Table of Contents

1. Title page
2. Copyright page
3. Preface
4. Introduction
5. I Models of Brain
   1. 1 Beyond the Passive/Active Dichotomy: A Spectrum Model of the Brain’s Neural Activities
   2. 2 Relation between Spontaneous and Stimulus-Induced Activity: Interaction Model of Brain
   3. 3 Is Our Brain an Open or Closed System? Prediction Model of Brain and World–Brain Relation
6. II Models of Consciousness
   1. 4 Spectrum Model of Brain and Consciousness
   2. 5 Interaction Model of Brain and Consciousness
   3. 6 Prediction Model of Brain and Consciousness
   4. 7 Spatiotemporal Model of Consciousness I: Spatiotemporal Specificity and Neuronal-Phenomenal Correspondence
   5. 8 Spatiotemporal Model of Consciousness II: Spatiotemporal Alignment—Neuro-ecological Continuum and World–Brain Relation
7. III World–Brain Problem
   1. 9 Ontology I: From Brain to World–Brain Relation
   2. 10 Ontology II: From World–Brain Relation to Consciousness
   3. 11 Ontology III: From the World to Consciousness
8. IV Copernican Revolution
   1. 12 Copernican Revolution in Physics and Cosmology: Vantage Point from beyond Earth
   2. 13 Pre-Copernican Stance in Neuroscience and Philosophy: Vantage Point from within Mind or Brain
   3. 14 Copernican Revolution in Neuroscience and Philosophy: Vantage Point from beyond Brain
   4. Conclusion: Copernican Revolution—Is the Brain’s Spontaneous Activity an Empirical, Epistemic, and Ontological Game Changer in Neuroscience and Philosophy?
9. Glossary
10. References
11. Index

List of figures

1. Figure 0.1 From the mind–body problem to the world–brain problem.
2. Figure 1.1 Spectrum model of neural activity.
3. Figure 2.1 Nonadditive interaction (A) at three different levels of resting state (or ongoing) activity (B).
4. Figure 2.2 Different models of neural coding. The figure depicts two different models of neural coding, difference-based coding (A) and stimulus-based coding (B). The upper part in each figure illustrates the occurrence of stimuli across time and space as indicated by the vertical lines. The lower part in each figure with the bars stands for the action potentials as elicited by the stimuli with the blue arrow describing the link between stimuli and neural activity. (A) In the case of difference-based coding, the stimuli and their respective temporal and spatial positions are compared, matched, and integrated with each other. In other terms, the differences between the different stimuli across space and time are computed as indicated by the dotted lines. The degree of difference between the different stimuli’s spatial and temporal positions does in turn determine the resulting neural activity. The different stimuli are thus dependent on each other when encoded into neural activity. Hence, there is no longer one-to-one matching between stimulus and neural activity. (B) This is different in the case of stimulus-based coding. Here each stimulus, including its respective discrete position in space and time, is encoded in the brain’s neural activity. Most importantly, in contrast to difference-based coding, each stimulus is encoded by itself independent of the respective other stimuli. This results in one-to-one matching between stimuli and neural activity.
5. Figure 3.1 Brain as an open and closed system.
6. Figure 4.1 Spectrum model of brain and the level of consciousness.
7. Figure 4.2 Spectrum model of brain and its relation to consciousness.
8. Figure 5.1 Interaction model of brain and the level of consciousness. MCS indicates minimally conscious state; VS, vegetative state.
9. Figure 5.2 Capacity-based model of nonadditive rest–stimulus interaction. TTV indicates trial-to-trial variability.
10. Figure 5.3 Law-driven model of nonadditive rest–stimulus interaction. TTV indicates trial-to-trial variability.
11. Figure 6.1a Prediction inference.
12. Figure 6.1b Prediction fallacy.
13. Figure 7.1 Overview of different spatiotemporal mechanisms and the different dimensions of consciousness.
14. Figure 7.2 Temporal nestedness in the brain’s spontaneous activity and its relation to consciousness. (A) Measures of temporal structure in the brain’s spontaneous activity. (B) Changes in cross-frequency coupling during the loss of consciousness.
15. Figure 7.3 Spatiotemporal expansion of neural activity.
16. Figure 7.4 Temporospatial globalization of neural activity and consciousness.
17. Figure 8.1 Temporal alignment of the brain to body and world.
18. Figure 8.2a Brain between body and world.
19. Figure 8.2b Neuro-ecological continuum and world–brain relation.
20. Figure 9.1 Empirical–ontological fallacy.
21. Figure 9.2 Empirical–ontological plausibility.
22. Figure 10.1 Contingency problem of connection between brain and consciousness.
23. Figure 10.2 Contingency problem—necessary connection between mind and consciousness.
24. Figure 10.3 Contingency problem—necessary connection between brain and consciousness.
25. Figure 11.1 Spatiotemporal nestedness and spatiotemporal directedness between world and brain.
26. Figure 11.2 World–brain relation versus brain–world relation.
27. Figure 12.1 Geo- versus heliocentric models and their vantage points. Geocentric model with a vantage point from within Earth (the black arrows indicate the observed movements and their attribution to the sun).
28. Figure 12.2 Heliocentric model with a vantage point from beyond Earth (the black arrows indicate the observed movements and their attribution to the Earth).
29. Figure 13.1 Vantage point from within mind and its mento-centric view.
30. Figure 13.2 Pre-Copernican vantage point from within brain and its neuro-centric view (the black arrows indicate that the world is supposed to “move around” the brain as center).
31. Figure 14.1 Post-Copernican vantage point from beyond brain and its allo- and eco-centric view (the black line indicates that the brain “moves around” the world).
32. Figure 14.2 Shift in vantage point—Copernican revolution in neuroscience and philosophy.

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