A
actin, 226–227, 235–236, 256, 271
active zones, 253
activity coordination, signaling among organelles for, 234–235
Alzheimer’s disease, 37, 112, 133, 234, 260, 265, 288
amino acid regulation, 285–286
antibiotics
bacterial resistance to, 194–195
and cancer treatments, 217
and gut microbes, 174–175, 180
rapamycin, 282
archaea, 151
Aristotle, 43
articles related to, 308–309
in brain energy regulation, 111–112
and calcium signaling, 100, 107–110
in disease, 112
in neuronal function, 96, 106–108
neuron interactions with, 110–111, 145
and neuroplasticity, 102
signals of, 108
types and shapes of, 107
autoimmune diseases, 28, 32, 75, 116, 129
and microtubules, 260–262
mitochondria in, 239
mTOR signals to, 287
myelin coating of, 121–129
in neuronal communication, 94–95
scaffolding highways for, 235–236, 257–258
transporting molecules along, 260, 262–265
B
bacteria, 152–154. see also microbes
in biofilms, 154–157
brain affected by, 181–185
decision making by, 161–163
in gut, 59, 60, 62, 64, 152, 173, 175–180, 195, 211
human cells’ battles with, 166–171
and organelles, 220, 221, 224, 226
plant interactions with, 207–210
platelet attacks on, 56
signaling among, 158–161
and viruses, 189–195
bacteriophages (phages), 189, 190
Bekoff, Marc, 6
biofilms, 154–157
and cancer, 84–85
blood, extracellular mitochondria in, 243
blood-brain barrier, 107, 134, 135
blood dynamics
and gut microbes, 174
pericytes in, 135
blood vessels, 43. see also capillaries
lining cells of, 4
plaque in, 176
bone health, capillaries and, 51–52
bone marrow cells, 45, 48, 51, 52
brain, 3
astrocytes in, 105–112
capillaries and development of, 49–51
and cilia, 278
compartments/barriers in, 131–133
electricity potentials in, 99–100
energy use by, 239
guardian cells of, 131–140
and immune system, 3–4
immunity and trash removal in, 133–134
lining cells of, 50
microbe entry into, 184–185
microbe influences on (see microbe influences on brain)
mTOR activity in, 286–287
neuroinflammation in, 144–147
neurons in, 93–103
neuroplasticity of, 101–102
and oligodendrocytes, 121–129
and pain and inflammation, 141–147
brain barriers, 131–133
guardian cells in, 134–140
viruses crossing, 185–187
brain cells
cancer cell support from, 83–84
production of, 50
regulation of (see microglia)
T cell conversations, 34–38
brain waves, 3, 93, 98–99, 111
C
calcium signaling, 99, 100, 107–110
cancer, 211–217
altering cellular pathways enabling, 214–215
articles related to, 324–325
and inflammation, 211–214
and interactions of microbes with food, 215–216
and pericytes, 136
role of T cells in fighting, 28–29
theoretical origin of, 77
treatments for, 81–82, 211, 216–217, 290
aggressive properties of, 40–41
articles related to, 305–307
brain cell support for, 83–84
immune system disruption by, 80–82
local supportive cells for, 79–80
metastasis of, 85–87
microbes’ interaction with, 84–85
and mitochondria, 82
and tunneling nanotubes, 82, 88–89
articles related to, 301
and brain development, 49–51
and cancer, 86
and oligodendrocytes, 123
organs affected by, 47–48
and stem cells, 43, 45, 49, 50
in tissue growth and maintenance, 44–49
cardiac muscles, capillaries surrounding, 48
carnitine, 176
cell aging, 13–14
cell reproduction, 13, 235–236
cellular communication, 1–7, 11–18, 289–296
about location, 16–18
about time of day, 15–16
articles related to, 297–298
and cell aging process, 13–14
as central in life, 5–7
determining cell size, 11–13
and health or disease, 4
and intelligence, 5
signaling devices in, 2–4
cellular nucleus
microbes’ targeting of, 221
mitochondrial communication with, 239–243
cell-wide signaling among organelles, 231–236
for activity coordination, 234–235
for cell reproduction, 235–236
for protein quality control, 232–234
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 35, 36, 131–140
cholesterol, 247–249
choroid lining cells, 50, 135–140, 185
chronic inflammation, 24–25
cilia, 275–280
articles related to, 331–332
diseases related to, 280
primary, as central control center, 276–278
transport systems of, 277–279
clock mechanisms/signals, 15–16
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), 202–203
COVID-19, 202–203
CRISPR-Cas9, 191–192
CSF. see cerebrospinal fluid
D
articles related to, 330–331
neuroplastic influences on, 269–270
in producing signals leaving axons, 270–271
regions of, 268–269
variables affecting computation in, 271–273
disease(s), 4, 293. see also specific diseases
astrocytes in, 112
autoimmune, 28, 32, 75, 116, 129
and axon transport, 262
and biofilms, 156–157
biofilms as cause of, 156–157
and choroid cells, 140
of chronic inflammation, 24
cilia-related, 280
COVID-19, 202–203
and gut barrier, 65
microglia in, 116–119
and mitochondrial malfunctioning, 243
and movement of lipids and membranes, 249
and mTOR, 287–288
and myelin destruction, 128–129
and prions, 234
of skin, 73–75
DNA, 151–152
damaged, with cancer, 211, 213–215
launched by secretory systems, 159
dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), 142–143
E
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 222–224
and cell-wide signaling, 231
membrane production role of, 246, 247, 250–252
mitochondrial communication with, 238–243
and protein quality control, 232–234 (see also protein production)
viruses invading, 223–224
energy demands
for motor transport, 264
for neurons, 238–239
energy regulation
in brain, 111–112
mTOR molecules in, 286
ER. see endoplasmic reticulum
F
fission, in mitochondria, 238, 242
food
allergic responses to, 64
gut microbe responses to, 176
mTOR and eating regulation, 286
and risk of cancer, 214–216
T cell evaluation of, 39–40
fungi, 6, 208. see also microbes
animal behaviors affected by, 182
in biofilms, 154–157
plant interactions with, 208–209
platelet attacks on, 56
fusion, in mitochondria, 238, 242
G
gastrointestinal tract. see gut
glia, 102, 105, 112. see also specific types
Golgi bodies, 246
and cell-wide signaling, 231
lysosome and mTOR signals to, 284, 285
membrane production role of, 222–223, 246, 247, 249–253
and protein quality control, 232–234
guardian cells of brain, 131–140, 291
articles related to, 312–313
and brain compartments/barriers, 131–133
and brain immunity and trash removal, 133–134
choroid lining cells, 136–140
function of, 134–135
pericytes, 134–136
types of, 135
gut, 59–65
articles related to, 303–304
balance of signals in, 60–61
communication network in, 62–63
cooperation among cells in, 64–65
lining cells of, 4, 59–65, 174–180, 216
and T cells for immune balance, 63–64
gut microbes, 59, 173–180, 290
articles related to, 319–320
attracting, 174–175
bacteria, 59, 60, 62, 64, 152, 173, 175–180, 195, 211
brain affected by, 181–184
and cancer, 211
cell conversations with, 60, 62
and immune cells in gut, 176–177
and mucus and biofilms, 178–179
responses to food by, 176
and T cells, 63–64
gut nervous system, 60
H
HIV, 56, 88, 119, 167, 186, 193, 196–199, 214
Huntington’s disease, 112
hyphae, 208–209
I
immune cells, 3
and brain cells, 34–35
and capillaries, 45
in gut, 176–177
and gut lining cells, 63–65
in skin, 69–73
and tissue destruction, 48–49
immune synapse, 41
immune system(s)
of bacteria, 190–191
and brain, 3–4
and gut, 59
immunity
in brain, 133–134
neuroimmune reflexes, 146–147
in skin, 74–75
inflammation
articles related to, 313–315
and cancer, 80–81, 84, 85, 141, 144, 211–214
chronic, 24–25
and depression, 38
local, 144
neuroinflammation, 144–147
and white blood cells, 24–25
information flow/transfer, 294–296
intermediate microfilaments, 257
interstitium, 69
K
keratinocytes, 68–73
killer T cells, 23, 36–37, 40, 41, 276
L
learning
and astrocytes, 106
electrical synapses with, 96–97
and myelin, 127–128
and neural networks, 103
and neuronal connections, 269
and neuroplasticity, 101–102, 111, 124
life, 296
lining cells, 4
and cancer, 79
capillary, 43–45, 47, 50, 133, 135
in fetuses, 80
thymus teacher cells, 30–31
viruses attached to, 184
and white blood cells, 20–22
lipids, in membrane production, 245–253
location signaling, 16–18
lymphocytes, 12, 19, 52. see also T cells
lysosomes, 169, 170, 232–234, 284–285
M
malaria, 185
material transport
for membrane production, 250–251
on scaffolding highways, 255–265
membrane production, 245–253
articles related to, 328–329
Golgi and ER roles in, 251–252 (see also endoplasmic reticulum [ER]; Golgi bodies)
lipids in, 245–253
material transport for, 250–251
in organelles, 222–223
variations in membranes, 247–249
vesicle action at synapses, 252–253
memory, 100–101, 128, 139, 278
messenger RNA, 33, 56, 219, 265, 295
microbe–human cell battles, 165–170
activity inside host cells, 168–171
articles related to, 317–318
tactics of, 168–169
tagging systems in, 167–168
vesicles in, 169–170
microbe influences on behavior, 182–184
microbe influences on brain, 181–187
articles related to, 320–321
behavior alterations, 182–184
tactics for brain entry, 184–185
viruses crossing brain barriers, 185–187
microbe–plant interactions, 6, 205–210
articles related to, 323–324
bacteria, 207–210
destructive interactions, 209–210
nitrogen fixation, 206–207
viruses, 209–210
microbes, 6–7, 151–163, 292. see also individual microbes
articles related to, 315–317
bacteria, 152–154
biofilms formed by, 154–157
brainlike characteristics of, 157–158
cilia of, 275
decision making by, 161–163
food interactions with, 215–216
group activity in, 152–157
in gut (see gut microbes) and neutrophils, 23
and organelles, 219–227
and platelets, 53–58
scaffolding protein molecules targeted by, 226–227
signaling among, 158–161
viruses, 151–152
microglia, 113–119
articles related to, 309–311
astrocyte signals to, 108
in disease and pain, 118–119
functions of, 113–115
neurons’ relations with, 118
and neuroplasticity, 102
shapes of, 115
signals and receptors of, 117
during sleep, 133–134
and T cells, 37
threat response by, 116–117
microtubules
in distinct axon regions, 260–262
in neurons, complex structures of, 258
as scaffolding molecules, 256, 257, 263–264
mind, 6
mitochondria, 237–243
articles related to, 327–328
in cancer cells, 82
communication with endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus by, 238–243
diseases and malfunction of, 243
fusion and fission in, 238, 242
microbes’ manipulation of, 224–225
and neuron energy demands, 238–239
MS (multiple sclerosis), 128–129
mTOR molecules, 281–288
and amino acid sensing in
protein production, 285–286
articles related to, 332
in brain, complex activity of, 286–287
and diseases, 287–288
in energy and food regulation, 286
and lysosomes, 284–285
protein complexes of, 282–284
multiple sclerosis (MS), 128–129
mutations, 77
articles related to, 311–312
destruction of, 128–129
and learning, 127–128
myelin code, 122–125
wrapping process for, 125–127
myelin-producing cells, 102
N
nanotubes. see also tunneling nanotubes
in bacterial signaling, 160–161
virus travel in, 226
nerves
and pain, 141–143
regeneration of, 286
and T cells, 38
neuroinflammation, 144–147
aging of, 14
articles related to, 307–308
and brain electricity potentials, 99–100
and cancer growth, 83
chemical synapses, 93–95, 97 (see also synapses)
complex microtubule structures in, 258
electrical synapses, 93–97
energy demands of, 238–239
in gut conversations, 60
and microglia, 113–114, 117, 118
mTOR signals to, 287
and neuroplasticity, 101–102
and oligodendrocytes, 124
and pain, 141–147
signaling and identity of, 103
signals among, 290–291
viruses living in, 186–187
neuroplasticity, 101–102
choroid cells in, 139
mTOR signals for, 287
neurotransmitters
and astrocytes, 107, 109–111, 145
and cancer growth, 84
diffused near neuron regions, 99
as gut microbe product, 181, 183
and mitochondria, 239
and neuron stability, 103
at neuron synapses, 93–97
and oligodendrocytes, 124, 125
produced by bacteria, 173
release signals for, 3, 108, 262
nitrogen fixation, 206–207
norovirus, 180
nurse cells, 32
O
obesity, cancer and, 216
oligodendrocytes, 121–129, 311–312. see also myelin
organelles, 5, 292–293. see also individual organelles, e.g.: mitochondria
articles related to, 325–327
cell-wide signaling among, 231–236
membrane assembly in, 222–223
microbe conversations with, 219–227
microbes’ manipulation of mitochondria in, 224–225
protein production in, 222–223
scaffolding protein molecules in, 226–227
vesicles with information molecules in, 225–226
organs, 219
capillaries’ effects on, 47–48
cell sizes in, 12–13
communication by, 34–35
scaffolding for, 46
P
pain, 141–147
articles related to, 313–315
chronic pain syndromes, 3, 141
microglia in, 119
and neural microcircuits, 142–146
and neuroinflammation, 144–147
Parkinson’s disease, 234, 243, 288
peptides, 67
plants, 6, 205–206. see also microbe–plant interactions
articles related to, 302–303
characteristics of, 55
in fighting microbes, 53–58
and white blood cells, 25
programmed cell suicide pathway, 77
protein production. see also endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
by axons, 265
and cell size, 13
mTOR molecules in, 285–286
in organelles, 222–224
quality control in, 232–234
protozoa, 56, 151, 184, 220–221
R
rapamycin, 282
retinoic acid, 17–18
RNAs
and clock functions, 15–16
launched by secretory systems, 159
in material transport, 265
messenger, 33, 56, 219, 265, 295
mTOR and production of, 286
and organelles, 219
of T cells, 33
viral, 191, 193, 196, 197, 200–203
S
sacs of molecules. see also vesicles
from astrocytes, 108
capillary information sacs, 44
exosomes, 87–88
microglia information molecules, 117
neurotransmitters, 95–96
neutrophil chemical sacs, 23
platelet chemical sacs, 55, 56
from viruses, 192
SARS-CoV-2, 202–203
scaffolding highways
articles related to, 329–330
for axon function, 235–236, 257–258
material transport on, 255–265
microtubule structures in neurons, 258
scaffolding molecules, 255–257
astrocytes, 106
and bacterial attachment, 184–185
and mTOR, 283
for organs, 46
in vesicle building, 252
scavenger cells, 19
and cancer cells, 80
in gut, 64
and microglia, 113–117
and platelets, 57
and white blood cell signals, 22, 24–25
secretory systems, 159–160, 168, 219, 250
self-antigens, 39–41
signaling devices, 2–4, 290, 295. see also individual devices
skin, 67–75
articles related to, 304–305
cell conversations in, 69–70
immunity and disease in, 74–75
keratinocytes in, 68–73
layers of, 68–69
lining cells of, 4
memory T cells in, 73–74
sleep, 133–134
spinal cord, 142–143
in bones, 51
and brain development, 278
and capillaries, 43, 45, 49, 50
and chemical gradients, 18
and choroid cells, 139
in leprosy, 170–171
and neuron production, 107
and oligodendrocytes, 123, 128
size of cells produced from, 12
in skin follicles, 72
and viral genes, 195
sugar molecules, 247
superkiller T cells, 28
synapses
astrocytes in building, 106–107
and cancer growth, 83
chemical, 95–97
on dendrite spines, 271
energy use by, 239
and microglia, 118
neuroimmune, 144–145
in neuronal networks, 94–96
with new neurons, 101
vesicle action at, 252–253
T
tags
in clock loops, 15
in material transport, 263
in microbe–human cell battles, 167–168
in microbial decision making, 162–163
in RNA regulation, 33
T cells (T lymphocytes), 3–4, 27–41
and acupuncture, 37–38
and antigens, 32–33
articles related to, 299–300
brain conversations with, 34–38
and cancer, 80–82
and depression, 38
in gut, 63–64
and gut lining cells, 63–64
killer, 23, 36–37, 40, 41, 276
maturation of, 30–33
and microglia, 37
and other white cell behavior, 20
and platelets, 57–58
primary cilia in, 276
receptors and signals of, 33–34
scientific understanding of, 27–30
and self-antigens, 39–41
in skin, 71–74
superkiller, 28
traveling techniques of, 22
triggering of, 240
viruses travel inside, 185–186
teacher cells, 30–31
time of day signals, 15–16
tissues
and blood vessels, 43–44
growth and maintenance of, 44–49
transport systems. see also material transport
of cilia, 277–279
and movement of lipids and membranes, 249
tuberculosis, 220
tunneling nanotubes, 87
in brain, 93
V
vascular beds, 43. see also capillaries
vesicles. see also sacs of molecules
in cilia transport, 278
with Ebola, 200
exosomes, 87–88
with information molecules, 225–226
and membrane production, 250–253
in microbe–human cell battles, 169–170
microbial manipulation of, 220–221, 223–226
microglia, 117
mTOR signals for, 284
viral genes, 195–196
viruses, 7, 151–152, 189–203. see also microbes; individual viruses
articles related to, 321–323
brain affected by, 181, 183–187
Ebola, 199–201
endoplasmic reticulum invaded by, 223–224
HIV, 196–199
human cells’ battles with, 167–168
and killer T cells, 23
and membrane building, 249
novel coronavirus, 202–203
and organelles, 222–227
peaceful and destructive relationships of, 194–195
plant interactions with, 209–210
platelet attacks on, 56
in skin, 70
in tree of life, 192–193
viral genes, 195–196
W
West Nile virus, 186
white blood cells, 19–25, 291–292. see also T cells
articles related to, 298–299
in brain, 51–52
and cancer, 86
and chronic inflammation, 24–25
in responding to emergencies, 19–23
scavenger cells, 19, 22, 24, 25
stem cells for, 51
traveling techniques of, 21–22