Al-Tabari, Ta’rikh al-Rusul wa-l-muluk 168, 226

Tabernacies (Sukkot) 29, 50, 120

taboo

in African religions 573

and gender 660

in Pacific religions 557, 560

Tagore, Debendranāth 303

T’ ai-chi 452–3

Tai-hsu 428

Taiwan

and Buddhism 430

see also China, maritime

Talayesva, Don 518

Taliban 929

Talmud 13, 20, 22, 876

Tambiah, S. J. 392

Tambor de Mina see Candomblé

Tantras

Hindu 279–80, 292

Tibetan 430, 431–3, 437, 470, 471–2

Tantrism

Buddhist 412, 431–4, 436–7, 463, 491, 503–4

and Hinduism 280, 305, 308, 432

Western 611

Tao-chiao see Taoism

Tao-ch’o 421

Taoism

and Buddhism 372, 374, 415, 418, 423–4

and cosmology 452, 453, 453, 455–6, 487

festivals 447–8, 462–3, 473

history 449–50

and mysticism 458, 465–70, 472, 674

and ritual 452, 453–4, 455, 457, 460–63, 470, 475

sources 448

spiritual 449

status 474–5

Tapodhan (Wealth of Asceticism) 364

tapu (taboo) 560

Taylor, Charles 873

teacher

in Northern Buddhism 433, 436

see also gurū; rabbinism; Tirthankaras

Tedlock, Dennis 518

Tegh Bahadur, Gurū 313, 317, 320

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 679–80

Tempeis, Placide 698

temple

in Bahā’ism 637

in Buddhism 430, 463, 471, 474, 487, 755, 813

in Chinese religions 463–4

in Hinduism 278, 278, 280, 291, 295, 298, 301, 308

in diaspora communities 744–7, 761, 766–7, 787–9, 805–7, 810, 816, 819

in Jainism 346, 356–8, 359, 362, 365, 766, 769, 810

Jewish 49, 62, 117

in Zoroastrianism 239, 248, 250, 252, 754, 795, 812, 836

Tendai school of Buddhism 420, 434, 485, 491

Tenrikyo 860

Tenskwatawa 544

Terāpantha Jains 346, 352, 354, 358, 361, 364, 365–6

Teresa of Avila 118, 476 n.3

territoriality, and Christianity 72, 75, 81, 82, 83–5

terrorism

in Japan 509–10

Muslim 219, 221, 87, 864, 871, 874, 879, 880, 883, 884, 889–90, 893, 911, 914–17, 921, 928–33, 936

Teton tribe 534–7

Tewa Popé 544

Thailand

and Christianity 92

and images of Buddha 386–7

and Islam 229

and Southern Buddhism 372, 411, 413, 675, 813

Thammayur brotherhood 411, 413

theism

and African religions 705

and Buddhism 412

and Hinduism 271, 279, 287, 302–4

and spirituality 671, 675

theology, of African religions 565, 567–8, 568, 570–71, 576

theology, Christian 94–107, 697–701

African 698–9, 701, 707

in barbarian phase 96

and biblical studies 97–101, 103–4, 105–6

black 106, 697–701, 712–13, 723–8

diaspora 842

in Eastern Christianity 81, 97

and European Enlightenment 99, 101–4, 105

and evolutionary thought 104–5

feminist 653–4, 661–3, 665, 842, 847

in hellenistic-Roman phase 94–6

see also liberation theology

theology, Muslim 174–80, 202–10

theology of religions 106–7

Theosophy 606, 612, 628

and Buddhism 412, 755

and Hinduism 305

and Zoroastrianism 252

Theravāda Buddhism see Southern Buddhism

Thompson, L. G. 451

Three Self movement 475, 476

Tibet, and Northern Buddhism 372, 392, 419, 428, 430–39, 470–72, 474, 741, 846

T’ien-t’ai (Tiantai) tradition 417, 419, 420, 423, 424, 434, 470, 471

Tipitaka 381–3

Tirthankaras (teachers) 342, 343, 344, 351, 356, 358, 359

Tisha Be-Av 30–31

Tokugawa, Ieyasu 485

Tokugawa, Mitsukuni 493

tolerance

in Bahā’ism 627

in Christianity 708

in Hinduism 266

in Islam 20, 751–2

in Sikhism 338

tongues, Christian use 113, 127, 152, 715, 724

Torah (Pentateuch)

and Christianity 57, 63, 66

and Islam 179

in Judaism 13, 22, 23–5, 27–9, 30–31, 33–4, 37, 54

Torres Strait Islander religions 853, 865

totemism

in African religions 568, 574

in native North American religions 523, 530

in Pacific religions 555–6, 557

Toyotomi, Hideyoshi 485

tradition

in diaspora communities 771, 789–90, 805–6, 815, 819, 823–4, 827, 830–32

in Eastern Christianity 97, 131, 133–4

great/little 6–7, 265, 352–3, 410, 482

in Islam see ḥadīths

oral: in Africa 575, 699, 704; in Buddhism 382, 414; in Judaism 37; in native North American religions 544; in Pacific religions 552; in primal religions 583; in Zoroastrianism 238, 239

in Oriental Christianity 136

in Sikhism 753–4

Transcendentalism, New England 603

translation

of Avesta 238–9, 240

of Bahā’i scriptures 624

of Christian scriptures 66, 78, 100, 115, 139, 696

of Qur’an 166–7

see also International Sacred Literature Trust

Trent, Council (1545–63 CE) 7, 139, 141

tribe, African 564, 576

Trinity, in Christianity 114

Trudeau, Pierre 886, 888

Ts’ao-tung (Soto) school of Buddhism 422, 492

Tshibangu, T. 698–9

Tsong kha pa 434, 437–8

Tsou Yen school 450, 452

Tu-shun 420

Tucci, Giuseppe 418

tulkus 436

Tulsi, Acharya 364

Tulsidas 278, 306

Tunisia, and Islam 221, 228, 230

turban, in Sikhism 321, 327–8, 338, 753, 781, 785–6, 799, 827, 833–4

Turkey

and Christianity 131

and Islam 170, 206, 215, 223, 227, 229

Turner, Harold W. 552

Tutu, Desmond 701

Twelver Shi‘ism 209, 210, 225

Twigg MP, Stephen 914

Tzom Gedaliah 27

Uberoi, Varun 885–6

ultimatism, in Buddhism 411, 412, 428

Umansky, Ellen M. 658

’Umar, Caliph 169, 182, 225

Umayyad dynasty 169–70, 203, 208, 225

Umbanda spirit cult 86, 565, 720

Umma (community) 169, 180

’umra (lesser pilgrimage) 195–8

Underhill, Evelyn 671, 672, 678

Uniate churches 134–5, 136

Unification Church (Moonies) 615, 618

Unitarianism 153, 653

United Church of Christ in Japan (Kyodan) 507

United Front Association 475

United Holy Church of America 712

United Methodist Church 711

United Synagogue 43

unity of Christianity 126, 151, 156

Universalist Church 653

Universal Negro Improvement Association 717

upanayana (initiation) 289

Upanishads 268–9, 279, 302–3, 376

urbanization, effects on Christianity 90, 147, 150, 158, 579

USA

and African diaspora religions 693–4, 707–14, 727

and alternative religions 598–616, 614, 617

and Bahā’ism 8, 620–21, 622, 628, 637

and Baptists 124, 144–6, 597, 708, 710, 926

and Black churches 922

and Buddhism 372, 440, 598–9, 813–14, 846, 923, 924, 92

Caribbean migration to 931

Chinese migration to 926

and church and state 143, 144, 707–8

and Christianity 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 930, 934, 935, 936

and diaspora Christianity 811–13, 814, 816, 818–19, 845

and Eastern Christianity 131, 133

and Evangelical revival 143–4

and evolutionary thought 105

and expansion of Christianity 85, 144–6

and Fundamentalism 146–7

and Hinduism 598–9, 804–9, 816, 818–19, 843–4, 923, 924, 927, 936, 937

Indian migration to 923, 926

Iranian migration to 930

and Islam 172, 598–600, 707, 713–14, 801–4, 816, 818, 842–3, 923, 924, 927, 929–31, 936, 937

and Jainism 365–6, 809–10, 923

and Judaism 15–18, 34, 41–3, 52–4, 611, 801, 924, 925, 930, 934, 936

Middle East migration to 930

and Native Americans 90

and Pentecostalism 926

Philippines migration to 926

and Protestantism 924, 934, 936

and recession from Christianity 89

and Roman Catholicism 924, 926, 932, 934, 936

and Sikhism 323–4, 328, 798, 799–800, 816, 838, 841–2, 923, 928

and South Asian diaspora religions 598–9, 686, 798–819, 821–2, 824–6, 838–42

and Syrian migration to 930

and transnational families and religions 814–19

twenty-first century religion in 921–38

and Zoroastrianism 240, 256–7, 812 see also African Americans; North America

’Uthman, Caliph 166, 169, 225

Al-’Uzza 176

Vairocana (Supreme Buddha) 491

Vaisakhi festival 319, 327, 337

Vaishnavism (Vaiṣṇavism) 271, 279–80, 284–5, 289, 308, 335, 881

in diaspora communities 750, 807–8

Vaishyas (Vaiśyas) 269

Vajrayana Buddhism see Mantrayana Buddhism

Vallabha 279

vandana 354

Vardhamāna Jnatrputra see Mahavira

Varṇas (social classes) 269, 279, 289, 330, 332

varṇāshrama (varnāirama) dharma 269, 282–3, 333

Vars 313

Vasubandhu 416

Vecsey, Christopher 519

Veda 268, 269, 271, 303, 304, 332, 789

Vedānta 271, 279, 305–6, 611

in diaspora Hinduism 306, 740, 743, 747, 804, 878, 880–81, 885

Vedanta Society 880–81, 882

see also Ramakrishna Mission

Vedism 266–9, 271, 278, 288, 330, 742, 788–9

and Buddhism 375–6

vegetarianism

in Buddhism 381

in Hinduism 743

in Jainism 352, 366, 810, 842

in Sikhism 325, 327, 338

in Zoroastrianism 250

veil, in Islam 201–2, 218–19, 220, 750

vernacular

in African Christianity 149–50

Christian use of 73, 78–9, 82, 91, 100, 115, 696

in Hinduism 280, 281, 301–2

in Jainism 346, 362

in Judaism 40

in Latin Christianity 137, 139–40

in Northern Christianity 142, 147

in Oriental Christianity 135

in South Asian diaspora religions 828–30

Vesākha (Buddha Day) 409, 755

Vibhajjavada Buddhism 393, 426, 427

see also Southern Buddhism

Vietnam

and Buddhism 372, 426, 439, 813

and Christianity 92

Vijňaptimātra (‘information only’)

Buddhism 416–17, 419, 420, 423

Vinaya school of Buddhism 423, 424, 435, 438

Vinaya-piṭaka 282, 419, 420, 426, 430

violence

and Christianity 700–701, 712–13

and Hinduism 306–7

and Islam 219, 221

see also ahiṃsā (non-violence)

Vira-Shaivism (-Saivism) 280

Virgin Mary, in Latin Christianity 77, 141–2, 152

Vir Sainik 364

Vishishtadvaita (Viśiṣtādvaita) (differentiated non-duality) 279

Vishnu (Viṣṇu) 270, 271, 272, 280, 284–5, 287, 291, 307, 553

in diaspora communities 743, 746, 806, 878

festivals 294

Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) 330, 745, 747, 787, 818, 873, 881

Visiddhimagga 392

visualization

in Chinese religions 463

in Mahāyāna Buddhism 388–9, 412, 421

in Northern Buddhism 433, 436, 471

vivāha (marriage) 289–90

Vivekananda (Narendranath Datta) 305–6, 598, 672, 760, 804

vodun snake cult 565

Vogt, Kari 658

Voice of Hinduism 878

Voodoo 86, 565, 715–16, 721

Wahhābism 211–12, 227

Wainwright, Geoffrey 677

Walam Olum 528–9, 530–31

Wali-Allah, Shah 212, 227

water

in Chinese religions 466

in Christianity 123–4, 151

in Hinduism 266, 282, 288

in Islam 189, 192, 196

in Pacific religions 560

in Zoroastrianism 250, 251

Waters, Frank 520

Watt, W. Montgomery 207

Way International 615

Webb, A. R. M. 598

Weber, Albrecht 346–8

Weinfeld, Morton 877

Wel Huscun 469

Wellhausen, Julius 103

Wesak/Vesakha 409

Wesley, Charles 118

Wessinger, C. 658–9

West Bank and Gaza 51, 222, 228, 229

Wetstein, J. J. 100

Whirling Dervishes 207, 226

Whitefield, George 708

Wicca 609–10, 663

Williams, F. E. 550

Williams, R. B. 826

Williams, Roger 708

Williamson, R. W. 550

Wilson, J. 251–2

Wilson, M. 576

Winti (Alfodré) 719

wisdom

and ancient wisdom groups 606–7

as feminine 660

in Mahāyāna Buddhism 389, 390, 414, 675

and spirituality 671, 676

witchcraft

in Africa 93, 150, 566, 568, 574, 576, 578–9, 703, 706

and alternative religious movements 609

in native North American religions 541, 544

see also shamanism

Wodziwob 544

Wolf, A. 451

womanspirit movement 663, 680

women

academic studies 652–5

in African Independent churches 702, 750

in African religions 705, 720, 721

in Christianity 74, 107, 158–9, 658, 662

in Hinduism 282, 291, 661, 743, 766–7, 773: and education 295, 303, 736

in Islam 192, 194, 198–9, 200–203, 220, 222–4, 658: diaspora 737, 751, 766, 772–3, 791–2, 823, 827; and education 213, 219, 228, 766, 773, 792; and mosque worship 201, 202, 223, 766, 791–2; and purdah 201–2, 218–19, 223

in Jainism 345, 658

in Judaism 32, 34, 48, 53–4, 658, 662

in new religious movements 590, 659, 660

in Pacific religions 555, 557

in Sikhism 316, 319, 338, 658, 773, 801

in South Asian diaspora 736–7, 772–4, 827, 837

and spirituality 656, 673–4, 680–81

in world religions 655–6

in Zoroastrianism 248, 250, 827

see also feminism; gender; patriarchy

Women Against Fundamentalism 772–3

Wonhyo 423

World Conference on Religion and Peace 502

World Council of Churches 133, 156, 592, 651–2, 702, 724

World Council of Muslim Women’s Foundation 891

World Sikh Organization 800, 888

World’s Parliament of Religions 305, 361, 597–8, 618, 653, 804

World Trade Center attack see 9/11 terrorist attacks

worship

in African religions 574–5

and art 127–30

in Bahā’ism 637

in Buddhism 406–7

changes in 158–9

in diaspora communities 715, 769–71, 787–90, 831, 836

in Hinduism 278, 288, 291–2, 300, 742–4, 766–7, 787–90, 806

in Islam 165, 174, 189–93, 201, 223, 727, 791–2, 801–2

in Jainism 356–8, 359, 756, 810, 836

in Latin Christianity 68, 140

in new religious movements 587, 590

in Oriental Christianity 136–7

in Sikhism 324, 327, 333, 335–7, 754, 767, 783, 785

see also liturgy; prayer

Worsley, Peter 552

Wovokn 544

Yahweh 109

Yājur-veda 268

Yanagita, Kunio 495

yantras 291–2

Yarnold, Edward 677

Yasin, Shaykh Ah [.]mad 222, 228

Yasna Haptanhīti 240

yatis 361, 362

yazatas 246, 251, 252

year

Bahā’i 636, 637, 641–2

Christian 120, 830

Islamic 181–2, 231–2

in Japanese religions 495–6

Jewish 27–31, 28, 189–93

in Pacific religions 553–4

Zoroastrian 250, 259–60

Yiddish 18, 40

yin and yang 449–50, 452–3, 455–6, 457, 461, 470, 487

yoga

in Eastern Buddhism 416

Hindu 285–7

in Northern Buddhism 437

Sikh 325–6, 800

Tantric 280

Western 611

Yogācāra Buddhism 416–17, 419, 420, 423, 435, 436

Yoga-sūtras (Patanjali) 674

Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 27–9, 38

yoni 291

Yoruba religion 570, 571, 573, 575, 576, 702, 706, 715, 719–20

Yoshida, Kanetomo 492–3

Yoshida Shinto 492–3

Yoshinori, Takeuchi 675

Young, Serenity 657, 660

Young Muslims UK 771

Yusuf Ali 166

zakāt (alms-giving) 193–4

Zarathushtra see Zoroaster

Zardhustis 905

Zen Buddhism see Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism

Zine, Jasmine 891

Zion Christian Church 590, 702

Zionism 15, 43–6

and Ashkenazi Jews 18

and messianism 46, 51

and Reform Judaism 41

Zohar 13, 21–2

Zoroaster (Zarathu tra) 238, 239, 240, 260

date 243

as priest 245

teachings 245–7, 249–50, 252–4, 829

Zoroastrianism 238–60

academic study 240–43

in Australia 240, 256, 730, 754, 858

basic observances 247–50, 829–30

in Britain 240, 253–4, 255, 759–60, 764, 769, 771, 823, 832, 834, 837, 904, 905

calendar 250, 257, 259–60

in Canada 240, 254, 256–7, 777, 794–6

doctrines 239, 243–7

in East Africa 254, 255, 822

geographical distribution 239–40, 241, 823

history 239–40

in Hong Kong 254

in India 239–40, 250, 254–6, 822

in Iran 238, 239, 249–50, 251, 253–7, 260, 795, 822

and Islam 171

modern developments 251–4, 822–3, 844–5

in Pakistan 255, 754, 822, 823

in Persia 238, 239

popular customs 249, 250–51

populations 242

sources 238–9

as transnational 814

in USA 240, 256–7, 812

see also diaspora; fire; Parsis; prayer; priest; ritual; temple; worship

Zoroastrian Reform Society 252

Zurvanism 247

Zwingli, Huldrych 78, 97

Index compiled by Meg Davies