102, 133
and strikers, 193
strive for perfectionism, 49, 90, 122
and Three Little Pigs, 55, 57–59, 68
and unionization, 159–161, 163, 166–168, 186–187, 192
See also Walt Disney Productions
Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, 18, 19–20
Donald Duck (character), 68, 69
Donald Duck (comic strip), 195
Drake, George, 92
Dumbo (1941), 143, 158, 171–172, 182, 209
Dyer, Bonar, 245
Eduarde, Carl, 26
Educational Alliance Art School, 35–36
El Capitan Theatre, 195
engineers strike, 143
Extras Advisory Council, 197
Fables Pictures, 16
“Fair Enough” (Bioff), 154
Fair Labor and Standards Act (1938), 158, 176–177
Fantasia (1940), 138, 141–142, 164, 171, 197, 243, 249
Fantasound, 164
Farmers Holiday Association strike, 44
Federal Building (Chicago) bombing, 11
Federation of Motion Picture Crafts (FMPC), 106–107, 153
Federation of Screen Cartoonists, 119–123, 130–131, 136, 137, 143, 150, 158–163, 165, 178–179, 180, 183
Feild, Robert D., 156
Ferguson, Norm “Fergie,” 42, 54, 54, 55, 69, 90, 117, 124, 134, 162, 164, 191, 211, 230, 248
Film Ad. See Kansas City Film Ad Company
Film Daily (newspaper), 133
Fine, Susan, 29
Fleischer, Max, 13
Fleury, Eugene, 210
FMPC (Federation of Motion Picture Crafts), 106–107, 153
follow-through, 77
Foul Hunting (1947), 245
Fox Film Corporation, 18
Gallopin’ Gaucho (1928), 25
Garfield, John, 211
Garity, Bill, 109, 144, 164, 218–219, 224
General Motors strike, 104–105
Geppetto (character), 118, 127, 134
Giannini, Amadeo “Doc,” 80
Gill, Florence, 68
Goofy (character), 69, 71–72, 77, 90–91, 95, 99, 102, 118, 149, 245. See also Dippy Dawg
Goofy and Wilbur (1939), 136
Graham, Donald W., 51, 70, 81–82, 92, 95, 197
Guenther, Betty Ann (inker), 121
Gulliver’s Travels (1939), 141
Hand, David, 49, 79–80, 82, 95, 99–101, 128, 131, 176, 242
Harman, Hugh, 17
Harris, Richard A., 76
Hawaiian Holiday (1937), 99
Hearst, William Randolph, 85
Hee, T., 54
Hilberman, Dave, 109, 146–148, 147, 157, 168, 180, 192, 241
Hop Low (character), 142
House Un-American Activities Committee, 146
Hurtz, Bill, 131, 134, 142, 148, 186
inbetweeners, 39, 45, 121, 158, 190
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 4, 9, 10, 11
Ink & Paint Department, 138, 169, 176
inkers, 39, 121, 158, 177, 190, 206
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), 63–64, 86, 106–107, 122–123, 130, 136, 150–151, 217, 225. See also Bioff, Willie; Browne, George; Smith, Harold V.
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), 63
International Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators & Paperhangers Local 644. See Painters Union
Ives, Eugene S., 116
Iwerks, Ub, 14, 17, 21, 23–25, 26
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 4, 9, 10, 11
Iwwerks, Ubbe. See Iwerks, Ub
Jackson, Wilfred, 25, 47, 51, 52, 54, 68, 82, 134, 172, 230, 242
James, Laurel L, 246
Janofsky, Leonard, 119–120, 130–131, 137, 140, 159
John Reed Club, 146
Jones, Chuck, 136, 183–184, 192, 201, 210, 212, 241
Kahl, Milt, 73, 134, 202, 238, 248
Kansas City Film Ad Company, 14
Kelly, Walt, 191
Ketcham, Hank, 201
Kimball, Ward, 73, 102, 124, 134, 144, 158, 171, 191, 230, 239, 248
King, Jack, 197
King Neptune (1932), 46
Koko the Clown (character), 13
Laboratory Technicians Union, 227–228
Lake Norconian Club, 125
Lamb, Herbert, 78, 137, 145, 212, 240
Landis, Kenesaw Mountain, 11
Lantz, Walter, 168
Laugh-O-Gram Films, 17
Laugh-O-Grams, 15
Laurel and Hardy (characters), 80
layoffs, 122, 144–145, 185, 236–238, 239
Lessing, Gunter, 111, 117, 130–131, 248
and arbitration settlement, 229, 232, 233–234, 236
and Art Babbitt, 78, 109, 119–120, 168–169, 187, 238, 241
and Federation of Screen Cartoonists, 109–110, 129–130, 150
negotiation efforts, 177–180, 185, 195, 203–205, 216–219, 221, 224–225
Lindbergh, Charles, 22
Littlejohn, Bill, 156, 157, 169, 186, 192, 193, 195, 199, 221, 225, 232–234
live-action references, 13, 81–83, 95, 124, 134, 149
Los Angeles, CA, 44
Los Angeles Central Labor Council, 184, 186, 203–206, 232
Los Angeles Herald Express, 206
Lounsberry, John, 248
Lundy, Dick, 53, 54, 55, 69, 70, 122, 136, 149, 238, 242, 248
Machinists Union, 227
Mad Doctor (character), 49
Madison, Noel, 147
Maloy, Tommy, 84
McCay, Winsor, 13
Merry-Go-Round (magazine), 42, 43
MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), 86, 154, 156–158
Mickey Mouse (character), 27, 49, 53
Mickey’s Amateurs (1937), 94–95, 102
Mickey’s Fire Brigade (1935), 77
Mickey’s Gala Premiere (1933), 57
Mickey’s Polo Team (1935), 79–80
Mickey’s Service Station (1935), 70–71
Monty (City Mouse character), 91, 92
Moore, Fred, 52, 54, 177, 187, 211, 238, 248
assignments, 53, 55, 90, 158, 171
depressive personality habits, 124, 127, 143, 171–172
and squash & stretch, 57
Morgan, Frank, 211
motion picture unions, 62–65, 84–87, 106, 151, See also specific unions
“Mouse Trap Café” (luncheonette), 77
Mr. Magoo (character), 246
Mr. Stork (character), 158
Mutual Film Corporation, 115
Nash, Clarence, 68
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 62, 85
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 85, 105, 160, 162, 225, 244
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 63, 119, 130–131, 136, 154, 165, 173, 182, 195, 238, 240, 244
National Recovery Administration, 62, 85
New Adventures of Henry Dubb, The, 7–8, 8
New York Times, 213
Newman Theater (Kansas City), 15
Nicolaides, Kimon, 50
Nine Old Men (animators), 248, 249
Nine Old Men (Supreme Court), 85, 105, 244
NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
On Ice (1935), 77
On the Line (newsletter), 200, 200, 202–203, 206, 209
O’Rourke, Anthony, 164–165, 239
Osterberg, Clyde, 84
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, 21, 22, 23, 24
Out of the Inkwell, 13
Painters Union, 106, 107, 151, 153, 156, 232. See also Sorrell, Herbert K.
Peg-Leg Pete (character), 69
Pegler, Westbrook, 85, 110, 115, 154, 236
pencil tests, 46
personality animation, 47, 57, 69–72, 77, 90–93, 96, 118, 127, 142
picket lines, 106, 143, 153, 188, 189, 190, 193–194, 210–211, 221–222, 222, 228
Pinocchio (1940), 118, 122, 127–128, 134–135, 141, 144, 168, 171
Pinocchio (character), 118, 129, 134
Plummer, Elmer, 142
Pomerance, William, 237
Pressley, Hugh, 159
“Primer of the Disney Strike,” 230–232
Pyle, Willis, 126
Quartet Films, 246
Queen (Snow White character), 90, 102
Quinterno, Dante, 240
Radio Life (magazine), 208
Reitherman, Wolfgang “Woolie,” 68, 77, 90, 99, 118, 134, 136, 145, 248
Reluctant Dragon, The (1941), 149, 164, 182, 197–198, 212, 221–223, 222, 223, 228
Reluctant Dragon strike signs, 221–222, 226
Rio, Frank “Frankie,” 66
RKO Pictures, 86, 106, 197–198, 210, 212
Roberts, Bill, 137, 143–144, 150, 159, 161, 162, 172, 242
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 42, 62, 85, 105
SAG (Screen Actors Guild), 62, 147, 211, 221, 227
Sarka, Charles, 41
Schenck, Nicholas, 86
Schlesinger, Leon, 183–185, 193, 201
Schwartz, Zach, 148
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 62, 147, 211, 221, 227
Screen Cartoon Guild, 107, 122, 129–130, 131, 146, 154
Screen Cartoonists Guild, 156–159, 162–165, 172–173, 176–180, 185–186, 191–192, 197, 208–210, 217, 225, 229, 237–239. See also Spreckels, Walter P.
Screen Gems, 165
Screen Office Employees Guild (SOEG), 163, 195
Screen Writers Guild, 62, 121, 167, 195, 197
Sharpsteen, Ben, 46–47, 50, 52, 68, 71, 81–82, 91, 99, 172
Sherman, Harry, 203
Sibley, John, 238
Simmonds, Harold W., 35
Sito, Tom, 247
Skeleton Dance, The (1929), 38
slowness, in animation, 61
Snow White (character), 74, 83
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), 70, 110–111, 133–134
box-office gross and bonuses, 125, 128–129, 136
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs float, 1
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs mural, 135n
Society of Motion Picture Film Editors (SMPFE), 177, 197
SOEG (Screen Office Employees Guild), 163, 195
Sorcerer’s Apprentice, The (short), 129
Sorrell, Herbert K., 52, 106, 147, 151–154, 155, 192, 212
accusations against, 165–166, 173, 227
and Disney strike, 190, 192, 195, 197–198, 199, 217–218, 220, 224–225
and Hollywood animators, 156–157
Soyer, Raphael, 36
Spreckels, Walter P., 179, 179, 182, 183
squash & stretch, 57
Stalling, Carl, 17
Stanwyck, Barbara, 195
Steamboat Willie (1928), 25–27
Stewart, Donald Ogden, 155, 167
Stokowski, Leopold, 129
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 244
Studio Utilities Employees Union, 106
sweatbox sessions, 49
Tashlin, Frank, 241
Taylor, Robert, 195
Temple, Shirley, 133
Terry, Irma, 41
Terry, Paul, 16, 38–39, 41, 67
Thomas, Frank, 73, 78, 90, 99, 118, 134, 248, 249
Thompson, Leslie, 86
Thomson, Kenneth, 147
Three Little Pigs (1933), 55–59, 58, 68
Three Little Pigs (characters), 56, 57
Totten, Bob, 228
Trumbo, Dalton, 199
21 Club, 208–209, 209, 212, 227
Tytla, Adrienne le Clerc, 89–90, 95, 125, 202
Tytla, Vladimir
and Adrienne le Clerc, 89–90, 95, 125, 202
animation assignments, 77, 122, 127, 134, 158
and criticism, 124
death, 248
friendship with Art Babbitt, 42, 59, 60, 67–68, 73–76, 79, 125, 187, 211, 240
Unfair/Do Not Patronize list. See boycotts and boycott threats
United Artists, 18
United Productions of America (UPA), 246
Universal Film Manufacturing Company. See Universal Pictures
Universal Pictures, 18, 21, 23, 27
UPA (United Productions of America), 246
US Office of Inter-American Affairs, 226
Van Beuren, Amadee, 16
Variety, 59, 155, 215, 218–219. See also Weekly Variety
Wages and Hours Act, 158, 176–177
Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act
Walsh, William, 119, 179–180, 193
Walt Disney Productions, 171
Academy Awards won by, 49, 68, 92, 101–102, 133
annex location, 88
arbitration rejection by, 229
bonuses and profit-sharing, 76, 94, 98, 108, 125–129, 136
boycotts and boycott threats against, 165, 169, 173, 203–206, 227
branding and merchandising, 27, 51, 59
corporate culture, 20, 45, 48, 78–79, 166
efficiency experts at, 173–174
finances, 59–60, 80, 95, 107, 125, 128, 144–145, 149, 164, 166, 176, 182–183, 191
flowchart, 112
handling of strikers, 216, 233–234
hiring sprees and layoffs, 68, 81, 92, 122, 144–145, 185, 209, 236–239
and National Labor Relations Act, 244
and National Labor Relations Board, 182, 185
production processes, 45–46, 51–52, 55, 80
salaries at, 143–144, 148, 150, 158, 176, 190
unfair labor practice charges, 165, 177, 225, 240
and Wages and Hours Act, 158
Walter Lantz Employee Association, 168
Warner Bros. animators, 201, 206, 210, 212
Warner Bros. Pictures, 22, 58, 86, 95, 107, 137, 165, 183–185
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), 247
“Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?” (song), 58
Wicked Queen (Snow White character), 90, 102
Winchell, Walter, 144
Wise Little Hen, The (1934), 68
Wolf, Berny, 174
World War II, 137, 144–145, 167–168
Zuta, Jack, 64