Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. How to Use This Book
  3. Preface
  4. Acknowledgments
  5. 1 Origin of Life
    1. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
    2. CONDITIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
    3. EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH FOR LIFE'S BEGINNINGS
    4. PROBING SPACE FOR CLUES OF LIFE'S ORIGINS ON EARTH
    5. PANSPERMIA
    6. KEY TERMS
    7. SELF-TEST
    8. ANSWERS
  6. 2 Cell Structure
    1. MICROSCOPES
    2. CELLS
    3. CELL THEORY
    4. CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL SIZE
    5. CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEOPLASM
    6. CELL MEMBRANE
    7. MOVEMENT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE
    8. PLANT CELL WALL
    9. PLASMODESMATA AND GAP JUNCTIONS
    10. CELLS' INTERNAL STRUCTURES
    11. KEY TERMS
    12. SELF-TEST
    13. ANSWERS
  7. 3 Cell Division
    1. CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
    2. MITOSIS
    3. SEX AND SEXUALITY
    4. MEIOSIS
    5. MEIOSIS I
    6. MEIOSIS II
    7. KEY TERMS
    8. SELF-TEST
    9. ANSWERS
  8. 4 Reproduction
    1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
    2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
    3. ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
    4. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
    5. KEY TERMS
    6. SELF-TEST
    7. ANSWERS
  9. 5 Cellular Respiration
    1. GLYCOLYSIS
    2. ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION
    3. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
    4. CYTOCHROME SYSTEM
    5. RESPIRATION OF FATS AND PROTEINS
    6. KEY TERMS
    7. SELF-TEST
    8. ANSWERS
  10. 6 Photosynthesis
    1. HISTORY
    2. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
    3. PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS
    4. NUTRIENTS
    5. CHLOROPLASTS
    6. CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
    7. LIGHT ABSORPTION
    8. PASSING THE ELECTRONS
    9. NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
    10. CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
    11. CARBON FIXATION AND CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
    12. LEAVES
    13. KEY TERMS
    14. SELF-TEST
    15. ANSWERS
  11. 7 Homeostasis
    1. FLUID ENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLIEST CELLS
    2. PLANT CELLS VS. ANIMAL CELLS
    3. INVERTEBRATE EXCRETION
    4. OTHER OSMOREGULATORY PROBLEMS
    5. KEY TERMS
    6. SELF-TEST
    7. ANSWERS
  12. 8 Hormones
    1. PLANT HORMONES
    2. AUXINS
    3. GIBBERELLINS
    4. CYTOKININS AND INHIBITORS
    5. ETHYLENE
    6. PHOTOPERIODISM
    7. ANIMAL HORMONES
    8. DIGESTION (GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT)
    9. HISTAMINE
    10. PANCREAS
    11. ADRENALS AND KIDNEYS
    12. THYROID
    13. PARATHYROIDS
    14. THYMUS
    15. PITUITARY
    16. HYPOTHALAMUS
    17. OVARIES
    18. TESTES
    19. KEY TERMS
    20. SELF-TEST
    21. ANSWERS
  13. 9 The Brain and the Nervous System
    1. THE BRAIN
    2. MEMBRANES COVERING THE BRAIN
    3. THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN AND ITS EVOLUTION
    4. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
    5. EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
    6. NEURONS
    7. NERVOUS IMPULSE
    8. SYNAPSE AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    9. REFLEX ARCS
    10. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
    11. KEY TERMS
    12. SELF-TEST
    13. ANSWERS
  14. 10 Bones and Muscles
    1. BONES
    2. MUSCLES
    3. MUSCLE CONTRACTION
    4. SLIDING-FILAMENT THEORY
    5. EXOSKELETON
    6. KEY TERMS
    7. SELF-TEST
    8. ANSWERS
  15. 11 Internal Transport: Plants and Invertebrates
    1. ORGANISMS WITHOUT INTERNAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
    2. TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
    3. STEMS
    4. CONDUCTING TISSUES IN PLANTS
    5. ROOTS
    6. MOVEMENT OF INORGANIC SOLUTES
    7. KEY TERMS
    8. SELF-TEST
    9. ANSWERS
  16. 12 Circulatory System
    1. INSECTS: OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
    2. INSECT BLOOD
    3. CIRCULATION IN VERTEBRATES
    4. CAPILLARIES
    5. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
    6. KEY TERMS
    7. SELF-TEST
    8. ANSWERS
  17. 13 Blood
    1. ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
    2. BLOOD TYPES
    3. Rh
    4. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
    5. BLOOD TEST
    6. PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
    7. IONS, SALTS, AND PROTEINS IN THE BLOOD
    8. HEARTBEAT
    9. BLOOD PRESSURE
    10. KEY TERMS
    11. SELF-TEST
    12. ANSWERS
  18. 14 Nutrition
    1. PROTEINS
    2. CARBON
    3. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
    4. MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
    5. CARBOHYDRATES
    6. SIMPLE SUGARS
    7. DIGESTION
    8. ISOMERS
    9. LIPIDS
    10. VITAMINS
    11. MINERALS
    12. FIBER
    13. KEY TERMS
    14. SELF-TEST
    15. ANSWERS
  19. 15 Ecology
    1. HABITAT AND NICHE
    2. POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
    3. POPULATION GROWTH
    4. SPECIES DIVERSITY
    5. SPECIES TURNOVER, RECRUITMENT, AND INTRODUCED SPECIES
    6. COMPETITION
    7. DENSITY
    8. CARRYING CAPACITY
    9. SUCCESSION
    10. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY
    11. ECOSYSTEMS
    12. BIOMES
    13. MARINE COMMUNITIES
    14. MINERAL NUTRIENT CYCLES
    15. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY
    16. CAMOUFLAGE
    17. MIMICRY
    18. WATER TREATMENT, RECYCLING, AND COMPOSTING
    19. KEY TERMS
    20. SELF-TEST
    21. ANSWERS
  20. 16 Viruses and Subviruses
    1. VIRUSES
    2. SUBVIRUSES
    3. KEY TERMS
    4. SELF-TEST
    5. ANSWERS
  21. 17 Monera
    1. PROKARYOTIC DNA
    2. REPRODUCTION
    3. SPORES
    4. HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA
    5. CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
    6. NITROGEN FIXATION
    7. KEY TERMS
    8. SELF-TEST
    9. ANSWERS
  22. 18 Protista
    1. KEY TERMS
    2. SELF-TEST
    3. ANSWERS
  23. 19 Fungi
    1. OOMYCOTA: WATER MOLDS
    2. ZYGOMYCOTA
    3. ASCOMYCOTA: SAC FUNGI
    4. BASIDIOMYCOTA: CLUB FUNGI
    5. IMPERFECT FUNGI
    6. MYCORRHIZAE
    7. LICHENS
    8. KEY TERMS
    9. SELF-TEST
    10. ANSWERS
  24. 20 Plant Kingdom: Plantae
    1. MOVE TO LAND
    2. BRYOPHYTA: MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, AND HORNWORTS
    3. VASCULAR PLANTS
    4. PSILOPHYTA
    5. LYCOPHYTA: CLUB MOSSES
    6. SPHENOPHYTA: HORSETAILS
    7. PTEROPHYTA: FERNS
    8. GYMNOSPERMS
    9. CYCADOPHYTA
    10. GINKGOPHYTA
    11. CONIFEROPHYTA: CONIFERS
    12. ANTHOPHYTA/ANGIOSPERMS: FLOWERING PLANTS
    13. TYPICAL FLOWER
    14. KEY TERMS
    15. SELF-TEST
    16. ANSWERS
  25. 21 Animal Kingdom: Animalia
    1. LOWER INVERTEBRATES
    2. HIGHER INVERTEBRATES
    3. CHORDATA
    4. KEY TERMS
    5. SELF-TEST
    6. ANSWERS
  26. Glossary
  27. Index
  28. End User License Agreement

List of Tables

  1. Chapter 8
    1. Table 8.1 Major sources of human hormones and their functions.
  2. Chapter 13
    1. Table 13.1 Compatibility of blood types.
  3. Chapter 14
    1. Table 14.1 Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

List of Illustrations

  1. Chapter 2
    1. Figure 2.1 Light microscope (left) and stereomicroscope (right). The resolvi...
    2. Figure 2.2 Linearly arranged cell walls in the annual growth rings of a pine...
    3. Figure 2.3 The top three boxes illustrate diffusion. Water is represented by...
    4. Figure 2.4 Active transport: (a) A cell concentrates certain kinds of molecu...
    5. Figure 2.5 Cells have specialized junctions that facilitate the passage of m...
    6. Figure 2.6 An electron micrograph of a nucleus. The arrows point to pores in...
    7. Figure 2.7 Here are four of the major organelles located in the animal cell ...
    8. Figure 2.8 This cross-section diagram illustrates the Golgi apparatus, an or...
    9. Figure 2.9 (a) An artist's rendering of a mitochondrion; and (b) a labeled p...
    10. Figure 2.10 A chloroplast with structures labeled.
    11. Figure 2.11 A generalized plant cell with its structures labeled.
    12. Figure 2.12 Composite animal cell.
    13. Figure 2.13 Cross section of a centriole. This drawing shows the nine triple...
  2. Chapter 3
    1. Figure 3.1 (a) Generalized cyanobacterium (or blue-green bacterium or blue-g...
    2. Figure 3.2 Generalized and somewhat simplified representations of two types ...
    3. Figure 3.3 Schematic drawings of an animal cell with six chromosomes undergo...
    4. Figure 3.4 Drawings depicting an animal cell undergoing meiosis. For simplic...
  3. Chapter 4
    1. Figure 4.1 Budding of hydra is illustrated here. The upright and larger pare...
    2. Figure 4.2 Gametogenesis is illustrated, showing how the process involves me...
    3. Figure 4.3 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
    4. Figure 4.4 Alternation of generations in Obelia, which is a cnidarian (coele...
    5. Figure 4.5 Life cycle of a moss.
    6. Figure 4.6 Life cycle of a fern.
    7. Figure 4.7 Reproductive system of the human male.
    8. Figure 4.8 Reproductive system of the human female.
    9. Figure 4.9 Human fetus and its fetal structures inside the mother's uterus....
    10. Figure 4.10 Monthly ovarian and uterine cycles. Four hormones are involved:
  4. Chapter 5
    1. Figure 5.1 The major events involved in cellular respiration are illustrated...
    2. Figure 5.2 Activation energy is the amount of energy required to initiate a ...
    3. Figure 5.3 Different enzymes function best at specific temperatures. Most hu...
    4. Figure 5.4 This figure illustrates the most important points of what occurs ...
    5. Figure 5.5 Krebs cycle and glycolysis.
    6. Figure 5.6 The structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
    7. Figure 5.7 Anaerobic conversion of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) to ethanol and to...
    8. Figure 5.8 The Krebs (tricarboxylic acid) cycle shown with more detail than ...
    9. Figure 5.9 Oxidative phosphorylation is the net product of the cytochrome sy...
    10. Figure 5.10 Summary diagram of the formation of ATP during the aerobic break...
  5. Chapter 6
    1. Figure 6.1 Photosynthesis, as depicted here, is the process involving chloro...
    2. Figure 6.2 Electron micrograph of chloroplast from a corn plant.
    3. Figure 6.3 Chemical structures of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, molecules...
    4. Figure 6.4 Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll b in nanometers (nm) from 400 ...
    5. Figure 6.5 Chemical structure of three closely related carotenoids: α-, ...
    6. Figure 6.6 The transfer of the ATP molecule's terminal high-energy phosphate...
    7. Figure 6.7 Carbohydrate synthesis. Carbohydrates are made from water and CO2
    8. Figure 6.8 Three-dimensional diagram of a leaf section, illustrating externa...
  6. Chapter 7
    1. Figure 7.1 Osmosis is a specialized type of diffusion involving a semipermea...
    2. Figure 7.2 Excretory system of planaria, consisting of flame cells, excretor...
    3. Figure 7.3 Nephrons are located in the portions of the kidney termed “cortex...
    4. Figure 7.4 Chemical structures of the nitrogenous compounds: ammonia, urea, ...
  7. Chapter 8
    1. Figure 8.1 Location and general appearance of important hormone-secreting gl...
    2. Figure 8.2 Location of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, as illustrated ...
    3. Figure 8.3 The hormones produced by the pituitary gland and the parts of the...
  8. Chapter 9
    1. Figure 9.1 Grasshopper's nervous system (brain and ganglia are shaded).
    2. Figure 9.2 The brains of five vertebrates (not drawn to scale) illustrate va...
    3. Figure 9.3 Sensory, association, and motor neurons and their relationships....
    4. Figure 9.4 A nerve cell and associated Schwann cells with microstructural de...
    5. Figure 9.5 Initiation and transmission of a nerve impulse as illustrated alo...
    6. Figure 9.6 This graph illustrates the change in a nerve fiber's membrane pot...
    7. Figure 9.7 A synapse, the junction between two neurons. Neurotransmitters ar...
    8. Figure 9.8 After the neurotransmitter molecules attach to the receptor sites...
    9. Figure 9.9 Cross section of the spinal cord showing major features and the r...
    10. Figure 9.10 Autonomic nerves innervate smooth muscles found in organs and gl...
  9. Chapter 10
    1. Figure 10.1 The human spinal column consists of 33 bones. Within the spinal ...
    2. Figure 10.2 The human skeleton.
    3. Figure 10.3 The pigeon skeleton.
    4. Figure 10.4 With balance sensors located in muscles and tendons, the antagon...
    5. Figure 10.5 A kymograph is used in laboratory experiments to study muscle co...
    6. Figure 10.6 The muscle elements described in the text are illustrated with t...
    7. Figure 10.7 Muscle contraction results when the protein polymers called acti...
  10. Chapter 11
    1. Figure 11.1 Going from the inside to the outside of the stem, the tissues sh...
    2. Figure 11.2 At the start, a young wheat root begins growing by pushing out t...
  11. Chapter 12
    1. Figure 12.1 On the left is the countercurrent exchange mechanism as it works...
    2. Figure 12.2 Open circulatory system of a grasshopper illustrating blood flow...
    3. Figure 12.3 Rate of blood flow to capillary bed (top) is regulated by the co...
    4. Figure 12.4 Cross section of a human heart showing the four chambers (two at...
    5. Figure 12.5 A highly simplified representation of the human circulatory syst...
    6. Figure 12.6 Ninety percent of the blood plasma that leaks from the tissues p...
  12. Chapter 13
    1. Figure 13.1 A mass of human red blood cells. Their flattened, indented shape...
    2. Figure 13.2 Blood cell types are classified according to the shape and size ...
    3. Figure 13.3 Pacemaker tissues in the human heart. Heartbeat is initiated by ...
    4. Figure 13.4 An EKG (electrocardiogram) tracing a heartbeat, measuring the sy...
  13. Chapter 14
    1. Figure 14.1 Representations of some common organic functional groups.
    2. Figure 14.2 These two isomers of C2H6O are structural isomers.
    3. Figure 14.3 These two isomers of C4H4O4 are geometric isomers; note the doub...
    4. Figure 14.4 These two isomers of C3H6O3 are optical isomers.
    5. Figure 14.5 Isomers of C6H12O6; these three are isometric hexoses (six carbo...
    6. Figure 14.6 Ring structure of glucose (C6H12O6).
    7. Figure 14.7 Some common simple, double, and multiple molecules composed of s...
    8. Figure 14.8 Sucrose, our common table sugar, is a disaccharide composed of a...
    9. Figure 14.9 Glycogen is composed of long branching chains of glucose molecul...
    10. Figure 14.10 Each fat molecule is composed of a glycerol unit to which are a...
    11. Figure 14.11 Ring structures of two well-known steroids.
  14. Chapter 15
    1. Figure 15.1 Exponential growth curve (N = population size; r = rate of incre...
    2. Figure 15.2 Population growth as described by the logistic equation (K = car...
    3. Figure 15.3 Survivorship curves for humans, deer, and maples.
    4. Figure 15.4 Annual net primary productivity of natural vegetation.
    5. Figure 15.5 Biomes are major ecosystems with distinctive forms of life. The ...
  15. Chapter 16
    1. Figure 16.1 Proliferative cycle of a virus; here the host cell is a bacteriu...
    2. Figure 16.2 Diagram of a virus that attacks bacteria, known as a bacteriopha...
    3. Figure 16.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrograph of a bacteria...
  16. Chapter 17
    1. Figure 17.1 Diagram of a bacterial cell, illustrating a prokaryotic cell. Mo...
    2. Figure 17.2 (a) Composite bacterium; (b) An electron micrograph of a bacteri...
  17. Chapter 19
    1. Figure 19.1 Yeast cells in various stages of budding.
    2. Figure 19.2 The mushroom known as the common edible morel is a fruiting body...
    3. Figure 19.3 Growth of a common poisonous mushroom (Amanita).
  18. Chapter 20
    1. Figure 20.1 Moss, illustrating rhizoids, leafy gametophytes, and attached sp...
    2. Figure 20.2 Mature fern sporophyte, illustrating leafy diploid stage.
    3. Figure 20.3 Diagram of a tulip flower, illustrating different floral parts....
  19. Chapter 21
    1. Figure 21.1 Insect: American cockroach.
    2. Figure 21.2 Fish: Striped bass.
    3. Figure 21.3 Amphibian: Green frog.
    4. Figure 21.4 Reptile: Garter snake.
    5. Figure 21.5 Reptile: Snapping turtle.
    6. Figure 21.6 Bird: Black-crowned night heron.
    7. Figure 21.7 Mammal: Eastern chipmunk.

Guide

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  442. 443
  443. 444
  444. 445
  445. 446
  446. 447
  447. 448
  448. 449
  449. 450
  450. 451
  451. 452
  452. 453
  453. 454
  454. 455
  455. 456
  456. 457
  457. 458
  458. 459
  459. 460
  460. 461
  461. 462
  462. 463
  463. 464
  464. 465
  465. 466
  466. 467
  467. 468
  468. 469
  469. 470
  470. 471