Agricultural and Domestic Association (Fourier), 75
Agulhon, M., 62
Arcades project (Benjamin), 18, 24
Arrondissements, 112, 136, 146, 234–235, 242, 244, 286, 306, 321
grassroots democracy and, 235
Association of capital, 117, 134
Au Bonheur des Dames (Zola), 216
Audiganne, A., 281
Authoritarianism, 141, 146, 294
Autogestion (worker self-management), 79, 154
Bailly, J. S., 100
Bakunin, J., 273
Balzac, Honoré de, 4, 13–17, 63, 93, 115, 193, 222, 271
class relations and moral order, 28, 36–39, 229
Colonel Chabert, 52
Country Doctor, The, 27
Cousin Bette, 32, 34, 42, 44, 46, 55–56, 125, 127
Duchesse de Langeais, The, 45–46, 53
Eugénie Grandet, 33
Girl with the Golden Eyes, The, 36, 44, 51, 86–87
History of the Thirteen, 40–41
“Human Comedy, The,” 17, 25, 28–29, 36, 54–56
interiority and fear of intimacy, 44–47
Lost Illusions, 29, 32, 37, 39, 42, 55
on myths of modernity, 23, 52–54
Old Goriot, 29, 39, 43, 51, 55, 86, 115, 125
Old Maid, The, 23
on Paris as “rushing stream,” 32–36
Physiology of Marriage, The, 55
Quest of the Absolute, The, 48
ruling modern aristocracy, 28
space and time themes in, 47–50, 55
on spatial patterns and moral order, 40–41
on streets/public spaces as spectacle, 41–44
Unknown Masterpiece, 46
Bank of France, 119–121, 163, 299, 306
Banking system, 118; see also Credit system
Basilica of Sacré-Coeur, building of, 311–340
Commune violence and aftermath, 327–330
history of construction, 335–339
Legentile’s vow to build, 316–317, 329–330
martyrs Thomas and Lecomte, 325, 327–328
Montmartre as symbolic domination, 332
Bastiat, F., 277
Baudelaire, C., 3, 57, 109, 148, 192, 218, 223, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 289
Bazard, Saint-Amand, 69
Benjamin, Walter, 13, 18–19, 23–24, 46, 53, 67, 82–83, 212, 223, 286
Blanc, Louis, 4, 7, 70–71, 75–76, 79, 86, 260, 270
Blanqui, August, 66, 71–73, 77, 83, 86, 97, 154, 282, 320
Body politic; see also Second Empire
1840 social radicalism of, 71–73
constitution and governance of, 64–65
iconographic representations of, 62–64
individualism vs. socialism, 69
king as person/state, 61
Liberty/Revolution as woman, 62, 64, 287
moral incentives of, 68
post-Revolution of 1848, 86
rational change of, 65
religion and, 69
Saint-Simon on political institutions, 67–68
women’s role in, 69
Book of Compagnonnage (Perdiguier), 71
Buonarotti, 66
Burial at Ornans (Courbet), 275
Burnham, Daniel, 112
Cabet, Etienne, 16, 71–72, 74–80, 83, 86, 154
Capital
association of capital, 117, 134
octroi tax base, 143
state intervention and, 142–144
variable capital, 195
Capital (Marx), 16, 36, 170, 256
Capitalism, 80, 102, 115, 142, 265, 282–285
Cassatt, Mary, 191
Castells, M., 227
César Birroteau (Balzac), 29, 82, 125
Chevalier, Michel, 69, 88, 95, 150, 237
Cith and the Grassroots, The (Castells), 227
Citiés ouvrières, 70, 82, 200–201
City; see also Paris
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 71
Clark, T., 221
Class relations, 28–29, 227–234
Balzac’s country and city, 29–32
bourgeoisie and la bohème, 232, 256, 302
class struggle and historical change, 69
community and, 225
haute bourgeoisie of business, 227, 283, 294
Paris and moral order, 36–39, 279–282
Poulot’s typology of Parisian workers, 230–231
upper middle class, 227
Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850 (Marx), 97
Cobb, R., 227
Cochin, A., 180
Code of Community (1842), 77
Code Napoléon, 183
Colonel Chabert (Balzac), 52
Commune, as political institution, 276
Communication systems, 269–271
Communism, 73, 76–78, 225, 282–285
community of interest, 238
displacement and memory, 236–237, 261
social commune, 244
workers’ class and space, 238
Compagnie des Omnibus de Paris, 113, 123
Compagnie Immobilière, 120
Compagnonnage system, 175, 238
Comptes Fantastiques d’Haussmann (Ferry), 143, 303
Comptoir d’Escompte de Paris, 120
Comte, Auguste, 256
Conseils de prud’hommes (councils of workers/employers), 147, 176
Considérant, Victor, 7, 70, 81, 83–85, 154
Constitutional monarchy, 4
Consumer cooperatives, 301
Consumerism, spectacle, and leisure, 209–224
cafés and working class, 222–223
commercial and public space, 217, 221
exploitation of women and, 216–217
mass consumerism, 220
Cooper, James Fenimore, 30, 271
Corbon, A., 153, 168, 197, 253, 281–284
Country Doctor, The (Balzac), 27
Courbet, Gustave, 3, 15, 99, 232, 234, 257, 269, 275, 328
Cousin Bette (Balzac), 32, 34, 42, 44, 46, 55–56, 125, 127
Cousin Pons (Balzac), 41, 46–47, 55
Craft workers, 97, 153, 155, 175, 179, 234, 259, 306
Creative destruction, 1, 10, 259, 266
Crédit Foncier, 120–121, 134–135
Crédit Industriel et Commercial, 120
Crédit Lyonnais, 119
Crédit Mobilier, 119–121, 143, 179
Credit system, 118, 162–163; see also Money, credit, and finance
“Crepuscule du Soir” (Baudelaire), 266
Daly, César, 64, 80–81, 83, 85
Danton, G. J., 64
Daumard, A., 127–129, 131, 133, 227–28
Daumier, H., 8–9, 17, 37, 61, 64–65, 69, 88, 115, 147, 192, 216, 261, 265, 269
David, J. L., 3
De Fleury, Rohault, 319, 329, 332, 335
De Tocqueville, 267, 272, 287–289
Déjeuner sur l’Herbe (Manet), 289
Delacroix, E., 3, 62, 255, 272, 287
Descartes, Réne, 50
Dickens, Charles, 287
Division of labor, 75, 102, 160–161, 164
Dmitrieff, Elizabeth, 288
Du Camp, Maxime, 13, 164, 255, 286
Duchesse de Langeais, The (Balzac), 45–46, 53
Duman, Alexandre, 122
Duveyrier, 64
Economic liberalization, 88
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (Marx), 16
Egalitarianism, 73
Égalité, 73
Eighteenth Brumaire (Marx), 97, 258, 308
Enfantin, Barthélemy, 69, 73–74, 77, 83, 88
Engels, F., 78
Enquête of 1847-1848, 175
“Essay on the Inequality of Human Races” (Gobineau), 271
Eugénie Grandet (Balzac), 33
Export trade, 161
Extinction of Pauperism, The, 69
Eyes of the Poor, The (Baudelaire), 220–221, 275–276, 280
Family
February Revolution, 97
Ferry, Jules, 143, 148, 261, 303
Feudalism, 67
Finance capital, 102, 134; see also Money, credit, and finance
Flaubert, Gustave, 3–4, 13–17, 64, 86, 88, 148, 192, 256, 271–273, 275–276, 279, 281, 287
Foucault, Michel, 64
Fourier, C., 64–65, 67, 69–83, 200, 256, 260, 285
Fournel, V., 263
Franco-Prussian War, 115
Frègier, 71
Freud, S., 71
Fribourg, A., 299
Fried, M., 259
Gaillard, J., 19, 128, 132, 136, 138, 145, 151–152, 160, 235–236
Gautier, Théophile, 280
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (Keynes), 34
Girl with the Golden Eyes, The (Balzac), 36, 44, 51, 86–87
Gobineau, A., Comte de, 271
Goncourt, Edmond de, 221–222, 255, 263, 265, 281, 286, 329
Government of National Defense (1870), 316, 319–323
Gramsci, A., 141
Greard, 203
Greenberg, L., 279
Grundrisse (Marx), 48
Guedella, P., 5
Guibert, Monsignor, 329–331, 337
Guizot, François, 125
Haine, W., 242
Halbwachs, M., 133
Hanska, Madame, 4
Harlot High and Low, The, 29, 39, 44, 55
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 3–4, 7–14, 16, 39, 50–51, 59, 84–88, 118–119, 188, 277
anti-industry policies, 165–167
attention to details, 100
circulation of capital, 114, 134–135, 142–143
constructed concept of nature, 245–246
health and sanitation issues, 249, 251–252
modernity and urban question, 80–85, 259
octroi tax base, 143
Paris and concept of urban space, 110–111, 114, 122, 131, 239, 241, 260, 275
power under Louis Napoleon, 99–100, 107, 149–151
propertied interests and, 131–134, 151–152, 225
spectacle of Empire and, 209
urban plan and vision, 100
Hegel, G. W. F., 48
Hill, Christopher, 65
Histoire Générale de Paris, 10
History of the Thirteen (Balzac), 40–41
Hittorff, Jacques, 12, 82, 100
Housing, 197–201; see also Property market
Hugo, Victor, 3, 54, 71, 97, 114, 187, 229, 251, 255, 258, 260, 269–270, 272, 287, 289
“Human Comedy, The” (Balzac), 17, 25, 28–29, 36, 54–56
Individualism, 69
Ingres, J. A., 3
International Working Men’s Association, 238–239, 273, 299, 319, 335
Johnston, 78
July Monarchy (1839), 4–5, 8, 70, 107, 113, 128, 130, 153, 210, 248
Kantorowicz, E., 61
Keynes, John Maynard, 34
Kropotkin, P., 273
La Curée (The Kill) (Zola), 51, 116, 122, 133, 261
Labor; see also Work and organized labor
business volume of industries (1847-1848/1860), 157
buying and selling of, 173–179
division of labor, 75, 102, 160–161, 164
economically dependent population (1866), 156
employment structure of Paris (1847/1860), 156
employment/unemployment, 144–145
housing budget and, 198
production of labor, 102
productivity, efficiency, and technology, 167–169
recession of 1878-1868 and, 299–300
reproduction of labor power, 195–207
small/large industry, 157–159, 167–169
state’s management of, 144–146
struggles of 1868-1871 and, 300
Ladies’ Paradise, The (Zola), 233
Lafargue, Paul, 16
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, 3–4, 6, 14–15, 71, 74, 86, 97, 248, 258
Large-scale industry, 157–159, 167–168
L’Argent (Money) (Zola), 117, 122, 233, 273
L’Assommoir (Zola), 170, 188–189, 222
Lazare, Louis, 131, 140, 150, 180
Ledru-Rolin, Alexandre, 7
Lejeune, Xavier-Edouard, 169, 187–188
Leo, Andrée, 288
Leroux, Pierre, 69, 71–3, 75, 79–80, 83, 86
Les Halles, 10–12, 98, 100, 113
Les Misérables (Hugo), 187, 251, 258, 270
Les Mystères de Paris (Sue), 25
Les Odeurs de Paris (Veuillot), 261
Liberation theology, 74
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 62, 287
Lissagaray, P.-O., 322
Loss of a Halo (Baudelaire), 265
Lost Illusions (Balzac), 29, 32, 37, 39, 42, 55
Louis Napoleon, 6–7, 9–10, 12–13, 15, 69–70, 88, 97–100, 107, 141, 143–144, 200, 209, 223
Louis Philippe, 4, 62, 65, 125
L’Union Ouvrière (Tristan), 61, 72
Luxembourg Commission, 154
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 14, 255
Mairie (city hall), 112, 204, 235
Marchand, B., 85
Marcus, Sharon, 41
Marrey, B., 82
Marx, Karl, 1, 10, 29, 33, 46, 59, 66, 69, 78–79, 89, 102, 151, 266, 306, 320
association and, 284
Capital, 16, 36, 170, 175, 256
Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850, 97
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, 16
Eighteenth Brumaire, 97, 258, 308
Grundrisse, 48
utopianism and, 53
Mass consumerism, 220
Mémoires (Flaubert), 255
Mémoires (Haussmann), 8–9, 13, 99, 151, 259
Michelet, J., 183, 185, 191, 258–259, 272–273, 288–289
Middle class (upper/lower), 37
“Millionaires’ strike,” 299
Modernity
Balzac’s Paris and, 32–35, 52–54
Baudelaire’s sense of, 14–15, 23, 257
Molé, Louis, 4
Monarchists, 296
Money, credit, and finance, 117–124; see also Credit system
Montesquieu, Baron, 271
Moreau, Edouard, 206
Morisot, Berthe, 191
Mutual benefit societies, 297, 301
Mutualism, 154
Nadar, 236
Nadaud, M., 206
Neo-Malthusian policy, 145, 207, 233, 237
“New Town of the Paris of the Saint-Simonians, The” (Duveyrier), 64
Nonpolitical meetings, 302
Octroi tax base, 143
“Old Clown, The” (Baudelaire), 15–16, 54
Old Goriot (Balzac), 29, 39, 43, 51, 55, 86, 115, 125
Old Maid, The (Balzac), 23
Ollivier, Emile, 100, 298, 303
Olympia (Manet), 289
On Humanity (Leroux), 71
Organic Law of 1855, 152
Organization of Work, The (Blanc), 71, 75
Owen, Robert, 16
Painting of Modern Life, The (Clark), 59
Palais de l’Industrie, 13
in 1848
aftermath of riots, 5–6, 94, 97–99, 283, 293
counterrevolution and, 85
Haussmann’s reconstruction plans, 8–10
industry of, 19
in 1860s, working-class politics of, 296–298
Balzac on, see Balzac, Honoré de
as city of modernity, 32–33, 266, 316
economically dependent population (1866), 156
employment structure of (1847/1860), 156
export trade and, 161
Fourier’s on urban question, 82
Haussmann and; see Haussmann, Georges-Eugène
metropolitan and national space, 84
population (1831–1876), 95
public spaces of spectacle of, 41–44
self-government of, 278
spatial pattern and moral order, 40–41
suburbanization of, 275
Paris Commune of 1871, 4, 67, 81, 99, 114, 145, 180, 182, 193, 200–201, 225, 242, 273, 278, 286, 305, 308, 319, 325–329
Paris en l’An 2000 (Moilin), 285
Paris Pittoresque et Monumentale (Meynadier), 84
Paris Spleen (Baudelaire), 15, 266
Park, Robert, 40
Party of Order, 85
Peasantry, The (Balzac), 26, 29, 63
People’s Bank, 123
Pereire brothers, 69, 113, 117–123, 134–135, 137–138, 143, 151, 163, 238, 277, 299
Perreymond, 81, 83–85, 115, 285
Phalanstères, 71, 75, 78, 82, 200, 263, 285
Physiology of Marriage, The (Balzac), 55
Picasso, Pablo, 46
Place de la Concorde, 82
Pollock, G., 191
Polot, D., 160
Pope, Alexander, 48
Poulot, Denis, 160, 169–170, 175–176, 180, 190, 200, 205, 228, 241–242
Promenades in London (Tristan), 71
Propertied interest, 102
apartment house design, 125
circulation of capital, 133–137
financial returns of, 127–128, 131
gentrification of Paris, 138–139
housing construction speculation, 135–136
landlord class and, 151
land-use rationale, 137
personal wealth and, 129
scarcity of units, 127
speculation in, 125
Proudhon, Pierre, 15, 71–72, 74–77, 79–80, 83, 86, 123, 131, 147, 154–155, 192, 200, 203, 236, 256, 270, 273, 283–284, 299
Psychogeography of place, 42
Quest of the Absolute, The (Balzac), 48
Rancière, J., 19, 69, 78, 153–154
Rawls, John, 79
Realism, 257
Recession of 1878-1868, 299
Reclus, Elisée, 273
Renan, Ernest, 222
Rent and the propertied interest, 125–140, 166, 197; see also Property market
Republic
Retail industry, 111, 164–165, 212
Revolution of 1848, 59, 70, 89, 97–99, 144, 256, 267
Revolution of 1870-1871, 89, 99
Revue Générale de l’Architecture et des Travaux Publics (Daly), 80–81, 85
Rifkin, A., 230
Rochefort, V. H., 304
Rose, R., 66
Rossi, Aldo, 54
Rothschild family, 117–119, 121, 123, 143, 151, 163, 234, 238, 277
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 260, 271
Said, E., 272
Saint-Simon, H., Comte de, 1, 10, 14, 16, 28, 64–65, 67–68, 70–72, 74, 79, 83, 114, 225, 256, 260
Saint-Simonian feminists, 72
Saint-Simonian movement, 78–79, 81, 83, 107, 110, 117, 123, 154
“state productive expenditures,” 142
Salammbo (Flaubert), 272–273, 281
“Salon of 1846, The,” 23
Sand, George, 3, 70–71, 74–75, 97, 185, 248, 274, 288
Science of Man (Enfantin), 88
Second Empire, 17–18, 25, 59, 69, 75, 79, 82, 86, 88, 98
as authoritarian state, 146–149, 294
centralization/decentralization in, 276–279
class conflicts, 155
financial reform, 119
industry, finance, and commerce, 162–165
organized labor in, 284
popular culture of, 253
republican party and, 297
spectacle and monumentality of, 209–212, 222–223
transformation of Paris, 102, 114, 116
Second Industrial Divide, The (Piore and Sable), 79
Senior, Nassau, 144
Sentimental Education (Flaubert), 3–5, 14, 64, 86–88, 271, 275
Sewell, W. H., 72
Simeon, Count, 9
Simmel, G., 33
Simon, Jules, 177, 184, 191–192, 202
Small scale industry, 157–159, 167–168, 232, 283
Smith, Adam, 68
Socialism, 59, 69, 71, 97, 285–286
Socialist utopianism, 59
Sociéte des Saisons, 66
Society for the Rights of Man, 72
Space relations, 107, 116, 149, 241, 271
State, 102, 141–152; see also Body politic; Second Empire
circulation of capital and, 142–144
control of populace, 148
labor power management and, 144–146
Louis Napoleon’s authoritarianism, 141
State monopoly capitalism, 119
State productive expenditures, 142
Steegmuller, F., 13
Stern, Daniel, 3
“Studies on the City of Paris” (Perreymond), 84
Suburbanization, 275
Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), 287
Temptation of Saint Anthony (Flaubert), 13
Theory of the Four Movements, The (Fourier), 70
Thiers, Adolphe, 4, 7, 81, 85, 97–98, 229, 234, 238, 258, 278, 305–306, 323, 325–326, 328
Third Republic, 197
Tourism, 174
Trade unions, 297
Transportation system, 270
Tristan, Flora, 61, 71–75, 192–193
Tuileries Palace, 4, 7, 15, 64, 109
Union of Associations (1849), 76
Universal Expositions, 114, 120, 200, 212, 235, 257, 259, 271, 299
Unknown Masterpiece (Balzac), 46
Upper class, 39
Urban planning, 112
spectacle and, 210
Urban transformation, 293
Varlin, Eugène, 169, 201–202, 205–206, 239, 255, 299–302, 327–328, 335
Vendôme Column, 328
Veuillot, Louis, 261
Villermé, L.-R., 71
Vincent, K., 76
Voyage in Icaria (Cabet), 71
What is Property, 71
Wild Ass’s Skin, The (Balzac), 26–27
Women
bourgeois “good wife,” 190, 192
as buyers/sellers, 216
domestic employment of, 185
family and family structures, 193, 206–207
freedom and equality of, 73–74
gender, sexuality, and revolution, 286–291
Women’s Union, 193
Work and organized labor, 78–80, 103, 232, 306
1860s working-class politics, 297–299
abstract/concrete labor, 153–171
annual incomes and wages (1847-1871), 177–178, 184
experience of laboring, 170–171
Proudhon’s labor numéraire, 79
recession of 1867-1868 and, 299
Worker self-management, 79
Workers’ Commission of 1867, 165, 169, 178, 180, 190, 283, 285, 289–290
Workers’ parliament, 5
Zola, Emile, 125, 170–171, 182, 187–189, 193, 216, 266, 286, 289