Notes

Introduction

1.In two updated editions, in 1997 and 2012, D’Emilio and Freedman sustained their original thesis while bringing the book’s timeline up to date. John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, “Since Intimate Matters: Recent Developments in the History of Sexuality in the United States,” Journal of Women’s History 25, no. 4 (2013): 88–100.

2.For overviews and anthologies, see Kevin P. Murphy, Jason Ruiz, and David Serlin, eds., The Routledge History of American Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 2020); Daina Ramey Berry and Leslie M. Harris, eds., Sexuality and Slavery: Reclaiming Intimate Histories in the Americas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2018); Don Romesburg, ed., The Routledge History of Queer America (New York: Routledge, 2018); Susan Stryker, Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution, 2nd ed. (New York: Seal Press, 2017); Jennifer Brier, Jim Downs, and Jennifer L. Morgan, eds., Connexions: Histories of Race and Sex in North America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016); Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015); Kathleen Kennedy and Sharon R. Ullman, Sexual Borderlands: Constructing an American Sexual Past (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003); Michael Bronski, A Queer History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2011); Kathy Lee Peiss, ed., Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality: Documents and Essays (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002); Elizabeth Reis, ed., American Sexual Histories (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001); Leila J. Rupp, A Desired Past: A Short History of Same-Sex Love in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Martha Hodes, ed., Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History (New York: New York University Press, 1999).

3.Susan Stryker, “Transgender Studies: Queer Theory’s Evil Twin,” and David Valentine, “The Categories Themselves,” in Annamarie Jagose and Don Kulick, eds., “Thinking Sex/Thinking Gender (GLQ Forum),” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 10, no. 2 (2004): 211–313; Joanne Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance (London: Pandora, 1992), 267–319; Marlon M. Bailey, Butch Queens Up in Pumps: Gender, Performance, and Ballroom Culture in Detroit (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013); Kit Heyam, Before We Were Trans: A New History of Gender (New York: Seal Press, 2023); Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell, eds., Heterosexual Histories (New York: New York University Press, 2021); Peter Cryle and Elizabeth Stephens, Normality: A Critical Genealogy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017); Julian B. Carter, The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America, 1880–1940 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007); Regina Kunzel, Criminal Intimacy: Prison and the Uneven History of Modern American Sexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008); Rebecca L. Davis, More Perfect Unions: The American Search for Marital Bliss (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).

4.Stephen Valocchi, “ ‘Where Did Gender Go?’ Same-Sex Desire and the Persistence of Gender in Gay Male Historiography,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 18, no. 4 (2012): 453–479.

A Note on Language

1.P. Gabrielle Foreman et al., “Writing About Slavery? This Might Help,” community-sourced document, May 17, 2023, 4:40 p.m., https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A4TEdDgYslX-hlKezLodMIM71My3KTN0zxRv0IQTOQs/mobilebasic; “The Impact of Words and Tips for Using Appropriate Terminology: Am I Using the Right Word?” National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian, https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/informational/impact-words-tips; “Editorial Guide,” Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, https://www.bia.gov/guide/editorial-guide. See also “A Note About Language” in Gregory D. Smithers, Reclaiming Two-Spirits (Boston: Beacon Press, 2022), xiii–xiv, and the National Congress of American Indians, https://www.ncai.org/.

Chapter 1: To Confound the Course of Nature

1.Depositions and testimony from H. R. McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632, 1670–1676, with Notes and Excerpts from Original Council and General Court Records, into 1683, Now Lost (Richmond, VA: [The Colonial Press, Everett Waddey Co.], 1924), 194–195. For historical discussions of the case, see Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 75–80; Kathleen M. Brown, “Thomas/Thomasine Court Case (1629),” Global Encyclopedia of LGBTQ History, forthcoming; Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 183–202; Kathryn Wichelns, “From The Scarlet Letter to Stonewall: Reading the 1629 Thomas(ine) Hall Case, 1978–2009,” Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 12, no. 3 (2014): 500–523. For a discussion of Hall as intersex, see Elizabeth Reis, Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 10–15.

2.Richard Godbeer, “Toward a Cultural Poetics of Desire in a World Before Heterosexuality,” in Heterosexual Histories, eds. Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell (New York: New York University Press, 2021), 37–68; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).

3.Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 52–56, 71–82; Charles L. Cohen, God’s Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 223; Elizabeth Maddock Dillon, “Nursing Fathers and Brides of Christ: The Feminized Body of the Puritan Convert,” in A Centre of Wonders: The Body in Early America, eds. Janet Moore Lindman and Michelle Lise Tarter (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001), 129–143; John Cotton, “Sermon III,” Christ the Fountaine of Life (London: Robert Ibbitson, [1651]), 36–37, Text Creation Partnership/University of Michigan Library, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebogroup/.

4.Kelly A. Ryan, Regulating Passion: Sexuality and Patriarchal Rule in Massachusetts, 1700–1830 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 18–19; Elizabeth Reis, Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), chapter 3.

5.Wendy Warren, New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America (New York: Liveright, 2016), 159; John Ruston Pagan, Anne Orthwood’s Bastard: Sex and Law in Early Virginia (New York: Oxford University Press), 50; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 124; Susan Dwyer Amussen, An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 98–100.

6.Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in the Making of New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), chapter 1, quoted at 27; Sharon Block, Colonial Complexions: Race and Bodies in Eighteenth-Century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018); Stephanie M. H. Camp, “Early European Views of African Bodies: Beauty,” in Sexuality and Slavery: Reclaiming Intimate Histories in the Americas, eds. Daina Ramey Berry and Leslie M. Harris (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2018), 9–32.

7.Daina Ramey Berry and Kali Nicole Gross, A Black Women’s History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2020), 12; Lisa Brooks, Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018), 80; Stephanie E. Smallwood, Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), chapter 1; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, chapter 4; Alan Scot Willis, “Abusing Hugh Davis: Determining the Crime in a Seventeenth-Century American Morality Case,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 28, no. 1 (2019): 126.

8.Theda Perdue, “Columbus Meets Pocahontas in the American South,” Southern Cultures 3, no. 1 (1997): 5, 8; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 154–156, 174–175; Stephanie Wood, “Sexual Violation in the Conquest of the Americas,” in Sex and Sexuality in Early America, ed. Merril D. Smith (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 11; Gordon Sayre, “Indigenous American Sexuality in the Eyes of the Beholders, 1535–1710,” in Smith, Sex and Sexuality in Early America, 35.

9.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 33–37, chapter 2; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, chapter 6.

10.David D. Smits, “ ‘Abominable Mixture’: Toward Repudiation of Anglo-Indian Intermarriage in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 95, no. 2 (1987): 157–192; Camilla Townsend, Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 52–60; Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Pocahontas and the English Boys: Caught Between Cultures in Early Virginia (New York: New York University Press, 2019); Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 159–163.

11.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 82–85.

12.Scholars describe this phenomenon as “settler colonialism,” a form of imperial conquest that seeks to establish permanent communities dominated by the colonizers, as compared to colonial projects focused on resource extraction by itinerant colonizers. For English women shipped to seventeenth-century North America, see David R. Ransome, “Wives for Virginia, 1621,” William and Mary Quarterly 48, no. 1 (1991): 3–18; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 81–83; Morgan, Laboring Women, 74–75; Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 237; Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 21, 26–27; Laurel Clark Shire, The Threshold of Manifest Destiny: Gender and National Expansion in Florida (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).

13.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 13–14.

14.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 97.

15.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 89.

16.Wichelns, “From The Scarlet Letter to Stonewall,” 503–504.

17.Leah DeVun, The Shape of Sex: Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance (New York: Columbia University Press, 2021); Reis, Bodies in Doubt, chapter 1.

18.On women’s surveillance of other women’s bodies, including obtaining confessions of paternity, see Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers, 222–239.

19.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 28–29; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 63; Terri L. Snyder, Brabbling Women: Disorderly Speech and the Law in Early Virginia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), chapter 2.

20.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, chapter 1.

21.Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers, 40, 101–105; M. Michelle Jarrett Morris, Under Household Government: Sex and Family in Puritan Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Carole Shammas, A History of Household Government in America (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002); Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, chapter 1.

22.Else L. Hambleton, “The Regulation of Sex in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts: The Quarterly Court of Essex County vs. Priscilla Wilson and Mr. Samuel Appleton,” in Smith, Sex and Sexuality in Early America, 89–115; Angus McLaren, Reproductive Rituals: The Perception of Fertility in England from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1984), 20.

23.Ryan, Regulating Passion, 22–24; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 130–131; Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers, 336; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 124–125; Kirsten Fischer, Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 101–103; Pagan, Anne Orthwood’s Bastard, 106–108, 128–129.

24.Brown, “Thomas/Thomasine Court Case (1629)”; Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers, 193, 444n18, n19.

25.Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, chapter 4.

26.Ryan, Regulating Passion, 15; Morris, Under Household Government, chapter 1; Warren, New England Bound, 161–174; Gloria McCahon Whiting, “Power, Patriarchy, and Provision: African Families Negotiate Gender and Slavery in New England,” Journal of American History 103, no. 3 (2016): 593–594; Rebecca Anne Goetz, The Baptism of Early Virginia: How Christianity Created Race (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 71.

27.Peter W. Bardaglio, “ ‘Shamefull Matches’: The Regulation of Interracial Sex and Marriage in the South before 1900,” in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 114–115; Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), chapter 1.

28.Jessica Marie Johnson, Wicked Flesh: Black Women, Intimacy, and Freedom in the Atlantic World (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), 105–106; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 194–211; Jennifer L. Morgan, “Partus Sequitur Ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery,” Small Axe 22, no. 1 (2018): 1–17.

29.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 105–106, 363n42; Robert F. Oaks, “ ‘Things Fearful to Name’: Sodomy and Buggery in Seventeenth-Century New England,” Journal of Social History 12, no. 2 (1978): 268–271; Anne G. Myles, “Queering the Study of Early American Sexuality,” William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 1 (2003): 201.

30.Oaks, “Things Fearful,” 269–270; Colin L. Talley, “Gender and Male Same-Sex Erotic Behavior in British North America in the Seventeenth Century,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 6, no. 3 (1996): 385–408. The colony of New Netherland, under Dutch control, enforced its anti-sodomy laws with more vigor than other colonies did, a reflection of the stricter enforcement of anti-sodomy statutes in the Netherlands. See John M. Murrin, “ ‘Things Fearful to Name’: Bestiality in Early America,” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 65 (1998): 15–16, 20; Oaks, “Things Fearful,” 273.

31.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 45–50; Richard Godbeer and Douglas L. Winiarski, “The Sodomy Trial of Nicholas Sension, 1677: Documents and Teaching Guide,” Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 12, no. 2 (2014): 402–443.

32.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 202–203; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 197–201. On opposition to interracial sex elsewhere in British North America, see Emily Jeannine Clark, “ ‘Their Negro Nanny Was with Child by a White Man’: Gossip, Sex, and Slavery in an Eighteenth-Century New England Town,” William and Mary Quarterly 79, no. 4 (2022): 544n37; Thomas A. Foster, Sex and the Eighteenth-Century Man: Massachusetts and the History of Sexuality in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 129; Acts and Resolves of the Massachusetts Bay (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1869), 1:578–580.

33.Ann M. Little, Abraham in Arms: War and Gender in Colonial New England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 62–63.

Chapter 2: Sacred Possessions

1.Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 13.

2.Charles W. Hackett, trans. and ed., Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya and Approaches Thereto, to 1773 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1937), 3:404–405; James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 99–103; James F. Brooks, “ ‘This Evil Extends Especially . . . to the Feminine Sex’: Negotiating Captivity in the New Mexico Borderlands,” Feminist Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 285–288.

3.Ramón A. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), 15.

4.Ramón A. Gutiérrez, “Documents in Hopi Indian Sexuality: Imperialism, Culture and Resistance,” Radical History Review 20 (1979): 124.

5.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 17–18.

6.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 20; Gregory D. Smithers, Reclaiming Two-Spirits (Boston: Beacon Press, 2022), 13, 43.

7.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 10–11; Will Roscoe, The Zuni Man-Woman (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991), 19–20; Theda Perdue, Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 44–45; Ann Marie Plane, Colonial Intimacies: Indian Marriage in Early New England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 20–21, 98; Don Francisco de Valverde, “Investigation of Conditions in New Mexico, 1601,” in Don Juan De Oñate: Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595–1628 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953), 2, 627.

8.Albert L. Hurtado, “When Strangers Met: Sex and Gender on Three Frontiers,” Frontiers 17, no. 3 (1996): 52–75; Theda Perdue, “Columbus Meets Pocahontas in the American South,” Southern Cultures 3, no. 1 (1997): 11.

9.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 32–33; Roscoe, Zuni Man-Woman, 18–22.

10.Jacques Marquette, “Of the First Voyage Made by Father Marquette Toward New Mexico, and How the Idea Thereof Was Conceived,” in The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1791, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Company, 1900), 39:129; Deborah A. Miranda, “Extermination of the Joyas: Gendercide in Spanish California,” GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies 16, nos. 1–2 (2010): 253–284; Smithers, Reclaiming, chapter 6; Will Roscoe, “Was We’wha a Homosexual?: Native American Survivance and the Two-Spirit Tradition,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 2, no. 3 (1995): 193–235; Will Roscoe, Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), chapter 1; Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), xi–xii; Ramón A. Gutiérrez, “Warfare, Homosexuality, and Gender Status Among American Indian Men in the Southwest,” in Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America, ed. Thomas A. Foster (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 19–31; Sandra Slater, “ ‘Nought but Women’: Constructions of Masculinities and Modes of Emasculation in the New World,” in Gender and Sexuality in Indigenous North America, eds. Sandra Slater and Fay A. Yarbrough (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2011), 46–49.

11.Williams, Spirit and the Flesh, chapter 11; Sabine Lang, Men as Women, Women as Men: Changing Gender in Native American Cultures, trans. John L. Vantine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), chapter 14; Roger M. Carpenter, “Womanish Men and Manlike Women: The Native American Two-Spirit as Warrior,” in Slater and Yarbrough, Gender and Sexuality in Indigenous North America, 158–161.

12.Pekka Hämäläinen, Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 46; Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman, 289; Emma Hart, Trading Spaces: The Colonial Marketplace and the Foundations of American Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019).

13.Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman, 80–81.

14.Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670–1870 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), chapter 2; Susan Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); Tiya Miles, The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits (New York: The New Press, 2017), 47–48; Plane, Colonial Intimacies, 146–151; Jennifer M. Spear, Race, Sex, and Social Order in Early New Orleans (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), chapter 1.

15.Daniel Richter, Before the Revolution: America’s Ancient Pasts (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 227; Perdue, Cherokee Women, 174–76; Plane, Colonial Intimacies, 22, 27–28; Sarah M. S. Pearsall, Polygamy: An Early American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), chapters 1 and 2; Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men, 35.

16.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 72–73; Ramón A. Gutiérrez, “Women on Top: The Love Magic of the Indian Witches of New Mexico,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 16, no. 3 (2007): 373–390.

17.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 114.

18.Brooks, Captives and Cousins, 86–87, 101.

19.Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, 130–140; Richter, Before the Revolution, 215–216, 228–230.

20.Richter, Before the Revolution, 30–35, 51–52; Christina Snyder, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 5–6, 42–45; Christina Snyder, “The South,” in The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History, ed. Frederick E. Hoxie (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 315–334.

21.George P. Hammond, ed., First Expedition of Vargas Into New Mexico, 1692, in Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940), 10:237; Brooks, Captives and Cousins, 100–101.

22.“Declaration of Fray Miguel de Menchero, Santa Bárbara,” May 10, 1744, in Hackett, Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, 3:404–405; Brooks, Captives and Cousins, 99–102, “favored” quoted on 102; Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The Spanish Archives of New Mexico: Compiled and Chronologically Arranged with Historical, Genealogical, Geographical, and Other Annotations, by Authority of the State of New Mexico (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 2:524–541.

23.Quincy Newell, “ ‘The Indians Generally Love Their Wives and Children’: Native American Marriage and Sexual Practices in Missions San Francisco, Santa Clara, and San Jose,” The Catholic Historical Review 91, no. 1 (2005): 61; Junípero Serra, “Report to Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa,” in Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846, eds. Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015), 169.

24.Yolanda Venegas, “The Erotics of Racialization: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of California,” Frontiers 25, no. 3 (2004): 66; Ann Twinam, Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), chapter 3; Patricia Seed, To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choice, 1574–1821 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, chapter 7.

25.Fr. Luis Jayme, Letter to Fr. Rafael Verger, in Beebe and Senkewicz, Lands of Promise and Despair, 158.

26.Jayme to Verger, Letter, 156–157; Pearsall, Polygamy, 218–220; Antonia I. Castañeda, “Sexual Violence and the Politics and Policies of Conquest: Amerindian Women and the Spanish Conquest of Alta California,” in Building with Our Hands: New Directions in Chicana Studies, eds. Adela de la Torre and Beatríz M. Pesquera (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 15; Albert L. Hurtado, Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999), chapter 1; Miroslava Chávez-García, Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004), chapter 1; Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 180.

27.Castañeda, “Sexual Violence,” 15–16; Pearsall, Polygamy, 224–225.

28.Junípero Serra, “To Felipe de Neve, Written at Monterey, January 7, 1780,” in Writings of Junípero Serra, ed. Antonine Tibesar (Washington, DC: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1956), 3:411; Hurtado, Intimate Frontiers, 17–19; Steven W. Hackel, Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769–1850 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, by the University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 200–201; Virginia Marie Bouvier, Women and the Conquest of California, 1542–1840: Codes of Silence (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001), chapter 6.

29.William S. Simmons, “Indian Peoples of California,” in Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush, Published in Association with the California Historical Society, eds. Richard J. Orsi and Ramón A. Gutiérrez (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 52.

30.Hackel, Children of Coyote, 204, 212–213.

Chapter 3: Under the Husband’s Government

1.Abigail Abbot Bailey, Religion and Domestic Violence in Early New England: The Memoirs of Abigail Abbot Bailey, ed. Ann Taves (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 87–88; Hendrik Hartog, Man and Wife in America: A History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), chapter 2. By 1799, twelve states and the Northwest Territory recognized a legal right to divorce; Norma Basch, Framing American Divorce: From the Revolutionary Generation to the Victorians (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 23; Nancy F. Cott, “Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” William and Mary Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1976): 594.

2.Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 31; Benjamin Wadsworth, The Well-Ordered Family, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1719), 35–37.

3.Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 56–60; Anne Bradstreet, “To My Dear and Loving Husband,” in Several Poems (Boston, 1678), reprinted in The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse, ed. John Harvard Ellis (Charlestown, 1867).

4.Thomas A. Foster, Sex and the Eighteenth-Century Man: Massachusetts and the History of Sexuality in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), chapter 7.

5.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 235–236, 244.

6.Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, eds., The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712 (Richmond: Dietz Press, 1941), 345; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, chapter 6; William Byrd, The Westover Manuscripts: Containing the History of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina; A Journey to the Land of Eden, A. D. 1733; and A Progress to the Mines. Written from 1728 to 1736, and Now First Published (Petersburg: Printed by Edmund and Julian C. Ruffin, 1841), 89.

7.Susan Juster, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalism in Revolutionary New England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994); Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), chapter 8; Foster, Sex and the Eighteenth-Century Man, 69–75; Kelly A. Ryan, Regulating Passion: Sexuality and Patriarchal Rule in Massachusetts, 1700–1830 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), chapter 2.

8.Rothman, Hands and Hearts, chapter 1.

9.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 246–255.

10.Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639–1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), chapter 5; Sharon Block, Rape and Sexual Power in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), chapter 4.

11.Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 46–48.

12.Daniel Scott Smith and Michael Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy in America, 1640–1971: An Overview and Interpretation,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (1975): 537–570; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 134, 228–229; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, chapter 6; Mark E. Kann, Taming Passion for the Public Good: Policing Sex in the Early Republic (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 10.

13.Kirsten Fischer, Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 53; Charles Woodmason, “A Report on Religion in the South,” in The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant, ed. Richard J. Hooker (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 80–81; Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, 8, 119–122; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 167.

14.Basch, Framing American Divorce, chapter 1; Mary Beth Sievens, Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England (New York: New York University Press, 2005); Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 37–38.

15.Roxanne Harde, “ ‘I Consoled My Heart’: Conversion Rhetoric and Female Subjectivity in the Personal Narratives of Elizabeth Ashbridge and Abigail Bailey,” Legacy 21, no. 2 (2004): 163; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), chapter 3; Amanda Porterfield, Female Piety in Puritan New England: The Emergence of Religious Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), chapter 3.

16.Ann Taves, introduction, in Bailey, Religion and Domestic Violence, 28, 38.

17.Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), 72–73; Herbert Klein, A Population History of the United States, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 57, 73–75; Susan E. Klepp, Revolutionary Conceptions: Women, Fertility, and Family Limitation in America, 1760–1820 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 4, 73; U.S. Census Bureau, “Chapter Z: Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics, Series Z 1–19, Estimated Population of American Colonies: 1610–1780,” in Bicentennial Edition: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), 1168.

18.Page Smith, Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1970), 232; Angus McLaren, Reproductive Rituals: The Perception of Fertility in England from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1984), introduction.

19.Cornelia Hughes Dayton, “Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village,” William and Mary Quarterly 48, no. 1 (1991): 19–20; Gloria L. Main, “Rocking the Cradle: Downsizing the New England Family,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37, no. 1 (2006): 48; Etienne van de Walle, “Flowers and Fruits: Two Thousand Years of Menstrual Regulation,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, no. 2 (1997): 183–203; Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 42; Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraception in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 13; Klepp, Revolutionary Conceptions, 195, 212.

20.Klepp, Revolutionary Conceptions, 57–64, chapter 4.

21.Unless otherwise noted, the following descriptions of the Bailey household are drawn from Bailey, “Memoirs,” in Religion and Domestic Violence in Early New England, 57–95.

22.Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 247–256.

23.Toby L. Ditz, “Shipwrecked; or, Masculinity Imperiled: Mercantile Representations of Failure and the Gendered Self in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (1994): 51–56, 66; Fischer, Suspect Relations, 141–142; Foster, Sex and the Eighteenth-Century Man, chapters 3 and 4.

24.Block, Rape and Sexual Power, 148–149, 163–164, 171.

25.Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 154–175; Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), chapter 1; Cott, Public Vows, 17–23; Jan Lewis, “The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic,” William and Mary Quarterly 44, no. 4 (1987): 689–721.

26.Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America, chapter 8; Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 249–250; Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, 87–88, 359.

27.Taves, introduction, 27.

28.Bailey, Religion and Domestic Violence, 189n66; Sharon Halevi, “ ‘A Variety of Domestic Misfortunes’: Writing the Dysfunctional Self in Early America,” Early American Literature 44, no. 1 (2009): 98–105.

29.Block, Rape and Sexual Power, chapter 6; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 148–153.

30.Hartog, Man and Wife in America, 60–61; Eileen Razzari Elrod, Piety and Dissent: Race, Gender, and Biblical Rhetoric in Early American Autobiography (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), 95–97; Nancy F. Cott, “Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records,” Journal of Social History 10, no. 1 (1976): 29–30; Steven Mintz, Huck’s Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), chapter 3.

31.Bailey, Religion and Domestic Violence, 194n216.

32.Abigail’s description of her captivity, flight, and reunion with her children appear in Bailey, “Memoirs,” 145–178.

33.Massachusetts, U.S., Town and Vital Records, 1620–1988, 541v, Ancestry.com.

34.Abiel Abbot and Ephraim Abbot, Genealogical Register of the Descendants of George Abbot of Andover (Boston: James Munroe and Co., 1847), 29.

35.Klepp, Revolutionary Conceptions, 8, 47–48.

36.Kelly A. Ryan, Everyday Crimes: Social Violence and Civil Rights in Early America (New York: New York University Press, 2019).

Chapter 4: Slavery’s Intimate Bonds

1.Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), 370, table 1; J. David Hacker, “From ‘20. and Odd’ to 10 Million: The Growth of the Slave Population in the United States,” Slavery and Abolition 41, no. 4 (2020): 840–855; “Pop Culture: 1790,” United States Census Bureau: History, https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1790_fast_facts.html; Stanley L. Engerman, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, “Slavery,” Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, ed. Susan B. Carter (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) 2:369–385.

2.Engerman, Sutch, and Wright, “Slavery,” 370.

3.Hacker, “ ‘From 20. and Odd,” 14.

4.Wilma A. Dunaway, Slavery in the American Mountain South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 196.

5.Drew Gilpin Faust, ed., The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 78.

6.Daina Ramey Berry, “Swing the Sickle for the Harvest Is Ripe”: Gender and Slavery in Antebellum Georgia (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 55–56; Deborah G. White, Ar’n’t I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), chapter 3; Brenda E. Stevenson, Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), chapter 8.

7.Tera W. Hunter, Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017), 31–33; Berry, “Swing the Sickle,” chapter 3; Stevenson, Life in Black and White, 231; Thelma Jennings, “ ‘Us Colored Women Had to Go Through a Plenty’: Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women,” Journal of Women’s History 1, no. 3 (1990): 53–54.

8.Berry, “Swing the Sickle,” 53–59; Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 29, 32–33.

9.Victoria E. Bynum, Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 94–95; Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 72–73; The State v. Zadock Roland, 28 N.C. 241 (N.C. 1846); Jessica Millward, Finding Charity’s Folk: Enslaved and Free Black Women in Maryland (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015).

10.Anthony E. Kaye, Joining Places: Slave Neighborhoods in the Old South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).

11.Edward E. Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 261–262; “My Master Was a Mean Man,” in The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, ed. George P. Rawick (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972), 6:81–82. For another example, see Berry, “Swing the Sickle,” 56.

12.Bynum, Unruly Women, 9; Kirsten Fischer, Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 149–151.

13.Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), chapter 9; Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).

14.Bynum, Unruly Women, 11, 14, 19–25; Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Martha Hodes, “The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 3 (1993): 402–417.

15.Nell Irvin Painter, “Soul Murder and Slavery: Toward a Fully-Loaded Cost Accounting,” in U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, eds. Alice Kessler-Harris, Linda K. Kerber, and Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 125–146; Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told; Daina Ramey Berry, The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017), 61–62, 78–80; Brenda E. Stevenson, “What’s Love Got to Do with It? Concubinage and Enslaved Women and Girls in the Antebellum South,” Journal of African American History 98, no. 1 (2013): 99–125; Heather V. Vermeulen, “Thomas Thistlewood’s Libidinal Linnaean Project: Slavery, Ecology, and Knowledge Production,” Small Axe 22, no. 1 (2018): 18–38.

16.Joshua D. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 17–18; Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).

17.Stevenson, “What’s Love Got to Do with It?,” 100.

18.Stevenson, “What’s Love Got to Do with It?,” 99–100, 105–106, 112; Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told, 242.

19.Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers, They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 102–118; Thavolia Glymph, Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

20.Thomas A. Foster, Rethinking Rufus: Sexual Violations of Enslaved Men (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2019), 102–111.

21.Stevenson, “What’s Love Got to Do with It?,” 116.

22.Stevenson, “What’s Love Got to Do with It?,” 115.

23.Foster, Rethinking Rufus, 12–15; Ronald G. Walters, “The Erotic South: Civilization and Sexuality in American Abolitionism,” American Quarterly 25 (1973): 177–201; Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 193.

24.Manisha Sinha, The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), 456–459.

25.April R. Haynes, Riotous Flesh: Women, Physiology, and the Solitary Vice in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 58; Harris, Shadow of Slavery, 190–199.

26.Berry, “Swing the Sickle,” 77–83; Jennings, “Us Colored Women,” 49–51; Marie Jenkins Schwartz, Birthing a Slave: Motherhood and Medicine in the Antebellum South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 67; “Rose Williams,” in When I Was a Slave: Memoirs from the Slave Narrative Collection, ed. Norman R. Yetman (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2002), 147.

27.Emily Jeannine Clark, “ ‘Their Negro Nanny Was with Child by a White Man’: Gossip, Sex, and Slavery in an Eighteenth-Century New England Town,” William and Mary Quarterly 79, no. 4 (2022): 559–560; Berry, Pound of Flesh, 10–15, 19–21; Wendy Warren, “ ‘Thrown upon the World’: Valuing Infants in the Eighteenth-Century North American Slave Market,” Slavery & Abolition 39, no. 4 (2018): 623–641.

28.David Doddington, “Manhood, Sex, and Power in Antebellum Slave Communities,” in Sexuality and Slavery: Reclaiming Intimate Histories in the Americas, eds. Daina Ramey Berry and Leslie M. Harris (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2018), 150; Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 38, 51; Heather Andrea Williams, Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), chapter 2.

29.Deirdre Cooper Owens, Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017), 84–85; Jennings, “Us Colored Women,” 47; Foster, Rethinking Rufus, 1–2, chapter 3; Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work and the Family, from Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 33; Doddington, “Manhood, Sex, and Power,” 153–154; Sharon Block, Rape and Sexual Power in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 85; “Rose Williams,” 146–149.

30.Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 10–13, 19–20, 67, 74–75; William N. Morgan, “A Case of Rupture of the Uterus, with Artificial Anus at the Point of Rupture,” Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery 2, no. 6 (1844), 498–501.

31.Cooper Owens, Medical Bondage, 50–51; Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 50, 146–153; Stevenson, Life in Black and White, 290–291; Sharla M. Fett, “Consciousness and Calling: African American Midwives at Work in the Antebellum South,” New Studies in the History of American Slavery, eds. Edward E. Baptist and Stephanie M. H. Camp (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 65–86.

32.Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 93–104.

33.Cooper Owens, Medical Bondage, 1–2, 26, 36–39, and chapters 1–3 generally; Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 164–165.

34.Jennings, “Us Colored Women,” 54–58; Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 127–131; Jones, Labor of Love, 18; Narrative of Nehemiah Caulkins of Waterford, Connecticut, in [Theodore D. Weld], American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1839), 12, excerpted in Gerda Lerner, ed., Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 47.

35.Schwartz, Birthing a Slave, 191; Jones, Labor of Love, 18, 33–34; Richard Follett, “Heat, Sex, and Sugar: Pregnancy and Childbearing in the Slave Quarters,” Journal of Family History 28, no. 4 (2003): 510–539; Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997), 36.

36.Jennings, “Us Colored Women,” 57; Jones, Labor of Love, 33; Liese M. Perrin, “Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South,” Journal of American Studies 35, no. 2 (2001): 255–274.

37.Foster, Rethinking Rufus, 87–91; Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 233–244; Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 83–88.

38.Berry, “Swing the Sickle,” 89; Hunter, Bound in Wedlock, 209–210; Williams, Help Me to Find My People, chapter 2.

Chapter 5: A Woman of Pleasure

1.Elizabeth Schlappa, “Onania’s Letters and the Female Masturbator: Women, Gender, and the ‘Abominable Crime’ of Self-Pollution,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 32, no. 3 (2023): 313–339; Andrea Haslanger, “What Happens When Pornography Ends in Marriage: The Uniformity of Pleasure in ‘Fanny Hill,’ ” ELH 78, no. 1 (2011): 163–188; Hal Gladfelder, Fanny Hill in Bombay: The Making and Unmaking of John Cleland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012).

2.John Cleland, Memoirs of Fanny Hill, a woman of pleasure / written by herself ; with plate, engraved by a member of the Royal Academy; two volumes in one. Vol I[-II] (London [i.e., United States?]: G. Felton’s Press, in the Strand. Copy right secured to the Royal family, according to law, 1832). Original held by the American Antiquarian Society, which notes, “The imprint is false. Another edition, with imprint ‘London: Printed for G. Felton, in the Strand. 1787,’ is ascribed to the press of Munroe & Francis in Boston, and dated ca. 1810. The uncovered boards (of spruce or fir) used to bind this edition suggest that it too is an American production.” Citing pages 8, 10–11, 13–14, 28–30, and 34–39.

3.Clorinda Donato, “Just an ‘English Whore’?: Italian Translations of Fanny Hill and the Transcultural Novel,” Eighteenth-Century Life 43, no. 2 (2019): 137–161; Marcus Allen McCorison, “Two Unrecorded American Printings of ‘Fanny Hill,’ ” Vermont History 40, no. 1 (1972): 64–66; Clare A. Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (Chapel Hill: The Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, by the University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 133n20; “A Brief History of Copyright in the United States,” U.S. Copyright Office, copyright.gov/timeline/.

4.Ava Chamberlain, “Bad Books and Bad Boys: The Transformation of Gender in Eighteenth-Century Northampton, Massachusetts,” New England Quarterly 75, no. 2 (2002): 179.

5.William J. Gilmore-Lehne, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780–1835 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 177.

6.Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 116–120, 171–180, 185.

7.Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 127–130, 132.

8.Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002); Patricia Cline Cohen, The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999); Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992); Patricia Cline Cohen, Timothy J. Gilfoyle, and Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, The Flash Press: Sporting Male Weeklies in 1840s New York (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 138; Donna Dennis, Licentious Gotham: Erotic Publishing and Its Prosecution in Nineteenth-Century New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

9.Fanny Hill, 1832 edition at AAS, 41.

10.Sharon Block, Rape and Sexual Power in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 23; Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 195–196; Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 251; Fanny Hill, 1832 edition at AAS, 46.

11.Rashauna Johnson, “Spectacles of Restraint: Race, Excess, and Heterosexuality in Early American Print Culture,” in Heterosexual Histories, eds. Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell (New York: New York University Press, 2021), 180–185.

12.Edward E. Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 236–237, 243–259.

13.Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 66–76; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America,” American Quarterly 23, no. 4 (1971): 562–584.

14.Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 119–125; Lori D. Ginzberg, “ ‘The Hearts of Your Readers Will Shudder’: Fanny Wright, Infidelity, and American Freethought,” American Quarterly 46, no. 2 (1994): 195–226.

15.Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 45–60; Robert Dale Owen, Moral physiology: or, A brief and plain treatise on the population question (London: J. Watson, 1834?), 30, Kress Library of Business and Economics, Harvard University, Gale Primary Sources.

16.Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 73–85.

17.Rodney Hessinger, Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle-Class America, 1780–1850 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), chapter 5; G. L. Barker-Benfield, Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), chapter 15; April R. Haynes, Riotous Flesh: Women, Physiology, and the Solitary Vice in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).

18.Haynes, Riotous Flesh, chapter 1; Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 92–107; Kara M. French, Against Sex: Identities of Sexual Restraint in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021), 116–122.

19.Haynes, Riotous Flesh, 7, 26–28, 52.

20.Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 107–112; Erica Armstrong Dunbar, A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), chapter 4; Haynes, Riotous Flesh, chapter 5.

21.Haynes, Riotous Flesh, 144–146.

22.Fanny Hill, 1832 edition at AAS, 50.

23.Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 19–23; Otho T. Beall, “Aristotle’s Master Piece in America: A Landmark in the Folklore of Medicine,” William and Mary Quarterly 20, no. 2 (1963): 207–222; Mary E. Fissell, “Hairy Women and Naked Truths: Gender and the Politics of Knowledge in ‘Aristotle’s Masterpiece,’ ” William and Mary Quarterly 60, no. 1 (2003): 43; Vern L. Bullough, “An Early American Sex Manual, or, Aristotle Who?” Early American Literature 7, no. 3 (1973): 236–240.

24.Kirsten Fischer, Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 4; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). For a critique of Laqueur’s argument, see Helen King, The One-Sex Body on Trial: The Classical and Early Modern Evidence (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2013).

25.Roy Porter, “ ‘The Secrets of Generation Display’d’: Aristotle’s Master-Piece in Eighteenth-Century England,” Eighteenth Century Life 9 (1984–1985): 1–16; Fissell, “Hairy Women,” 66; Block, Rape and Sexual Power, chapter 1.

26.Bullough, “Early American Sex Manual,” 242.

27.A Letter from Richard P. Robinson, as connected with the Murder of Ellen Jewett, was sold wholesale at 29 Ann Street in NYC. See Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 244; Cohen, Murder of Helen Jewett, 396–397.

28.Katie M. Hemphill, Bawdy City: Commercial Sex and Regulation in Baltimore, 1790–1915 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 1–2; Joshua D. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 107; Cohen, Murder of Helen Jewett; Lyons, Sex Among the Rabble, 192; Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers, They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 146–149.

29.Hemphill, Bawdy City, 23–45; Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 30–31, 124–125; Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 190–191.

30.Hemphill, Bawdy City, 45; Rothman, Notorious, 111–129.

31.Fanny Hill, AAS 1832 edition, 3.

32.Hal Gladfelder, “Obscenity, Censorship, and the Eighteenth-Century Novel: The Case of John Cleland,” Wordsworth Circle 35, no. 3 (2004): 134; Dennis, Licentious Gotham, 15.

33.Dennis, Licentious Gotham, 34; David Weed, “Fitting Fanny: Cleland’s ‘Memoirs’ and the Politics of Male Pleasure,” NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 31, no. 1 (1997): 7–20; Lynn Hunt, “Introduction,” in The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500–1800, ed. Lynn Hunt (New York: Zone Books, 1993), 10; Thomas Alan Holmes, “Sexual Positions and Sexual Politics: John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure,” South Atlantic Review 74, no. 1 (2009): 124–139; Margaret F. Walker, “Bookin’ West Tall Tales and ‘Books of Every Sort and Size from Fanny Hill to the Bible’ on the Journey West,” Overland Journal 25, no. 3 (2007): 166.

34.Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 70–71; Marc Stein, Sexual Injustice: Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 35–44.

Chapter 6: Perfect Confidence and Love

1.Elizabeth Hampsten, Read This Only to Yourself: The Private Writings of Midwestern Women, 1880–1910 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982), 161–162, 167, 169.

2.Hampsten, Read This, 168.

3.Jonathan Ned Katz, Love Stories: Sex between Men Before Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 134–146.

4.Katz, Love Stories, 74.

5.Martha Vicinus, “ ‘They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong’: The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity,” Feminist Studies 18, no. 3 (1992): 478; William N. Eskridge, Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861–2003 (New York: Viking, 2008), 20; Katz, Love Stories, 60–63.

6.Marylynne Diggs, “Romantic Friends or a ‘Different Race of Creatures’? The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century America,” Feminist Studies 21, no. 2 (1995): 323–324.

7.Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (New York: William Morrow Company, 1981), 147–177.

8.Richard Godbeer, The Overflowing of Friendship: Love Between Men and the Creation of the American Republic (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 57–58; Martin B. Duberman, “ ‘Writhing Bedfellows’: 1826 Two Young Men from Antebellum South Carolina’s Ruling Elite Share ‘Extravagant Delight,’ ” Journal of Homosexuality 6, nos. 1–2 (1981): 87–88; E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993), chapter 4.

9.Katz, Love Stories, 3; Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).

10.Philip Clayton Van Buskirk, An American Seafarer in the Age of Sail: The Erotic Diaries of Philip C. Van Buskirk, 1851–1870, ed. Barry Richard Burg (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 74–75, 79, 114; B. R. Burg, “Sodomy, Masturbation, and Courts-Martial in the Antebellum American Navy,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 23, no. 1 (2014): 53–67; Katz, Love Stories, 78–80, 134–135.

11.Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 51, 71–78, chapter 2, 170–173, 294.

12.Rotundo, American Manhood, 80–81.

13.Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 192; Jim Downs, “With Only a Trace: Same-Sex Sexual Desire and Violence on Slave Plantations, 1607–1865,” in Connexions: Histories of Race and Sex in North America, eds. Jennifer Brier, Jim Downs, and Jennifer L. Morgan (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016), 19; Aliyyah I. Abdur-Rahman, “ ‘The Strangest Freaks of Despotism’: Queer Sexuality in Antebellum African American Slave Narratives,” African American Review 40, no. 2 (2006): 233; Thomas A. Foster, Rethinking Rufus: Sexual Violations of Enslaved Men (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2019), 85–87, 91–112; Martin B. Duberman, About Time: Exploring the Gay Past, rev. and expanded (New York: Meridian, 1991), 43–44; Katz, Love Stories, 317–320.

14.Katz, Love Stories, 45–61; Greta LaFleur, The Natural History of Sexuality in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018).

15.Katz, Love Stories, 134–135; Downs, “With Only a Trace,” 17.

16.Farah Jasmine Griffin, ed., Beloved Sisters and Loving Friends: Letters from Rebecca Primus of Royal Oak, Maryland and Addie Brown of Hartford, Connecticut, 1854–1868 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 12, 18, 21; Karen V. Hansen, “ ‘No Kisses Is Like Youres’: An Erotic Friendship Between Two African-American Women during the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Gender & History 7, no. 2 (1995): 155–156.

17.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 19–20.

18.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 21–22.

19.Faderman, Surpassing, 152.

20.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 35, 49.

21.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 65.

22.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 35, 47–48.

23.Rachel Hope Cleves, Charity and Sylvia: A Same-Sex Marriage in Early America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

24.Rachel Hope Cleves, “ ‘What, Another Female Husband?’: The Prehistory of Same-Sex Marriage in America,” Journal of American History 101, no. 4 (2015): 1064–1068; Jen Manion, Female Husbands: A Trans History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020); Emily Skidmore, True Sex: The Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 2017).

25.Cleves, “ ‘What, Another Female Husband?’ ” 1071–1072; Manion, Female Husbands, chapter 5; Faderman, Surpassing, 190–230.

26.Diggs, “Romantic Friends,” 321.

27.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 44–45, 77, 87; Hansen, “ ‘No Kisses,’ ” 156.

28.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 225–226, 228; Nancy Sahli, “Smashing: Women’s Relationships Before the Fall,” Chrysalis, no. 8 (1979): 17–27.

29.Griffin, Beloved Sisters, 9, 235, 281–282.

30.Hampsten, Read This, 168–169, 173.

31.Hampsten, Read This, 153–154.

32.Hampsten, Read This, 167, 177, 179–186.

Chapter 7: Then Shall They Be Gods

1.Benjamin E. Park, Kingdom of Nauvoo: The Rise and Fall of a Religious Empire on the American Frontier (New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2020), 21–32.

2.Hendrik Hartog, Man and Wife in America: A History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), chapter 9.

3.Park, Kingdom, 61–63, 65–66; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women’s Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 14, 61, 66–67, 71–72. About 20 percent of the women who entered plural marriages in Nauvoo were legally married to another man, or had been until recently; Ulrich, 105.

4.Ulrich, House Full of Females, 72, 89, 91, 93–94.

5.Ulrich, House Full of Females, 73–74; Sarah Barringer Gordon, The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 29–52.

6.Park, Kingdom, chapter 7.

7.Park, Kingdom, 235–238.

8.Park, Kingdom, 264–267; Anne F. Hyde, Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 451–459.

9.Gordon, Mormon Question, 66–68; Nancy Isenberg, Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 159–167; Ellen Carol Du Bois, ed., The Elizabeth Cady Stanton-Susan B. Anthony Reader: Correspondence, Writings, Speeches, rev. ed. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), 36–43; Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985).

10.Kathryn M. Daynes, More Wives than One: Transformation of the Mormon Marriage System, 1840–1910 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001); Julie Dunfey, “ ‘Living the Principle’ of Plural Marriage: Mormon Women, Utopia, and Female Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century,” Feminist Studies 10, no. 3 (1984): 523–536.

11.Ulrich, House Full of Females, 230–231.

12.Timothy Marr, The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); “The Mormon Nuisance,” Daily Atlas (Boston), November 14, 1856, 2; Gordon, Mormon Question, 45; J. Spencer Fluhman, “A Peculiar People”: Anti-Mormonism and the Making of Religion in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), chapter 2.

13.Ulrich, House Full of Females, 241; Gordon, Mormon Question, 93.

14.Cott, Public Vows, 49; Hartog, Man and Wife, 14.

15.Joanne Ellen Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003).

16.Patricia Cline Cohen, “The ‘Anti-Marriage Theory’ of Thomas and Mary Gove Nichols,” Journal of the Early Republic 34, no. 1 (2014): 1–20.

17.Satomi Minowa, “ ‘Free Love’ in Sectional Debates over Slavery in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America,” Japanese Journal of American Studies, no. 31 (2020): 158; Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 266–69; Cohen, “ ‘Anti-Marriage Theory’ ”; Ellen Carol DuBois and Linda Gordon, “Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield: Danger and Pleasure in Nineteenth-Century Feminist Sexual Thought,” Feminist Studies 9, no. 1 (1983): 16.

18.Gordon, Mormon Question, 29–32; Passet, Sex Radicals, 178n1; Ulrich, House Full of Females, 214.

19.Gordon, Mormon Question, 53–57; Sarah M. S. Pearsall, Polygamy: An Early American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 154–155; Minowa, “ ‘Free Love,’ ” 169.

20.Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, “Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock, and Conflict over Sex in the United States in the 1870s,” Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (2000): 412–416; Amanda Frisken, Victoria Woodhull’s Sexual Revolution: Political Theater and the Popular Press in Nineteenth-Century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), chapter 1.

21.Minowa, “Free Love,” 158; Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 267–268; Kara M. French, Against Sex: Identities of Sexual Restraint in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021).

22.Rodney Hessinger, Smitten: Sex, Gender, and the Contest for Souls in the Second Great Awakening (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2022), 126–129.

23.Peter von Ziegesar, “Reinventing Sex: The Oneida Community Challenged American Standards of Sex and Marriage,” Latham’s Quarterly, n.d.; Ellen Wayland-Smith, Oneida: From Free Love Utopia to the Well-Set Table (New York: Picador, 2016), 55–56, 67–71; Hessinger, Smitten, chapter 5.

24.John Humphrey Noyes, Male Continence (Oneida, NY: Office of Oneida Circular, 1872), 7, 8, 12, 14–15.

25.Noyes, Male Continence, 13; Ben Barker-Benfield, “The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality,” Feminist Studies 1, no. 1 (1972): 45–74.

26.Entries for Thursday, [March] 26, [1868] and Tuesday, [September] 22, [1868], both in Excerpts from the Journal of Tirzah Miller, September 3, 1867–July 25, 1877, Oneida Community Collection, Syracuse University, box 66, Women and Social Movements.

27.Wayland-Smith, Oneida, 126–132; Horowitz, Rereading Sex, 254–256; Noyes, Marital Continence, 15.

28.Wayland-Smith, Oneida, chapter 10.

29.Gordon, Mormon Question, 81–83.

30.Gordon, Mormon Question, 97–98, 104–107.

31.Gordon, Mormon Question, 119–145, 150–159, 181; Pablo Mitchell, Coyote Nation: Sexuality, Race, and Conquest in Modernizing New Mexico, 1880–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 16.

32.Jennifer Graber, The Gods of Indian Country: Religion and the Struggle for the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 119–120; Gordon, Mormon Question, 127; Jane E. Simonsen, Making Home Work: Domesticity and Native American Assimilation in the American West, 1860–1919 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 11, 38–41; Cathleen D. Cahill, Federal Fathers and Mothers: A Social History of the United States Indian Service, 1869–1933 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 34–35.

33.Graber, Gods of Indian Country, 71–74; Jacki Thompson Rand, Kiowa Humanity and the Invasion of the State (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 29–30, chapter 3; “Treaty with the Kiowa, Etc., 1837,” Tribal Treaties Database, Oklahoma State University Libraries, treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-kiowa-etc-1837-0489.

34.Rose Stremlau, Sustaining the Cherokee Family: Kinship and the Allotment of an Indigenous Nation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 52–57, 76–81; Cahill, Federal Fathers and Mothers, 39–41.

35.Stremlau, Sustaining, 129; Cahill, Federal Fathers and Mothers, 40–41; Rand, Kiowa Humanity, 29–30.

36.Kiowa Indian ledger drawings [manuscript], ca. 1880–1890, Edward E. Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, American Indian Histories and Cultures, Adam Matthew Digital.

Chapter 8: A Typical Invert

1.“SING” [Freda Ward] to YBIR [cypher for LOVE, aka Alice Mitchell], July 11, 1891, reprinted in Appendix B, Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 214; “Sane or Insane?” Memphis Weekly Commercial, July 27, 1892, 2.

2.Freda Ward to YBIR, July 26, 1891, in Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 215; “Testimony of B. F. Turner,” in F. L. Sim, The Trial of Alice Mitchell for Killing Freda Ward: Forensic Psychiatry, 19, reprint from Memphis Medical Monthly 12, no. 8 (1892): 377–428.

3.“SING” [Freda Ward] to YBIR, 214.

4.Alice Mitchell to Freda Ward, August 1, 1891, in Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 217–218.

5.Mrs. W. H. Volkmar to Alice Mitchell, August 1, 1891, in Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 219; Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 1.

6.Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 1.

7.Peter Boag, Re-Dressing America’s Frontier Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Emily Skidmore, True Sex: The Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 2017); Will Roscoe, The Zuni Man-Woman (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991), 2, chapter 3.

8.Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 142–148; Jen Manion, Female Husbands: A Trans History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 245–247; “The Plea for Bail,” The Public Ledger, February 11, 1892, 2; Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 2; Hugh Ryan, When Brooklyn Was Queer (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2019), 50–66.

9.Claire Sears, Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015), 41–44, 87–93; Manion, Female Husbands, 199; Katrina C. Rose, “A History of Gender Variance in Pre-20th Century Anglo-American Law,” Texas Journal of Women and the Law 14, no. 1 (2004): 77–119; I. Bennett Capers, “Cross Dressing and the Criminal,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 20, no. 1 (2008): 9–10.

10.Boag, Re-Dressing, 52–53, 70.

11.Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), esp. chapter 5.

12.Katy Coyle and Nadiene Van Dyke, “Sex, Smashing, and Storyville in Turn-of-the-Century New Orleans: Reexamining the Continuum of Lesbian Sexuality,” in Carryin’ on in the Lesbian and Gay South, ed. John Howard (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 62; Nancy Sahli, “Smashing: Women’s Relationships Before the Fall,” Chrysalis, no. 8 (1979): 17–27; Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 11, 18–21.

13.John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 190–194; Wendy L. Rouse, “ ‘A Very Crushable, Kissable Girl’: Queer Love and the Invention of the Abnormal Girl Among College Women in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 21, no. 3 (2022): 201–220.

14.Sim, Forensic Psychiatry, 13; “The Murder in Memphis,” Nashville Banner, January 27, 1892, 9.

15.Peggy Pascoe, What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 40–43, 56–63, 80–85.

16.Lisa J. Lindquist, “Images of Alice: Gender, Deviancy, and a Love Murder in Memphis,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 6, no. 1 (1995): 52–55; “Negro Demons,” The Fort Worth Daily Gazette, October 11, 1892, 1; Estelle Freedman, Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 97.

17.Paula Giddings, Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching (New York: Amistad, 2008), chapter 6; Crystal Nicole Feimster, Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), chapter 4; Mia Bay, To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), chapter 3.

18.Ida B. Wells, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases ([New York]: New York Age, 1892), 4, Black Thought and Culture; Giddings, Ida, 205–208; Bay, To Tell the Truth, 103–104.

19.Giddings, Ida, 213–217; Bay, To Tell the Truth, 106, 122–127.

20.Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 150–153; “United in Death,” The Public Ledger, January 27, 1892, 1.

21.Nashville Banner, “The Murder in Memphis,” 9; Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 47–58.

22.Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 2; “Testimony of J. H. Callendar,” in Forensic Psychiatry, 30–31.

23.“Testimony of J. H. Callendar,” 33.

24.“Sent for the Doctor,” February 5, 1892, quoted in Lindquist, “Images of Alice,” 56–57; Roscoe, Zuni Man-Woman, 67–69.

25.Kim Emery, “Steers, Queers, and Manifest Destiny: Representing the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century Texas,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 5, no. 1 (1994): 29.

26.Manion, Female Husbands, chapter 7; Skidmore, True Sex, chapter 1; Boag, Re-Dressing, chapter 5; Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 163–164; Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 30–35. See also Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, chapter 5.

27.James G. Kiernan, “Sexual Perversion, and the Whitechapel Murders,” Medical Standard 4, no. 5 (1888): 129–130, 170–172; Margaret Gibson, “Clitoral Corruption: Body Metaphors and American Doctors’ Constructions of Female Homosexuality, 1870–1900,” in Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon A. Rosario (New York: Routledge, 1997), 115–119.

28.Hubert Kennedy, “Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality,” in Rosario, Science and Homosexualities, 26; Terry, American Obsession, 43–45; T. Griswold Comstock, “Alice Mitchell of Memphis: A Case of Sexual Perversion or ‘Urning’ (A Paranoiac),” Journal of Orificial Surgery 1, no. 7 (1893): 474–479.

29.Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 40, 50, 172–173; Terry, American Obsession, 49.

30.Sim, Forensic Psychiatry, 3; Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 1–2.

31.Memphis Weekly Commercial, “Sane or Insane?” 1–2; George Chauncey, “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualization of Female Deviance,” Salmagundi, no. 58/59 (1982–1983): 114–146; Claudia Breger, “Feminine Masculinities: Scientific and Literary Representations of Female Inversion at the Turn of the Twentieth Century,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 1 (2005): 76–106; Heike Bauer, “Theorizing Female Inversion: Sexology, Discipline, and Gender at the Fin de Siècle,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 18, no. 1 (2009): 84–102; Lindquist, “Images of Alice,” 35; “Many Letters are Read,” Nashville Banner, July 20, 1892, 5.

32.Comstock, “Alice Mitchell of Memphis,” 475, 479.

33.Lindquist, “Images of Alice,” 60–61.

34.“Alice Mitchell Dead,” The Nashville American, April 1, 1898, 4; Paul Coppock, “Memphis’ Strangest Love Murder Had All-Girl Cast,” The Commercial Appeal, September 7, 1930, sec. 4, p. 5.

35.Martha Vicinus, “ ‘They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong’: The Historical Roots of the Modern Lesbian Identity,” Feminist Studies 18, no. 3 (1992): 480–485.

36.Skidmore, True Sex; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The New Woman as Androgyne: Social Disorder and Gender Crisis, 1870–1936,” in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 245–296; Esther Newton, “The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 9, no. 4 (1984): 557–575.

37.Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2, Sexual Inversion, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: The Medical Bulletin Printing-house, 1908), 120; Paul A. Robinson, The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, and Virginia Johnson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), 2–11; Douglas C. McMurtrie, “A Crime of Lesbian Love,” American Journal of Urology, Venereal, and Sexual Diseases 10, no. 9 (1914): 433–434.

38.Oosterhuis, Stepchildren, 60–62; Terry, American Obsession, 55–60; Robinson, Modernization, 5–6; Mari Jo Buhle, Feminism and Its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), introduction and chapter 1.

39.James G. Kiernan, “Bisexuality,” Urologic and Cutaneous Review 18, no. 7 (1914): 375.

40.Smith-Rosenberg, “New Woman as Androgyne,” 283; Christina Simmons, “Companionate Marriage and the Lesbian Threat,” Frontiers 4, no. 3 (1979): 57; Wendy L. Rouse, Public Faces, Secret Lives: A Queer History of the Women’s Suffrage Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2022); Rebecca L. Davis, “ ‘Not Marriage at All, but Simple Harlotry’: The Companionate Marriage Controversy,” Journal of American History 94, no. 4 (2008): 1137–1163.

Chapter 9: Obscene and Immoral

1.Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 4–5; Judith Ann Giesberg, Sex and the Civil War: Soldiers, Pornography, and the Making of American Morality (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 12–16; Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 225–227.

2.Amy Beth Werbel, Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018), 67–69; Tone, Devices and Desires, chapters 1 and 2; “An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use,” March 3, 1873, Forty-Second Congress, Sess. III, Ch. 258, 1873, 598–599, memory.loc.gov.

3.Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Book of the Fair (Chicago: The Bancroft Company, 1893), 62.

4.“Cairo Street Open: Gates in Midway Plaisance Admit Throngs of Visitors,” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 28, 1893, 1; “Will Be Like Cairo,” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 23, 1893, 25; Robert Knutson, The White City: The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1960), 224.

5.Werbel, Lust on Trial, 77–86; Tone, Devices, 53–62; Margot Canaday, Nancy F. Cott, and Robert O. Self, eds., Intimate States: Gender, Sexuality, and Governance in Modern US History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021), 8; Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 162.

6.Giesberg, Sex and the Civil War, 61, 65–66; Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young, 2nd ed. (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884), ix.

7.Werbel, Lust on Trial, 52–53; Donna Dennis, Licentious Gotham: Erotic Publishing and Its Prosecution in Nineteenth-Century New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 238–242.

8.Giesberg, Sex and the Civil War, 88–89; Werbel, Lust on Trial, 58; Dennis, Licentious Gotham, 252.

9.Tone, Devices, 26–30.

10.Werbel, Lust on Trial, 99–101; Jeffrey Escoffier, Whitney Strub, and Jeffrey Patrick Colgan, “The Comstock Apparatus,” in Canaday, Cott, and Self, Intimate States, 43–45, 48.

11.Escoffier, Strub, and Colgan, “Comstock Apparatus,” 43, 54; Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 229–230; Nicholas L. Syrett, The Trials of Madame Restell: Nineteenth-Century America’s Most Infamous Female Physician and the Campaign to Make Abortion a Crime (New York: The New Press, 2023).

12.Wonderful Trial of Caroline Lohman, Alias Restell, Reported in Full for the National Police Gazette (New York: Burgess, Stringer & Co., 1847), HEINOnline.

13.“The Luxury of Crime,” Pomeroy’s Illustrated Democrat (Chicago), June 15, 1878, 6; Wonderful Trial, 2.

14.Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 10–15; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, and Its Law (New York: Little, Brown, 1868); James C. Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).

15.“The Criminal Record,” Daily Inter Ocean, February 12, 1878, 2; Syrett, Trials of Madame Restell, 265–278; Tone, Devices, 33–34.

16.D. M. Bennett, Anthony Comstock: His Career of Cruelty and Crime (New York: Liberal and Scientific Publishing House, 1878), 1070; Syrett, Trials of Madame Restell, 279.

17.Werbel, Lust on Trial, 59, 105–10, 174–190, 203; Dennis, Licentious Gotham, chapter 7.

18.Tone, Devices, 32–40; Amy Sohn, The Man Who Hated Women: Sex, Censorship, and Civil Liberties in the Gilded Age (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), 135–145.

19.John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 160–161; Sohn, Man Who Hated Women, 152–155.

20.D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 174.

21.David Jay Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868–1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973); Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981); “The Illinois Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs,” Broad Axe, October 19, 1901.

22.Ruth Birgitta Anderson Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 110–111.

23.Alison M. Parker, Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873–1933 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), chapter 6.

24.Tone, Devices, 37–45, chapter 4.

25.Leigh Eric Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride: The Unprintable Life of Ida C. Craddock, American Mystic, Scholar, Sexologist, Martyr, and Madwoman (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 16, 18.

26.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 18; “Egyptian Dancers Arrested,” The Milwaukee Journal, December 5, 1893, 5; “No More Midway Dancing: Three of the Egyptian Girls Fined $50 Each,” New York Times, December 7, 1893, 3.

27.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, chapter 2.

28.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, chapter 2.

29.Jesse F. Battan, “ ‘The Word Made Flesh’: Language, Authority, and Sexual Desire in Late Nineteenth-Century America,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 2 (1992): 231, 235, quoting Angela Heywood, “Sex Service—Ethics of Trust,” The Word, October 1889, 2.

30.Tone, Devices, 36–40; Battan, “ ‘The Word Made Flesh,’ ” 241–242; Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977), 181–182.

31.Craddock pamphlet quoted in Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 28–29.

32.Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008); Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 123–129.

33.Craddock quoted in Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 19, 28–29; The Danse du Ventre (Dance of the Abdomen) as Performed in the Cairo Street Theatre, Midway Plaisance, Chicago: Its Value as an Educator in Marital Duties (Philadelphia: n.p., 1893).

34.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 12, 16–18.

35.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 190–192, 195–197.

36.Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 1, 212.

37.Ida Craddock, “Regeneration and Rejuvenation of Men and Women, through the Right Use of the Sex Function,” 2, n.d., Ida Craddock papers, Special Collections Research Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

38.Craddock, “Regeneration and Rejuvenation,” 3.

39.Quoted in Schmidt, Heaven’s Bride, 214; R. Marie Griffith, Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 2017).

40.Emma Goldman, “Sex the Great Element for Creative Work,” quoted in Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman, rev. ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 99; Clare Hemmings, Considering Emma Goldman: Feminist Political Ambivalence and the Imaginative Archive (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018), 11.

41.Christine Stansell, American Moderns: Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), 251–258; Ellen Kay Trimberger, “Feminism, Men, and Modern Love: Greenwich Village, 1900–1925,” in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 131–152.

42.Christina Simmons, Making Marriage Modern: Women’s Sexuality from the Progressive Era to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 58; Gertrude Marvin, “Anthony and the Devil,” The Masses (February 1914), 16; Jean H. Baker, Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion (New York: Hill and Wang, 2011); Leigh Ann Wheeler, How Sex Became a Civil Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), chapter 1.

43.Margaret Sanger, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography (1938; reprint, New York: Dover Publications 1971), 215–223; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 168; Tone, Devices, 118; Cathy Moran Hajo, Birth Control on Main Street: Organizing Clinics in the United States (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 12.

44.Sanger, Autobiography, 214–223, 230; Chesler, Woman of Valor, 159–160; Hajo, Birth Control on Main Street, 159; Tone, Devices, 106–108.

45.Mary Ware Dennett, The Sex Side of Life: An Explanation for Young People, rev. ed. (Woodside, NY: The author, 1928), 13.

46.Wheeler, How Sex Became a Civil Liberty, 35, 40–43; Lauren MacIvor Thompson, “The Politics of Female Pain: Women’s Citizenship, Twilight Sleep and the Early Birth Control Movement,” Medical Humanities 45, no. 1 (2019): 67–74.

47.Dennett, The Sex Side of Life.

48.Elizabeth Evens, “Plainclothes Policewomen on the Trail: NYPD Undercover Investigations of Abortionists and Queer Women, 1913–1926,” Modern American History 4, no. 1 (2021): 49–66.

49.Robert Allen, Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 230; Morton Minsky and Milk Machlin, Minsky’s Burlesque (New York: Arbor House, 1986), 75; Andrea Friedman, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York, 1909–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 66–68.

50.Shirley J. Burton, “Obscene, Lewd, and Lascivious: Ida Craddock and the Criminally Obscene Women of Chicago, 1873–1913,” Michigan Historical Review 19, no. 1 (1993): 16; Knutson, White City, 224–225.

51.For an example, “Sally Rand-Fan Dance (1942),” see https://archive.org/details/youtube-zYeUx4kOQwI, YouTube.

Chapter 10: Plays Too Stirring for a Boy Your Age

1.Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910 (NARA microfilm publication T624, 1,178 rolls), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives, Washington, DC, Ancestry.com; Robert Clyde Allen, Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 192–193, 225; Andrea Friedman, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 65; Gilberta R. Jacobs, “Burlesque Comes to Detroit,” Michigan Jewish History 44 (2004): 38; Advertisement for Dewey, The Plain Dealer, February 18, 1900; Advertisement for Empire Theater, The Plain Dealer, September 10, 1905.

2.“Manuel Levine,” in The Judicial Biographies of the Municipal Court of Cleveland, 1912–2017 (n.d.), 566, clevelandmunicipalcourt.org; “Levine, Manuel V.,” Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University, www.case.edu/ech/; “Manuel Levine’s Work,” The Plain Dealer, October 27, 1907; “Burlesque Not for Boys,” The Plain Dealer, October 18, 1909.

3.Alison M. Parker, Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873–1933 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), chapter 4; Leigh Ann Wheeler, “Battling over Burlesque: Conflicts Between Maternalism, Paternalism, and Organized Labor, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1920–1932,” Frontiers 20, no. 2 (1999): 148–174; Friedman, Prurient Interests, chapter 2.

4.The Plain Dealer, “Burlesque Not for Boys”; Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).

5.Nicholas L. Syrett, “Age Disparity, Marriage, and the Gendering of Heterosexuality,” in Heterosexual Histories, eds. Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell (New York: New York University Press, 2021), 96–119; Nicholas L. Syrett, American Child Bride: A History of Minors and Marriage in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016); Stephen Robertson, Crimes Against Children: Sexual Violence and Legal Culture in New York City, 1880–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), chapter 3.

6.Moran, Teaching Sex, chapter 1.

7.Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), chapter 3, 198–199.

8.Rebecca M. Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 15; Molly Ladd-Taylor, Fixing the Poor: Eugenic Sterilization and Child Welfare in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017); Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Nancy Ordover, American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), part I; Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985); Rebecca L. Davis, More Perfect Unions: The American Search for Marital Bliss (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), chapter 1.

9.Moran, Teaching Sex, chapter 1; Bederman, Manliness, chapter 3.

10.Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); John F. Kasson, Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978); Catherine Cocks, “Rethinking Sexuality in the Progressive Era,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5, no. 2 (2006): 93–118; Nan Enstad, Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999); Lauren Rabinovitz, For the Love of Pleasure: Women, Movies, and Culture in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998).

11.Elizabeth Alice Clement, Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Christina Simmons, Making Marriage Modern: Women’s Sexuality from the Progressive Era to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

12.Don Romesburg, “ ‘Wouldn’t a Boy Do?’: Placing Early-Twentieth-Century Male Youth Sex Work into Histories of Sexuality,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 18, no. 3 (2009): 367–392.

13.Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chapter 2.

14.Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993).

15.Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture (New York: Owl Books, 1998), 191; Julio Capó, Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami Before 1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 198–199, 225–227; “Club Women See Mild Burlesque,” The Plain Dealer, January 1, 1907; Wheeler, “Battling over Burlesque,” 148, 151, 158; Morton Minsky and Milt Machlin, Minsky’s Burlesque (New York: Arbor House, 1986), 32–33.

16.Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 13; Robertson, Crimes Against Children, chapter 4.

17.Ullman, Sex Seen, 28–44; Estelle B. Freedman, Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), chapter 7.

18.Pablo Mitchell, Coyote Nation: Sexuality, Race, and Conquest in Modernizing New Mexico, 1880–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 68–72; Odem, Delinquent Daughters, 51, 163.

19.Cheryl D. Hicks, Talk with You Like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), chapter 6; Robertson, Crimes Against Children, chapter 5; Ruth Alexander, The “Girl Problem”: Female Sexual Delinquency in New York, 1900–1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 105–122.

20.Hicks, Talk with You, 183–186; Alexander, The “Girl Problem,” 34.

21.Hicks, Talk with You, chapter 6; Regina G. Kunzel, Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993); Karin L. Zipf, Bad Girls at Samarcand: Sexuality and Sterilization in a Southern Juvenile Reformatory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016); Odem, Delinquent Daughters, 155–156.

22.Philip A. Bruce, The Plantation Negro as Freeman (New York: Putnam, 1889); Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997), 11–12.

23.Paula Giddings, Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching (New York: Amistad, 2008), 269, 294–295.

24.Ida B. Wells, “Class Legislation,” in The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Privately published, 1893), 17, Black Thought and Culture; “Railroads and Colored Passengers,” Huntsville Gazette, February 10, 1883; Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), chapter 7; Kevin Kelly Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Michele Mitchell, Righteous Propagation: African Americans and the Politics of Racial Destiny after Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Pippa Holloway, Sexuality, Politics, and Social Control in Virginia, 1920–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 89; Roberts, Killing, 85–86; Simmons, Making Marriage Modern, chapter 1; Darlene Clark Hine, “Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 14, no. 4 (1989): 912–920.

25.Mitchell, Righteous Propagation, 76–78, 87–88, 103–104, and chapter 3; Alison M. Parker, Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Church Terrell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021), 132–135; Cookie Woolner, The Famous Lady Lovers: Black Women and Queer Desire Before Stonewall (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023), 29.

26.Lucie Cheng Hirata, “Chinese Immigrant Women in Nineteenth-Century California,” in Women of America: A History, eds. Carol Ruth Berkin and Mary Beth Norton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1979), 223–241; Amy Haruko Sueyoshi, Discriminating Sex: White Leisure and the Making of the American “Oriental” (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018), 147–148; Yuji Ichioka, “Ameyuki-San: Japanese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America,” Amerasia Journal 4, no. 1 (1977): 2.

27.Eithne Luibhéid, Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), chapter 2; Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); George A. Peffer, If They Don’t Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration Before Exclusion (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999).

28.Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874–1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 94–95; Erika Lee, America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2021), chapter 3; Beth Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 44–45; Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, “ ‘Deviant Heterosexuality’ and Model-Minority Families: Asian American History and Racialized Heterosexuality,” in Davis and Mitchell, Heterosexual Histories, 124–129; Victor Jew, “ ‘Chinese Demons’: The Violent Articulation of Chinese Otherness and Interracial Sexuality in the U.S. Midwest, 1885–1889,” Journal of Social History 37, no. 2 (2003): 389–410.

29.Joanne J. Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 120–122.

30.Clement, Love for Sale, 79–80; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), chapter 6.

31.Between 1913 and 1918, the United States deported about four hundred people per year for involvement with the sex industry. Stephen Robertson, “Harlem Undercover: Vice Investigators, Race, and Prostitution, 1910–1930,” Journal of Urban History 35, no. 4 (2009): 499–500; Eva Payne, “Deportation as Rescue: White Slaves, Women Reformers, and the U.S. Bureau of Immigration,” Journal of Women’s History 33, no. 4 (2021): 43–44, 57; Grace Peña Delgado, “Border Control and Sexual Policing: White Slavery and Prostitution Along the U.S.–Mexico Borderlands, 1903–1910,” Western Historical Quarterly 43, no. 2 (2012): 157–178; Stern, Eugenic Nation, chapter 2; Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), chapter 2.

32.Jessica R. Pliley, Policing Sexuality: The Mann Act and the Making of the FBI (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); David J. Langum, Crossing over the Line: Legislating Morality and the Mann Act (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 9–11.

33.Pliley, Policing Sexuality, 101–103.

34.Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 80–82.

35.Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 10–11, 77, 116.

36.Pliley, Policing Sexuality, 118–129; Estelle B. Freedman, Their Sisters’ Keepers: Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830–1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1979), chapter 7.

37.Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 62–63, 69; Simmons, Making Marriage Modern, 26; Walter Clarke, “Social Hygiene and the War,” Social Hygiene 4 (April 1918): 294–297.

Chapter 11: A Society of Queers

1.Nicholas L. Syrett, An Open Secret: The Family Story of Robert and John Gregg Allerton (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021), 48–49.

2.Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 63–64; Syrett, Open Secret, 41; Julio Capó, Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami Before 1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 96–98, 101–104, 112–131, 120–123, 163–165; Amy Haruko Sueyoshi, Queer Compulsions: Race, Nation, and Sexuality in the Affairs of Yone Noguchi (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press, 2012); Amy Haruko Sueyoshi, Discriminating Sex: White Leisure and the Making of the American “Oriental” (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018), chapter 5.

3.Sueyoshi, Discriminating Sex, 151.

4.“Confessions Disclose Vice Ring in S.F.,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 28, 1918, 2; “Four S.F. Vice Hearings Today,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 15, 1918, 10; “Vice Fugitive on Way to Honduras,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 24, 1918, 2; “Baker Street Vice Case Thrown Out of Court,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 11, 1919, 8; Sueyoshi, Discriminating Sex, 151–155.

5.“First of Twenty Vice Defendants Convicted,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 1918, 4; 82 Cal. App. 17 (Cal. Ct. App. 1927), 255 p. 212, casetext.com/case/people-v-parsons-45; “In re Application of Clarence Lockett for a Writ of Habeus Corpus,” Supreme Court of California, January 19, 1919, 582–83, 179 Cal. 581 (Cal. 1919), casetext.com/case/in-re-lockett#p582.

6.Peter Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 157–168; Nayan Shah, Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the American West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).

7.George Chauncey, “Christian Brotherhood or Sexual Perversion? Homosexual Identities and the Construction of Sexual Boundaries in the World War One Era,” Journal of Social History 19, no. 2 (1985): 192.

8.Chauncey, “Christian Brotherhood,” 192; George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 12–13, 86–89; Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, 25–30; Chad C. Heap, Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife, 1885–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 10.

9.Boag Same-Sex Affairs, 28; Capó, Welcome to Fairyland, 164–165.

10.Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, 1–6, chapters 3 and 4.

11.Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, 50.

12.Shah, Stranger Intimacy, 76–79, 150; Brian Stack, “From Sodomists to Citizens: Same-Sex Sexuality and the Progressive Era Washington State Reformatory,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 28, no. 2 (2019): 185.

13.Hugh Ryan, When Brookly Was Queer (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2019), 83–89.

14.Margot Canaday, The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 29–37; Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 43–50, 78–79; Susan M. Schweik, The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public (New York: New York University Press, 2009), chapter 6.

15.John Donald Gustav-Wrathall, Take the Young Stranger by the Hand: Same-Sex Relations and the YMCA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Chauncey, “Christian Brotherhood,” 198–199; Chauncey, Gay New York, 155–159; Kathryn Lofton, “Queering Fundamentalism: John Balcom Shaw and the Sexuality of a Protestant Orthodoxy,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 17, no. 3 (2008): 439–468.

16.Chauncey, Gay New York, 101–111.

17.Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 261n7.

18.Heap, Slumming, 84–85.

19.Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Doctor Mom Chung of the Fair-Haired Bastards: The Life of a Wartime Celebrity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 98–99, chapter 7.

20.Ullman, Sex Seen, 51–55; Daniel Hurewitz, Bohemian Los Angeles and the Making of Modern Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 118–122; Chauncey, Gay New York, chapter 11; Heap, Slumming, 82–96, chapter 6; Esther Newton, “The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 9, no. 4 (1984): 557–575.

21.Heap, Slumming, chapter 6.

22.Heap, Slumming, 83–96, 232–233; Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).

23.Joanne J. Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), chapter 5; Stephen Robertson, Shane White, Stephen Garton, and Graham White, “Disorderly Houses: Residences, Privacy, and the Surveillance of Sexuality in 1920s Harlem,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 21, no. 3 (2012): 443–466.

24.All quotations and details of Mabel Hampton’s life are from Joan Nestle, “The Bodies I Have Lived With: Keynote for 18th Lesbian Lives Conference, Brighton, England, 2011,” Journal of Lesbian Studies 17, nos. 3–4 (2013): 215–239; “Excerpts from the Oral History of Mabel Hampton,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 18, no. 4 (1993): 925–935; Joan Nestle, “ ‘I Lift My Face to the Hill’: The Life of Mabel Hampton as Told by a White Woman,” in Queer Ideas: The David R. Kessler Lectures in Lesbian and Gay Studies (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2003), 23–48; “Mabel Hampton (1902–1989),” in The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader, ed. Joan Nestle (Boston: Alyson Publications, Inc., 1992), 43–44; and “Oral History Recordings,” Lesbian Herstory Archives, http://herstories.prattinfoschool.nyc/omeka/exhibits/show/mabel-hampton-oral-history/oral-history-recordings.

25.Robert Clyde Allen, Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 276–277; Heap, Slumming, 234–236; Chauncey, Gay New York, 130, 296–297, 311–313; J. D. Doyle, “Hamilton Lodge Ball,” Queer Music Heritage, last updated 2015, https://queermusicheritage.com/nov2014hamilton.html; Tim Lawrence, “A History of Drag Balls, Houses, and the Culture of Voguing,” in Chantal Regnault (photographer), Voguing and the House Ballroom Scene of New York City 1989–92 (London: Soul Jazz Books, 2011), 3.

26.Cookie Woolner, The Famous Lady Lovers: Black Women and Queer Desire Before Stonewall (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023), 123–125.

27.Robertson et al, “Disorderly Houses,” 464; Cynthia M. Blair, I’ve Got to Make My Livin’: Black Women’s Sex Work in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 175–180, 205–215; Victoria W. Wolcott, Remaking Respectability: African American Women in Interwar Detroit (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 106–109; Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 73–83; Stephen Robertson, “Harlem Undercover: Vice Investigators, Race, and Prostitution, 1910–1930,” Journal of Urban History 35, no. 4 (2009): 499–500.

28.Heap, Slumming, 260–264; Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, chapter 2; Hazel Carby, “ ‘It Jus Be’s Dat Way Sometime’: The Sexual Politics of Women’s Blues,” in Unequal Sisters, eds. Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki L. Ruiz (New York: Routledge, 1990), 238–249.

29.Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 139; Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Routledge, 1993), 7.

30.Cheryl D. Hicks, Talk with You Like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 210–211.

31.Woolner, Lady Lovers, 28; Blair, Make My Livin’, chapter 3; Meyerowitz, Women Adrift, 114.

32.Hicks, Talk with You, 224; Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 10; Estelle B. Freedman, “The Prison Lesbian: Race, Class, and the Construction of the Aggressive Female Homosexual, 1915–1965,” Feminist Studies 22, no. 2 (1996): 397; Regina Kunzel, Criminal Intimacy: Prison and the Uneven History of Modern American Sexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 28–33.

33.Hicks, Talk with You, 240, 250; Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 89. Hampton told Nestle that a nosy neighbor had reported her to the parole officer.

34.Chauncey, Gay New York, 334–342; Anna Lvovsky, Vice Patrol: Cops, Courts, and the Struggle over Urban Gay Life before Stonewall (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021), chapter 1; Heap, Slumming, 90–93; Capó, Welcome to Fairyland.

35.Boyd, Wide-Open, 44–56.

36.Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 6, 29–31; Chauncey, Gay New York, 254–257; Michele Mitchell, Righteous Propagation: African Americans and the Politics of Racial Destiny After Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 220–222.

37.Woolner, Famous Lady Lovers, 138.

38.Mabel Hampton said this to Joan Nestle in 1981, when she was eighty; quoted in Nestle, “Bodies,” 218.

Chapter 12: Scientific Methods

1.Sarah E. Igo, The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 218–219; Paul H. Gebhard and Alan B. Johnson, The Kinsey Data: Marginal Tabulations of the 1938–1963 Interviews Conducted by the Institute for Sex Research (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979), 11–20, questions cited, in order, 223, 151, 126, 145, 239.

2.Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1948), 158; Donna J. Drucker, The Classification of Sex: Alfred Kinsey and the Organization of Knowledge (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014), 107–114, chapter 5; Janice M. Irvine, Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 31.

3.Igo, Averaged American, 194–195, 215; Drucker, Classification of Sex, chapter 4, 120.

4.Drucker, Classification of Sex, chapter 3; Regina Markell Morantz, “The Scientist as Sex Crusader: Alfred C. Kinsey and American Culture,” American Quarterly 29, no. 5 (1977): 567; Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things: A Life of Alfred C. Kinsey (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000); James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public / Private Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

5.Drucker, Classification of Sex, 67–69; LaKisha Michelle Simmons, “ ‘To Lay Aside All Morals’: Respectability, Sexuality and Black College Students in the United States in the 1930s,” Gender & History 24, no. 2 (2012): 442.

6.Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 15, chapter 2; Kristy L. Slominski, Teaching Moral Sex: A History of Religion and Sex Education in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 37–47, 79–86; Christina Simmons, Making Marriage Modern: Women’s Sexuality from the Progressive Era to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 26–27.

7.Marie Carmichael Stopes, Married Love: A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties (New York: Eugenics Publishing Co., 1932), viii, chapter 10; Simmons, Making Marriage Modern, chapter 5; Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 124; Theodoor H. van de Velde, Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique, trans. Stella Browne (New York: Random House, 1930 [1926]), 6.

8.Oliver M. Butterfield, “To Live Happily Even After,” The Reader’s Digest, May 1936, 27, 30.

9.Simmons, Making Marriage Modern, 188–207; Peter Laipson, “ ‘Kiss Without Shame, for She Desires It’: Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900–1925,” Journal of Social History 29, no. 3 (1996): 507–525; Michael Gordon, “From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm, 1830–1940,” in Studies in the Sociology of Sex, ed. James Heslin (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971), 53–77; Annamarie Jagose, Orgasmology (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013), chapter 1; Jessamyn Neuhaus, “The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920–1963,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 9, no. 4 (2000): 447–473.

10.Drucker, Classification of Sex, 83.

11.Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 118–119.

12.Terry, American Obsession, 128–129, 195–196; David Allyn, “Private Acts/Public Policy: Alfred Kinsey, the American Law Institute and the Privatization of American Sexual Morality,” Journal of American Studies 30, no. 3 (1996): 408–409.

13.Drucker, Classification of Sex, 70, 90–92; Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), ix, xi, xvii; Terry, American Obsession, 129–135; Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 112–118. See also Anya Jabour, “Out of the Closet? Reconstructing the Personal Life of Pioneering Sex Researcher Katharine Bement Davis,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 58, no. 4 (2022): 459–466.

14.Joanne Meyerowitz, “Sex Research at the Borders of Gender: Transvestites, Transsexuals, and Alfred C. Kinsey,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 75, no. 1 (2001): 82–86.

15.Henry L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

16.Joanne Meyerowitz, “ ‘How Common Culture Shapes the Separate Lives’: Sexuality, Race, and Mid-Twentieth-Century Social Constructionist Thought,” Journal of American History 96, no. 4 (2010): 1067–1069.

17.Drucker, Classification of Sex, chapter 5; Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, and Paul Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1953), 5–16.

18.Igo, Averaged American, 219. Kinsey’s team gathered more life histories from transgender individuals after 1948, an effort aided by trans activist Louise Lawrence, who introduced him to other “transvestites” and shaped Kinsey’s understanding of cross-dressing as a significant category of human sexual behavior; see Meyerowitz, “Sex Research at the Borders of Gender,” 72–90; Irvine, Disorders of Desire, 23–25.

19.Drucker, Classification of Sex, 142; Gathorne-Hardy, Measure of All Things, chapter 14; Igo, Averaged American, 237.

20.Kinsey et al, SBHM, 623.

21.Gathorne-Hardy, Measure of All Things, 168–169, 247–248.

22.Terry, American Obsession, 300–301.

23.Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 12; James H. Capshew, Psychologists on the March: Science, Practice, and Professional Identity in America, 1929–1969 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 88–109.

24.Kinsey et al., SBHF, 282, 286, 298–302, 416 (extramarital sex), 453 (homosexual contact). In addition to vaginal sexual intercourse, sources of premarital outlet reported by the women surveyed included heterosexual and homosexual “petting”—defined as sexual stimulation other than coitus (227)—masturbation, and nocturnal dreams.

25.Igo, Averaged American, 220; Terry, American Obsession, 302; Morantz, “Scientist as Sex Crusader,” 584; Irvine, Disorders of Desire, 25.

26.Marilyn E. Hegarty, Victory Girls, Khaki-Wackies and Patriotutes: The Regulation of Female Sexuality During World War II (New York: New York University Press, 2008); Anne Gray Fischer, The Streets Belong to Us: Sex, Race, and Police Power from Segregation to Gentrification (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022), chapter 2.

27.Robert Westbrook, Why We Fought: Forging American Obligations in World War II (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004), chapter 3; Meghan K. Winchell, Good Girls, Good Food, Good Fun: The Story of USO Hostesses During World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Joanne Meyerowitz, “Women, Cheesecake, and Borderline Material: Responses to Girlie Pictures in the Mid-Twentieth-Century U.S.,” Journal of Women’s History 8, no. 3 (1996): 9–35.

28.Amanda H. Littauer, Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 86–96. See also Miriam G. Reumann, American Sexual Character: Sex, Gender, and National Identity in the Kinsey Reports (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), chapter 3.

29.R. Marie Griffith, Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 2017), chapter 4.

30.Griffith, Moral Combat, 141–147; Irvine, Disorders of Desire, 42–43; Igo, Averaged American, 203–205.

31.Igo, Averaged American, 206–207.

32.Irvine, Disorders of Desire, 33; Estelle B. Freedman, “ ‘Uncontrolled Desires’: The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920–1960,” Journal of American History 74, no. 1 (1987): 89–91, 97–98.

33.Margot Canaday, The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 219; Geoffrey R. Stone, Sex and the Constitution: Sex, Religion, and Law from America’s Origins to the Twenty-First Century (New York: Liveright, 2017), 248–249.

34.David J. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 277; Sarah E. Igo, The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 147; Melissa Murray, “Sexual Liberty and Criminal Law Reform,” in Reproductive Rights and Justice Stories, eds. Melissa Murray, Katherine Shaw, and Reva B. Siegal (St. Paul: West Academic Publishing, 2019), 26–27; Leigh Ann Wheeler, How Sex Became a Civil Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), chapter 4.

35.See, for example, Judith A. Reisman, Edward W. Eichel, Muir J. Gordon, and J. H. Court, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a People (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House Publishers, 1990).

36.Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), chapter 1; Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 54–61.

37.John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 102–103; Marcia M. Gallo, Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006); Minton, Departing from Deviance, 174–175.

Chapter 13: Revolutionary Love

1.Unless otherwise noted, all biographical information about Steve Kiyoshi Kuromiya in this chapter draws from the Tommi Avicolli Mecca interview with Kiyoshi Kuromiya (Parts 1 and 2), March 15, 1983, John J. Wilcox Jr. LGBT Archives Digital Collections, William Way LGBT Community Center, Philadelphia, PA, https://digital.wilcoxarchives.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A129; Marc Stein interview of Kiyoshi Kuromiya, June 17, 1997, transcribed by Lisa Williams and Marc Stein, OutHistory.org.

2.Emily K. Hobson, “Policing Gay L.A.: Mapping Racial Divides in the Homophile Era, 1950–1967,” in The Rising Tide of Color: Race, State Violence, and Radical Movements Across the Pacific, ed. Moon-Ho Jung (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014), 188–212.

3.Japanese-American Internee Data File, 1942–1946, Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210, National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD, Ancestry.com; “William Hosokawa: Heart Mountain,” in And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps, ed. John Tateishi (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 20; Susan L. Smith, “Caregiving in Camp: Japanese American Women and Community Health in World War II,” in Guilt by Association: Essays on Japanese Settlement, Internment, and Relocation in the Rocky Mountain West, ed. Mike Mackey (Powell, WY: Western History Publications, 2001), 191; Louis Fiset, “The Heart Mountain Hospital Strike of June 24, 1943,” in Remembering Heart Mountain: Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming, ed. Mike Mackey (Powell, WY: Western History Publications, 1998), 102; Arthur A. Hansen, Barbed Voices: Oral History, Resistance, and the World War II Japanese American Social Disaster (Louisville, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2018), 198–199; Helen Varney and Joyce Beebe Thompson, A History of Midwifery in the United States: The Midwife Said Fear Not (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2016), 64–65.

4.Seventeenth Census of the United States (Washington, DC, 1950), Roll 1590, Sheet Number 28, Enumeration District 19–1242, Record Group 29, National Archives, Ancestry.com; Wesley G. Pippert, “The Economic Losses of Japanese-Americans Interned During World War II,” UPI, June 15, 1983.

5.Anna Lvovsky, Vice Patrol: Cops, Courts, and the Struggle over Urban Gay Life before Stonewall (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021); John Howard, “The Library, the Park, and the Pervert: Public Space and Homosexual Encounter in Post-World War II Atlanta,” Radical History Review, no. 62 (1995): 166–187; Hobson, “Policing Gay L.A.,” 196.

6.E. Patrick Johnson, Sweet Tea: Black Gay Men of the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Will Fellows, Farm Boys: Lives of Gay Men from the Rural Midwest (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996); John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); John Howard, ed., Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South (New York: New York University Press, 1997). Barron quoted in Marc Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 344–345.

7.Lillian Faderman and Stuart Timmons, Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 112–113; Hobson, “Policing Gay L.A.,” 189–190.

8.James Burkhart Gilbert, A Cycle of Outrage: America’s Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 21–41, 125–142.

9.Pasadena, California, city directories list Charles Posner, a physician, as the only adult man with that last name. See, for example, “Pasadena, California, City Directory, 1951,” 576, and “Pasadena, California, City Directory, 1958,” 569, Ancestry.com.

10.Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 103–110, 162–163, 294–295, 287–295, 312–313; Martin B. Duberman, Cures: A Gay Man’s Odyssey, 10th anniv. ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002); Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), chapter 1; Stephanie H. Kenen, “Who Counts When You’re Counting Homosexuals? Hormones and Homosexuality in Mid-Twentieth-Century America,” in Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon A. Rosario (New York: Routledge, 1997), 197–218.

11.David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), chapter 3; Margot Canaday, The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 215–220; Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); Eithne Luibhéid, Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002); Marc Stein, Sexual Injustice: Supreme Court Decisions from Griswold to Roe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).

12.Johnson, Lavender Scare, 166–170; Carol L. Tilley, “Seducing the Innocent: Fredric Wertham and the Falsifications That Helped Condemn Comics,” Information & Culture: A Journal of History 47, no. 4 (2012): 383–413; Andrew Grunzke, “Graphic Seduction: Anti-Homosexual Censorship of Comics in the Postwar Era,” Journal of American Culture 44, no. 4 (2021): 300–317; Canaday, Straight State, chapter 5; Margot Canaday, Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023), 36–37; Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 15.

13.Stephanie Foote, “Deviant Classics: Pulps and the Making of Lesbian Print Culture,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 31, no. 1 (2005): 169–190; Vito Russo, The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (New York: Harper & Row, 1981).

14.David K. Johnson, Buying Gay: How Physique Entrepreneurs Sparked a Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019); Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).

15.Yvonne Keller, “ ‘Was It Right to Love Her Brother’s Wife So Passionately?’: Lesbian Pulp Novels and U.S. Lesbian Identity, 1950–1965,” American Quarterly 57, no. 2 (2005): 385–410; Meeker, Contacts Desired, chapter 3.

16.Faderman and Timmons, Gay L.A., 115–120; Craig M. Loftin, Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012).

17.Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 221–223, 227–231; Johnson, Buying Gay, 198.

18.Peter B. Levy, “The Civil Rights Movement in Cambridge, Maryland, During the 1960s,” Viet Nam Generation 6, no. 3/4 (1995): 97; Raymond Wong, “Monrovian Tells ’Bama Brutality: Attempts to Burn Marchers, Billyclub Beatings Described,” The Independent (Pasadena, CA), March 19, 1965, copy located in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) file on Kuromiya, Box 44, Identifier A, Kiyoshi Kuromiya Papers, Ms-Coll-18, John J. Wilcox, Jr. LGBT Archives, William Way LGBT Community Center; Charles A. Krause, “Free U. Studies Warfare, Resistance,” The Daily Pennsylvanian, October 17, 1968, 4; Memo from SA Charles A. Durham Jr., Philadelphia, March 28, 1969, Kuromiya FBI File.

19.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 219–224; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 161–162; Loftin, Masked Voices, chapter 10.

20.Kuromiya was approximately five feet, four inches tall. The FBI either knew or guessed that he weighed 154 pounds in 1969; see Memo from Durham, 44.

21.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 246.

22.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 227, 232–236, 246, 251; Marc Stein, “ ‘Birthplace of the Nation’: Imagining Lesbian and Gay Communities in Philadelphia, 1969–1980,” in Creating a Place for Ourselves: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Histories, ed. Genny Beemyn (New York: Routledge, 1997), 255–259.

23.Stein, Sexual Injustice; Canaday, Straight State, 241–247; Luibhéid, Entry Denied, 85–96; Siobhan Somerville, “Queer Loving,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 11, no. 3 (2005): 347–356.

24.Stein, “Birthplace of the Nation,” 258; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 170–171; Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 219–220.

25.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 245; Marc Stein, “Dewey’s Sit-In in Philadelphia, 1965,” OutHistory.org, April 20, 2015; Susan Stryker, Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution, 2nd ed. (New York: Seal Press, 2017), 96–100; Emily K. Hobson, Lavender and Red: Liberation and Solidarity in the Gay and Lesbian Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016), 20–21.

26.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 290.

27.Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 173–185; Marc Stein, The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History (New York: New York University Press, 2019); Martin B. Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Dutton, 1993); D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 231–237; David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004).

28.David Allyn, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History (Boston: Little Brown, 2000), 119–131; Betty Luther Hillman, “ ‘The Most Profoundly Revolutionary Act a Homosexual Can Engage In’: Drag and the Politics of Gender Representation in the San Francisco Gay Liberation Movement,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 20, no. 1 (2011): 156–158.

29.Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage, “Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth,” American Sociological Review 71, no. 5 (2006): 724–751.

30.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, 315; Hobson, Lavender and Red, 72–73.

31.Stein, Sisterly and Brotherly Loves, chapter 12; Hobson, Lavender and Red, 2–3.

32.Hobson, Lavender and Red, 9; Terence Kissack, “Freaking Fag Revolutionaries: New York’s Gay Liberation Front, 1969–1971,” Radical History Review, 62 (1995): 104–134; Kevin J. Mumford, Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from the March on Washington to the AIDS Crisis (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 2016), chapter 4; Ian Lekus, “Queer Harvests: Homosexuality, the U.S. New Left, and the Venceremos Brigades to Cuba,” Radical History Review 89 (2004): 57–91.

33.Faderman, Gay Revolution, chapter 16; Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), chapter 4.

34.Marc Stein, “Students, Sodomy, and the State: LGBT Campus Struggles in the 1970s,” Law and Social Inquiry 48, no. 2 (2023): 531–560; Marc Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement (New York: Routledge, 2012), 114; Faderman, Gay Revolution, 265–266.

35.Justin David Suran, “Coming Out Against the War: Antimilitarism and the Politicization of Homosexuality in the Era of Vietnam,” American Quarterly 53, no. 3 (2001): 457–461.

36.Stein, Rethinking, 79–114.

37.Gillian Frank, “ ‘The Civil Rights of Parents’: Race and Conservative Politics in Anita Bryant’s Campaign Against Gay Rights in 1970s Florida,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 22, no. 1 (2013): 126–160; Faderman, Gay Revolution, chapters 18 and 19; Anita Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story: The Survival of Our Nation’s Families and the Threat of Militant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1977), 111, 117.

38.Finn Enke, Finding the Movement: Sexuality, Contested Space, and Feminist Activism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007); Stephen Vider, The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity After World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021), chapter 3; Brock Thompson, The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2010), chapter 13; Miriam Frank, Out in the Union: A Labor History of Queer America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014); Jonathan Bell, “Making Sexual Citizens: LGBT Politics, Health Care, and the State in the 1970s,” in Beyond the Politics of the Closet: Gay Rights and the American State Since the 1970s, ed. Jonathan Bell (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), 58–80; Christina B. Hanhardt, Safe Space: Gay Neighborhood History and the Politics of Violence (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013); Timothy Stewart-Winter, Queer Clout: Chicago and the Rise of Gay Politics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).

Chapter 14: Public Masturbator Number One

1.Betty Dodson, Sex by Design: The Betty Dodson Story (New York: Betty A. Dodson Foundation, 2015), 112, 223.

2.Jennifer Scanlon, Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), chapter 4.

3.The Goop Lab, season 1, episode 3, “Understanding Sex and Female Pleasure: The Pleasure Is Ours,” featuring Gwyneth Paltrow, Elise Loehnen, and Betty Dodson, aired January 24, 2020, on Netflix.

4.J. P. Edwards, “Do Women Provoke Sex Attack?” Cosmopolitan, March 1960, 36–40; Amanda H. Littauer, Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), chapter 4.

5.Betty Dodson, Liberating Masturbation: A Meditation on Self Love (New York: Betty Dodson, 1974), 15; Thomas W. Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), chapter 5.

6.Betty Dodson, handwritten personal narrative, [1972], 2, Dell Williams Papers, box 3, folder 66, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.

7.Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Littauer, Bad Girls, chapter 1; Wini Breines, Young, White, and Miserable: Growing Up Female in the Fifties (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992); Anne Gray Fischer, The Streets Belong to Us: Sex, Race, and Police Power from Segregation to Gentrification (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022), chapter 3.

8.Dodson, Sex by Design, 15–23; Elizabeth Fraterrigo, Playboy and the Making of the Good Life in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

9.Carlin Ross, “My Last Interview with Betty Dodson,” YouTube video, October 28, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SQtf824sC0; Joan McCracken Interview, 3–4, OH 378–036, Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula; Elaine Tyler May, America and the Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation (New York: Basic Books, 2010); Dodson, Sex by Design, 18–20.

10.Melissa Murray, “Sexual Liberty and Criminal Law Reform: The Story of Griswold v. Connecticut,” in Reproductive Rights and Justice Stories, eds. Melissa Murray, Katherine Shaw, and Reva B. Siegel (St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press, 2019), 11–31; Sarah E. Igo, The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 149–159.

11.Dodson, Sex by Design, chapter 3.

12.“Betty’s Talk–NOW’s Sexuality Conference in 1973,” featuring Carlin Ross and Betty Dodson, video, January 18, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6oAGPA8MSs.

13.Carolyn Herbst Lewis, “Suburban Swing: Heterosexual Marriage and Spouse Swapping in the 1950s and 1960s,” in Heterosexual Histories, eds. Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell (New York: New York University Press, 2021), 251–273; David Allyn, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History (Boston: Little Brown, 2000), chapter 17; Dodson, Sex by Design, 129–133.

14.Dodson, Liberating Masturbation, 11–13, 15.

15.Janice M. Irvine, Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 37–38, 65, 140; Dodson, Sex by Design, 131.

16.Geoffrey Stone, Sex and the Constitution: Sex, Religion, and Law from America’s Origins to the Twenty-First Century (New York: Liveright, 2017), chapters 8 and 12; Mary Phillips, “The Fine Art of Lovemaking: An Interview with Betty Dodson,” Evergreen Review 15, no. 87 (1971), 36–43, 73; “About,” Evergreen, https://evergreenreview.com/about/; Dodson, Sex by Design, 94–100, 106–111.

17.Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 33–42, 60–68, 172–174; Stone, Sex and the Constitution, 269–78; Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 53–59.

18.Stone, Sex and the Constitution, 287–293.

19.Strub, Perversion for Profit, chapter 5; Christie Milliken, “Rate It X?: Hollywood Cinema and the End of the Production Code,” in Sex Scene: Media and the Sexual Revolution, ed. Eric Schaefer (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 25–52; Linda Williams, Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the “Frenzy of the Visible” (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Eric Schaefer, “Gauging a Revolution: 16mm Film and the Rise of the Pornographic Feature,” Cinema Journal 41, no. 3 (2002): 5, 7–8.

20.Lucas Hilderbrand, “Historical Fantasies: 1970s Gay Male Pornography in the Archives,” in Porno Chic and the Sex Wars: American Sexual Representation in the 1970s, eds. Carolyn Bronstein and Whitney Strub (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016), 327–328; Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 234–235; Jeffrey Escoffier, “Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution,” in Schafer, Sex Scene, 319–348.

21.Nancy Semin Lingo, “Making Sense of Linda Lovelace,” in Bronstein and Strub, Porno Chic and the Sex Wars, 104–105; Joseph Lam Duong, “San Francisco and the Politics of Hard Core,” in Schafer, Sex Scene, 297–318.

22.Whitney Strub and Carolyn Bronstein, “Introduction,” in Porno Chic and the Sex Wars, 1–2; Roger Ebert, “Behind the Green Door,” December 11, 1973, https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/behind-the-green-door-1973; Mireille Miller-Young, A Taste for Brown Sugar: Black Women in Pornography (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 73–75; Jennifer C. Nash, “Desiring Desiree,” in Strub and Bronstein, Porno Chic and the Sex Wars, 73–103.

23.Irvine, Disorders, 78; Mari Jo Buhle, Feminism and Its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), introduction, chapter 1, 295–300; Patricia Cotti, “Sexuality and Psychoanalytic Aggrandizement: Freud’s 1908 Theory of Cultural History,” History of Psychiatry 22, no. 1 (2011): 58–74; Jane Gerhard, Desiring Revolution: Second-Wave Feminism and the Rewriting of Twentieth-Century American Sexual Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 83; Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 202–205; Betty Dodson, “Cunt Positive Women . . .” in Wet Dreams, ed. William Levy (Amsterdam: Joy Publications, 1973), 51.

24.Joan Buck, “Some of my Best Friends Made Love There,” in Levy, Wet Dreams, 27; Dodson, “Cunt Positive Women . . .” 50–51; Elena Gorfinkel, “Wet Dreams: Erotic Film Festivals of the Early 1970s and the Utopian Sexual Public Sphere,” in Schafer, Sex Scene, 126–150; Benjamin Shephard, “Play as World-Making: From the Cockettes to the Germs, Gay Liberation to DIY Community Building,” in The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism, ed. Dan Berger (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2010), 177–194.

25.Dell Williams, untitled draft, [1983], 1–2, Dell Williams Papers, box 3 folder 64.

26.Williams, untitled draft, [1983], 3; Mimi Lobell, “Last Word,” [unknown publication], [ca. 1974], 127–128, Dell Williams Papers, box 1, folder 2.

27.Sandra Morgen, Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 7–8; Hannah Dudley-Shotwell, Revolutionizing Women’s Healthcare: The Feminist Self-Help Movement in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2020), 4, chapter 1; Judith A. Houck, Looking through the Speculum: Examining the Women’s Health Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024), chapter 1; Michelle Murphy, “Immodest Witnessing: The Epistemology of Vaginal Self-Examination in the U.S. Feminist Self-Help Movement,” Feminist Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 115–147.

28.“Bodysex Workshops,” flier, n.d., Dell Williams Papers, box 1, folder 8; various issues of Women’s Press (1975), Sojourner (1976), and New Women’s Times (1976–1979), Independent Voices.

29.Dodson, Liberating Masturbation, 21; “About Betty Dodson (bio),” n.d., 2, Dell Williams Papers, box 1, folder 4.

30.Laurie Johnson, “Women’s Sexuality Conference Ends in School Here,” New York Times, June 11, 1973, 10; N.O.W. Women’s Sexuality Conference, “Statement of Purpose,” [1972], Dell Williams Papers, box 3, folder 63.

31.Lobell, “Last Word”; Dodson, Sex by Design, 170–176; Dodson, Liberating Masturbation, 25.

32.Dell Williams, draft for “News and Views from Eve’s Garden,” n.d., Dell Williams Papers, box 3, folder 64; Lynn Comella, Vibrator Nation: How Feminist Sex-Toy Stores Changed the Business of Pleasure (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), chapters 1–2; Margot Canaday, Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023), 165–182.

33.Allison Miller, “A Legendary Erotic Archive Has Been Out of Public View for Decades. We Found It,” Observer, October 19, 2022, https://observer.com/2022/10/a-legendary-erotic-archive-has-been-out-of-public-view-for-decades-we-found-it/; Irvine, Disorders, 84–85, 90–92.

34.Irvine, Disorders, 165.

35.“Worth Noting,” The Spokeswoman 5, no. 9, March 15, 1975, 9; Ti-Grace Atkinson, “Why I’m Against S/M Liberation,” in Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, eds. Robin Ruth Linden, Darlene R. Pagano, Diana E. H. Russell, and Susan Leigh Star (East Palo Alto, CA: Frog in the Well, 1982), 91; Jill Johnson, Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973); Alice Echols, Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 170–175, quoted at 174; Emily K. Hobson, Lavender and Red: Liberation and Solidarity in the Gay and Lesbian Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016), chapter 2; Sue, Nelly, Dian, Carol, and Billie, Country Lesbians: The Story of the WomanShare Collective (Grants Pass, OR: WomanShare Books, 1976), 19–20.

36.Anne M. Valk, Radical Sisters: Second-Wave Feminism and Black Liberation in Washington, D.C. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 162.

37.Alex Warner, “Feminism Meets Fisting: Antipornography, Sadomasochism, and the Politics of Sex,” in Bronstein and Strub, Porno Chic, 254.

38.Lisa Duggan, “Feminist Historians and Antipornography Campaigns: An Overview,” in Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture, eds. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, 10th anniv. ed. (New York: Routledge, 2006), 68–73; Robin Morgan, “Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape,” in Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography, ed. Laura Lederer (New York: William Morrow, 1980), 134–140; Lorna N. Bracewell, Why We Lost the Sex Wars: Sexual Freedom in the #MeToo Era (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2021), chapter 3, quoted at 116.

39.Charlie Jeffries, Teenage Dreams: Girlhood Sexualities in the U.S. Culture Wars (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2022), 40–41; Fischer, Streets Belong to Us, chapter 6.

40.Dodson, Sex by Design, 269, 362–365; Betty Dodson, “Porn Wars,” in The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure, eds. Tristan Taormino, Celine Parreñas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mirielle Miller-Young (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2013), 27. See also Gayle Rubin, “The Leather Menace: Comments on Politics and S/M,” in Coming to Power: Writings and Graphics on Lesbian S/M, Samois, 3rd ed. (Boston: Alyson Publications, Inc., 1987), 221.

41.Rubin, “Leather Menace,” 197, 213, 217; Patrick Califia, “A Personal View of the History of the Lesbian S/M Community and Movement in San Francisco,” in Samois, Coming to Power, 280; Amanda H. Littauer, “Queer Girls and Intergenerational Lesbian Sexuality in the 1970s,” Historical Reflections 46, no. 1 (2020): 95–108.

42.Janie Kritzman and Carole Vance, “Minutes from the Scholar and Feminist Planning Committee, 10/21/81,” October 21, 1981, 3–4, Folder No. 12970: “The Scholar and the Feminist IX: Towards a Politics of Sexuality Conference, September 17, 1981–June, 1982 and undated,” Lesbian Herstory Archives, Archives of Sexuality and Gender (Gale); “The Barnard Conference,” Notes and Letters, Feminist Studies 9, no. 1 (1983): 177–182, quoted at 180; Warner, “Feminism Meets Fisting,” 249; Gerhard, Desiring Revolution, 187–195; Rachel Corbman, “The Scholars and the Feminists: The Barnard Sex Conference and the History of the Institutionalization of Feminism,” Feminist Formations 27, no. 3 (2015): 49–80; Carolyn Bronstein, Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, 1976–1986 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 297–307; Patrick Califia, “Life Among the Monosexuals,” Journal of Bisexuality 5, nos. 2–3 (2005): 139–148; Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Notes on Sex and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), chapter 2.

43.Comella, Vibrator Nation, 54–56; “Radical Desire: Making On Our Backs Magazine,” Cornell University, Human Sexuality Collection, online exhibition, last modified 2022, https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/radicaldesire/index.php.

44.Peter Alilunas, “Bridging the Gap: Adult Video News and the ‘Long 1970s,’ ” in Bronstein and Strub, Porno Chic, 305–306; Various fliers, ca. 1991, Folder No. 13110, “Sexuality Sex Toys and Catalogues, April 29, 1989–1994 and undated,” Lesbian Herstory Archives, Archives of Sexuality and Gender (Gale).

45.Phyllis Schlafly, ed., Pornography’s Victims (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1987), 114; Lisa Duggan, “Censorship in the Name of Feminism,” in Duggan and Hunter, Sex Wars, chapter 2.

46.Strub, Perversion for Profit, 129–135, 198–206; Bronstein, Battling Pornography, chapters 6–8; Kelsy Burke, Pornography Wars: The Past, Present, and Future of America’s Obscene Obsession (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023), 171.

47.Carole Vance, “Photography, Pornography, and Sexual Politics,” Aperture: The Body in Question 121 (1990): 52–65; Dan Royles, To Make the Wounded Whole: The African American Struggle Against HIV/AIDS (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 84–90.

48.Laura Kipnis, Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 178; Jeffries, Teenage Dreams, 96; Irvine, Disorders, 167, 173–174; Dodson, Sex by Design, 259.

49.Jeffries, Teenage Dreams, 46; Elizabeth Groeneveld, Lesbian Porn Magazines and the Sex Wars: Reimagining Sex, Power, and Identity (New York: Routledge, 2023).

50.Betty Dodson’s Bodysex Workshop, 2012. DVD.

51.Goop Lab, “Understanding Sex.”

Chapter 15: Irresponsible Intercourse

1.Steve Shirley, “Right-to-Life Chapter to Picket Women’s Clinic,” The Missoulian, December 8, 1978, 13.

2.Suzanne Pennypacker Morris, “Pro-Abortionist Succumbs to Gross Hysteria,” The Missoulian, May 19, 1978, 4.

3.Sally Mullen Interview (transcript), OH 378–010, 9–10, Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula.

4.Gayle Shirley, “Controversy Doesn’t Reduce Demand for Clinic,” The Missoulian, January 7, 1979, 11; Karissa Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion: Inside the Largest Moral Reform Movement of the Twentieth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017), 24–27.

5.Mary Ziegler, After Roe: The Lost History of the Abortion Debate (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 38–51.

6.Neil J. Young, We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 96; Rebecca L. Davis, More Perfect Unions: The American Search for Marital Bliss (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 204–212.

7.Brianna Theobald, Reproduction on the Reservation: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Colonialism in the Long-Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019), 20–21.

8.Todd L. Savitt, “Abortion in the Old West: The Trials of Dr. Edwin S. Kellogg of Helena, Montana,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 57, no. 3 (2007): 6; Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), chapter 8; Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

9.Joan Uda, “Abortion: Roe v. Wade and the Montana Dilemma,” Montana Law Review 35, no. 1 (1974): 103–118; James Armstrong Interview (transcript), 2–3, OH 164–004, Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula; Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 175–181; Rickie Solinger, Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 157–160.

10.Regina G. Kunzel, Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 26–29; Carole E. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), chapter 4; Armstrong Interview, 6–7.

11.Johanna Schoen, Abortion After Roe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 26; Rickie Solinger, ed., Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); David J. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (Berkeley: University of California Press 1998), 270; Martha Coonfield Ward, Poor Women, Powerful Men: America’s Great Experiment in Family Planning (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 22–23; Loretta J. Ross, “African-American Women and Abortion,” in Solinger, Abortion Wars, 174.

12.Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 323–325, 411, 466; Mullen Interview, 2; Joan McCracken Interview (transcript), 6–7, OH 378–036, Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula; Gillian Frank, A Sacred Choice: Liberal Religion and the Struggle for Reproductive Rights Before Roe v. Wade (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming); Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime, 222–244; Laura Kaplan, The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

13.Schoen, Abortion After Roe, 30–31.

14.Mullen Interview, 2–3, 7; Shirley, “Controversy Doesn’t Reduce Demand,” 11; Sandra Morgen, Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 70–71; Judith A. Houck, Looking Through the Speculum: Examining the Women’s Health Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024), chapter 4.

15.Gayle Shirley, “Clinic Doesn’t Have Corner on Abortion,” The Missoulian, January 7, 1979, 11.

16.Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 311–313; Leslie Woodcock Tentler, Catholics and Contraception: An American History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), chapters 3 and 6; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 29–31; Daniel K. Williams, Defenders of the Unborn: The Pro-Life Movement before Roe v. Wade (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 88–95; Suzanne P. Morris, “News of Dead Baby,” (LTE) The Journal Herald (Dayton, Ohio), February 21, 1974, 4; Jennifer L. Holland, Tiny You: A Western History of the Anti-Abortion Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), 54.

17.Suzanne P. Morris, “All the Numbers,” (LTE) Dayton Daily News, November 17, 1974, 42; Williams, Defenders, 154; Louise Summerhill, The Story of Birthright: The Alternative to Abortion (Kenosha, WI: Prow Books, 1973), 117; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 17–18; Holland, Tiny You, chapter 4; Ad copy, The Missoulian, July 7, 1979, 19; Suzanne P. Morris, “Pro-Lifers Work for Better World,” The Missoulian, February 21, 1977, 4.

18.Suzanne P. Morris, “Rally Ignored,” (LTE) The Journal Herald, February 11, 1975, 5; “Life Unit Pickets at Abortion Clinic,” Dayton Daily News, October 23, 1975, 6; Suzanne P. Morris, “The Facts of Life,” (LTE) The Journal Herald (Dayton, Ohio), December 9, 1974, 4; Suzanne P. Morris, “Abortion Is Wrong,” (LTE) The Missoulian, August 11, 1974, 4; Ziegler, After Roe, 45; Williams, Defenders, 192–193, 206.

19.Suzanne P. Morris, “Not the Issue,” (LTE) Dayton Daily News, May 16, 1976, 38; Morris, “Abortion Is Wrong”; Williams, Defenders, 88, 206.

20.Williams, Defenders, 97, chapter 7; Holland, Tiny You, chapter 1; Gillian Frank, “The Colour of the Unborn: Anti-Abortion and Anti-Bussing Politics in Michigan, United States, 1967–1973,” Gender & History 26, no. 2 (2014): 351–378.

21.Ross, “African American Women,” 180; Simone M. Caron, “Birth Control Politics and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?” Journal of Social History 31, no. 3 (1998): 543–569; Jennifer A. Nelson, Women of Color and the Reproductive Justice Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2003), chapter 4; Frank, “Colour of the Unborn,” 354.

22.Young, We Gather, 212–215; Frank, “Colour of the Unborn,” 368; Robert O. Self, All in the Family: The Realignment of American Democracy Since the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), chapter 11; Marjorie Julian Spruill, Divided We Stand: The Battle over Women’s Rights and Family Values That Polarized American Politics (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018), chapter 5; Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), chapter 6; Williams, Defenders, 96, 148–149.

23.Juli Loesch, quoted in Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 62; Carol Mattar, “Right to Life Will Picket,” The Journal Herald (Dayton, Ohio) November 22, 1975, 23.

24.Shirley, “Controversy,” 11; Linda L. Hanson, (LTE) The Missoulian, August 3, 1977, 4.

25.“Abortion Measure Aired; House Vote ‘Imminent,’ ” The Missoulian, January 31, 1979, 13; Sara Dubow, Ourselves Unborn: A History of the Fetus in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Schoen, Abortion After Roe, 145; Williams, Defenders, 134–142; Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Notes on Sex and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), chapter 3.

26.Ellen S. Moore, The Transformation of American Sex Education: Mary Calderone and the Fight for Sexual Health (New York: New York University Press, 2022), 236–253; Janice Irvine, Talk About Sex: How Sex Ed Battles Helped Ignite the Right, 20th anniv. ed. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2023), chapter 1; Steven Epstein, The Quest for Sexual Health: How an Elusive Ideal Has Transformed Science, Politics, and Everyday Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022), 48–50.

27.Miriam S. Dapra, (LTE) The Missoulian, January 23, 1980, 6; Alan Rosenberg, “ ‘Sex Ed’ Needs Community Help,” The Missoulian, May 10, 1981, 9; Heather White, Reforming Sodom: Protestants and the Rise of Gay Rights (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), chapter 4.

28.Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 212.

29.Phyllis Schlafly, The Power of the Positive Woman (New York: Jove Publications, Inc., 1977), “special rights,” 113, “prolesbian legislation,” 228; Tom Newmann, “Right-to-Life Leaders Speaks in Missoula,” The Missoulian, November 7, 1977, 3; Irvine, Talk About Sex, chapter 3.

30.Billy Graham, “My Answer,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Mississippi), August 28, 1961, 8; Young, We Gather, 98–106, 112–118. See also Gillian Frank and Neil J. Young, “What Everyone Gets Wrong About Evangelicals and Abortion,” Washington Post, May 16, 2022, https://wapo.st/3LPLmJj; Paul K. Jewett, “The Relation of the Soul to the Fetus,” Christianity Today, November 8, 1969, 6; Neil J. Young, “Fascinating and Happy: Mormon Women, the LDS Church, and the Politics of Sexual Conservatism,” in Devotions and Desires: Histories of Sexuality and Religion in the Twentieth-Century United States, eds. Gillian Frank, Bethany Moreton, and Heather White (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 193–213.

31.Holland, Tiny You, chapter 1; Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), chapter 6; Young, We Gather, 160–165; Clayton Howard, The Closet and the Cul-de-Sac: The Politics of Sexual Privacy in Northern California (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), 136–140, 236–238; Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Williams, Defenders, 91, 141–142; The Missoulian, “Abortion Measure Aired,” 13.

32.D. A. Grimes, J. D. Forrest, A. L. Kirkman, and B. Radford, “An Epidemic of Antiabortion Violence in the United States,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165 (1991): 1263–1268. There were reports of “110 cases of arson, firebombing, or bombing . . . 222 clinic invasions, 220 acts of clinic vandalism, 216 bomb threats, 65 death threats, 46 assault and batteries, 20 burglaries, and 2 kidnappings.”

33.“Where Are They Now?,” The Missoulian, December 31, 1989, B-1; “Notice of Time and Place of Hearing and Petition for Change of Name, Cause No. 72693,” The Missoulian, June 15, 1990, 20.

34.John Stromnes, “NOW Vigil to Protest Clinic Bombings,” The Missoulian, January 18, 1985, 9; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 80–81.

35.Willa Craig Interview (transcript), 9–13, OH 378–008, Archives and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana-Missoula.

36.Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 105; Schoen, Abortion After Roe, 186–197; Holland, Tiny You, 174–178.

37.Sherry Devlin, “Abortion Argument Hits Home,” The Missoulian, November 24, 1991, 1.

38.Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 111–112; Holland, Tiny You, 13–14.

39.Michael Downs, “Fire Fans Flames of Abortion Argument,” The Missoulian, April 4, 1993, 12; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 76, 117; Bob Anez, “Stalking Bill Stuck in House,” The Missoulian, March 12, 1993, B1; Michael Downs, “Abortion Doctor’s Slaying Prompts Local Warnings,” The Missoulian, March 12, 1993, B1.

40.Michael Moore, “Arson Fire Guts Clinic,” The Missoulian, March 30, 1993, 1, 6; John Stromnes, “Rally Speakers Condemn Attack,” The Missoulian, March 30, 1993, 1, 6; Michael Moore, “After Missoula Fire: Clinics Beef Up Security,” The Missoulian, April 1, 1993, A1, 12.

41.Randi Erickson, “Anti-Abortion Activists Blamed for Blue Mountain Firebombing,” Missoula Independent, April 2, 1993, 5, 14; John Stromnes, “Blaze Won’t Stop Abortions: Clinic Director Promises Women Won’t Lose Their Right to Choose,” The Missoulian, March 31, 1993, C-8; Bob Anez, “State Politicians Condemn Attack on Missoula Clinic,” The Missoulian, March 31, 1993, C-6; Randi Erickson, “Blue Mountain Suffers Firebomb’s Legacy: No Insurance, and Patients Left in Need,” Missoula Independent, August 6, 1993, 7.

42.Stromnes, “Blaze,” C-5, C-8; Erickson, “Blue Mountain Suffers,” 5; “Doctor to Reopen Abortion Clinic in Bozeman,” Great Falls Tribune, March 21, 2008, 1M, 3M; Joe Kolman, “Abortion Doctor Will Sell Clinic,” The Billings Gazette, June 1, 1997, 1, 9A; Susan Wicklund and Alan S. Kesselheim, This Common Secret: My Journey as an Abortion Doctor (New York: Public Affairs, 2007); Moore, “After Missoula Fire,” A1, 12; Richard Wachs, “A Choice Alternative,” Missoula Independent, September 5, 2002, 16; Ginny Merriam, “Up from the Ashes,” The Missoulian, February 18, 1997, C1.

43.Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 132.

44.“Abortion Doctor Rebuilds Office,” The Missoulian, December 8, 1994, B11; Patricia Sullivan, “Anti-Abortion Arson,” The Missoulian, October 12, 1994, 1, 10; Rich Harris, “Abortion Activist Pleads Guilty to Torching Clinics in Montana,” Great Falls Tribune, February 11, 1998, 9.

45.Kathleen McLaughlin, “Alleged Abortion Clinic Arsonist Left Long Trail of Evidence,” The Missoulian, October 12, 1997, 1, 11; Cheryl Wilke (LTE) and Andrea Screnar (LTE), The Missoulian, April 4, 1993, 5.

46.Rich Harris, “Abortion Activist Pleads Guilty,” 9; Jessica Mayrer, “Can’t Do It All Alone,” Missoula Independent, May 15, 2014, A16.

47.Dana S. Gershon, “Stalking Statutes: A New Vehicle to Curb the New Violence of the Radical Anti-Abortion Movement,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 26 (1994): 215–246; Haugeberg, Women Against Abortion, 139.

48.Matthew Berns, “Trigger Laws,” Georgetown Law Journal 97, no. 6 (2009): 1639–1688; Center for Reproductive Rights, “After Roe Fell: Abortion Laws by State,” July 2023, https://reproductiverights.org/maps/abortion-laws-by-state/.

49.Suzanne Pennypacker, “Dog Gripes Typical of Discourse,” (LTE) The Missoulian, June 29, 1994, 5; A. E. Hirst, “Dogs, Owners Need Disciplining,” (LTE), The Missoulian, July 5, 1994, 5.

Chapter 16: Sexual Advances

1.This description draws from my personal notes from the event, which I attended. See also Brandon Baker, “Anita Hill, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and Dorothy Roberts on Inequality and Sexual Harassment,” Penn Today, University of Pennsylvania, October 11, 2018, https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/legal-scholars-anita-hill-kimberle-crenshaw-and-dorothy-roberts-discuss-womens-equality-and.

2.Julie Berebitsky, Sex and the Office: A History of Gender, Power, and Desire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 264–273; “Chronology,” in Race, Gender, and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings, eds. Anita Faye Hill and Emma Coleman Jordan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), xix–xxix.

3.Molly Ball et al., “Supreme Reckoning,” Time, October 1, 2018, 22–27; Haley Sweetland Edwards et al., “She Said,” Time, October 15, 2018, 20–25.

4.Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989): 139–167; Dorothy E. Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century (New York: New Press, 2011); Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997); Dorothy E. Roberts, Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare (New York: Basic Books, 2002).

5.“The Race Problem—An Autobiography,” by “A Southern Colored Woman,” The Independent 56, no. 2885 (March 17, 1904), 587, 589, excerpted in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, ed. Gerda Lerner (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 158–159; LaKisha Michelle Simmons, Crescent City Girls: The Lives of Young Black Women in Segregated New Orleans (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 69–79 and chapter 2; Anne Gray Fischer, The Streets Belong to Us: Sex, Race, and Police Power from Segregation to Gentrification (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022), 94–100.

6.Danielle L. McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—a New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010).

7.Serena Mayeri, “Race, Sexual Citizenship, and the Constitution of Nonmarital Motherhood,” in Heterosexual Histories, eds. Rebecca L. Davis and Michele Mitchell (New York: New York University Press), 274–300; Andrew Pope, “Making Motherhood a Felony: African American Women’s Welfare Rights Activism in New Orleans and the End of Suitable Home Laws, 1959–1962,” Journal of American History 105, no. 2 (2018): 291–310; Lisa Levenstein, A Movement Without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), chapter 1.

8.Alison Lefkovitz, Strange Bedfellows: Marriage in the Age of Women’s Liberation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), chapter 4, quote at 106; Pope, “Making Motherhood a Felony,” 292.

9.Serena Mayeri, “Intersectionality and the Constitution of Family Status,” 32 Constitutional Commentary 377 (2017); Mayeri, “Race, Sexual Citizenship,” in Davis and Mitchell, Heterosexual Histories, 279.

10.Mayeri, “Race, Sexual Citizenship,” 280, quoting Weber v. Aetna Casualty, 406 U.S. 164 (1972). See also Kevin J. Mumford, “Untangling Pathology: The Moynihan Report and Homosexual Damage, 1965–1975,” Journal of Policy History 24, no. 1 (2012): 57–59.

11.Natalia Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles: 1879–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), chapters 3 and 4.

12.Rebecca M. Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 34; Donald T. Critchlow, Intended Consequences: Birth Control, Abortion, and the Federal Government in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 55–56; Emily Klancher Merchant, Building the Population Bomb (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 166–174; Matthew James Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), 258–259; Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America, revised ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 190–203; Carole McCann, Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916–1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), chapter 4; Roberts, Killing, 89–98; Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 99–110.

13.Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied, 95; Critchlow, Intended Consequences, 91–96; Jennifer Nelson, Women of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 70.

14.Critchlow, Intended Consequences, 144–146; Philip Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Nelson, Women of Color, 65–67; Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied, 98–101, 151, 173–177; Roberts, Killing, 93.

15.Elena R. Gutiérrez, Fertile Matters: The Politics of Mexican-Origin Women’s Reproduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), chapter 3; Kluchin, Fit to Be Tied, 84–85; Maya Manian, “Coerced Sterilization of Mexican-American Women: The Story of Madrigal v. Quilligan,” in Reproductive Rights and Justice Stories, eds. Melissa Murray, Katherine Shaw, and Reva B. Siegel (St. Paul: Foundation Press, 2019): 97–116. Most Mexican migrants were, in fact, men with families in Mexico; see Ana Raquel Minian, Undocumented Lives: The Untold Story of Mexican Migration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).

16.Loretta J. Ross, “African American Women and Abortion,” in Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950–2000, ed. Rickie Solinger (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 186, quoting Ninia Baehr, Abortion Without Apology: A Radical History for the 1990s (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 56; “Principles of Unity,” CARASA News 4, no.1 (1980): 3, 1978, Karen Stamm collection of Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA) records, Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History, SSC MS 00811, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts; Gutiérrez, Fertile Matters, 94–108.

17.Judith A. Houck, Looking Through the Speculum: Examining the Women’s Health Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024), chapter 7; Jael Miriam Silliman, Marlene Gerber Fried, Loretta Ross, and Elena R. Gutiérrez, eds., Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2004); Marlene Gerber Fried, ed., From Abortion to Reproductive Freedom: Transforming a Movement (Boston: Sound End Press, 1990).

18.Loretta Ross and Rickie Solinger, Reproductive Justice: An Introduction (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 65–66; Dorothy Roberts, “Reproductive Justice, Not Just Rights,” Dissent 62, no. 4 (2015): 81–82; Loretta Ross, “Understanding Reproductive Justice: Transforming the Pro-Choice Movement,” Off Our Backs 36, no. 4 (2006): 14–19; SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, http://sistersong.net; Berebitsky, Sex and the Office, chapter 7, quoting Redbook at 225; Sarah B. Rowley, “Sexpo ’76: Gender, Media, and the 1976 Hays-Ray Congressional Sex Scandal,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 32, no. 2 (May 2023): 144–173.

19.Berebitsky, Sex and the Office, 239–243; Andrea Friedman, “The Price of Shame: Second-Wave Feminism and the Lewinsky-Clinton Scandal,” in Davis and Mitchell, Heterosexual Histories, 362–363; Carrie N. Baker, The Women’s Movement Against Sexual Harassment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

20.“Statement of Professor Anita F. Hill to the Senate Judiciary Committee October 11, 1991,” in Court of Appeal: The Black Community Speaks Out on the Racial and Sexual Politics of Clarence Thomas vs. Anita Hill, eds. Robert Chrisman and Robert L. Allen (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), 16–17.

21.Berebitsky, Sex and the Office, 266–267; Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Notes on Sex and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 240–241.

22.“Second Statement from Judge Clarence Thomas October 11, 1991,” in Chrisman and Allen, Court of Appeal, 22; Estelle B. Freedman, Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), chapter 13.

23.James Strong, “The Black Sexist Chauvinist Pig,” New Pittsburgh Courier, November 2, 1991, 4; Berebitsky, Sex and the Office, 272.

24.Orlando Patterson, “Race, Gender, and Liberal Fallacies,” New York Times, October 20, 1991, E15; Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Whose Story Is It, Anyway? Feminist and Anti-Racist Appropriations of Anita Hill,” in Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 412–428.

25.“African American Women in Defense of Ourselves,” advertisement, New York Times, November 11, 1991.

26.Nellie Y. McKay, “Remembering Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas: What Really Happened When a Black Woman Spoke Out,” in Morrison, Race-ing Justice, 276–277; Susan Deller Ross, “Sexual Harassment Law in the Aftermath of the Hill-Thomas Hearings,” in Hill and Jordan, Race, Gender, and Power, 229–237.

27.“Year of the Woman: November 3, 1992,” Historical Highlights, United States Senate, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/year_of_the_woman.htm.

28.Evelynn Hammonds, “Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality,” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 6, nos. 2 & 3 (1994): 134; bell hooks, Wounds of Passion: A Writing Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997); bell hooks, “Selling Hot Pussy,” in Black Looks: Race and Representation (New York: Routledge, 2015), 75–76. See also Hortense J. Spillers, “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar Book,” Diacritics 17, no. 2 (1987): 65–81.

29.Lauren Gail Berlant, ed., Our Monica, Ourselves: The Clinton Affair and the National Interest (New York: New York University Press, 2001).

30.Friedman, “Price of Shame,” 358–386; Timothy Noah, “Bill Clinton and the Meaning of ‘Is,’ ” Slate, September 13, 1998, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/1998/09/bill-clinton-and-the-meaning-of-is.html; Monica Lewinsky, “The Price of Shame,” TED Talk, March 20, 2015, https://www.ted.com/talks/monica_lewinsky_the_price_of_shame?language=en;

31.Friedman, “Price of Shame,” 380–381.

32.Ronan Farrow, Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019); Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey, She Said: Breaking the Sexual Harassment Story That Helped Ignite a Movement (New York: Penguin Press, 2019).

33.“Donald Trump Makes Lewd Remarks About Women on Video,” NBC News, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYqKx1GuZGg; “Donald Trump on 2005 Tape: ‘This Was Locker-Room Talk,’ ” NBC News, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEOO0MjhVsU.

34.Jamie Ducharme, “ ‘Indelible in the Hippocampus Is the Laughter’: The Science Behind Christine Blasey Ford’s Testimony,” Time, September 27, 2018, https://time.com/5408567/christine-blasey-ford-science-of-memory/.

35.Theresa Iker, “ ‘All Wives Are Not Created Equal’: Women Organizing in the Late Twentieth-Century Men’s Rights Movement,” Journal of Women’s History 35, no. 2 (2023): 51–72; Laura Kipnis, Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus (New York: Harper, 2017); Jane Gallop, “Laura Kipnis, Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus,” Critical Inquiry 45, no. 2 (2019): 557–558; Jennifer Senior, “ ‘Unwanted Advances’ Tackles Sexual Politics in Academia,” The New York Times, April 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/books/review-laura-kipnis-unwanted-advances.html?smid=url-share; Christine Smallwood, “Laura Kipnis’s Battle Against Vulnerability,” The New Yorker, April 2, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/laura-kipniss-battle-against-vulnerability; Laura Smith, “This Feminist Has a Lot of Opinions About Sex on Campus,” Mother Jones, April 4, 2017, https://www.motherjones.com/media/2017/04/feminist-campus-sexual-assault/; Katherine Angel, Tomorrow Sex Will be Good Again: Women and Desire in the Age of Consent (London: Verso, 2021), chapter 1.

36.“History of Women in the U.S. Congress,” Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers University, https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/levels-office/congress/history-women-us-congress.

37.Jessica Bennett, “How History Changed Anita Hill,” New York Times, June 17, 2019.

Chapter 17: Family’s Value

1.Max Smith, “Thoughts & Ideas,” Blacklines, January 2004, 12; “Update: Mortality Attributable to HIV Infection Among Persons Aged 25–44 Years—United States, 1991 and 1992,” MMWR Weekly 42, no. 45 (November 19, 1993): 869–872, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022174.htm; “Update: Mortality Attributable to HIV Infection Among Persons Aged 25–44 Years—United States, 1994,” MMWR Weekly 45, no. 6 (February 16, 1996): 121–125, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040227.htm. For 1980–1996 statistics, see “HIV/AIDS: Snapshots of an Epidemic,” AmfAR, http://tinyurl.com/hm6w8vhk; Lisa C. Moore and Anthony R. G. Hardaway, “Southern Sanctified Sissy,” in Spirited: Affirming the Soul and Black Gay/Lesbian Identity, eds. G. Winston James and Lisa C. Moore (Washington, DC: RedBone Press, 2006), 159–160.

2.Phil Tiemeyer, Plane Queer: Labor, Sexuality, and AIDS in the History of Male Flight Attendants (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 161–165; Michael Callen, Richard Berkowitz, and Joseph Sonnabend, How to Have Sex in an Epidemic: One Approach (New York: Tower Press, 1983).

3.“Family Album,” Family and Friends, November 2001, 50; Kath Weston, “Parenting in the Age of AIDS,” in Sisters, Sexperts, Queers: Beyond the Lesbian Nation, ed. Arlene Stein (New York: Plume, 1993), 175.

4.Centers for Disease Control, “Pneumocystis Pneumonia—Los Angeles,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 30, no. 21 (June 5, 1981); Lawrence K. Altman, “Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals,” New York Times, July 3, 1981, 20.

5.Jennifer Brier, Infectious Ideas: U.S. Political Responses to the AIDS Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 21; Paula A. Treichler, “AIDS, Homophobia, and Biomedical Discourse: An Epidemic of Signification,” October 43 (1987): 52–53, 60; Gilbert C. White, II, “Hemophilia: An Amazing 35-Year Journey from the Depth of HIV to the Threshold of Cure,” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 121 (2010): 61–75.

6.Ann Cvetkovich, An Archive of Feelings: Trauma, Sexuality, and Lesbian Public Cultures (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 169; Kath Weston, Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, and Kinship (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 125–126; Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), chapters 4–5.

7.Katie Batza, Before AIDS: Gay Health Politics in the 1970s (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), chapter 5; Brier, Infectious Ideas, 15–19.

8.Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 418–421.

9.Dan Royles, To Make the Wounded Whole: The African American Struggle Against HIV/AIDS (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 55–56; Brier, Infectious Ideas, 12–13, 39–40.

10.For a sampling of newspaper articles about allegations of racism against LGBT bars, see The Allan Berube Papers, box 102, folder 53, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Historical Society, Archives of Sexuality and Gender (Gale). See also Keith Boykin, One More River to Cross: Black and Gay in America (New York: Anchor Books, 1996), chapter 6; Lucas Hilderbrand, The Bars Are Ours: Histories and Cultures of Gay Bars in America, 1960 and After (Durham: Duke University Press, 2023), chapter 4; La Shonda Mims, Drastic Dykes and Accidental Activists: Queer Women in the Urban South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022), 47.

11.Royles, To Make the Wounded Whole, 21–23 and chapter 4; Gregory D. Smithers, Reclaiming Two-Spirits (Boston: Beacon Press, 2022), 173–177.

12.United States Congress, “S.Amdt.963 to H.R.3058 - 100th Congress (1987–1988),” October 14, 1987, https://www.congress.gov/amendment/100th-congress/senate-amendment/963/text.

13.Karma R. Chávez, The Borders of AIDS: Race, Quarantine, and Resistance (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021), chapters 2 and 3.

14.Seth Dowland, Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015); Cynthia Burack, Sin, Sex, and Democracy: Anitgay Rhetoric and the Christian Right (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008); Susan B. Ridgely, Practicing What the Doctor Preached: At Home with Focus on the Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017); Mark R. Kowalewski, “Religious Constructions of the AIDS Crisis,” Sociological Analysis 51, no. 1 (1990): 93.

15.Brier, Infectious Ideas, chapter 3, and 88–91. The commission was formally known as the “Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic”; Faderman, Gay Revolution, 428–429.

16.Sarah Schulman, Let the Record Show: A Political History of ACT UP New York, 1987–1993 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021); Anthony Petro, After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), chapter 4; Douglas Crimp, “Mourning and Militancy,” October 51 (Winter 1989): 3–18; Cvetkovich, Archive of Feelings, chapter 5, quote at 169; Deborah B. Gould, Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight Against AIDS (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

17.Royles, Make the Wounded Whole, chapter 6.

18.Priscilla Alexander, “Sex Workers Fight Against AIDS: An International Perspective,” in Women Resisting AIDS: Feminist Strategies of Empowerment, eds. Beth E. Schneider and Nancy E. Stoller (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 99–123; Emma Day, “The Fire Inside: Women Protesting AIDS in Prison since 1980,” Modern American History 5, no. 1 (2022): 79–100; Caroline Wolf Harlow, “HIV in U.S. Prisons and Jails,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report (September 1993), 1–8; Brier, Infectious Ideas, chapter 5; Royles, Make the Wounded Whole, 202–205; Schulman, Let the Record Show, chapter 7; Tamar W. Carroll, Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), chapter 5.

19.Royles, Make the Wounded Whole, 74–75; Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), chapter 3.

20.For a sample of Brothers United events, see “Bulletin,” Family and Friends, November 2000, 12; “Brothers’ United Will Host Safe Sex Workshop [sic],” Triangle Journal News, September 2000, 5; Anita Moyt, “Conrad Pegues: Local Memphian to Sign Books,” Family and Friends, August 1999, 38; Anita Moyt, “Brothers United to Host Booksigning Event,” Family and Friends, May 2000, 48; Anita Moyt, “Sanford Gaylord to Speak in Memphis,” Family and Friends, November 2001, 15. On Black queer art and literature, see Jafari S. Allen, There’s a Disco Ball Between Us: A Theory of Black Gay Life (Durham: Duke University Press, 2021), chapters 1 and 2; Eric Darnell Pritchard, Fashioning Lives: Black Queers and the Politics of Literacy (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2017), chapter 2; Darius Bost, Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019); E. Patrick Johnson, Black. Queer. Southern. Women: An Oral History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), chapter 7.

21.“BU Members Take Retreat,” Family and Friends, January 2002, 17.

22.Marc Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 322; Stephen Vider, The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021), chapter 3; Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1970), 39, 61.

23.Weston, Families We Choose, chapter 5.

24.Vider, Queerness of Home, 210.

25.Moore and Hardaway, “Southern Sanctified Sissy,” 157.

26.Moore and Hardaway, “Southern Sanctified Sissy,” 158–159; Anthony R. G. Hardaway, interview with the author, March 22, 2023; James S. Tinney, “Why a Black Gay Church?” in In the Life: A Black Gay Anthology, ed. Joseph Beam (Boston: Alyson Publications, Inc., 1986), 73. See also Kevin J. Mumford, Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from the March on Washington to the AIDS Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), chapter 7.

27.E. Patrick Johnson, Sweet Tea: Black Gay Men of the South (Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 255–257; John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 48–54. On the problematic concept of the “down low” as a mode of simultaneously naming Black male same-sex experience and rendering it invisible, see C. Riley Snorton, Nobody Is Supposed to Know: Black Sexuality on the Down Low (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), introduction; Hardaway, interview with the author.

28.Moore and Hardaway, “Southern Sanctified Sissy,” 159; Thomas F. Rzeznik, “The Church and the AIDS Crisis in New York City,” US Catholic Historian 34, no. 1 (2016): 143–165.

29.Lynne Gerber, “We Who Must Die Demand a Miracle: Christmas 1989 at the Metropolitan Community Church of San Francisco,” in Devotions and Desires: Histories of Sexuality and Religion in the Twentieth-Century United States, eds. Gill Frank, Bethany Moreton, and Heather White (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 253–276; Gregg Drinkwater, “AIDS Was Our Earthquake: American Jewish Responses to the AIDS Crisis, 1985–92,” Jewish Social Studies 26, no. 1 (2020): 133; Moshe Shokeid, A Gay Synagogue in New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Tinney, “Why a Black Gay Church?,” in Beam, In the Life, 70–86; Johnson, Sweet Tea, 184.

30.Huntly Collins, “The Renaissance Man as Radical,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 9, 1994, F4.

31.Douglas Martin, “Kiyoshi Kuromiya, 57, Fighter for the Rights of AIDS Patients,” New York Times, May 28, 2000, 34; Huntly Collins, “Support for Marijuana Use Grows in Medical Circles,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 21, 1999, E1; Kuromiya v. United States, 37 F. Supp. 2d 717 (E.D. Pa.1999), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/37/717/2415755/.

32.These descriptions of Kiyoshi Kuromiya’s final illness draw from the untitled notebook log kept by his friends, May 1–10, 2000, Kiyoshi Kuromiya Papers, John J. Wilcox, Jr. Archives, William Way LGBT Community Center, as well as the author’s email exchange with Jeff Maskovsky. See also Mark Bowden, “Act Up Will Make You Pay Attention to AIDS—Or Die Trying,” Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, June 14, 1992, 23, 27; Jeff Maskovsky, “ ‘Fighting for Our Lives’: Poverty and AIDS Activism in Neoliberal Philadelphia,” dissertation (Temple University, 2000; University of Michigan microfilm, 2005).

33.Alfredo Sosa (@Alfie79), “KIYOSHI,” Vimeo, June 10, 2010, https://vimeo.com/12474786; Susan FitzGerald, “K. Kuromiya, tireless AIDS Activist, Dies,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 12, 2000, 1; Scott Tucker, “Heart Mountain’s Kiyoshi Kuromiya,” Casper Star-Tribune, June 4, 2000, 38.

34.The Haven Memphis (@thehavenmemphis901), “Have you signed up yet?!,” Instagram reel, August 18, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/reel/ChaScJmAJft/.

35.Marlon M. Bailey, Butch Queens Up in Pumps: Gender, Performance, and Ballroom Culture in Detroit (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013); Ricky Tucker, And the Category Is . . . Inside New York’s Vogue, House, and Ballroom Community (Boston: Beacon Press, 2022); “Female Impersonators,” Ebony, March 1953, 64.

36.Tucker, And the Category, 63–64; Simon Frank, dir., The Queen (Evergreen Film, 1967); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYCQEl8TPeM; Jennie Livingston, dir., Paris Is Burning (New York: Miramax, 1991).

37.Tim Lawrence, “A History of Drag Balls, Houses, and the Culture of Voguing,” in Chantal Regnault (photographer), Voguing and the House Ballroom Scene of New York City 1989–92 (London: Soul Jazz Books, 2011), 4–5; Bailey, Butch Queens, 5.

38.Lawrence, “History of Drag Balls,” 5–6, 9, quoting Guy Trebay, “Legends of the Ball,” Village Voice, January 11, 2000, https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/01/11/legends-of-the-ball/; Bailey, Butch Queens, 19, chapters 4 and 5; Joseph Plaster, Kids on the Street: Queer Kinship and Religion in San Francisco’s Tenderloin (Durham: Duke University Press, 2023), chapters 1 and 5.

39.Moore and Hardaway, “Southern Sanctified Sissy,” 161.

Chapter 18: Save the Children

1.“Drag Story Hour,” https://www.dragstoryhour.org/.

2.“Drag Queen Story Hour Goes on Despite Neo-Nazi’s Attempt to Burn Church Down,” The Guardian (online), April 3, 2023; Lola Fadulu, “Ohio Man Who Threw Molotov Cocktails at a Church Gets 18 Years in Prison,” New York Times, January 30, 2024, nytimes.com; Stacy Nick, “Drag Queen Story Hour Shows Denver Kids that Different Is Fabulous, Darling,” KUNC, July 13, 2017, https://www.kunc.org/arts-life/2017-07-13/drag-queen-story-hour-shows-denver-kids-that-different-is-fabulous-darling.

3.Erik Bottcher (@ebottcher), “Today I witnessed,” Instagram reel, December 17, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/CmSEZUKKy_7/.

4.Tasseli McKay, Christine H. Lindquist, and Shilpi Misra, “Understanding (and Acting On) 20 Years of Research on Violence and LGBTQ+ Communities,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 20, no. 5 (2017): 665–678.

5.Karen Graves, And They Were Wonderful Teachers: Florida’s Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009).

6.Daniel Winunwe Rivers, Radical Relations: Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and Their Children in the United States since World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Marie-Amélie George, Family Matters: Queer Households and the Half-Century Struggle for Legal Recognition (New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming), introduction and chapter 2; Lauren Jae Gutterman, Her Neighbor’s Wife: A History of Lesbian Desire Within Marriage (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), chapter 7.

7.William N. Eskridge, Jr., Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 271–277.

8.Lisa Duggan, “Queering the State,” in Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture, eds. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, 10th anniv. ed. (New York: Routledge, 2006), 177–178; Rachel Guberman, “ ‘No Discrimination and No Special Rights’: Gay Rights, Family Values, and the Politics of Moderation in the 1992 Election,” in Beyond the Politics of the Closet: Gay Rights and the American State Since the 1970s, ed. Jonathan Bell (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), 165–186.

9.Paul M. Renfro, Stranger Danger: Family Values, Childhood, and the American Carceral State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).

10.Renfro, Stranger Danger, 10–11, chapter 1.

11.Judith A. Reisman and Edward W. Eichel, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a People (Lafayette, L.A.: Lochinvar Inc., 1990); Janice M. Irvine, Talk About Sex: How Sex Ed Battles Helped Ignite the Right, 20th anniv. ed. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2023), chapter 8; Kristin Luker, When Sex Goes to School: Warring Views on Sex—and Sex Education—Since the Sixties (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), chapter 8.

12.Courtney D. Tabor, “ ‘This Is What a 13-Year Old Girl Looks Like’: A Feminist Analysis of To Catch a Predator,” Crime, Media, Culture 19, no. 2 (2023): 233–251.

13.Bret Vetter, “Protestors Clash with Supporters of Drag Queen Story Hour in Pittsford,” News 10 WHEC.com (online), April 23, 2023; Susan Stryker, Transgender History: The Roots of Today’s Revolution, 2nd ed. (New York: Seal Press, 2017), 202; Jaime M. Grant et al., Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011); Sandy E. James et al., The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equity, 2015); “Early Insights Report,” 2022 U.S. Trans Survey, February 7, 2024, ustranssurvey.org; Amit Paley, “2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health,” The Trevor Project, published 2022, https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2022/; “Research Brief: Age of Gender Identity Outness and Suicide Risk,” The Trevor Project, March 29, 2023, https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/age-of-gender-identity-outness-and-suicide-risk-mar-2023/.

14.“Gender-Affirming Care and Young People,” HHS Office of Population Affairs, March 2022, https://opa.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/gender-affirming-care-young-people-march-2022.pdf.

15.Erin Reed, “Erin’s Anti-Trans Risk Map: Early Legislative Session Edition,” Erin in the Morning, January 16, 2024, https://www.erininthemorning.com/p/erins-anti-trans-risk-map-early-legislative; Erin Reed, “LGBTQ+ Legislative Tracking 2023,” Google Sheet, (linked from legislative map); “Anti-Transgender Medical Care Bans,” Equality Federation, n.d., https://www.equalityfederation.org/tracker/anti-transgender-medical-care-bans; Elana Redfield, Kerith J. Conron, Will Tentindo, and Erica Browning, “Prohibiting Gender-Affirming Medical Care for Youth,” UCLA Williams Institute, March 2023, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/bans-trans-youth-health-care/.

16.Jojo Macaluso, “Where Gender-Affirming Care for Youth is Banned, Intersex Surgery May be Allowed,” NPR News, April 11, 2023, npr.org; Jason Rafferty, “Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents,” Pediatrics 142, no. 4 (2018), https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/4/e20182162/37381/Ensuring-Comprehensive-Care-and-Support-for?autologincheck=redirected.

17.Hanna Rosin, “Boys on the Side,” The Atlantic, September 2012, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive2012/09/boys-on-the-side/309062/.

18.Rosin, “Boys on the Side”; Paula England, “Is a ‘Warm Hookup’ an Oxymoron?” Contexts 15, no. 4 (2016): 58–59; Paula England, Emily Fitzgibbons Shaffer, and Alison C. K. Fogarty, “Hooking Up and Forming Romantic Relationships on Today’s College Campuses,” in The Gendered Society Reader, eds. M. Kimmel and A. Aronson, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 559–572; Katherine Rowland, The Pleasure Gap: American Women and the Unfinished Sexual Revolution (New York: Seal Press, 2020).

19.Kate Julian, “Why Are Young People Having So Little Sex?” The Atlantic, December 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/12/the-sex-recession/573949/.

20.Asa Seresin, “On Heteropessimism: Heterosexuality is Nobody’s Personal Problem,” The New Inquiry, October 9, 2019, https://thenewinquiry.com/on-heteropessimism/.

21.adrienne maree brown, Pleasure Activism: The Politics of Feeling Good (Chico, CA: AK Press, 2019).

22.Christopher M. Gleason, American Poly: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2023); Nona Willis Aronowitz, Bad Sex: Truth, Pleasure, and an Unfinished Revolution (New York: Plume, 2022); Molly Roden Winter, More: A Memoir of an Open Marriage (New York: Doubleday, 2024); Rachel Krantz, Open: An Uncensored Memoir of Love, Liberation, and Non-Monogamy (New York: Harmony, 2022). See also “KAP: Kink Aware Professionals,” n.d.; Harlan White, “Polyamory in Liberal Religion,” 2009; and Loving More, “FAQ for Open Relationships and Polyamory,” n.d., all in box: “Miscellaneous,” Widener Sexuality Archives, Chester, PA.

Coda: The Ghost of Anthony Comstock

1.Decision: Case 2:22-cv-00223-Z, United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Amarillo Division, Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, et al., v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, et. al.

2.Pat Schroeder, “Comstock Act Still on the Books,” Congressional floor speech, September 24, 1996, Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication, awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/Comstock-act-still-on-the-books-sept-24-1996/.

3.Kelsy Burke, Pornography Wars: The Past, Present, and Future of America’s Obscene Obsession (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023), 75–87; Jeff Kosseff, The Twenty-Six Words that Created the Internet (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019); Reid Kanaley, “No Matter the Outcome, AIDS Activists Vowed to Stay Online,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 27, 1997, A11; Pamela Mendels, “AIDS Activist’s Dilemma Proved Decisive in Decency Act Case,” New York Times, June 18, 1996.

4.ACLU, “Defending Reproductive Rights in Cyberspace,” October 31, 1996, https://www.aclu.org/documents/defending-reproductive-rights-cyberspace; Whitney Strub, Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 273–276.

5.Alejandra Caraballo, “The Abortion Medication Ruling Threatens Free Speech Online,” Wired, April 12, 2023, www.wired.com/story/abortion-pill-comstock-free-speech-internet/; House Journal, Eighty-Eighth Legislature, Proceedings, March 13, 2023, 614, https://journals.house.texas.gov/hjrnl/88r/pdf/88RDAY21FINAL.PDF; H.F. 510 (Iowa), “An Act relating to the Iowa human life protection act,” February 28, 2023, 24–27, legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGI/90/HF510.pdf; “Planned Parenthood to Resume Offering Abortions in Wisconsin Next Week After Court Ruling,” PBS News Hour, September 14, 2023, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/.

6.Zach Schonfeld, “Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Christian Designer in Gay Wedding Website Case,” The Hill, June 30, 2023, https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/4061169-supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-christian-designer-in-gay-wedding-website-case/.