Index

Numbers

• 9/11, 379–384

• 12th Amendment, 10
• 16th Amendment, 216–217
• 17th Amendment, 217
• 18th Amendment, 218
• 19th Amendment, 218

• 23rd Amendment, 10

• 54-40 or fight, 117

• Fourteen Points, 224–225

A

• abolitionist, defined, 177–178
• A-bombs, dropping, 267
• Acts
  • Agricultural Marketing, 239
  • Alien, 50, 52
  • Alien and Sedition, 52
  • Alien Enemies, 52
  • American Recovery and Reinvestment, 393
  • Americans with Disabilities, 361
  • Beer and Wine Revenue, 251
  • Budget Reform, 14, 15
  • Child Labor, 218
  • Civil Aeronautics, 263
  • Civil Rights, 309
  • Civil Service Reform, 171
  • Clayton Antitrust, 218
  • Clean Air, 361
  • Congressional, 59
  • Dawes, 183
  • Dependent Pension, 189
  • Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation, 378
  • Economy, 251
  • Elementary and Secondary Education, 310
  • Embargo, 60
  • Emergency Banking, 251
  • Fair Labor Standards, 252
  • Family and Medical Leave, 367
  • Federal Home Loan Bank, 239
  • Federal Reserve, 217
  • GINA, 379
  • Glass-Steagall, 239
  • Hepburn, 204
  • Higher Education, 310
  • Highway Beautification, 310
  • Interstate Commerce, 183
  • Intolerable, 34
  • Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation, 378
  • Kansas-Nebraska, 144
  • Kellogg-Briand, 235
  • Land, 104
  • Lend-Lease, 256
  • McKinley Tariff, 189, 193
  • Meat Inspection, 204
  • Medicare, 310, 378
  • Military Reconstruction, 160
  • Model Cities, 310
  • National Housing, 252
  • National Industrial Recovery, 251
  • Naturalization, 52
  • NCLB, 379
  • Neutrality, 255–256
  • Non-Intercourse, 60
  • Obamacare, 394–395, 408
  • Patriot, 381
  • Pendleton, 179
  • Publicity, 210
  • Pure Food and Drug, 204
  • Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 252
  • Removal, 90, 91
  • Safe Drinking Water, 367
  • Screen Actors Guild, 344
  • Securities Exchange, 252
  • Sedition, 52
  • Sherman Antitrust, 189
  • Social Security, 252
  • Stamp, 34, 46
  • Taft-Hartley, implementing, 270
  • Tax Cuts and Jobs, 408
  • Tax Relief, 393
  • Tenure of Office, 161
  • Townshed, 34
  • Transportation, 264
  • Unemployment Compensation, 218
  • Voting Rights, 309
  • Wagner, 252
  • War Powers, 11, 14
• Adams, John
  • overview, 45–46
  • personal information, 433
  • political career of, 46–54
  • upbringing of, 46
• Adams, John Quincy
  • chosen by House of Representatives, 78
  • death of, 80
  • election of, 76
  • interest in European affairs, 76–78
  • overview, 75–76
  • personal information, 434
  • presidency of, 78–79
  • rivalry with Jackson, 85
  • serving as Congressman, 79–80
  • upbringing of, 77
• Adams, Louisa, 77
• Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
  • provisions of, 394–395
  • Trump cutting back on, 408
• Afghanistan, 351, 381–382, 396–397
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 251–252
• Agricultural Marketing Act, 239
• Algiers Conference, 203
• Alien Act, 52
• Alien and Sedition Acts, 50, 52
• Alien Enemies Act, 52
• Alliance, Treaty of, 41
• ambassadors, 11
• amendments
  • 12th, 10
  • 16th, 216–217
  • 17th, 217
  • 18th, 218
  • 19th, 218
  • 23rd, 10
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 393
• Americans with Disabilities Act, 361
• AmeriCorps, 367
• Anti-Federalists, 38
• apartheid, defined, 389
• appointments, presidential, 22
• Appomattox, 164
• Arab Spring, 398
• Arkansas, Clinton governing, 365
• arms control
  • defined, 224
  • Kennedy discussing with Soviet Union, 296–297
• Arthur, Chester A.
  • personal information, 437
  • political career of, 178–180
• Articles of Confederation, 8–9
• assassinations
  • Garfield, 176
  • Kennedy, 301
  • Lincoln, 154
  • McKinley, 196–197
• auto industry bailout, 394
• axis, defined, 256
• Axson, Ellen Louise, 214

B

• Balfour Declaration, 268
• Baltimore American (newspaper), 106
• banks, Jackson opposing, 89
• Battle of Chattanooga, 164
• Battle of Saratoga, 35
• Battle of Vicksburg, 164
• Bay of Pigs, 297–298
• Beer and Wine Revenue Act, 251
• Berlin airlift, implementing, 269
• Berlin Wall, building, 298–299
• Biddle, Nicholas, 89
• Bill Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, 429
• Bill of Rights, passing, 38–39, 58
• bills, Cleveland vetoing, 181
• birther debate, 405
• Black Codes, 159
• Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Brown vs., 282–283
• bombs, dropping, 267
• Boston Massacre, 46
• Boston Tea Party, 34, 46
• Bouvier, Jacqueline Lee. See Kennedy, Jackie
• British
  • fighting, 68
  • seizing U.S. sailors, 60
• British Canada, Van Buren battling with, 102
• Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 282–283
• Buchanan, James
  • interpretation of presidential powers, 12
  • personal information, 436
  • ranking, 423
• budget policies, 14
• Budget Reform Act, 14, 15
• Bull Moose Party, 205–206
• bully pulpit, 16, 200–201, 218
• Burr, Aaron
  • losing to Thomas Jefferson, 58
  • receiving equal votes, 10
• Bush, George H. W.
  • personal information, 440
  • political career of, 357–362
• Bush, George W.
  • 9/11 and, 379–384
  • campaigning, 376
  • election of, 377–378
  • governing Texas, 375–376
  • overview, 373–374, 375
  • personal information, 441
  • presidency, 378–379
  • restoring imperial presidency, 15–16
  • retiring, 385–386
  • running for governor, 375
  • winning reelection, 384–385
• busing, 349

C

• Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN), 24, 25
• Calhoun, John Caldwell
  • leading War Hawks, 68
  • Martin Van Buren's feud with, 100
• Camp David Accords, 338
• campaigns
  • Adams, 49
  • Bush, George H. W., 359
  • Bush, George W., 376
  • Carter, 337
  • Clinton, 365–366
  • Eisenhower, 281
  • Harding, 230
  • Hoover, 237–238
  • image, 103
  • Kennedy, 293–295
  • Obama, 391
  • Polk, 114–115
  • Roosevelt, 248–249, 258–259
  • Taylor, 123
  • Trump, 405–406
  • Wilson, 216
• careers, legal
  • Harrison, 190
  • Lincoln, 141
• careers, political
  • Adams, 46–54
  • Arthur, 178–180
  • Bush, George H. W., 357–362
  • Carter, 336–341
  • Cleveland, 181–186
  • Clinton, 364–371
  • Coolidge, 232–236
  • Eisenhower, 280–289
  • Ford, 330–335
  • Garfield, 174–176
  • Grant, 162–166
  • Harding, 227–232
  • Harrison, 186–190
  • Hayes, 167–171
  • Hoover, 236–241
  • Jackson, 86–93
  • Jefferson, 55–61
  • Johnson, Andrew, 157–162
  • Johnson, Lyndon, 304–313
  • Kennedy, 291–296
  • Lincoln, 140–153
  • Madison, 65–69
  • McKinley, 191–197
  • Monroe, 70–75
  • Nixon, 317–325
  • Obama
    • campaigning, 391
    • election of, 391–392
    • foreign policies, 396–398
    • overview, 389
    • presidency, 392–396
    • retiring, 399
    • State Senate, 389–390
    • U.S. Senate, 390–391
    • winning reelection, 396
  • Polk, 112–120
  • Reagan
    • governing California, 345
    • Iran-Contra scandal, 352–353
    • overview, 344–345
    • presidency, 346–350
    • reestablishing U.S. world domination, 350–351
    • retiring, 362
    • winning against Gerald Ford, 345–346
    • winning reelection, 352
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D., 246–254
  • Roosevelt, Theodore
    • becoming governor of New York, 200
    • Bull Moose, becoming, 205–206
    • choosing successor, 204–205
    • death of, 206
    • national politics, 199–200
    • overview, 197–198
    • presidency, 200–202
    • retiring, 206
    • Rough Riders, founding, 200
    • serving on New York state legislature, 198–199
    • vice presidency, 200
    • winning reelection, 203–204
  • Taft, 208–211
  • Taylor, 121–125
  • Truman, 261–274
  • Trump, 405–413
  • Tyler, 108–110
  • Van Buren, 97–98, 101–102
  • Washington, 33–34
  • Wilson, 215–225
• Carter, Jimmy
  • personal information, 440
  • political career of, 336–341
  • public persuasion and, 24
• Carter Doctrine, 339
• Cash for Clunkers, 393
• Catherine, Thelma, 316
• Central America, 350
• character, of presidents, 23
• Chattanooga, Battle of, 164
• Checkers Speech, 318
• checks and balances, 10–11
• Cherokee, 90–91
• chief diplomat, Adams as, 48
• chief executive, 18
• chief foreign policy maker, 18
• chief legislator, 18
• Child Labor Acts, 218
• China
  • becoming communistic, 272–273
  • Trump implementing tariffs against, 410
• Christian, Letitia, 108
• Civil Aeronautics Act, 263
• civil rights, 299–301
  • Johnson and, 306–309
  • limiting, 52–53
• Civil Rights Act, 309
• Civil Rights Bill, 160
• Civil Service Reform Act, 171
• civil strife, quelling, 41–42
• Civil War, 147–149
  • avoiding, 53
  • battles, 149
• Civilian Conservation Corps, 251
• Clay, Henry
  • leading War Hawks, 68
  • losing to Polk, 114–115
  • supporting Adams, 87
• Clayton Antitrust Act, 218
• Clean Air Act, 361
• Cleveland, Grover
  • personal information, 437
  • political career of, 181–186
  • ranking, 20
• Clinton, Bill
  • personal information, 441
  • political career of, 364–371
• Clinton, Hillary, 364
• coal miners’ strike, 201
• Cold War, defined, 316
• collective security, 272
• commander in chief, 11, 18
• Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), 323
• communism, 266, 267–269, 288
• concurrent resolution, 14
• Confederacy
  • confronting, 146–147
  • motivating, 150–151
  • Tyler supporting, 110
• confederation, 8
• Congress
  • Clinton losing election for, 368
  • of Confederation, 8
  • creation of, 8
  • Ford serving in, 332
  • Jackson warring with, 159–161
  • Madison serving in, 67–68
  • McKinley serving in, 193
  • Tyler vetoing bills passed by, 109–110
• Congressional Act (Judiciary Act), 59
• Congressional Government (Wilson), 214
• congressional legislation, 13
• conservative social policies, Reagan and, 349–350
• Constitution
  • creation of, 9, 36
  • Madison advocating, 66–67
  • Monroe opposing, 71
  • writing, 8–9
• Constitutional Convention, 8, 9
• containment, defined, 285
• Continental Congress, 7–8
• Contras, 350, 352
• Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, 352
• Coolidge, Calvin
  • personal information, 438
  • political career of, 232–236
• corruption, Hayes fighting, 170–171
• Coxey, Jacob, 185
• Coxey’s Army, 185
• CREEP (Committee to Reelect the President), 323
• Crime Bill, 367
• crisis management, 21–22
• crisis manager, 18
• C-SPAN (National Cable Satellite Corporation), 24, 25
• Cuban Missile Crisis, 297
• Custis, Martha. See Washington, Martha
• Czolgosz, Leon, 196

D

• dark horse candidate, 113
• Dawes Act, 183
• Dayton Peace Accords, 369
• deaths
  • Arthur, 179
  • Cleveland, 186
  • Clinton, 371
  • Coolidge, 236
  • Eisenhower, 289
  • Grant, 166
  • Harding, 232
  • Harrison, 190
  • Hayes, 171
  • Hoover, 241
  • Jackson, 161–162
  • Johnson, 311–313
  • Nixon, 325
  • Reagan, 354
  • Roosevelt, 206, 259–260
  • Truman, 275
  • Tyler, 110
  • Wilson, 225
• debt, national, 349
• Declaration of Independence
  • Adams passing, 47
  • drafts of, 56
  • Jefferson writing, 56
• defrauding government, 230–231
• demobilize, defined, 164
• Democratic Party
  • creating, 99
  • defined, 10
• Democratic-Republicans
  • creation of, 40
  • Federalists against, 51–53
  • Jefferson supported by, 49
• Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 310
• Department of Transportation (DOT), 310
• Dependent Pension Act, 189
• Depression, Great, 239
• deterrence, strategy of, 287–288
• devalued, defined, 349
• Dewey, Thomas, 271–272
• direct primaries, 215
• disarmament, defined, 351
• distilled liquor, tax on, 41
• Dixiecrats, 271
• Doctrine of Massive Retaliation, 284
• domestic policies
  • Bush, George H. W. and, 360–361
  • Bush, George W. and, 378–379
  • Clinton and, 366–367
  • Kennedy and, 299–300
  • Monroe and, 73–74
  • Obama and, 393–394
  • Trump and, 408
• DOT (Department of Transportation), 310
• Doud, Marie Geneva, 278
• Douglas, Stephen, 144
• draft dodgers, 334
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 431

E

• early life of presidents
  • Adams, 46, 77
  • Arthur, 179
  • Bush, George H. W., 357
  • Bush, George W., 374
  • Carter, 336
  • Cleveland, 180
  • Clinton, 364
  • Coolidge, 233
  • Eisenhower, 278
  • Ford, 330
  • Garfield, 176
  • Grant, 162
  • Harding, 228–229
  • Harrison, 105, 187
  • Hoover, 238
  • Jefferson, 55
  • Johnson, 84, 157, 304
  • Kennedy, 292
  • Lincoln, 140
  • Madison, 65
  • Monroe, 70
  • Nixon, 316
  • Obama, 388–389
  • Polk, 111
  • Reagan, 344
  • Roosevelt, 198–199, 246
  • Taft, 207
  • Truman, 262
  • Trump, 402
  • Washington, 32
  • Wilson, 214
• Eaton, John, 100
• Eaton, Peggy, 100
• economic depression, 185
• Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 378
• economy
  • Reagan and, 348–349
  • Roosevelt and, 204
  • saving, 250–253
  • Trump and, 408–409
  • Van Buren and, 101–102
• Economy Act, 251

• 18th Amendment to the Constitution, 218

• Eisenhower, Dwight D.
  • military career of, 277–280
  • overview, 277
  • personal information, 439
  • political career of, 280–289
  • ranking, 28, 418
• Eisenhower Doctrine, 286
• elections. See also reelections
  • Adams, 76
  • Bush, George W., 377–378
  • Obama, 391–392
  • Trump, 406–407
• Electoral College, 10
• Electoral Commission, 170
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 310
• Emancipation Proclamation, 12, 149–150
• Embargo Act, 60
• Emergency Banking Act, 251
• environment, 395–396
• Europe
  • Adams and, 76–78
  • Truman and, 265–266
  • Wilson and, 224–225

F

• factions. See parties
• Fair Deal policies, 269, 273–274
• Fair Labor Standards Act, 252
• Family and Medical Leave Act, 367
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 251
• Federal Home Loan Bank Act, 239
• Federal Reserve Act, 217
• Federal Reserve System, 116
• Federal Trade Commission, 217

• The Federalist Papers (Madison, Hamilton, Jay), 67

• Federalists, 40, 51–53
• FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), 251

• 54-40 or fight, 117

• Fillmore, Millard, 423–424, 435
• first party system, 40
• Flexible Response, 287
• Ford, Gerald
  • personal information, 440
  • political career of, 330–335
• foreign policies
  • Bush, George H. W. and, 359–360
  • Bush, George W. and, 379
  • Carter and, 338
  • Coolidge and, 235–236
  • difficulty with, 368–369
  • Eisenhower and, 285–286
  • Kennedy and, 296–299
  • Middle East, 396–398
  • Monroe and, 72–73
  • Nixon and, 322
  • ranking, 22–23
  • Reagan and, 350–351
  • Roosevelt and, 14, 201–202, 203
  • Taft and, 208–209
  • Trump and, 409–410
  • Tyler and, 109–110
  • Wilson and, 219–221
• Fourteen Points, 224–225
• France
  • Eisenhower liberating, 279
  • problems with, 50–51
  • promises made by, 91
• Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 430
• free enterprise system, 345
• Free Soil Party, 103
• freshmen, 142

G

• Galt, Edith, 219
• Gardiner, Julia, 110
• Garfield, James Abram
  • competing against Arthur for vice presidency, 178–179
  • personal information, 436
  • political career of, 174–176
• Genet, Edmond, 41
• Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 379
• Gentleman’s Agreement, 203
• George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, 429
• George W. Bush Presidential Library, 428–429
• Georgia
  • Carter governing, 337
  • Worcester vs., 90–91
• Germany, surrender of, 279–280
• Gettysburg Address, 152–153
• Ghent, Treaty of, 77
• GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act), 379
• Glass-Steagall Act, 239
• Gold Democrats, 184
• Good Neighbor policy, 254
• Goodhue, Grace Anna, 233
• governors
  • Bush, George W., 375–376
  • Carter, 337
  • Cleveland, 182
  • Clinton, 365
  • Hayes, 168
  • Jefferson, 57
  • McKinley, 193
  • Monroe, 71–72
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D., 248
  • Roosevelt, Theodore, 200
  • Taft, 208
  • Wilson, 215–216
• grandfather clause, 309
• Grant, Ulysses S.
  • personal information, 436
  • political career of, 162–166
  • ranking, 424
• graveyard votes, 294–295
• Great Depression, 239
• Great Recession
  • effects of, 385
  • Obama and, 385, 393–394
• Great Society agenda, 309–310
• Great White Fleet, 203
• Greenville, Treaty of, 39
• Grundy, Felix, 111
• Guadeloupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 118
• Gulf War, 360

H

• habeas corpus, defined, 148
• Half-Breeds, 178
• Hamilton, Alexander
  • handling treasury, 39
  • revising Articles of Confederation, 36
  • rivalry between Jefferson and, 40, 57–58
• Harding, Warren G. 
  • personal information, 438
  • political career of, 227–232
  • ranking, 422
• Harrison, Benjamin 
  • personal information, 437
  • political career of, 186–190
• Harrison, William Henry
  • death of, 107
  • Native Americans and, 104–105
  • nickname of, 105
  • overview, 103–104
  • personal information, 435
  • political offices served by, 105–106
  • power to issue executive orders and, 15
  • presidency of, 106–107
  • ranking, 424
  • upbringing of, 105
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 239
• Hayes, Rutherford B.
  • personal information, 436
  • political career of, 167–171
• head of state, 18
• healthcare system
  • Clinton and, 367–368
  • Obama and, 394
• Helsinki Accords, 334
• Henry, Lou, 238
• Hepburn Act, 204
• Herndon, Ellen Lewis, 179
• Herron, Helen, 207
• Higher Education Act, 310
• Highway Beautification Act, 310

• A History of the American People (Wilson), 214

• Holy Alliance, 73
• Hoover, Herbert
  • personal information, 438
  • political career of, 236–241
  • ranking, 424–425
• Hooverville, 239–240
• hostages, Iranian, 339–340
• House of Representatives
  • Adams chosen by, 78
  • Johnson serving in, 305
  • Lincoln serving in, 142–146
  • Nixon serving in, 317
• HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development), 310
• Hungary, 285
• Hurricane Katrina, 384–385

I

• ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles), 321
• illness
  • of Polk, 112
  • of Roosevelt, 247
• image campaign, 103
• impeachment
  • debating for Trump, 412
  • of Jackson, 160, 161
• imperial presidency (Schlesinger Jr.), 13
• imperialism, 185–186, 195
• impress, defined, 60
• inaugural precedents, setting, 38
• independence, 34–36
• inflation, 170–171
• integrity, of presidents, 23
• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), 321
• Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 351–352
• international affairs, 194–195
• International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 382
• Interstate Commerce Act, 183
• Intolerable Acts, 34
• Iran-Contra scandal, 352–353
• Iranian hostage crisis, 339–340
• Iraq, war against, 382–384
• ISAF (International Security Assistance Force), 382
• ISAF (Operation Enduring Freedom), 397
• ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham), 397–398, 410
• isolationism, 254

J

• Jackson, Andrew 
  • Congress, challenging, 13
  • death of, 93
  • inauguration of, 88
  • military career of, 84–85
  • nickname of, 84
  • overview, 83
  • personal information, 434
  • political career of, 86–93
  • relationship to Van Buren, 100–101
  • Stolen Election, 86–87
  • upbringing of, 84
• Jay Treaty, 42
• Jefferson, Thomas
  • overview, 45, 54–55
  • personal information, 434
  • political career of, 55–61
  • ranking, 418
  • receiving equal votes, 10
  • rivalry between Hamilton and, 40
  • upbringing of, 55
• Jimmy Carter Library, 431
• Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 378
• John F. Kennedy Presidential, 430
• Johnson, Andrew
  • nickname of, 158
  • overview, 155–156
  • personal information, 436
  • political career of, 157–162
  • ranking, 28, 421
  • upbringing of, 157
• Johnson, Lyndon
  • personal information, 439
  • political career, 304–313
• Jones, Paula, 370
• Judiciary Act (Congressional Act), 59

• The Jungle (Sinclair), 204

• justices, Supreme Court, 11

K

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 144
• Katrina, Hurricane, 384–385
• Kellogg-Briand Act, 235
• Kennedy, Jackie, 292
• Kennedy, John F. 
  • assassination of, 301
  • changing foreign policy, 296–299
  • media usage, 17
  • Nixon losing presidency to, 319
  • overview, 291
  • personal information, 439
  • political career of, 291–296
  • trying to implement domestic policy, 299–300
• Kentucky Resolution, 58
• Kissinger, Henry, 22
• kitchen debate, 318
• Korean War, 273, 274, 284
• Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 262

L

• Land Act, 104
• land-based missiles, 287
• League of Nations, 224, 225
• legal careers
  • Harrison, 190
  • Lincoln, 141
• Lend-Lease Act, 256
• Lewinsky, Monica, 370
• LGBT rights, 395
• libraries
  • Bill Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, 429
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 431
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 430
  • George H. W. Bush Presidential Library, 429
  • George W. Bush Presidential Library, 428–429
  • Jimmy Carter Library, 431
  • Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 430
  • Richard Nixon Presidential Library, 431
  • Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, 428
• Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 297
• Lincoln, Abraham
  • assassination of, 154
  • interpretation of presidential powers, 12
  • overview, 139
  • personal information, 436
  • political career of, 140–153
  • ranking, 416
  • reelection of, 153–154
  • serving in House of Representatives, 142–144
  • upbringing of, 140
• liquor, tax on, 41
• logrolling, 141
• Louisiana Purchase, 59–60
• Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 430

M

• Macon’s Bill No. 2, 68
• Madison, James
  • overview, 63–64
  • personal information, 434
  • political career of, 65–69
  • revising Articles of Confederation, 36
  • upbringing of, 65
  • Washington's farewell address by, 42
• Manifest Destiny, 112
• Marbury, William, 59
• Marshall, George C. , 22
• Marshall, John, 59
• Marshall Plan, implementing, 268–269
• Massachusetts, Coolidge governing, 232–234
• McClellan, George B. , 153
• McHenry, James, 53
• McKinley, William
  • personal information, 437
  • political career of, 191–197
• McKinley Tariff Act, 189, 193
• Meat Inspection Act, 204
• media
  • managing, 218–219
  • scrutiny of presidents' personal lives by, 20
  • shaping public opinion with, 16
• Medicare Act, 310, 378
• Mercer, Lucy Page, 260
• Mexican-American War, 117–118, 124, 142–143
• Mexico
  • refusing to sell Texas, 92–93
  • Wilson's mishandling of, 219–220
• midnight appointments, 59
• military
  • Eisenhower's career in, 277–280
  • Jackson's career in, 84–85
  • saving money through, 283–285
  • Washington's career in, 33
• Military Reconstruction Act, 160
• militia, use against Native Americans, 104–105
• minister plenipotentiary, 71
• minority leader, 306
• missiles, 287
• Missouri Compromise, 74
• Model Cities Act, 310
• monopolies, defined, 217
• Monroe, James
  • death of, 75
  • overview, 69–70
  • personal information, 434
  • political career of, 70–75
  • sending to France, 59–60
  • upbringing of, 70
• Monroe Doctrine, 73
• moral foreign policy, 219–221
• Murchison Letter, 189
• Muslim travel ban, 408

N

• NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 270
• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 361, 368–369
• Napoleonic Wars, 91
• NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 300
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 270
• National Bank, 89
• National Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN), 24, 25
• national debt, 349
• National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities, 310
• National Housing Act, 252
• National Industrial Recovery Act, 251
• national legislature. See Continental Congress
• National Recovery Administration (NRA), 251
• nationalized, defined, 286
• Native Americans
  • forcing west, 90–91
  • Harrison and, 104–105
  • Jackson and, 84–85
  • Taylor and, 122–124
  • Van Buren and, 102
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 261, 272, 280
• Naturalization Act, 52
• NCLB (No Child Left Behind Act), 379
• neutrality, 41
• Neutrality Act, 255–256
• New Jersey, Wilson governing, 215–216
• New York, Roosevelt governing, 200, 248
• New York state legislature, Roosevelt serving on, 198–199
• nicknames of presidents
  • Coolidge, 232
  • Harrison, 105
  • Jackson, 84
  • Johnson, 158
  • Polk, 112
  • Roosevelt, 197
  • Van Buren, 101, 106

• 9/11, 379–384

• 19th Amendment to the Constitution, 218

• Nixon, Richard , 14–15
  • Kennedy debating with, 294
  • overview, 315
  • personal information, 440
  • political career of, 317–325
  • ranking, 22–23
• Nixon Doctrine, 321
• Nixon’s tapes, 324
• No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), 379
• Non-Intercourse Act, 60
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 361, 368–369
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 261, 272, 280
• NRA (National Recovery Administration), 251
• nuclear strategy, 283–284
• nullification, defined, 100

O

• O’ Sullivan, John Louis, 112
• Obama, Barack
  • media usage, 17
  • overview, 387
  • personal information, 441
  • political career of
    • campaigning, 391
    • election of, 391–392
    • foreign policies, 396–398
    • overview, 389
    • presidency, 392–396
    • retiring, 399
    • State Senate, 389–390
    • U.S. Senate, 390–391
    • winning reelection, 396
  • upbringing of, 388–389
• Obamacare (Affordable Care Act)
  • provisions of, 394–395
  • Trump cutting back on, 408
• off-year, 18
• Ohio
  • Hayes governing, 168
  • McKinley governing, 193
• Ohio Gang, 230–231
• Old Hickory. See Jackson, Andrew 
• online resources
  • Cheat Sheet, 3
  • C-SPAN survey, link to information on, 25
  • presidential libraries contact information, 427–431
  • registering books, link for, 3
  • Technical Support website, 4
• Operation Desert Storm, 361
• Operation Enduring Freedom (ISAF), 397

P

• Panama Canal, 202, 338
• pardongate, 371
• pardons, granting, 11
• Paris Climate Accord, 409
• parliamentary system, 9
• parties
  • Bull Moose, 205
  • Democratic, 10, 99
  • Free Soil, 103
  • political war between, 51–53
  • Republican, 10, 178
  • splitting into, 39–40
  • switching, 54
  • Tea (taxed enough already) Party, 395
• party boss, defined, 98
• PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization), 349
• Patriot Act, 381
• patronage, defined, 98, 171
• Peace Corps, 297
• Pendleton Act, 179
• PEPFAR (Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), 379
• persuasion, public, 16, 23
• Philippines, Taft governing in, 208
• Pickering, Timothy, 53
• Pierce, Barbara, 357
• Pierce, Franklin, 422, 435
• Pinchot, Gifford, 209
• Plessy vs. Ferguson, 282–283
• pocket veto, 12
• policies, foreign
  • Bush, George H. W. and, 359–360
  • Bush, George W. and, 379
  • Carter and, 338
  • Coolidge and, 235–236
  • difficulty with, 368–369
  • Eisenhower and, 285–286
  • Kennedy and, 296–299
  • Middle East, 396–398
  • Monroe and, 72–73
  • Nixon and, 322
  • ranking, 22–23
  • Reagan and, 350–351
  • Roosevelt and, 14, 201–202, 203
  • Taft and, 208–209
  • Trump and, 409–410
  • Tyler and, 109–110
  • Wilson and, 219–221
• policy leadership, 21
• policy of neutrality, 41
• political careers
  • Adams, 46–54
  • Arthur, 178–180
  • Bush, George H.~W., 357–362
  • Carter, 336–341
  • Cleveland, 181–186
  • Clinton, 364–371
  • Coolidge, 232–236
  • Eisenhower, 280–289
  • Ford, 330–335
  • Garfield, 174–176
  • Grant, 162–166
  • Harding, 227–232
  • Harrison, 186–190
  • Hayes, 167–171
  • Hoover, 236–241
  • Jackson, 86–93
  • Jefferson, 55–61
  • Johnson, Andrew, 157–162
  • Johnson, Lyndon, 304–313
  • Kennedy, 291–296
  • Lincoln, 140–153
  • Madison, 65–69
  • McKinley, 191–197
  • Monroe, 70–75
  • Nixon, 317–325
  • Obama
    • campaigning, 391
    • election of, 391–392
    • foreign policies, 396–398
    • overview, 389
    • presidency, 392–396
    • retiring, 399
    • State Senate, 389–390
    • U.S. Senate, 390–391
    • winning reelection, 396
  • Polk, 112–120
  • Reagan
    • governing California, 345
    • Iran-Contra scandal, 352–353
    • overview, 344–345
    • presidency, 346–350
    • reestablishing U.S. world domination, 350–351
    • retiring, 354
    • winning against Gerald Ford, 345–346
    • winning reelection, 352
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D., 246–254
  • Roosevelt, Theodore
    • becoming governor of New York, 200
    • Bull Moose, becoming, 205–206
    • choosing successor, 204–205
    • death of, 206
    • national politics, 199–200
    • overview, 197–198
    • presidency, 200–202
    • retiring, 206
    • Rough Riders, founding, 200
    • serving on New York state legislature, 198–199
    • vice presidency, 200
    • winning reelection, 203–204
  • Taft, 208–211
  • Taylor, 121–125
  • Truman, 261–274
  • Trump, 405–413
  • Tyler, 108–110
  • Van Buren, 97–98, 101–102
  • Washington, 33–34
  • Wilson, 215–225
• political war, between parties, 51–53
• Polk, James Knox
  • campaigning, 114–115
  • death of, 120
  • illness of, 112
  • nickname of, 112
  • overview, 111–112
  • personal information, 435
  • political career of, 112–120
  • ranking, 23, 419
  • religion of, 120
  • unexpected votings for, 113–114
  • upbringing of, 111
• Polk, Sarah, 111, 119–120
• poll taxes, 309
• popular sovereignty, 119
• Portsmouth, Treaty of, 203
• post-war problems, 258–259
• Potsdam Declaration, 267
• presidential appointments, diversity in, 21
• presidential influence, 13–16
• presidential libraries, 427–431
• presidential powers, 11, 12
• presidential prerogative, 148
• presidential republic, 9
• presidential system, 9–11
• presidents
  • evaluating, 20–24
  • extramarital affairs of, 20
  • overview, 7
  • persuading public opinion, 16–17
  • ranking
    • best, 415–419
    • changing over time, 27–28
    • list of, 24–26
    • overview, 19–20
    • results from, 26–27
    • worst, 421–425
  • roles of, 18
• Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 379
• price-fixing, 251
• Principles of Mining (Hoover), 238
• Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 349
• Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 293
• progressive, defined, 197
• Progressive Party. See Bull Moose Party
• public persuasion, 16–17, 23
• Public Utilities Commission, 215
• Publicity Act, 210
• Pure Food and Drug Act, 204

R

• racism, 235
• railroad companies, 201
• Reagan, Ronald
  • overview, 343–344
  • personal information, 440
  • political career of
    • governing California, 345
    • Iran-Contra scandal, 352–353
    • overview, 344–345
    • presidency, 346–350
    • reestablishing U.S. world domination, 350–351
    • retiring, 354
    • winning against Ford, 345–346
    • winning reelection, 352
  • public persuasion and, 23
  • ranking, 417
• Reagan Democrats, 346
• Reagan Doctrine, 350
• recession
  • of 1819, 74
  • Great Recession, 393–394
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 252
• reconcentration camps, 195
• Reconstruction
  • Hayes ending, 170
  • Jackson ending, 159
  • Lincoln outlining ideas on, 154
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 239
• recounts, defined, 169
• reelections
  • losses
    • Adams, 53–54
    • Bush (George H. W.), 362
    • Carter, 341
    • Cleveland, 184
    • Ford, 335
    • Harrison, 190
    • Taft, 210–211
    • Van Buren, 102–103
  • wins
    • Bush (George W.), 384–385
    • Clinton, 368–370
    • Coolidge, 235
    • Jackson, 91–92
    • Lincoln, 153–154
    • McKinley, 196–197
    • Nixon, 323
    • Obama, 396
    • Reagan, 352
    • Roosevelt, 203–204, 254–256
• reformist policies, 204
• Removal Act, 90, 91
• reprieves, granting, 11
• Republican Party. See also Democratic-Republicans
  • defined, 10
  • splitting, 178
• resignation, of Nixon, 324–325
• retirement
  • Bush, George H. W., 362
  • Bush, George W., 385–386
  • Carter, 341
  • Cleveland, 186
  • Clinton, 371
  • Coolidge, 236
  • Eisenhower, 280, 288–289
  • Ford, 335
  • Hayes, 171
  • Hoover, 241
  • Jackson, 93
  • Jefferson, 61
  • Johnson, 311–313
  • Madison, 69
  • Nixon, 325
  • Obama, 399
  • Polk, 119–120
  • Reagan, 354
  • Roosevelt, 206
  • Van Buren, 103
  • Washington, 43
• Richard Nixon Presidential Library, 431
• Robards, Rachel Donelson, 86
• Robinson, Michelle, 389
• Rodham-Clinton, Hillary, 364
• Rollback Doctrine, 285
• Rome-Berlin Axis, 256
• Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, 428
• Roosevelt, Franklin D.
  • imperial presidency, creating, 13–14
  • media usage, 17
  • overview, 245
  • personal information, 439
  • political career of, 246–254
  • public persuasion and, 23
  • ranking, 416
  • running for fourth term as president, 258–259
  • winning reelection, 254–256
  • WWII, fighting and winning, 257–258
• Roosevelt, Theodore
  • nicknames of, 197
  • overview, 197
  • personal information, 437
  • political career of
    • becoming governor of New York, 200
    • Bull Moose, becoming, 205–206
    • choosing successor, 204–205
    • death of, 206
    • national politics, 199–200
    • overview, 197–198
    • presidency, 200–202
    • retiring, 206
    • Rough Riders, founding, 200
    • serving on New York state legislature, 198–199
    • vice presidency, 200
    • winning reelection, 203–204
  • public persuasion and, 23
  • ranking, 416
• Roosevelt Corollary, 202
• Rough Riders, Theodore Roosevelt founding, 200
• Royall, Anne, 75
• Rudolph, Lucretia, 176
• running unopposed, 74
• Rush-Bagot agreement, 72
• Russia scandal, 411–412

S

• Safe Drinking Water Act, 367
• SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty), 321
• SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks), 338
• Saratoga, Battle of, 35
• Saturday Night Massacre, 323–324
• scandals
  • Clinton's, 369–370
  • Iran-Contra, 352–353
  • Ohio Gang, 231
  • Russia, 411–412
  • Teapot Dome, 231
  • Ukraine, 412
  • Watergate, 14, 323–324
• Scott, Caroline, 187
• Screen Actors Guild, 344
• SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 351
• Second Hague Conference, 203
• secretary of state, Adams as, 77–78
• Securities Exchange Act, 252
• Sedition Act, 52
• Senate
  • Johnson in, 306–307
  • Johnson running for, 305
  • Kennedy in, 293
  • Nixon in, 317
  • Obama in, 390–391
  • Truman in, 263–264

• 17th Amendment to the Constitution, 217

• Seward’s Folly, 162
• sexual assault claims, against Trump, 406–407
• Sherman Antitrust Act, 189
• Silver Democrats, 184
• Six Crises, 320

• 16th Amendment to the Constitution, 216–217

• Skelton, Martha Wayles, 55
• slavery
  • Adams opposing, 80
  • Lincoln opposing, 143
  • during Monroe's presidency, 74
  • Tyler supporting, 108–109
• Smith, Abigail, 46
• Smith, Rosalynn, 336
• social policies, conservative, 349–350
• Social Security Act, 252
• socialist, defined, 316
• soldiers, drafting, 151–152
• South, reintegrating, 158–159
• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 339
• Soviet Union
  • Kennedy discussing arms control with, 296–297
  • Reagan making peace with, 351
  • threat of, 287
• Spanish-American War, 195–196
• speculation, 101
• spoils system
  • defined, 87, 177
  • explanation of, 171
  • Harrison benefiting from, 188
• Stalwarts, 178
• Stamp Act, 34, 46
• START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), 360
• State of the Union address, 17
• State Senate, Obama in, 389–390
• states’ rights
  • Jackson supporting, 88–89
  • Tyler supporting, 108–109
• Stevenson, Adlai, 274–275
• Stolen Election, 86–87
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty (SALT I), 321
• Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT II), 338
• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), 360
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 351
• striking workers, 185
• submarine-based missiles, 287
• Suez Canal, crisis of, 286
• supply-side economics, 348
• Supreme Court
  • ambassadors, 11
  • checks and balances on presidential powers, 10
  • justices, 11
  • Reagan appointing conservatives to, 350
  • Roosevelt revising, 253–254
• Surge strategy, 384
• Symmes, Anna, 105
• Syria, civil war in, 398

T

• Taft, William Howard
  • overview, 206–207
  • personal information, 438
  • political career of, 208–211
• Taft-Hartley Act, 270
• Tariff of Abominations, 79, 87, 88
• tariffs, 88–89
• tax cuts, 348, 367
• Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, 408
• Tax Relief Act, 393
• taxes
  • on distilled liquor, 41
  • increase in, 256
  • poll, 309
• Taylor, Claudia Alta, 304
• Taylor, Zachary
  • personal information, 435
  • political career of, 121–125
• Tea (taxed enough already) Party, 395
• Teapot Dome Scandal, 231
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 251
• Tenure of Office Act, 161
• territorial expansion, 116–117
• terrorism, 15, 380–381
• test ban, negotiating, 288
• Tet offense, 311–313
• Texas
  • Bush governing (George W.), 375–376
  • Jackson buying, 92–93
• Texas-Mexico border, 117
• Todd, Dolley Payne, 68
• Todd-Lincoln, Mary, 142
• Townshed Acts, 34
• TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership), 410
• Trail of Tears, 91
• Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 410
• Transportation, Department of (DOT), 310
• Transportation Act, 264
• treasury system, establishing, 115–116
• treaties
  • presidential power to negotiate, 11
  • Treaty of Alliance, 41
  • Treaty of Ghent, 77
  • Treaty of Greenville, 39
  • Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, 118
  • Treaty of Portsmouth, 203
  • Treaty of Versailles, 224–225
• TRIAD, 287
• Truman, Harry
  • ceding to Stevenson, 274–275
  • overview, 261
  • personal information, 439
  • political career of, 261–274
  • ranking, 27–28, 417
• Truman Committee, 264
• Truman Doctrine, 27, 268
• Trump, Donald
  • business success of, 403–404
  • debated impeachment of, 412
  • media usage, 17
  • overview, 401–402
  • personal information, 441
  • political career of, 405–413
  • upbringing of, 402
• Trump University, 405
• TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 251

• 12th Amendment, 10

• 23rd Amendment, 10

• Tyler, John
  • personal information, 435
  • political career of, 108–110
  • ranking, 423

U

• Ukraine scandal, 412
• Ulysses Grant, Hiram. See Grant, Ulysses S.
• Understanding on Nuclear Arms Reduction Resolution, 360
• Underwood Tariff, 216
• Unemployment Compensation Act, 218
• united legislature. See Continental Congress
• United States Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA), 410
• universal suffrage, 56
• U.S. Constitution
  • creation of, 9, 36
  • Madison advocating, 66–67
  • Monroe opposing, 71
  • writing, 8–9
• U.S. world power, reestablishing, 350–351
• USMCA (United States Mexico Canada Agreement), 410

V

• Van Buren, Martin
  • changing from law to political career, 97–98
  • creating Democratic Party, 99
  • death of, 103
  • feud with Calhoun, 100–101
  • losing reelection, 102–103
  • national politics, 98–99
  • nickname of, 101, 106
  • overview, 95–97
  • personal information, 435
  • political career of, 101–102
  • political machine, establishing, 98
  • political offices served in, 99–100
  • ranking, 424–425
  • relationship to Jackson, 100–101
  • retiring, 103
• Versailles, Treaty of, 224–225
• vice presidency
  • Adams, 48–49
  • Bush, George H. W., 358–359
  • Coolidge, 234
  • Ford, 332
  • Johnson, 307
  • Nixon, 317–318
  • Roosevelt, 200
  • Truman, 264
• Vicksburg, Battle of, 164
• Vietnam
  • Johnson and, 311–313
  • Kennedy and, 299
  • Nixon and, 320–321
• Vietnamization, defined, 321
• Virginia Plan, 66
• Virginia Resolution, 68
• vision, of presidents, 23–24
• Vladivostock Agreements, 334
• Voting Rights Act, 309

W

• Wagner Act, 252
• Walker Tariff, 115
• Wallace, Bess, 262
• Wallace, Henry, 271
• War Hawks, 68
• War Powers Act, 11, 14
• Warren, Elizabeth Bloomer, 330
• wars
  • Mexican-American War, 117–118, 124, 142–143
  • Napoleonic Wars, 91
  • political war, between parties, 51–53
  • post-war problems, 258–259
  • Seward’s Folly, 162
  • Spanish-American War, 195–196
  • Stalwarts, 178
  • Syria, civil war in, 398
  • World War I, 220–224
  • World War II
    • Eisenhower and, 278–279
    • Great Depression and, 13
    • origins of, 255
    • Roosevelt and, 257–258
• Washington, George
  • becoming president, 36–37
  • death of, 43
  • farewell address of, 42–43
  • fighting for independence, 34–36
  • leaving office, 42–43
  • making decisions as president, 39–42
  • military career of, 33
  • overview, 31–32
  • personal information, 433
  • political career of, 33–34
  • ranking, 417
  • retiring, 43
  • role in creating Constitution, 36
  • upbringing of, 32
• Washington, Martha, 33
• Watergate scandal, 14, 323–324
• weapons of mass destruction, 382
• Webster’s New World American Words of Freedom (Rohde), 39
• Welch, Laura, 374
• Welfare reform, 367
• Whiskey Rebellion, 42
• Whitewater affair, 369–370

• The Wilderness campaign, 164

• Wilmot, David, 119
• Wilmot Proviso, 119
• Wilson, James, 9
• Wilson, Woodrow
  • death of, 225
  • overview, 213
  • personal information, 438
  • political career of, 215–225
  • ranking, 418
  • studying government, 213–215
• Worcester, Georgia vs., 90–91
• Works Progress Administration (WPA), 252
• World War I (WWI), 220–224
• World War II (WWII)
  • Eisenhower and, 278–279
  • Great Depression and, 13
  • origins of, 255
  • Roosevelt and, 257–258
• WPA (Works Progress Administration), 252
• Wyman, Jane, 344

X

• XYZ Affair, 51