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ac (alternating current), 3, 194
ac circuit, 194
ac generator (alternator), 195, 384
ac PSpice analysis, 268–269
Admittance, 238
conductance of, 238
mutual, 267
self-, 267
susceptance of, 238
Admittance diagram, 238
Admittance triangle, 238
Air-core transformer, 352
Algebra, complex, 217–221
Alternating current (ac), 3, 194
Alternating current circuit, 194
Alternator (ac generator), 195, 384
Ampere, 2
Analysis:
Angle, phase, 197
Angular frequency, 195
Angular velocity, 195
Apparent power, 327
Associated references, 5
Autotransformer, 354
Average value of periodic wave, 198
Balanced three-phase load, 387, 389
Branch, 31
Bridge balance equation, 87, 297
Bridge circuit, 86
capacitance comparison, 316
Maxwell, 317
Wheatstone, 86
Buffer, 116
Capacitance, 153
equivalent, 154
total, 154
Capacitance comparison bridge, 316
Capacitive circuit, 235
Capacitive reactance, 200
Capacitor, 153
energy stored, 155
sinusoidal response, 200
Cascaded op amps, 116
Charge, 1
conservation of, 2
electron, 1
proton, 1
Choke, 175
Circuit, 2
ac, 194
capacitive, 235
dc, 31
inductive, 235
phasor-domain, 232
three-phase, 384–414
time-domain, 232
Coefficient of coupling, 353
Coil, 175
Color code, resistor, 20
Complex algebra, 217–221
Complex number:
angle, 219
conjugate, 219
exponential form, 219
magnitude, 219
polar form, 219
rectangular form, 218
Complex plane, 218
Complex power, 326
Conductance, 17
of admittance, 238
equivalent, 33
mutual, 58
self-, 58
total, 33
Conductivity, 18
Conductor, 17
Conjugate, 219
Conservation of charge, 2
Controlled source, 4
Conventional current flow direction, 2
Cosine wave, 197
Coulomb, 2
Coupled impedance, 354
Coupling, coefficient of, 353
Cramer’s rule, 54
Current, 2
dc, 3
loop, 57
mesh, 56
phase, 386
Current direction, 2
reference, 2
Current division rule, 34, 239
Current source, 3
controlled, 4
dependent, 4
independent, 4
Cycle, 194
dc (direct current), 3
dc circuit, 31
dc PSpice analysis, 136–140
dc source, 4
Delta (Δ) connection, 85, 296, 386
Dependent source, 4
PSpice, 138
Derivative, 155
Determinant, 54
Dielectric, 153
Dielectric constant, 154
Digit grouping, 1
Direct current (dc), 3
Direct current circuit, 31
Direction, current, 2
Dot convention, 350
Double-subscript notation, 3, 384
Drop, voltage, 3
Dual, 72
Effective value, 198
Efficiency, 5
Electron, 1
Electron charge, 2
stored by a capacitor, 155
stored by an inductor, 177
Equivalent circuit:
Euler's identity, 219
Exponential form of complex number, 219
Farad, 153
Faraday's law, 175
Ferromagnetic material, 174
Flux:
leakage, 350
mutual, 349
Flux linkage, 175
Frequency, 194
angular, 195
radian, 195
General transformer equation, 358
Generator:
Δ-connected, 386
Y-connected, 385
Giga-, 2
Ground, 33
Grouping of digits, 1
Henry, 175
Hertz, 194
Horsepower, 5
Ideal transformer, 350
Imaginary number, 217
Impedance, 234
coupled, 354
equivalent, 234
input, 235
mutual, 266
output, 303
reactance of, 235
resistance of, 235
self-, 266
Thévenin, 294
total, 234
Impedance angle, 235
Impedance diagram, 235
Impedance plane, 235
Impedance triangle, 236
Independent source, 4
Inductance, 175
equivalent, 176
mutual, 353
self-, 353
total, 176
Inductive circuit, 235
Inductive reactance, 199
Inductor, 175
energy stored, 177
sinusoidal response, 199
Inferred zero resistance temperature, 18
Input impedance, 235
Input resistance, 84
Instantaneous current, 155
Instantaneous voltage, 155
Insulator, 17
Internal resistance, 20
International System of Units (SI), 1
Inverter, 114
Ion, 2
Iron-core transformer, 350
Kilo-, 2
Joule,3
Kilohm-milliampere method, 34
Kilowatthour, 5
Kirchhoff's laws:
Lagging power factor, 325
Lattice circuit, 86
Leading power factor, 325
Leakage flux, 350
Line current, 386
Line voltage, 386
Linear circuit, 82
Linear circuit element, 82
Linear transformer, 352
Load:
parallel three-phase, 390
unbalanced, 393
“Long time,” 165
Loop, 31
Loop current, 57
Magnetic flux, 174
Maximum power transfer theorem, 84, 295
Maxwell bridge, 317
Mega-, 2
Mesh, 31
Mesh current, 56
Mho, 17
Micro-, 2
Milli-, 2
Millman's theorem, 84
Model:
op amp, 112
PSpice op-amp, 139
transformer, 350
Mutual admittance, 267
Mutual conductance, 58
Mutual flux, 349
Mutual impedance, 266
Mutual inductance, 353
Mutual resistance, 57
Nano-, 2
Negative charge, 1
Negative phase sequence, 386
Network (see Circuit)
Network theorem (see Theorem)
Neutral, 386
Neutron, 2
Newton, 3
Node, 31
reference, 33
Node voltage, 33
Nominal value of resistance, 19
Noninverting voltage amplifier, 115
Ohm, 17
Ohm's law, 17
Op amp: (see Operational amplifier)
Open circuit, 20
Operational amplifier (op amp), 112
model, 112
open-loop voltage gain, 112
PSpice model, 139
Operational-amplifier circuits, 112-135
buffer, 116
cascaded op amps, 116
inverter, 114
noninverting voltage amplifier, 115
voltage follower, 116
voltage-to-current converter, 116
Oscillator, 157
Output impedance, 303
Passive sign convention, 5
Periodic quantity, 194
effective value, 198
Permeability, 174
Permittivity, 154
Phase angle, 197
Phase current, 386
Phase difference, 197
Phase relation, 197
Phase sequence, 386
Phase voltage, 386
Phasor, 221
Phasor diagram, 221
Phasor-domain circuit, 232
Pico-, 2
Plane, complex, 218
Polar form of complex number, 219
Polarity, reference voltage, 4
Polarity, voltage, 3
Positive charge, 1
Positive phase sequence, 386
Potential drop, 3
Potential rise, 3
apparent, 327
complex, 326
reactive, 326
real, 326
resistor, 19
three-phase, 391
Power factor, 324
lagging, 325
leading, 325
Power factor angle, 324
Power factor correction, 327
Power measurement:
single-phase, 325
three-phase, 391
two-wattmeter method, 334, 392
Power triangle, 326
Primary winding, 349
Probe, 178
Proton, 1
PSpice analysis:
ac, 268–269
dc, 136–140
Probe, 178
transient, 177–179
three-phase circuits, 393
transformer circuits, 356
Radian, 195
Radian frequency, 195
RC time constant, 156
RC timer, 157
Reactance:
capacitive, 200
of impedance, 235
inductive, 199
Reactive factor, 326
Reactive power, 326
Real number, 217
Rectangular form of complex number, 218
Reference current direction, 2
Reference node, 33
Reference voltage polarity, 4
References, associated, 5
Relative permeability, 175
Relative permittivity, 154
Resistance, 17
equivalent, 31
of impedance, 235
input, 84
internal, 20
mutual, 57
nominal value, 19
self-, 57
Thévenin, 82
tolerance, 19
total, 31
Resistivity, 17
Resistor, 19
color code, 20
linear, 19
nonlinear, 19
sinusoidal response, 198
Resonant frequency, 240
Rise, voltage, 3
RL time constant, 177
rms (root-mean-square) value, 199
Secondary winding, 349
Self-admittance, 267
Self-conductance, 58
Self-impedance, 266
Self-inductance, 353
Self-resistance, 57
Semiconductor, 18
Short circuit, 20
Short-circuit current, 83, 295
SI (International System of Units), 1
Siemens, 17
Sinusoid, 197
average value, 198
effective value, 199
Source:
controlled, 4
current, 3
dc, 4
dependent, 4
independent, 4
practical, 20
voltage, 4
Source transformation, 56, 265
SPICE program, 136
Step-down transformer, 351
Step-up transformer, 351
Subscript notation:
current, 384
Superposition theorem, 84, 295
Susceptance, 238
Temperature coefficient of resistance, 19
Tera-, 2
Theorem:
maximum power transfer, 84, 295
Millman's, 84
Three-phase circuits, 384–414
PSpice analysis, 393
unbalanced, 393
Three-phase power, 391
Three-phase power measurement, 391
Time constant, 156
RC, 156
RL, 177
Time-domain circuit, 232
Time-varying voltages and currents, 155
Timer, RC, 157
Tolerance, resistance, 19
Transformation:
Transformation ratio, 350
Transformers, 349–383
air-core, 352
ideal, 350
iron-core, 350
linear, 352
PSpice models, 356
step-down, 351
step-up, 351
Transient, 156
Transient PSpice analysis, 177–179
Turns ratio, 350
Two-wattmeter method, 334, 392
Unbalanced three-phase circuit, 393
Unit symbol, 1
Units, SI, 1
VAR, 326
Volt, 3
Voltage, 3
node, 33
phase, 386
Voltage difference, 3
Voltage division rule, 32, 236
Voltage drop, 3
Voltage follower, 116
Voltage polarity, 3
reference, 4
Voltage rise, 3
Voltage source, 4
controlled, 4
dependent, 4
independent, 4
Voltage-to-current converter, 116
Voltampere, 326
Voltampere reactive, 326
Watt, 5
Wattmeter, 325
Weber, 174
Wheatstone bridge, 86
Winding:
primary, 349
secondary, 349
Work, 3