Chapter 1: The Mother of Slavery
1. Hughes, 5.
2. Virginia Code of 1849, 747.
3. In his history of Shelby County, Mississippi, John E. Harkins says that the planter’s name was Edmund (not Edward). Harkins, 53.
4. Harkins, 53.
5. Historical dollar conversion figures are intended only as rough approximations. This and subsequent conversions are queried from Sahr.
6. Hughes, 12.
7. Tadman, 141, 147–51.
8. Ball, 37.
9. Featherstonhaugh, 1:122–23.
10. Humes, 33.
11. Rumple, 254.
12. The Negro in Virginia, 173.
13. Ball, 72–73.
14. Brown, William Wells 1849, 49.
15. Brown, William Wells 1849, 32.
16. Strouse, 88.
17. Clayton 2002, 133.
Chapter 2: Protectionism, or, The Importance of 1808
1. Eltis and Richardson, 4, 17.
2. Eltis and Richardson, 18.
3. McMillin, 118.
4. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, June 30, 1820. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-1352.
5. US Constitution, Article 1, Section 9.
6. For a detailed account of Jefferson’s second term, see Adams 1889/1986.
7. Ingraham 1860, 523.
8. For a discussion of credit in the creation of money, see Ingham, 107–133.
9. DuBois, W. E. B. 1933, 44.
10. There are numerous references to slave purchases in Polk’s letters (CJKP); William Dusinberre’s Slavemaster President covers the subject in detail.
11. Conrad and Meyer, 105–06.
Chapter 3: A Literature of Terror
1. Brown, William Wells 1847, 4.
2. Jacobs, 79–80, 117–18. See also HJFP, 1:lxxvi.
3. Veney, 26.
4. Perdue et al, 11.
5. Harrower.
6. Follett, 48.
7. CJKP, 11:346.
8. Cade, 307.
9. The Negro in Virginia, 83–84.
10. TAS, supp. 2:5:1580.
11. TAS, supp. 2:5:1580.
12. FWP, North Carolina narratives, 11:2, 131.
13. Quoted in Cade, 306.
14. TAS, supp. 2:5:1453.
15. Genovese 1974, 464.
16. Smith, Daniel Scott, 86.
17. Talbot gives a thorough accounting of the Mandingo product line.
18. See, for example, Tadman, 121–25.
19. Sutch, 38–39.
20. Tadman, 124.
21. FWP, Texas narratives, 16:1, 218..
22. The Negro in Virginia, 171.
23. FWP, Arkansas narratives, 2:3, 369.
24. Talbot, 11.
25. Musgrave, 264–67.
26. Catterall, 1:75.
27. Olmsted 1861, 55n.
28. FWP, Florida narratives, 3:166.
29. FWP, Texas narratives, 16:1, 180.
30. FWP, Texas narratives, 16:2, 203–04.
31. FWP, North Carolina narratives, 11:1, 31.
32. Lemieux; Jones.
33. Swarns, 2012a.
34. Escott, 44.
35. US Census (1860), x.
36. US Census (1860), x.
37. Steward, 151.
38. George, 317.
39. Hartman, 85.
40. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/celia/celiahome.html
41. Purcell, 338.
Chapter 4: Natural Increase
1. Bancroft 1931/1996, 24.
2. Quoted in Lightner, 5.
3. Marx 1937, 67.
4. Deyle 2005b, 296.
5. Deyle 2005b, 289.
6. Frederic Bancroft, Letter to Winfield Hazlitt Collins, Dec. 13, 1921. FBC, Box 89.
7. TWOTR, ser. 3, 4:355.
8. Wright, Gavin, 2.
9. FBC, Box 88, 109D.
10. TAS, 19:298
11. Kilbourne 1995, 5.
12. Olmsted 1861, 55n.
13. Menard, 18.
14. Stephenson, 227.
15. Kilbourne 1995, 4.
16. Adams, Henry 1883, 59.
17. See, e.g., Rutherford, 371.
18. Graeber, 192.
19. FBC, Box 84, 2:5, 3.
20. See Jefferson, “Notes on Coinage,” in PTJ 7:175–85.
21. Kemble, 78.
22. SIF, 559–60.
23. Stanton, 127.
24. Berinato.
Chapter 5: Little Shadows
1. Say, 1:318.
2. Hughes, 34.
3. Marx 1937, 67.
4. “The Impending Crisis in the Southern States of America” (1859), The Economist, Dec. 24, p. 1429.
5. Henson, 7.
6. Wiencek, 156–57.
7. Virginia Code of 1849, 458.
8. Mason, 13.
9. Quoted in The Negro in Virginia, 71–72.
10. Quoted in Camp, 559.
11. Stanton, 23.
12. Smith, Gene Allen, 103–04.
13. Ball, 47.
14. Jefferson 1788, 148.
15. Kiple and King, 88.
16. Kiple and King, 89.
17. See Kiple and King, 74–78.
18. King, Roswell, Jr., 1:527.
19. Watson, 16–17.
20. Ball, 63–64.
21. See Cade, 300. There is a child-feeding trough in the collection of artifacts at Whitney Plantation in Louisiana.
22. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00020119.htm.
23. See Grandin, 40–41n.
24. Mather, 422.
25. Barker-Benfield, 85–112.
26. DeBow’s Review (1851). 11:3, 332–33.
27. FWP, Virginia narratives, 17:2.
28. Starobin, 11–12.
29. Zaborney, 121.
30. FBC, Box 88, 70.
31. Green, J. D. 10.
32. Watson, Henry, 13.
33. Mason, 20–21.
34. Northup, 250.
35. FWP, Arkansas Narratives, 2:1, 113.
36. Jacobs, 217.
37. Watson, Henry, 16.
38. TAS, supp. 2:5:1580.
39. Chesnut, 29.
40. Jacobs, 57.
41. FWP, South Carolina narratives, 14:1, 150.
42. In a letter by William Hayward. Truth, 139.
43. Bremer, 3:340.
44. US Census (1860), xvi.
45. FWP, South Carolina narratives, 14:1, 158.
46. Gudmestad, 42.
47. Perdue et al., 158.
48. Clarke.
49. Brown, William Wells 1863, 17.
50. McCullough, 55.
51. McCullough, 47.
52. TAS, 18:300.
53. Aptheker, 162.
54. Dunbar.
55. Bauer and Bauer, 338–419.
56. Quoted in Aptheker, 235.
Chapter 6: Species of Property
1. Letter, O.P. Temple to Frederic Bancroft, February 8, 1904, FBC, Box 88.
2. Rousey, 19–24.
3. Kilbourne 1995, 6.
5. See Adams, Henry 1883, 36–37, 269–71.
6. A declaration of the immediate causes … See also, for example, Townsend, 19; Davis, Jefferson, 107.
7. FBC, Box 88.
8. US Census (1860), “Agriculture,” vii.
9. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 27, 1809, PTJRS, 1:169.
10. Quoted in Dew, Charles B., 35.
11. Kilbourne 1995, 7.
Chapter 7: Rawrenock
1. Kingsbury, 1.
2. Luther, 357–58.
3. See Landers, 13; Pickett and Pickett, 22–27; Milanich, 62.
4. Treasure, 3ff.
5. Ribaut, 67.
6. Ribaut, 75.
7. Ribaut, 93.
8. Ribaut, 93.
9. Lowery, 37.
10. Mercado, 16.
11. Thurber, 106–07.
12. Bennett 2001, 21.
13. Laudonnière, 103–122.
14. Scott, William Robert, 2:3–8.
15. Andrews, 20.
16. Rankin, 3.
17. Scott, William Robert, 2:8, 60–65.
18. Mercado, 9–10.
19. Mercado, 92; Bennett 2001, 37.
20. Laudonnière, 138n; Bennett 2001, 38.
21. Bennett 2001, 38.
22. Solís de Merás, 122.
23. Wilford.
24. Scott, William Robert, 89.
25. Taylor, 278.
26. Smith, John 1624, 58.
27. Keller, 66.
28. For a discussion of the term “motley crew,” see Linebaugh and Rediker, 27–28 and passim.
29. Andrews, 36.
30. Purchas, 4:1728.
31. Andrews, Kenneth R. 37.
32. See Bartels, 305–322.
33. Tombs, 204.
Chapter 8: A Cargo of Shining Dirt
1. Lemay 1991, 210.
2. Smith, John 1624, 21–22.
3. Tilp, 100.
4. Purchas, 4:1753.
5. Quoted in Lemay 1991, 184.
6. O’Brien.
7. See Linebaugh and Rediker’s chapter on this interlude, 8–35.
Chapter 9: Our Principall Wealth
1. Lemay 1991, 24
2. Smith, Abbot Emerson, 12.
3. Fischer, 227; McCusker and Menard, 242.
4. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 126.
5. Bruce 1895, 1:186.
6. See Parent’s chapter, “The Landgrab,” 9–54.
7. Quoted in Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, 284.
8. Harrower, 39.
9. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 171.
10. Letter, George Washington to Robert Cary, February 13, 1764. PGW, A:7:286.
11. Kingsbury, 243; see also www.encyclopediavirginia.org/_20_and_odd_Negroes_an_excerpt_from_a_letter_from_John_Rolfe_to_Sir_Edwin_Sandys_1619_1620.
12. Sluiter 1997, 376n.
13. Smith, John 1624, 117.
14. Quoted in Anderson, Adam, 2:217.
15. Bruce 1895, 1:58.
16. Thornton 1998, 421.
17. Sluiter 1997.
18. Thornton 1983, 63.
19. Thornton 1983, 63.
20. Quoted in Kingsbury, 243.
21. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 111, 113.
22. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 101–02.
23. Lucas, 73; Mann, Charles C.
Chapter 10: Maria’s Land
1. Heath and Philips, 220.
2. Hibbard, 119.
3. Hall, Clayton Colman, 5.
4. Hall, Clayton Colman, 33, 40.
5. Lucas, 114.
6. Hall, Clayton Colman, 38.
7. Allan.
8. Hall, Clayton Colman, 61.
9. Tilp, 78.
10. Tilp, 12.
11. “Lord Baltimore’s instructions to his colonists.” In The Calvert Papers, 1:131.
12. Smith, John 1884, 615.
13. Adams and Pleck, 37–38.
14. Bunker 2010, 242.
15. Fischer, 240, 243.
16. Fischer, 366.
17. Walsh 2010, 10.
18. Griffey, 182.
19. For an account of the iconoclastic riots, see Eire.
20. Brugger, 21.
21. Harrison, 104.
22. Weeks, 13.
23. Weeks, 20.
24. Fischer, 226.
Chapter 11: Barbados
1. Quoted in Firth, 146.
2. Schwartz, 13.
3. The Bowery Historic District, Sec. 8, p. 9.
4. Fisher, 102–03.
5. Harlow, 5.
6. Harlow, 82, 86.
7. Price 1991, 297; Dunn, 61.
8. Price 1991, 299.
9. Price 1991, 297; Dunn, 61.
10. Ligon 2011, 188.
11. Harlow, 162–68.
12. Dunn, 10, 337–38.
13. Nisbet, 116.
14. Quoted in Harlow, 59.
15. Harlow, 84.
16. Bunker 2014, 412–13.
17. Quoted in Firth, 146.
18. Dunn, 288.
19. Dunn, 266; Harlow, 44.
20. Dunn, 245.
21. McCusker and Menard, 92.
22. Scott, William Robert, 17.
23. Garrard, 71.
24. The Duke of York’s Release.
25. Aptheker, 165.
26. Hening 2:299–300.
27. “Great news from the Barbadoes,” 339–341.
28. “Great news from the Barbadoes,” 342.
Chapter 12: The Anglo-Saxon Model
1. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 386
2. Quoted in Fischer, 212.
3. Slotkin and Folsom, 17.
4. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 327.
5. Brown, Kathleen M., 177.
6. Morgan, Edmund S. 1975, 383.
7. Breen, 241.
8. Bailyn, 97.
9. Jordan, 75.
10. For an extended discussion, see Wright 2006, 14–47.
11. Rawley, 84.
12. Hening, 2:270.
13. Price 1991, 296.
14. Morgan, Kenneth, 719–720.
15. Price 1991, 10.
16. Parent, 2.
17. Walsh 2010, 17, 233.
18. Davis, Richard Beale, 253.
19. Deyle 2004, 215.
20. Parent, 72.
21. Fitzhugh, William, 44.
22. Davis, Richard Beale, 175.
23. Goodheart 2011a, 304.
24. Davis, Richard Beale, 54.
25. Davis, Richard Beale, 373–77.
Chapter 13: Carolina
1. Nairne, 47–48.
2. This summary of South Carolina’s political backstory substantially follows the contours of Eugene Sirman’s.
3. Armitage, 607.
4. Armitage, 608.
5. Sirmans, 14.
6. McCandless, 10.
7. McCandless, 7.
8. Sirmans, 16.
9. Wood, Peter H., 24.
10. Gallay, 225.
11. Gallay, 23–31.
12. Our account of this indigenous political geography is indebted to Gallay, 1–39.
13. Armitage, 610.
14. Donnan, 804.
15. Berlin, 17.
16. Gallay, 299.
17. Gallay, 6–7.
18. Crane, 45.
19. Le Moyne d’Iberville, 119.
20. Crane, 19.
21. See Gallay, 40–69, and Crane, 6–21.
22. Gallay, 56–57.
23. Crane, 112.
24. See Ingham, 107–33.
25. Ingham, 127–131.
26. Price 1984, 26–31.
27. Ingham, 129.
28. Gallay, 212.
29. De Quesada, 6.
30. Horne, 3.
31. Landers 1999, 24.
Chapter 14: The Separate Traders
1. Quoted in DIST, 4:68.
2. Scott, William Robert, 23.
3. Behrendt 2007, 68.
4. Parent, 79; Rawley, 86.
5. figures from Price 1991, 305.
6. Catterall, 1:53–54.
7. Thomas, Hugh, 236.
8. Furdell, 245.
9. Thomas, Hugh, 235.
10. Parent, 93.
11. Whatley.
12. Bourne, Michael, 46.
13. Rawley and Behrendt, 182; Ridley, 27.
14. Morgan, Kenneth, 719–720.
15. Anderson and Gallman, 32.
16. Ortiz 1947, 268; Ortiz 1978, 358.
17. Morgan, Philip D. 1998, 81.
Chapter 15: Charles Town
1. At the Gullah Geechee Festival, Beaufort, South Carolina, May 26, 2013.
2. Norris, 58–59.
3. Morgan, Philip D. 1998, 1.
4. Gallay, 200.
5. Donnan, 804–05.
6. Wood, Peter H., 57n.
7. Wilder, 50; Leder and Carroso, 20–30.
8. See Carney, 32ff. for an extended discussion.
9. Bruce 1895, 1:331.
10. Wood, Peter H., 36.
11. See author’s interview with Gwendolyn Midlo Hall for Afropop Worldwide Hip Deep, http://www.afropop.org/11166/gwendolyn-midlo-hall.
12. McCusker and Menard, 181–82.
13. Mancall et al, 630.
14. McCusker and Menard, 235.
15. Norris, 17–18.
16. Norris, 93.
17. Quoted in Gallay, 328.
18. Gallay, 338.
19. Caillot, 125n, 146–68.
20. Quoted in Aptheker, 175.
21. Quoted in Aptheker, 181.
22. Quoted in Donnan, 805.
23. Donnan, 806.
Chapter 16: Savannah and Stono
1. Hewatt, 2:300.
2. Egmont Papers, http://fax.libs.uga.edu/egmont/14203/index.djvu?djvuopts&zoom=100&page=ep142030229.djvu.
3. Baine, 101.
4. Wilson, Thomas D., 12.
5. Wilson, Thomas D., 38–40.
6. Greenberg, 28.
7. See Wilson, Thomas D., 107.
8. Pinckney.
9. CRG, 23:57.
10. Hewatt, 63–64.
11. Landers 2010, 1–3.
12. CRG, 22:2:232–36.
13. Thornton 1991.
14. Fromont, 11.
15. Epstein, 39, 59.
16. Quoted in Wood, Peter H., 321.
17. Wood, Peter H., 320.
18. Hill, William, 93.
19. Seabrook, 13.
20. Kly, 18ff.
21. Wood, Peter H., 322.
22. See Lepore for an account.
23. Aptheker, 190.
24. Smith, Josiah, ii; Aptheker, 190.
25. Smith, Josiah, 10–11.
26. Landers 1999, 35–45.
27. CRG, 23:332–3.
28. Greenberg, 35.
29. Hewatt, 2:114.
30. Zaborney, 10.
31. Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, memorandum of January 1742.
Chapter 17: A Rough Set of People, but Somewhat Caressed
1. Letter, Henry Laurens to John Knight, May 28, 1756. PHL, 2:204.
2. Rogers 1976, 479.
3. Melvin Gibbs, private communication.
4. Hancock, 205–208; Rogers 1976, 488.
5. Behrendt 2007, 68.
6. Sellers, Leila, 112.
7. Letter, Henry Laurens to William Fisher, Nov. 9, 1768. PHL, 6:149–50.
8. Sellers, Leila, 25.
9. Hewatt, 129–130.
10. Hewatt, 291–292.
11. Hewatt, 294.
12. Donnan, 810–11.
13. DIST, 4:375.
14. McDonough, 21.
15. Sellers, Leila, 97.
16. Letter, Henry Laurens to Samuel and William Vernon, June 15, 1756, PHL 2:219.
17. Rawley, 82.
18. Higgins, 206–217.
19. Sellers, Leila, 97–98.
20. McCusker, 220.
21. Letter, Henry Laurens to Smith and Baillies, August 25, 1763, PHL, 3:539.
22. “worthy Friend”: see., e.g., Letter, Henry Laurens to Gabriel Manigault, March 2, 1772, PHL 8:202; Oswald: Hancock, 205, 213.
23. Webster, 4–16.
24. New Georgia Encyclopedia, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-686.
25. Morgan, Philip D. 2010, 27.
26. Sellers, Leila, 97–98.
Chapter 18: Ballast
1. Chance, 54.
2. Robbins, 2.
3. See Sublette 2004, 45.
4. Robbins, 100–01.
5. Robbins, 110.
6. Robbins, 120.
7. Robbins, 108.
8. Robbins, 256.
9. Carroll and Carroll, 1:438
10. Carroll and Carroll, 1:438
11. Carroll and Carroll, 2:707–08.
12. Carroll and Carroll, 2:706.
13. For a genealogy see Reamy and Reamy, 28.
14. Lemay 2009, 342.
15. PGW, A:7:146.
16. PGW, A:9:111.
17. Cohen, Richard, 374.
18. Carson, 114.
19. The Apollo; or, the Chestertown Spy, April 9, 1793.
20. Cohen, Richard, 374–76.
21. Kelly, 360.
22. Wroth, 274.
23. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, July 10, 1763, TRP.
24. Beirne, 79.
25. Robbins, 98.
26. Carroll and Carroll, 2:710.
27. See Minchinton for more about the forms slaving vessels took; Wax 1978.
28. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Fowler, Easton and Comp., September 17, 1761, TRP.
29. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, August 14, 1761, TRP.
30. Behrendt 1997, 55.
31. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, September 17, 1761, TRP.
32. Parent, 62–64.
33. See Sublette 2004, Ch. 12..
34. See Walsh 1999.
35. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, November 21, 1762, TRP.
36. Bosman, 91.
37. Herbert, 124, 200–205; Metcalf, 380.
38. Rappleye, 58–59.
39. Eltis and Richardson, 71.
40. Letter, John Adams to William Tudor, August 11, 1818. WJA, 10:345.
41. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, December 15, 1760, TRP.
42. www.abdn.ac.uk/slavery/resource1b.htm
43. Morgan, Kenneth 2007, 67.
44. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, November 1, 1762, TRP.
45. See Voyage of the slave ship Sally, http://cds.library.brown.edu/projects/sally.
46. Letter, Thomas Ringgold to Samuel Galloway, May 6, 1764, TRP.
47. Beirne, 79.
48. www.thevalleyfamily.org/getperson.php?personID=I1167639417&tree=fitzvalley.
49. Conger, 63.
50. Hazzard-Donald 2011, 195, 200; Hazzard-Donald 2012, 40.
51. Hughes, 108.
52. Hazzard-Donald 2012, 35.
53. See Samford.
54. Alabama narratives, 1:341.
55. Lemay 2006, 73.
56. Lemay 2006, 74.
Chapter 19: Newspapers as Money as People
1. April 17–24, 1704; see also Thomas, Isaiah, 13.
2. www.vagazette.com/our_newspaper/about_us.
3. Waldstreicher 2004, 76. This chapter draws on Waldstreicher’s analysis of Franklin’s economic ideas.
4. Brissot de Warville, 1:182.
5. www.vagazette.com/our_newspaper/about_us.
6. Waldstreicher 2004, 121.
7. Waldstreicher 2004, 88.
8. Waldstreicher 2004, 88.
9. Marx 1970, 55.
10. PBF, 1:149.
11. Waldstreicher 2004, 21.
12. Waldstreicher 2004, 79.
13. Quoted in Hawke, 82.
14. Pennsylvania Gazette, July 8, 1731.
15. Grubb 2006, 7.
16. See the discussion of the Law company in Sublette 2008, 45–55.
17. Hewatt, 2:57.
18. Wiencek 2003, 178–79.
19. Hewatt, 2:169.
20. CRG, 22:1: 203.
21. CRG, 23:245–46.
22. Hewatt, 2:171–72.
23. Hewatt, 2:100.
24. Hewatt, 2:54.
Chapter 20: Lord Dunmore’s Blackbirds
1. Smith, Adam, 2:89.
2. For an extended discussion of the term “motley crew” and its application to this era, see Linebaugh and Rediker, 211–247.
3. Zobel, 26.
4. Linebaugh and Rediker, 216–17.
5. Zobel, 28–29.
6. Bailyn 1974, 35.
7. Bailyn 1974, 135.
8. Rogers, 493.
9. Gadsden, 111, 316.
10. Gadsden, 92, 95.
11. PHL, 5:24n.
12. Quoted in Morgan, Edmund S. 1959, 155.
13. Blumrosen and Blumrosen, 17.
14. Blackstone et al., 1:123.
15. Blumrosen and Blumrosen, 9–11.
16. Blumrosen and Blumrosen, 15.
17. “The Somersett Case and the Slave Trade.” London Chronicle, June 18–20, 1772.
18. PHL, 8:353.
19. PHL, 16:533.
20. Quoted in Blumrosen and Blumrosen, 24–25.
21. Quoted in Kelly, 376.
22. Nybakken, 13, 85, 114.
23. Bell, Malcolm, 1.
24. Quoted in Bailyn 1974, 157.
25. Quoted in Bell, Malcolm, 22.
26. Bell, Malcolm, 22–23.
27. PHL, 16:557.
28. Bell, Malcolm, 26.
29. Berkeley and Berkeley, 31.
30. Hewatt, 2:97–98.
31. McCrady, 3–4.
32. McCrady, 24.
33. Quoted in Willard, 233.
34. DIST, 153–54.
35. Purdie’s Virginia Gazette, Dec. 29, 1775.
36. Bell, Malcolm, 33.
37. For a discussion of the conditions within Domingan society for men of color participating in the Chasseurs-Volontaires, see King, Stewart, 65–77.
Chapter 21: The General Inconvenience
1. Jefferson 1997, 1:334–35.
2. Quoted in Unger, 13.
3. Burke, 51–52.
4. Bailyn, 18.
5. e.g., Virginia Gazette, November 19, 1736.
6. Fuller, 132; Carson, 43.
7. Carson, 43.
8. Willison, 268.
9. See Cohen, Charles.
10. Willison, 267–68.
11. Maryland Gazette, Aug. 16, 1770.
12. Quoted in Bunker 2014, 148.
13. Quoted in Willison, 485–86.
14. Tyler, Moses Coit, 389.
15. Boswell, 1:154.
16. Henry, William Wirt. 3:4.
17. Robinson, 84.
18. Wills, 332.
19. Journals of the Continental Congress, 5:429.
20. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Angelica Schuyler Church, Nov. 27, 1793. PTJ, 27:449.
21. PTJ 1: 243–247.
22. Robinson, 80–83.
23. Malone, 131.
24. MJQA, 8:284–85.
25. PTJ, 2:350.
26. Anburey, 2:192–3.
27. Adams, William Howard, 279.
28. Phocion 9 (1796). Gazette of the United States, October 21. See also Chernow, 313.
29. Idzerda, 170.
30. Carroll and Carroll, 1443.
31. See Lewis, 83–99.
32. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Gordon, July 16, 1788, PTJ, 13:362–64.
33. Quoted in Hancock, 391.
34. Quoted in Hancock, 160.
35. Buckley, 4, 22, 35–36, 55.
36. Parton, 262.
37. Jefferson 1788, 186.
38. Meacham, 58, 144.
39. Chastellux, 2:438
40. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, May 11, 1785, PTJ, 8:147.
41. Jefferson 1788, 147.
42. Smith, Felipe, 24.
43. Jefferson 1788, 154.
44. Letter, James Madison to Frances Wright, September 1, 1825.
45. Jefferson 1788, 147.
46. Jefferson 1788, 147.
47. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, February 4, 1824. LOC American Memory.
48. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, February 4, 1824. LOC American Memory.
49. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, February 4, 1824. LOC, American Memory
50. Jefferson 1788, 148–49
51. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, LOC American Memory
52. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jared Sparks, LOC American Memory
53. Kant, 110–11.
54. McMillin, 76.
55. McMillin, 76–80.
56. DIST, 4:482.
57. McMillin, 84–85.
Chapter 22: The Fugue of Silences
1. Farrand, 2:417.
2. MJQA, 5:11.
3. Letter, Benjamin Rush to John Coakley Lettsom, September 28, 1787, DHRC 13:262.
4. PJA, 2:178–79.
5. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, Nov. 13, 1787, 12:356.
6. Finkelman 1986, 346.
7. Finkelman 1986, 349.
8. See Freytag v. Commissioner (90–762), 501 U.S. 868 (1991).
9. Breyer, 33.
10. Beeman, 309, 320.
11. David Waldstreicher’s Slavery’s Constitution develops this theme at length, using the term “proslavery,” as well as tracing the history of this interpretation of the Constitution.
12. Beeman, 91.
13. Farrand, 1:204.
14. Farrand, 1:603–605.
15. Bell, Malcolm, 231.
16. Lipscomb, xxiii–iv.
17. Farrand, 1:205–06.
18. Farrand, 1:580–81.
19. Hutson, 68.
20. See Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 82–83.
21. Bell, Malcolm, 88.
22. Farrand, 2:364.
23. Farrand, 2:364.
24. Farrand, 2:370.
25. Farrand, 2:370
26. Farrand, 2:371.26.
27. Reproduced in Deyle 2005, 37.
28. Farrand, 2:378.
29. Farrand, 2:415.
Chapter 23: Ten Thousand Powers
1. Farrand, 3:253.
2. Farrand, 3:253–55.
3. DHRC, 3:263.
4. Waldstreicher 2009, 119.
5. South Carolina State Constitution (1790), Art. II, Sec. 2.
6. Letter, James Madison to George Washington, March 18, 1787. Quoted in LDC, 24:149–150.
7. DHRC, 10:1284, 1486.
8. DHRC, 10:1473.
9. DHRC, 8:311.
10. DHRC, 10:1341.
11. DHRC, 10:1476.
12. DHRC, 10:1477.
13. Grigsby, 157n.
14. Hewatt, 2:245.
15. AC, House of Representatives, 1st Congress, 2d Session, 1505.
16. Davis, William C., 17–19.
17. Trouillot 1990, 37.
18. See James, 45–55.
19. King, Stewart, 84.
20. James, 35, 56, 64.
Chapter 24: The French Revolution in America
1. “Notes on Arthur Young’s letter to George Washington,” PTJ, 24:95.
2. PTJ, 26:xli.
3. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville, February 11, 1788. PTJ, 12:577–78.
4. Jefferson 1788, 151.
5. See Foster et al; see also Stanton, 93–104.
6. See Dubois 2004, 99–101.
7. Mathewson, 321.
8. “Notes on Arthur Young’s letter to George Washington,” PTJ, 24:98.
9. Wiencek 2012, 8.
10. WTJ, 7:114n.
11. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, June 28, 1793. PTJ, 26:396.
12. Crawford, 121.
13. Gordon-Reed.
14. Letter, Alexander Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, July 10, 1804. PAH, 26:309; Stanton, 87.
15. Brissot de Warville, 244.
16. Minnigerode, 146.
17. Olmsted 1861, 107.
18. Ammon, 44.
19. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, June 5, 1793. PTJ, 26:195.
20. Minnigerode, 188.
21. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, PTJ, 26:190.
22. Minnigerode, 146.
23. Minnigerode, 220.
24. Dessens, 20.
25. Dessens, 67; Baur, 398.
26. Baur, 395.
27. PGW, C:14:55n.
28. “Cabinet opinions on relations with France and Great Britain,” September 7, 1793, PTJ, 27:49–50.
29. Letter, John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, June 30, 1813, AJL, 347–48.
30. Letter, John Adams to John Quincy Adams, AFC, 10:4.
31. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Caleb Lownes, Dec. 18, 1793. PTJ, 27:586.
32. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Demeunier, PTJ, 38:341.
33. “red or blue”: the recollection of former nailery slave Isaac Granger, quoted in Stanton, 7.
34. Stanton, 81–85.
35. Quoted in Brady, 609.
36. Sidbury 1997, 539.
37. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Madame Plumard de Bellanger, April 25, 1794, PTJ, 28:59–60.
38. Quoted in Chapelle, 5.
39. Chapelle, 13.
40. Bruchey, 106.
41. Ward, 1292.
42. Landers 2010, 82.
Chapter 25: The Cotton Club
1. CRG, 23:158.
2. Hills, 41.
3. Lakwete, 47–48.
4. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Eli Whitney, PTJ, 27:392–33.
5. Letter, Eli Whitney to Thomas Jefferson, PTJ, 27:433.
6. Quoted in Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 351.
7. McAfee, xi.
8. Andrew Jackson letter to Nathaniel Macon, October 4, 1795, CAJ, 1:17.
9. Sydnor 1938, 18–19.
10. DHRC, 8:34.
11. Naval documents related to the Quasi-War…. 1:1.
12. Letter, Henry Tazewell to AJ, July 20, 1798, CAJ, 1:53.
13. Geggus, 285.
14. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 248.
15. Englund, 178.
16. Popkin, 214.
17. DeConde, 84.
18. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 250.
19. PJMon, 4:398n; Egerton, 33–34.
20. PJMon, 4:345n.
21. Sidbury 2002, 210.
22. PJMon, 4:398n.
23. Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 51.
24. Schwarz, 87.
25. PJMon, 4:410.
26. Schwarz, 63, 10, 215, xxxiii.
27. PJMon, 4:412.
28. PJMon, 4:404.
29. PJMon, 4:421.
30. Schwarz, 81.
31. “Account of Richmond trials,” September 18, 1800, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-32-02-0109.
32. PJMon, 4:420
33. PJMon, 4:423.
34. Egerton, 108–11.
35. Schwarz, xxx–xxxii.
36. Schwarz, 54.
37. Schwarz, 64–65.
38. US census figures for 1800.
39. See Schwarz, 97, for one of many examples of the use of this phrase.
40. Rousey, 21.
41. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Rufus King, July 13, 1802, PTJ, 38:54.
Chapter 26: The Terrible Republic
1. Jenson, 89.
2. Quoted in Henriques, 122.
3. Quoted in Beard, 375.
4. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, September 6, 1819, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/137.html.
5. Jefferson 1788, 175.
6. DHRC, 10:1272.
7. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, May 29, 1801. PJMon 4:516.
8. Drescher, 31.
9. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, PTJ, 35:720.
10. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Aaron Burr, 31:22.
11. Quoted in DeConde, 323.
12. Letter, Bonaparte to Talleyrand, November 13, 1801, CN, 7:320.
13. Letter, Rufus King to James Madison, June 1, 1801, State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana.
14. Lacroix, 2:59–60.
15. Letter, Robert Livingston to Rufus King, State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana, 10.
16. Letter, Bonaparte to Denis Decrès, June 4, 1802, CN, 7:485.
17. Ferrer, 60–72.
18. Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 85–91.
19. Quoted in Stoddard, 342.
20. See “Canine Warfare in the Circum-Caribbean” in Johnson, Sara E., 21–48; also Ferrer, 159.
21. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, January 10, 1803, PTJ, 39:306.
22. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, January 13, 1803, PTJ, 39:328.
23. Quoted in Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 97.
24. AC, November 14, 1803.
25. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, February 27, 1803, PTJ, 39:590–91.
26. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, June 8, 1803, PTJ, 40:505.
27. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to John Breckinridge, November 24, 1803, WTJ, 10:52.
28. Shugerman, 274.
29. Quoted in Scanlon, 152–53.
30. Scanlon, 153.
31. See Dayan, 30ff.
32. Claiborne, 2:10.
33. Claiborne, 2:25.
34. Claiborne, 2:184.
35. Claiborne, 2:245
36. AC, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 515.
37. Alexander, William T., 180–81.
Chapter 27: I Do Not Threaten the Government with Civil War
1. Claiborne, 3:363.
2. Shugerman, 8.
3. Shugerman, 15.
4. Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 97.
5. Thomas, E.S., 35–36.
6. Claiborne, 3:96.
7. Queried from The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, www.slavevoyages.org/tast/database/search.faces.
8. McMillin, 48.
9. Ford, Lacy K. 2009, 121.
10. Shugerman, 282.
11. AC, H of R, 9th, 1st, 472.
12. DIST, 4:513.
13. Shugerman, 19.
14. Quoted in Sellers, 219.
15. DIST, 4:516.
16. DIST, 4:525.
17. Table appears in Brooke, 234.
18. Said, 793.
19. Lambert, 2:406.
20. Charleston Courier, Nov. 22, 1805.
21. Wilentz 2004.
22. AC, H of R, 9th, 2d, , 238–9.
23. AC, H of R, 9th, 2d, 477–478.
24. AC, H of R, 9th, 2d, 626.
25. The surviving inward bound manifests from the Port of New Orleans are in record group 36 of the National Archives in Washington, and they have also been digitized by ancestry.com.
26. Lambert, 2:406.
27. McMillin, 114.
28. McMillin, 113.
29. Dusinberre, 124.
Chapter 28: These Infernal Principles
1. Schultz, 2:133–4.
2. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 984.
3. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 978–9.
4. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 973.
5. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 973.
6. Quoted in Richmond Courier, December 29, 1807.
7. Lambert, 2:158
8. Adams, Henry 1889/1986, 1:1121.
9. Moniteur de la Louisiane, January 18, 1810.
10. Schultz, 2:137–38.
11. AC, Senate, 11th, 2d, 579–80.
12. AC, Senate, 11th, 3d, 63–64.
13. AC, 12th, H of R, 1st, 450–51.
14. Martineau, 1:244.
15. Rogers 1962, 394.
16. Calhoun, 2:8.
17. Article I, Sections 8, 10.
18. Temin, 29.
19. Stagg, 2.
20. Dudley, 2:308.
Chapter 29: The Hireling and Slave
1. Woodmason, 14.
2. Woodmason, 101–02.
3. Woodmason, 27.
4. Quoted in Sydnor 1938, 15.
5. Remini 1977, 55.
6. PAJ 1:15.
7. Remini 1977, 56.
8. Capers, 26–28.
9. Quoted in Keating, 173.
10. Capers, 31.
11. Letter, W.C.C. Claiborne to Andrew Jackson,, Dec. 9, 1801. PAJ, 1:261.
12. Letter, W.C.C. Claiborne to Andrew Jackson, Dec. 23, 1801. PAJ, 1:265.
13. Remini 1977:378.
14. PAJ, 2:41.
15. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Thomas Eastin, c. June 1806. PAJ, 2:106; Remini 1981, 1.
16. Letter, Donelson Caffery to Andrew Jackson, May 20, 1810, PAJ, 2:246.
17. Letter, Joseph Anderson to Andrew Jackson, December 3, 1795. CAJ, 1:18
18. Letter, Andrew Jackson to William Berkeley Lewis, August 5, 1828. PAJ, 6:486–87.
19. PAJ, 2:261–62, 286–290.
20. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, December 17, 1811. PAJ, 2:273.
21. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount, Jan. 25, 1812, PAJ, 2:277–79.
22. Letter, Andrew Jackson to “an Arbitrator,” Feb. 29, 1812, PAJ, 2:286–89.
23. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Mary Caffery, February 8, 1812, PAJ 2:281–82.
24. Remini 1977, 191–92.
25. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount, CAJ, 1:416.
26. Adams, Henry 1889/1986a, 886–87.
27. Letter, Andrew Jackson to David Holmes, April 18, 1814, CAJ, 1:504–05.
28. Niles’ Weekly Register, June 11, 1814.
29. Owsley, 130.
30. Bell, Malcolm, 182.
31. Manakee, 35.
32. MJQA, 8:188.
33. Letter, James Monroe to Andrew Jackson, October 21, 1814, PAJ, 3:171.
34. Letter, Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, October 26, 1814, PAJ, 3:173.
35. Letter, Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, November 20, 1814, PAJ 3:191.
36. Warshauer, 2.
37. Haynes, 234.
38. Letter, William Crawford to AJ, March 15, 1816. PAJ, 4:15–16.
39. Letter, Edmund P. Gaines to AJ, May 14, 1816. PAJ, 4:31.
40. PAJ, 4:15.
Chapter 30: A Jog of the Elbow
1. Quoted in Simpson, 65.
2. MJQA, 9:41.
3. Martineau, 1:192.
4. Kilbourne 2006, 12.
5. Chapelle, 108.
6. Chapelle, 111.
7. For a discussion of this balance in the Jacksonian era, see Green, George D.
8. Bodenhorn, 169.
9. Quoted in Simpson, 65.
10. See Bodenhorn, 169–177.
11. Calderhead, 198.
12. Gigantino, 281–296.
13. Niles’ Weekly Register, Dec. 26, 1818, 313.
14. Niles’ Weekly Register, Dec. 19, 1818, 311.
15. Letter, Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, June 2, 1818. PAJ 4:215.
16. Fortune, 260–66.
17. Gales & Seaton’s Register of Debates in Congress (1829), 3:12.
18. FBC, Box 85, IV:i, 44.
19. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820. MCMTJ, 4:324.
20. American Cotton Planter, 1:10, 295, October 1857.
21. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, January 17, 1819. Jefferson 1953, 43.
22. FWP, Alabama narratives, 1:222.
23. Morris, 70.
24. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, Jne 30, 1820. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-1352
25. Letter, Thomas Jefferson to Mary Jefferson Eppes, December 26, 1803. Rayner, 295.
26. Jacques.
27. Rasmussen and Tilton, 70.
28. Rudolph, 157.
29. “Family histories: a beginning” www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/family-histories-beginning.
30. Lislet, 2:394–406.
31. Baptist 2014, 248.
32. Neu, 550.
33. An account from the Jacksonian perspective is Remini 1981, 94–99.
34. MJQA, 8:546.
35. Miles 1960, 17.
Chapter 31: Swallowed by Millions
1. Sheffield Mercury, Sept. 12, 1846.http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/support5.html.
2. Albion, 9.
3. Albion, 11.
4. Rockman, 7.
5. Douglass 1855, 310–11.
6. Quoted in Clayton 2002, 44.
7. Clayton 2002, 45.
8. Clayton 2002, 59.
9. Calderhead, 197.
10. Calderhead, 198.
11. Thompson, John, 14.
12. Clayton 2002, 29.
13. FBC, Box 85, I:iv, 10.
14. “Flight to Freedom.”
15. Clayton, 62.
16. Calderhead, 200.
17. Calderhead, 198.
18. Douglass 1845, 10.
19. Clayton 2002, 44.
20. Quoted in Sydnor 1966, 151.
21. Douglass 2000, 198.
22. cf. Freudenberger and Pritchett, 470–73.
23. Komlos and Alecke, 449.
24. Schafer 1997, 165–66.
25. Rockman, 39.
26. Clayton 1998.
27. Lundy, 15.
28. Wilson, Henry, 1:170.
29. Genius of Universal Emancipation, Jan. 2, 1827.
30. Lundy, 29; Genius of Universal Emancipation, Jan. 20, 1827.
31. “Law case.” (1827.) Niles’ Register, 32:206. May 19.
32. LWLG, 1:92.
33. LWLG, 1:93–94.
34. Bancroft 1900, 1:68.
35. Quoted in Kilbourne 2006, vi.
36. MJQA, 8:365.
37. Lightner, 90.
38. The article disputing the conspiracy’s existence of the conspiracy is Johnson, Michael P.; for a rebuttal, see Paquette and Egerton.
39. Egerton 1999, 16–20.
40. Egerton 1999, 73–74.
41. Egerton 1999, 118–20.
42. City Gazette and Daily Commercial Advertiser, Charleston, August 21, 1822.
43. Quoted in Wesley, 163.
44. For a biography of Walker, see Hinks.
45. Walker, 18–19.
46. Walker, 71.
47. Quoted in Deyle 2005, 54.
48. Calderhead, 207n.
49. Quoted in Stowe 1853, 363.
50. MJQA, 9:23.
51. FBC, Box 85, I:iv, 2.
52. Dew, 50–51.
Chapter 32: Democratizing Capital
1. Currier, 311.
2. Miles 1960, 118.
3. Wilentz 2005, 198 et passim.
4. Baldwin, 82.
5. MJQA, 6:317.
6. Kilbourne 2006, 109.
7. Kilbourne 2006, 28.
8. Quoted in Kilbourne 2006, 47.
9. Quoted in Sound Currency, 232.
10. Letter, Nicholas Biddle to Joseph Hopkinson, February 21, 1834. McGrane, 222.
11. President Jackson’s veto message. (1832). http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ajveto01.asp.
12. Quoted in Miles 1960, 61.
13. Poore, 81.
14. January 22, 1833. Gales & Seaton’s register of debates in Congress, 1205.
15. Sinha, 19.
16. Davis, William C., 17.
17. Wilentz 2005, 375.
18. Sinha, 44.
19. Van Buren, 542.
20. Van Buren, 544.
21. January 22, 1833. Gales & Seaton’s register of debates in Congress, 1194.
22. Letter, Andrew Jackson to Rev. Andrew J. Crawford, CAJ, 5:72.
23. Van Buren, 625.
24. CJKP, 1:575.
25. MJQA, 8:434.
26. MJQA, 9:93.
27. MJQA, 9:93.
28. Letter, Jourdan M. Sanders to David Burford, September 28, 1833, DBP.
29. Miles 1960, 74.
30. CSS 1536; Hills, 117.
31. Roberts, 27.
32. Baldwin, 82–89.
33. Temin, 22, 80–88.
34. Marx, Karl. “Free trade and monopoly,” New York Daily Tribune, September 25, 1858.
35. Marx, Karl. “Trade or opium?” New York Daily Tribune, September 20, 1858.
36. Roberts, Alasdair, 31.
37. Knodell, 542.
38. Kilbourne 2006, 59.
39. Roberts, Alasdair, 36.
40. Kilbourne 2006, 109.
41. Roberts, Alasdair, 10–11.
42. Bourne, Edward G., 17.
43. Bourne, Edward G., 14n.
44. Martin, Bonnie, 819.
45. Martin, Bonnie, 846.
46. Martin, Bonnie, 821–822.
47. Wilberforce, 22.
48. Sydnor 1938, 95.
49. Evans, 199; Phillips, 266.
50. Dusinberre, 6
51. DeBow’s Review, 3:5, May 1847.
52. Lyell, 1:147.
Chapter 33: Old Robbers
1. Andrews, E.A., 135–138.
2. Andrews, E.A., 142–43.
3. Quoted in The Friend 2:164.
4. Yagyu, 131–35.
5. 2 Stat. 755. See also, Fenwick v. Tooker, Circuit Court, District of Columbia, 4 Cranch, O. C. 641, Nov. term 1835.
6. Laprade, 31.
7. Stephenson, 15, 22.
8. Stephenson, 23; Yagyu, 141.
9. Stephenson, 23.
10. The Friend, 2:162.
11. Northup, 41–47, 75–78.
12. The Friend, 2:163.
13. Featherstonhaugh, 1:120.
14. Featherstonhaugh, 1:166–70.
15. Quoted in Stephenson, 70.
16. Hammond, 15.
17. Quoted in Jay, 157–58.
18. FBC, Box 88, 179A.
19. Stephenson, 40–42.
20. Gudmestad, 32.
21. Clayton, 83, 87, 98.
22. FBC, Box 88, XIV, B6.
23. Rothert, 433.
24. Stephenson, 76.
25. Kiple and King, 148.
26. Quoted in Yagyu, 105.
27. Letter, Isaac Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, December 8, 1832, RCBP.
28. Letters, James R. Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, April 24, May 7, 1833, RCBP.
29. Letter, James R. Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, Feb. 2, 1834, RCBP.
30. Letter, Jourdan M. Saunders to David Burford, April 3, 1832, DBP.
31. Letter, Isaac Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, Jan. 9, 1832, RCBP.
32. Letter, Isaac Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, Nov. 21, 1833, RCBP.
33. Letter, James R. Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, April 16, 1834, RCBP.
34. Johnson 2000, 17.
35. New Orleans As It Is, 43–44.
36. Kilbourne 2006, 17, 30.
37. North Carolina v. Mann, 13 N.C. 263
38. Stephenson, 65.
39. See New Orleans As It Is, 44; Schafer 2009 3.
40. For an extended treatment of these letters, see Baptist 2005.
41. Letter, Isaac Franklin to Rice C. Ballard, January 11, 1834.
42. SIF, 272, 282.
43. Stephenson, 92.
44. Ingraham 1835,
45. SIF, 299.
46. Warden. There are various versions, more or less similar, of this story and quote.
47. See Kilbourne 1995, 18–25.
48. SIF, 280.
49. Kilbourne 2006, 1.
50. Stephenson, 131–146.
51. Quoted in Stephenson, 152.
Chapter 34: Wake Up Rich
1. Miles 1960, 124.
2. Miles 1957, 48–58.
3. MJQA, 9:257.
4. Quoted in Gatell, 194.
5. Quoted in Miles 1957, 57.
6. Quoted in Finkelman 2007, 46.
7. Seward, 271.
8. Wallner, 28.
9. Douglass 1855, 445.
10. Fehrenbacher, 116.
11. Quoted in Miles 1960, 123.
12. comparison of US Census figures, 1830 and 1840.
13. Davis, William C., 4.
14. Davis, William C., 88, 671.
15. Davis, William C., 189.
16. Davis, William C., 165.
17. Davis, William C., 20.
18. Davis, William C., 75.
19. MJQA, 9:386.
20. Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 25th Cong., 2d Sess., 507.
21. MJQA, 9:417–18.
22. MJQA, 9:425.
23. MJQA, 9:427–28.
24. MJQA, 9:429.
25. MJQA, 9:455.
26. Long, 84.
27. “Suspension of specie payments.” (1839). The New-Yorker, 8:5, 76, October 19. The attribution to Biddle is by publisher Horace Greeley.
28. Parton, 3:626.
29. Quoted in Miller, Edward L., 6.
30. CJKP, 1:472.
31. Lepler, 108ff.
32. Quoted in Albert, 105.
33. FBC, Box 85, I:iv.
34. Buckingham, 1:334–35.
35. Miller, Edward L., 72.
36. Quoted in Miller, Edward L., 32.
37. MJQA, 9:332.
38. Miles 1960, 140.
39. MJQA, 10:19.
40. Kilbourne 2006, 109.
41. PJD, 2:46n.
42. PJD, 2:42n.
43. Miles 1960, 149.
44. Roberts, Alasdair, 51.
45. WSH, 3:10.
46. Adams, Henry Carter, 395.
Chapter 35: The Slave Trade to Cuba and Brazil
1. Public documents 1841, 135. (26th Cong., 2d sess.)
2. Morgan, Kenneth 2007, 191–92
3. The Legacies of British Slave-ownership website databases information given in slaveowners’ claims for compensation. www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs.
4. British Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence relative to the slave trade, 28:4.
5. CBC 1834, 2.
6. CBC 1839, 276.
7. Thomas, Hugh, 642.
8. Klein and Vinson, 87.
9. Letter, N.P. Trist to John Forsyth, 23 May 1839, Despatches from US Consuls in Havana, Cuba, 1783–1906, Record Group 59, National Archives, College Park, MD. Thanks to James Shinn.
10. CBC 1839, 275.
11. The New-Yorker, 8:5, 75, October 19, 1839.
12. MJQA, 10:440.
13. CBC 1839, 272–73.
14. Message from the President of the United States, 193.
15. Public documents Printed by Order of the Senate (1841), 171.
16. See Sublette 2004, 129.
17. AP 1839, 20:103.
18. Message from the President of the United States, 189.
19. Message from the President of the United States, 188–89.
20. Thomas, Hugh, 642.
21. WSH, 1:510–511.
22. Message from the President of the United States, 185–86.
23. Message from the President of the United States, 133.
24. Message from the President of the United States, 133–34.
25. Adams, John Quincy 1841.
26. Bleser, 32.
Chapter 36: Heaps and Piles of Money
1. Kemble, 219.
2. For an extended account, see Clinton.
3. Kemble, 122, 60.
4. Kemble, 218.
5. Kemble, 219.
6. Kemble, 183.
7. For more on antebellum divorce, see Goodheart 2011.
8. Butler, 9.
9. Butler, 13.
10. Kemble, 200.
11. Northup, 61, 85–88.
12. TAS, 18:253.
13. Kilbourne 2006, 108–09.
14. Kilbourne 2006, 127.
15. Kilbourne 2006, 137.
16. Kilbourne 2006, 138–39.
17. Kilbourne 2006, 134.
Chapter 37: The Slave Power
1. For more on Polk as slaveowner, see Dusinberre.
2. Bordewich, 281.
3. Letter, Herbert Biles to James K. Polk, November 23, 1832, CJKP, 1:529–30.
4. Letter, Silas M. Caldwell to James K. Polk, Jan. 4, 1834, CJKP, 2:219.
5. Letter, James Walker to James K. Polk, February 14, 1834, CJKP, 2:315.
6. Letter, James K. Polk to Sarah Childress Polk, Sep. 26–27, 1834, CJKP, 2:508–09.
7. Letter, Ephraim Beanland to James K. Polk, Oct. 4, 1834, CJKP, 2:514.
8. Letter, James Walker to James K. Polk, Oct. 15, 1839, CJKP, 5:261–62.
9. SIF, 296, 359, 360.
10. Congressional Globe, 25th Cong., 3d. sess., 167–68.
11. Baptist 2014, 135n et passim.
12. MJQA, 10:556.
13. MJQA, 11:382.
14. MJQA, 12:13–14.
15. Quoted in Sinha, 65.
16. Quoted in Stahr, 96.
17. Hughes, 13.
18. Foner, Eric, 91.
19. www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/annexation/march1845.html.
20. Grant, 40–41.
21. Sachar, 72.
22. Olmsted 1861, 51.
23. Rosen, 34.
24. See Diner, 86–108.
25. Rosen, 17.
26. Chapman, 1, 5–12.
27. Scott, Edwin J., 82.
28. Korn, 41.
29. Stowe 1853, 151.
30. Kilbourne 1995, 3.
31. Chapman, 23.
32. TAS, 18:301.
Chapter 38: Manifest Destiny’s Child
1. Letter, John W. Childress to James K. Polk, July 22, 1846, CJKP, 11:251.
2. Dusinberre, 53.
3. In the July–August 1845 issue of the United States Democratic Journal.
4. Quoted in Foner, Eric, 116.
5. Quoted in Dusinberre, 17; not included in CJKP.
6. Letter, James K. Polk to John Catron, Oct. 7, 1846. CJKP, 11:345.
7. Letter, Robert Campbell, Jr. to James K. Polk, Oct. 9, 1846. CJKP, 11:345
8. Stephenson, 116.
9. SIF, 482, 549.
10. DeBow’s Review (1857), 22:4, 439.
11. In the film Bayou Maharajah, dir. Lily Keber.
12. For more about Fairvue, there is a “Historical Fireside Chat” video with area historians at www.fairvueplantation.com/history.php.
13. Polk, 4:429.
14. Polk, 4:408, 393.
15. Polk, 4:439.
16. Dusinberre, 79.
17. Quoted in Montejano, 28.
18. Freudenberger and Pritchett, 476.
19. Clayton 2002, 77.
20. Quoted in Clayton 2002, 77; Reports and cases argued and determined …, 140.
21. Reports and cases argued and determined …, 140–47.
Chapter 39: A Letter from Virginia
1. Drago, 61.
2. Warden, 8.
3. Southern Business Directory (1854), 163.
4. Yagyu, 334–35.
5. Yagyu, 343.
6. Letter, C.M. Rutherford to Rice C. Ballard, April 19, 1853, RCBP.
7. Letter, Virginia Boyd to Rice C. Ballard, May 6, 1853, RCBP.
8. http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/b/Ballard,Rice_C.html#folder_191#1.
9. Letter, C.M. Rutherford to Rice C. Ballard, Dec. 14, 1853, RCBP.
10. Bleser, 19.
11. Bleser, 101.
Chapter 40: Communists in Blackface
1. Quoted in Sinha, 102.
2. Roske 1968, 243–45.
3. Put’s Original California Songster, 7–8.
4. Based on Roske 1963, 211.
5. Roske 1963, 210.
6. Richards, 67–68.
7. Quoted in Richards, 76.
8. Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 1409.
9. The Address of the Southern Delegates, 13–14.
10. North Star, February 9, 1849.
11. Quoted in Bordewich, 203.
12. Davis, William C., 308
13. Quoted in Sellers, Charles G., 2:24.
14. See Richards, 72–76.
15. Ford, Lacy K. 1988, 38–39.
16. FBC, Box 88, p. 11.
17. Keehn, 10–12.
18. Davis, William C., 273.
19. Sioussat, 329n.
20. Sioussat, 330.
21. Quoted in Sioussat, 321.
22. Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., 1067.
23. Bauer, K. Jack, 314–15, 319–20; Zachary Taylor Partition of Heirs. Historic New Orleans Collection, MSS 137.
24. Webster, 43.
25. Bordewich, 309.
26. Sioussat, 302.
27. Cheves, 26.
28. Cheves, 30.
29. Quoted in Sinha, 211.
30. Skipper, 24–25.
31. Foster, Stephen.
32. Hanby, B.R.
33. Stevens, 44.
34. Stevens, 188–93.
35. Stevens, 216n.
36. Hurst, 36.
37. Quoted in Hurst, 38.
38. Ashdown and Caudill, 65.
Chapter 41: Hiring Day
1. Clarke.
2. Jacobs, 26.
3. TAS, 18:162.
4. Olmsted 1861a, 1:117.
5. Bancroft 1931/1996, 145–46.
6. Bancroft 1931/1996, 95.
7. Zaborney, 145.
8. Abbott, 100ff.
9. Laird, 5.
10. Corey, 47–48.
11. Corey, 48–50.
12. Craddock, 23–24.
13. Olmsted 1861a, 1:51–52.
14. Bancroft 1931/1996, 153.
15. FBC, Box 88, A183.
16. Quoted in Zaborney, 94.
17. Zaborney, 123.
18. Southall, 167.
19. Hughes, 78.
20. O’Connell, 113.
Chapter 42: Vanish Like a Dream
1. Sketches of the lives …, 36.
2. MJQA, 12:25.
3. Baker, 25.
4. Watson, Robert P., 248.
5. Polk, 1:297.
6. Merry, 100–01.
7. Letter, Edmund Burke to Franklin Pierce, June 6, 1852, quoted in Pierce, 114.
8. Hawthorne, 416–17.
9. Olmsted 1861, 58.
10. Olmsted 1861, 58.
11. Letter, James Gadsden to Thomas Jefferson Green, quoted in Parish and Gadsden, 174–75.
12. “Nicaragua.” (1857). DeBow’s review, agricultural, commercial, industrial progress and resources, 22:1, January, 105–09.
13. “Notes on Cuba.” (1859). Harper’s Weekly, Jan. 29, 72–73.
14. Buchanan.
15. See Finkelman 2013 for a narrative of the events surrounding Buchanan and Dred Scott.
16. Douglass 1857, 32.
17. Fitzhugh, George, 341–42, 368.
18. Fitzhugh, George, 278.
19. Genovese 1969/88, 129–30.
20. Olmsted 1861a, 1:140.
Chapter 43: A Snake Biting Its Tail
1. Quoted in FBC, Box 88, 109D.
2. Foner, Philip, 146.
3. Spratt, 487–88.
4. DuBois, W.E.B. 1904, 174.
5. See Satz, 270.
6. Lincoln, 132.
7. Quoted in FBC, Box 88, 26.
8. Fehrenbacher, 179.
9. See Graham, 291–324, Slenes, 325–70.
10. “Slave Trade in New York.” (1855). Debow’s Review. (1855). 18:2, 225–6.
11. CBC 1860, 11–12.
12. CBC 1860, 8.
13. Dubois, W.E.B. 1904, 308–316.
14. CBC 1860, 8.
15. CBC 1860, 13.
16. CBC 1860, 45.
17. Davis, Robert Ralph 1971, 273.
18. Davis, Robert Ralph 1971, 276.
19. Foner, Philip, 293–94.
20. Hurst, 330.
21. Sheehy et al., 144–46.
22. Sheehy et al., 146–47.
23. Quoted in Davis, Robert Ralph 1971, 275–7.
24. Sheehy et al., 164; DeGraft-Hansen.
25. Thomson, 5.
26. Thomson, 9.
27. Thomson, 11.
28. Clinton, 160–62.
29. Keehn is the source for all material in this volume about the KGC. Keehn, 32–45.
30. Zaborney, 7.
31. FBC, Box 88, p. 24.
32. Lee.
33. See Keehn, 1–2.
34. Diouf, 55. For more about the orisha religion in Cuba, see Sublette 2004, 206–234.
35. Diouf, 6, 55, 30–39.
36. Diouf, 151–52.
37. Diouf, 14.
38. Diouf, 48–49; Hurston, 655.
Chapter 44: Assignment in Paraguay
1. Behlolavek, 114.
2. Flaherty, 252.
3. Baker, 79.
4. Cobb, 15.
5. “Cotton Planters’ Convention,” American Cotton Planter II, 11:330, 1858.
6. Adams, Henry 2012, 15.
7. Flaherty, 268.
8. MacKinnon, 73.
9. See Foner, Philip, 306–11.
10. Sinha, 234–35; Keehn, 77–88.
11. Adams, Henry 2012, 16.
12. Quoted in Dew, Charles B., 27.
13. Dew, Charles B., 32.
14. Davis, William C., xiv.
15. Quoted in Dew, Charles B., 41.
16. Quoted in Dew, Charles B., 98.
17. Quoted in Dew, Charles B., 92.
18. Wilson, Joseph Ruggles, 3.
19. Wilson, Joseph Ruggles, 4, 5, 16, 21.
20. McPherson, 29.
21. PJD, 7:21.
22. Shackleford, 3.
23. PUSG 2:194–95.
24. Conway, 22.
25. Keckley, 70–72.
26. Quoted in Marcus 1955, 2:300.
Chapter 45: The Decommissioning of Human Capital
1. Quoted in Hammond, 188.
2. TAS, 18:208.
3. Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 82n.
4. Hammond, 23.
5. Hammond, 250–52.
6. Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 100–118.
7. Hammond, 170, 244ff, 355.
8. Hammond, 1970, 307.
9. Hammond, 360.
10. Matthews, 77–79.
11. For more about the Republic of Jones, see Bynum.
12. Carpenter, 20, 77; see also Masur.
13. JDC, 5:409.
14. See Bodenhorn, 231–33.
15. Cf. http://belmontmansion.com/mansionhistory; Lessing, 29–35.
16. Marcus 1955, 2:55.
17. Marcus 1955, 2:56.
18. Marcus 1955, 2:305.
19. Rosen, 270; Marcus 1955, 2:299.
20. Anbinder, 121.
21. Rosen, 431–32n.
Chapter 46: A Weird, Plaintive Wail
1. New York Times, December 26, 1864.
2. FWP, Virginia narratives, 17:42.
3. Unwin.
4. Burkhardt, 8.
5. Quoted in Burkhardt, 39.
6. Some pro-Confederate historians subsequently denied that a massacre happened at Fort Pillow. For a discussion by a historian who reluctantly concluded that there was a racially motivated massacre, see Castel, 89–103.
7. New York Tribune, April 18, 1864.
8. New York Times, October 30, 1877.
9. Reprinted in Sacramento Daily Union, 10 July 1865.
10. Slotkin.
11. Burkhardt, 147.
12. Burkhardt, 148, 231.
13. See Trudeau; see also Groce.
14. Trudeau, 162.
15. Foreman, 706.
16. Foreman, 724.
17. Sheehy et al., 128, 131.
18. Byrne, 91.
19. Sheehy et al., 130; Byrne, 99–100.
20. Roberts and Kytle.
21. Foreman, 753.
22. Coffin, 501–02.
23. This account comes from Coffin, 499ff.
24. www.in.ng.mil/AboutUs/History/HoosierCivilWarStoriesMajGarlandWhite/tabid/1514/Default.aspx.
25. Keckley, 164–66.
26. See Stewart, 8–12.
27. Treasure, 97.
28. PJD, 11:581n.
29. See Sutherland.
30. For an extended treatment of Sims’s bizarre career, see Barker-Benfield, 85–111; see also Goodson, 229–231; “Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.”
31. Marcus 1955 2:301.
32. Rosen, 371.
33. Chapman, 29, 23–24, 33–34.
34. Warden, 9–10.
35. Toombs et al, 684.
36. Casimir, 110–20; Casimir and Dubois.
37. Davis, Jefferson, 78–9.
38. Craddock, 26.
39. Craddock, 27.
40. Craddock, 41.
41. Craddock, 1.
42. Yellin, 63–64, 143–44, 162, 176–80, 245–47.
43. Fleischner, 323.
44. Quoted in Fellman, 452n.
45. Simkins, 607.
46. Hurst, 360.
47. Hurst, 370–1.
48. Armstrong, 875.
49. “Revised Report, Plan for Government of the Western Territory.” PTJ, 6:607–09.
Coda
1. www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8d-IYSM-08.
2. Elk and Sloan.
3. Coates.
4. “Hate and Extremism.”
5. Fletcher.
6. The term “neoslavery” was suggested by Douglas Blackmon, in Slavery By Another Name.