n Vǎn Thiệu, 393Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and maps.
Abrams, Creighton, 347
Acheson, Dean, 59, 68–69, 80, 119, 126, 143, 149, 164, 174, 175, 179, 192, 193, 260, 264, 267, 309
on germ warfare charges, 248–49, 528n
Kennan’s views on U.S. confidence shared with, 141–42
on MacArthur’s firing, 176–77
POW debate and, 202–3
public criticism of, 152–54
on UN resolution condemning China, 166
Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War, 294
Afghanistan, 98
Soviet invasion of, 435
Afterbladet, 180
demise of, 456
Algeria, 304
Allen, Clifford, 216, 220–21, 223, 225–26
Allen, Norman, 145–46
Almond, Edward, 82–83, 116, 124, 133–34, 138, 156, 157, 159, 168–69, 190
American Methodist Mission, 66
Amnesty International, 458
Andreen, Andrea, 252
An Sang-su, 477–78
Antisocialist Conscience Investigation, 457–58
antiwar movement, 383
April 1960 Revolution, 337, 340
Aquariums of Pyongyang, The (Kang Chŏl-hwan), 458
Arirang (mass games), 472–73, 472
armistice talks:
agreement signed in, 284–86
cease-fire and, 197–98
front line and, 198–99
germ warfare episode in, see germ warfare controversy
Great Britain and, 200–201
initial meetings in, 195–97
Mao-Stalin exchanges and, 193–94, 197–99
negotiating teams in, 195
physical arrangements in, 197
POW issue in, see prisoners of war
Rhee’s opposition to, 198–200, 278–84
Ridgway and, 193–95, 197–201, 202
South Korean opposition to, 278–79, 281
truce line issue in, 197, 200–201, 205
U.S. air campaign and, 237–42, 239
U.S. public opinion and, 200–201
withdrawal issue in, 197
Armstrong, Charles, 23
Armstrong, John, 408–9
Arnold, Archibald, 31
Asia-Africa Conference (Bandung Conference; 1955), 327, 561n
“Asia After Viet Nam” (Nixon), 390
Asia Development Bank (ADB), 350
Asia-European Meeting, 466
Asia Pacific Council (ASPAC), 350
Associated Press, 85, 89, 501n–2n, 504n
Atlanta Journal, 180
Korean War and, 143–44, 176, 271–73
Soviet Union and, 61
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 176
Attlee, Clement, 143–44, 144, 205
Australia, 59, 99–100, 205, 302, 345, 346, 350, 408, 507n
Austria, 276
Autumn Rebellion (Taegu Uprising), 44, 54
ax murder incident, 355, 397–400, 398, 561n–62n
Ayub Khan, Muhammad, 327
Bagwell, R. M., 225–26
Baillie, Hugh, 140
Bair, Chester, 136
Balasonov, B. M., 39
Baldwin, Hanson, 88
Ball, George W., 328, 332, 333–34, 348, 541n
Balog, Mária, 237
Bandung Conference (Asia-Africa Conference; 1955), 327, 561n
Banghart, William, 246
Barrett, Mark, 397
Barth, Bittman, 181–82
Becker, Jasper, 450
Belgium, 99
Benninghoff, H. Merrell, 29–30, 32
Berliner Morgenpost, 383
Berlin Wall, 430
Berry, Waldron, 225
Beth, Jack, 137
Bidault, Georges, 302–3
Biderman, Albert, 534n
Biggs, Ellis O., 343
Big Switch, Operation, 293, 534n
biological warfare, see germ warfare controversy
Blue House raid, 355, 368, 370, 385–87, 392, 557n
failure of, 388–89
Kim Il Sung and, 372–74, 388–89
Boatner, Hayden, 264
Bohlen, Charles, 203, 272, 275, 277
Bolsheviks, 20
Bonesteel, Charles, 18, 381–82, 384–85, 557n
Bonifas, Arthur, 397
Boston Globe, 180
Bowling, Bonnie, 221
Boyer, Elmer, 52
Boyle, William, 180
Bradley, Omar, 81, 83, 117, 118, 119, 127, 141, 156, 163–64, 173, 175, 176–77, 183, 203, 268, 271, 302
Brezhnev, Leonid, 374–76, 385–86
Brodie, Bernard, 307
Brodie, Tom, 149–50, 186, 188, 189
Brown, Albert E., 39
Brown, Rothwell, 49
Brown, Winthrop G., 546n
Bryant, John, 225
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 403, 410, 412–13
Bucher, Lloyd “Pete,” 377–80, 382
Bucher, Rose, 379
Bulgaria, 394
Bunce, Arthur, 39
Bundy, William, 329, 386, 542n
Burma, 561n
Bush, George H. W., 432
Bush, George W., 456
Cairo Conference (1943), 13, 17
Cairo Declaration (1943), 16–17, 59
Cameron, Thomas, 534n
Camp David Accords, 409
Canavan, Father, 212
Capital “Tiger” Division, South Korean, 347, 501n
Carne, James, 186–87, 188, 225
Carter, Jimmy, 356, 417, 427, 442
Gleysteen’s confrontation with, 412–13
human rights issue and, 400, 406, 410
Korean summit proposal of, 409–10, 411
in North Korea mission, 440–41
troop withdrawal proposal of, 401–6, 410–13, 438, 561n
in visit to South Korea, 411–13
Carter, Rosalynn, 441
Carter administration, 402, 403
Cates, Clifton, 82
Catholic News Agency, 150
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 394
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 343, 378, 439, 544n, 565n
Central Military Commission, Chinese, 240
Ch’ae Pyŏng-dŏk, 54
Chae Yŏng-jip, 447–48
Chai Chengwen, 207
Chance for Peace initiative, 276–77
Chang Ch’ŏl, 451
Chang Hwan (Billy) Kim, 413
Changjin (Chosin) Reservoir, Battle of, 124, 132–38, 135
Chang Sŭng-taek, 464
Cheju-do rebellion, 49–54, 91, 95, 497n
Chen Yi, 327
Chiang Kai-shek, 17, 20, 56–57, 59, 121, 144, 156, 497n
MacArthur’s meeting with, 80–82
Chiles, John, 83
Han Dynasty of, 575n
Warring States period of, 431
China, People’s Republic of (CPR), 6, 38–39, 47, 62, 69, 143, 154, 276, 277, 298–99, 303, 329, 341, 355, 371, 407, 433, 440, 455, 457–58, 459, 460, 463, 564n
anti-rightist campaign of, 364
armistice talks and, 193–94, 197–99
British recognition of, 58–59
Carter’s withdrawal proposal and, 405, 410
Cultural Revolution of, 250, 320, 324, 327, 376, 389, 429
death of Kim Jong Il and, 465–66, 470–71
ethnic minorities and, 467–68, 468
founding of, 56
France’s recognition of, 543n
germ warfare controversy and, 245–48, 249
Gorbachev’s visit to, 431–32
Great Leap Forward of, see Great Leap Forward
Hundred Flowers campaign of, 314
India’s border clash with, 322
Kissinger’s secret mission to, 389–91
Korean War and, see Korean War
Korea’s ancient kingdoms and, 466–68, 470, 473
Nixon’s visit to, 359, 390–94, 391
Northeast Asia Project of, 466, 468, 478
North Korean economy and, 468–70, 478–79, 575n–76n
North Korean political relations with, 357–58, 477–79
nuclear sanctions opposed by, 436, 438–39
Soviet Friendship Treaty with, 57–58, 60
Soviet Union’s rift with, see Sino-Soviet split
Taiwan Strait crises and, 311–12, 316–18
UN peace proposal rejected by, 165–66
U.S. ping pong team in, 390–91
U.S. postwar relations with, 295–97
Vietnam policy of, 325–27
Wen-No summit and, 466
Chinese Medical General Association, 246, 248
Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (CPV), 124, 131–33, 135, 137–38, 158–59, 166, 167, 169, 170–71, 181, 189–90, 194, 202, 240, 473–74, 512n
Chipyŏng-ni, Battle of, 170, 180, 184
Chisholm, Brock, 254–55
Cho, Mr., 231
Cho Ch’ang-ho, 231
Ch’oe Kyu-ha, 417
Ch’oe Yŏng-gun, 359
Cho Kap-je, 415–16
ch’ŏllima movement, 368, 553n–54n
Ch’ŏn’an, sinking of, 477, 577n
Chŏng Kwang-im, 92–93
Chŏn Tu-hwan, 417–19, 418, 430, 448, 566n, 569n
Christian Science Monitor, 72, 180
chuch’e principle, 367, 419, 422, 424, 434, 471, 479, 548n–49n, 556n
Chun Doo Hwan, see Chŏn Tu-hwan
Chung’ang ilbo, 504
Churchill, Winston, 13, 16–17, 180, 205, 302–3
“Iron Curtain” speech of, 42–43, 47
Cilley, George, 496n
Clark, Mark, 258, 268, 270, 274, 276–77, 279, 285
Kŏje-do incident and, 263–65
on Rhee, 278
Ridgway replaced by, 257
Clinton, Bill, 8, 436, 438, 439–40, 444
Clinton administration, 436, 438, 439, 441, 444, 456
CNN, 440
cold war, 2–3, 5, 63, 371, 430, 434, 435
containment policy in, 296, 306
domino theory in, 290, 334–35, 543n
Indochina War and, 295–96
Korean War impact on, 289–90
“massive retaliation” threat in, 300, 305, 307–8
New Look policy in, 299–300, 301, 305, 307–8
in popular cinema, 295
Collins, Joseph “Lightning Joe” Lawton, 81, 83, 142–43, 155, 164, 271
Collins, Robert, 571n
Colson, Charles, 261–65
Combert brothers, 212
Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (CPKI), 490n, 493n
communism, collapse of, 427
Communist Party, Chinese (CCP), 56, 123, 390, 498n
Central Committee of, 319–20, 325, 465
germ warfare campaign of, 246–49
International Liaison Department of, 326
Sino-Soviet relations and, 289–90
Communist Party, Korean (KCP), 24, 25, 39–40
Communist Party, Romanian, 323
Communist Party, Soviet, 257, 362, 374
Twentieth Congress of, 313
Conference of Nonaligned Nations, 399
Congress, U.S., 53, 166, 175, 249, 330, 386, 388
Carter’s troop withdrawal proposal and, 406–8
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed by, 330–31, 332
Indochina intervention debate in, 301–2, 303
MacArthur’s joint address to, 178–79
use of force in Korea authorized by, 72
Congressional Research Service, 455
Connally, John, 68
Cooper, Donna, 266–67
Cooper, Paul, 266–67
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), 237
Council of Ministers, Soviet, 257, 275
Crane, Burton, 70–71
Crosbie, Philip, 208–9, 211–12
Cultural Revolution, 250, 320, 324, 327, 376, 389, 429
Culture Ministry, North Korean, 360
Cumings, Bruce, 504n
Cutforth, René, 150
1968 uprising in, 383
Daily Herald (London), 282
Daily Mail (London), 282
Daily NK (online), 549n
Daily Telegraph (London), 174
Daily Worker (New York), 95
Dalai Lama, 322
Davis, A. C., 301
Davis, Elmer, 154
Dean, Gordon, 176
December massacres, 149–52
Defense Department, U.S., 140, 175, 294, 336, 404, 410
de Gaulle, Charles, 543n
Delhi Express, 282
demilitarized zone (DMZ), 8, 198, 201, 235, 355, 368, 371
Democratic Party, Korean (KDP), 32, 36–37, 39–40, 41
Democratic Party, U.S., 179
Dening, Esler, 259–60
Denmark, 99
den Ouden, Marinus, 169
Denver Outpost, 308–9
Desert Storm, Operation, 435
Devers, Jacob, 258
Diamond Mountain (Kŭmgang-san) tourist venture, 456
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 330
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, 300–301, 304, 343
Diet, Japanese, 177–78
Dixon, Ralph R., 245
Djilas, Milovan, 55–56
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 432
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières), 450
Dodd, Francis, 258, 260–63, 265
Dole, Bob, 445
Domestic faction, 359
domino theory, 290, 334–35, 543n
Donnelly, Charles, 34–35
Doody, John, 73
Dove, The (Picasso), 284–85
Dulles, John Foster, 269, 272, 276, 277, 283–85
Geneva Conference and, 303–4, 305
Indochina intervention debate and, 300–301
New Look policy and, 299–300
recognition of China opposed by, 296–98
Rhee’s cooperation urged by, 281–82
Sino-American policy and, 295–98
on Taiwan Strait crisis, 316
Duncan, Private, 149
Dunn, John, 75, 209–10, 212, 222
Eberstadt, Nicholas, 430
Eden, Anthony, 205, 264, 276, 302–3, 304
Edwards, Spencer, 105
Egypt, 409
Eighth Army, U.S., 82–83, 94, 100–101, 192, 242
combat in North Korea by, 116–17, 124–25, 130, 132, 134, 142–43, 145, 167, 170, 191, 193
components of, 509n
Hanley Report of, 221
international units of, 107–8
North Korean invasion and, 74, 75–76, 80
Ridgway’s leadership of, 154, 155–56
Ridgway’s transformation of, 156–58, 161, 164
Van Fleet named to command of, 181–82
Eighth Division, South Korean, 71, 169
Eighth Infantry Corps, Manchurian, 339
88th Brigade, Soviet, 24–25
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 257, 275, 284–85, 290, 298, 300, 303, 306–8, 322, 330, 334–35, 531n
“Chance for Peace” initiative of, 276–77
farewell address of, 309–10
Indochina intervention debate and, 305
“I Shall Go to Korea” speech of, 267–68
Khrushchev’s correspondence with, 316–17
in Korea visit, 268–70
and MacArthur’s proposal for ending war, 270–71
in 1952 election, 267–68
Eisenhower, John, 269
Eisenhower administration, 273, 277, 296–97, 303
elections, U.S.:
of 1950, 63
of 1952, 257, 267–68, 309, 335
of 1960, 389
of 1972, 392
of 1994, 445
Ely, Paul, 300
Emmerich, Rollins, 93
Encounter (Mannam), 422
Enoch, Lieutenant, 246
Esensten, Sidney, 215
Ethiopia, 99
Faith, Don, 136
Fan Shih-shan, 246
Far East Air Force (FEAF), U.S., 527n
Far East Command, U.S., 257, 294, 507n, 512n–13n
Farrar-Hockley, Anthony, 186, 221–22
Fechteler, William, 205
Fifth Army, U.S., 258
5th Regimental Combat Team, U.S., 80
Figaro, Le (Paris), 173–74
Finland, 64
First Cavalry Division, U.S., 78, 80, 90
First Commonwealth Division, 100
I Corps, South Korean, 190, 195
I Corps, U.S., 107, 157, 183, 190
First Indochina War, 289–90, 305
First Infantry Division, South Korean, 68, 71, 103, 186, 501n
First Marine Division, U.S., 82, 104–5, 107, 132
in Changjin Reservoir Battle, 133, 136–38
Chinese 1951 spring offensive and, 183
First Taiwan Strait Crisis, 311–12
Fisk, Alfred, 253
Flanner, Janet, 180
Fleming, Harry, 212–15, 216, 220–21, 223, 225–26, 227, 293
Flexible Response strategy, 308
Foreign Ministry, Chinese, 466–67
Foreign Office, British, 149, 260, 264
Formosa, see Taiwan
42nd Army, Chinese, 160
Foss, Sheldon, 225
4th Regiment, South Korean, 52
14th Regiment, South Korean, 51–52
France, 47, 99, 180, 302, 303, 304, 335, 460, 507n
China recognized by, 543n
Indochina War and, 108, 297, 299–300, 331–34, 343
Frank, Rüdiger, 577n
Franks, Oliver, 260
Funderat, Natalya, 211
Galing, Captain, 216
Gaogouli, see Koguryŏ
Gay, Hobart, 90
General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, 551n
Geneva Conference (1954), 289, 303, 311, 329, 343
division of Indochina agreed at, 304–5
Dulles-Zhou relations at, 304
Geneva Convention (1949), 202–3, 528n
Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany), 98, 308, 537n
Germany, Nazi, 67
germ warfare controversy, 242–49, 293, 528n
China’s inoculation campaign and, 245–46
in China’s propaganda campaign, 246–48, 249
communist accusations of, 244–46
as hoax, 255–57
ICRC investigation of, 249
International Science Commission investigation of, 251–52
by Japan, 244
Mao and, 241, 245, 247–48, 256
Needham’s investigation of, 250–54, 251–55
New York Times on, 255–56
POW repatriation and, 256–57
Sams’s mission and, 242–44
U.S. denial of, 248–49
Gibney, Frank, 70–71
Glenn, John, 404–7
Gleysteen, William, Jr., 401, 410–11, 417, 566n
Carter’s confrontation with, 412–13
Gloucestershire Regiment, British, 185–88
Goldwater, Barry, 404
Golosov, S., 557n
Good Friends Center for Peace, Human Rights, and Refugees, 454, 570n
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 431
G. H. W. Bush’s meeting with, 432
in visit to China, 431–32
Graham, Billy, 413
Grand National Party, South Korean, 478
Great Britain, 16–17, 99, 141, 143, 149, 151, 165, 166, 180, 238, 250, 275, 304
aid to Greece shifted to U.S. by, 181
armistice talks as viewed by, 200–201
CPR recognized by, 58–59
Indochina intervention debate and, 302–3
Kŏje-do incident and, 260, 264
in Moscow Decision, 38–39
U.S. “special relationship” sought by, 108–9
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 299
Great Leap Forward, 289, 314, 324, 325–26, 554n
famine and, 320–21
Peng’s demise and, 319–20
Taiwan Strait crisis and, 317–18
Great Purge, 21
communist insurgency in, 181
Green Berets, 308
Greenwood, Walter, 70
Gromyko, Andrei, 18, 316, 528n
gulag system (North Korea), 456–73
anti-market campaign and, 457–59
black market and, 457
death rate in, 460–61
exports from, 460
forced abortions and, 573n
fiscal policies of, 462
group punishment and, 572n, 573n
labor camps in, 458–60
reeducation camps in, 458–60
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 330–31, 332
Guns of August, The (Tuchman), 440
Haggard, Stephan, 461
Halberstam, David, 335
Hall, Tony, 450
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 275
Hammond, Joseph, 220
Ham Su-yŏng, 411
Hanley, Charles J., 501n
Hanley Report, 221
Hanna, Richard T., 563n
Han River Bridge, 70–71
Harper’s Magazine, 154
Harriman, W. Averell, 80–81, 118, 176–77, 328, 543n
Harris, Stephen, 380
Harrison, Charles, 218–19
Harrison, William, 285
Harsh, Joseph, 72
Harvey, Mike, 187–88
Hausman, James H., 48–49, 51–53, 54, 70–71, 339
Hawk, David, 573n
Health Ministry, North Korean, 256
Helms, Jesse, 445
Hidden Gulag, The (Hawk), 573n
Higgins, Marguerite, 70–71, 89
Hilburn, Theodore, 218
Hilder, William, 149
Hill, Archibald Vivian, 253
Hoberecht, Earnest, 131
Hŏ Chin, 364
Hodge, John R., 27–29, 31, 33, 36–37, 38, 39–40, 39, 41–42, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 48, 74
Hoengsŏng, Battle of, 169–70, 170, 171
Homeland Reserve Force, South Korean, 556n–57n
Home Ministry, South Korean, 90
Hong Kyŏng-sŏn, 147
Hong Xuezhi, 240–41
Hope, Bob, 117
Hopson, Donald, 327
House of Commons, British, 238, 260, 264
House of Representatives, U.S., 264, 404
Appropriations Committee of, 45
International Relations Committee of, 406
Martin letter and, 175
Howard, Charles, 216
“How Valid Are Our Assumptions Underlying Our Vietnam Policies” (Ball), 333
Hughes, Emmet, 268
Hughes, Emrys, 238
Hull, John E., 294
Hum Bung-do, 21
Humphrey, Hubert, 404–7
Hundred Flowers campaign, 314
Hunt, Charles, 211
Hu Wanling, 450
Hwang Chang-yŏp, 548n–49n
Hyang-ryo, 451
Hyundai Corporation, 456
Ickes, Harold, 237–38
Im Ch’ŏl, 450–51
Im So-yŏn, 450–52
India, 99, 112, 113, 200, 272, 274, 278, 289, 322, 561n
Indochina, 289
Battle of Dien Bien Phu in, 300–301, 304, 343
congressional debate on, 301–2, 303
France in, 108, 297, 299–300, 331–34, 343
in Geneva Conference, 303–5
Never Again Club and, 301, 330
Institute of Foreign Languages, 360
Institute of Peace and Reunification Studies, 578n
Internal Affairs Ministry, North Korean, 256
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 427, 435–36, 437, 438–39, 440, 443
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 201–2, 216, 249, 528n
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 567n
International Science Commission, 251–52, 252–53, 255, 528n
Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The (film), 295
Isaacs, Harold, 19
Ishimaru, Jiro, 461
Israel, 409
Izvestia, 42
Japan, 3, 19, 32, 47, 98, 259, 298, 318, 361–62, 392, 396, 440, 444, 455, 460, 492n, 495n, 553n
atomic bombing of, 18, 72, 526n
Carter’s withdrawal proposal and, 404–5, 408, 410
“comfort woman” controversy and, 421
germ warfare and, 244
in Korean War, 107, 110–12, 508n
MacArthur’s final tour of, 177–78, 178–79
Meiji restoration in, 395, 561n
nuclear sanctions against North Korea opposed by, 437
Okinawa question and, 345
in reaction to MacArthur’s relief, 177–78, 178–79
in Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 479
South Korea’s normalization of relations with, 291, 344–45, 349, 368
South Korea’s Treaty of Basic Relations with, 291
surrender of, 13, 15–16, 28–29
U.S. occupation of, 27–29, 537n–38n
U.S. “reverse course” policy in, 59–60
and war with Soviet Union, 17–18
Japanese Military Academy, 339
Jefferson City Post, 85
Jeter, Colonel, 157
Jiji shimpo, 282
Johnson, Lyndon B., 18, 290, 327, 347, 350, 355, 375, 377, 381, 384, 559n
ROK troops in Vietnam issue and, 385–86, 388
Vietnam intervention debate and, 329–37
Vietnam policy of, colored by fears of communism, 334–35
Vietnam War escalation approved by, 345–46
Johnson, U. Alexis, 205, 206–7, 283, 304
Johnson administration, 328, 335, 370–71, 385
Johnston, Charles, 264
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 72, 81, 82–84, 114, 155, 163, 180, 201, 261, 268, 272, 299, 300, 334, 403, 438
MacArthur and, 118–19, 125, 126–27, 134–35, 141, 156, 164, 172–76
POW issue and, 203
Joint Security Area (film), 567n
Joy, Charles, 237
Joy, C. Turner, 195, 197, 204–5, 285
Joyner, Calvin M., 39
Justice Department, U.S., 563n
Katō Kiyomasa, 116
Kaesŏng Industrial Park, 456
Kang Chŏl-hwan, 458
Kaschko, Harold, 223
Kazakhstan, 21
KDP (Democratic Party, Korean), 32, 36–37, 39–40, 41
Kennan, George, 47, 59, 63, 172–73, 275
Long Telegram of, 47
supportive letter to Acheson from, 141–42
Kennedy, John F., 18, 290, 308, 330, 341, 343–44, 389
Kennedy, Robert F., 383
Kennedy administration, 325, 328, 343
Kenya, 238
Khong, Yuen Foong, 541n
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 23, 58, 273, 275, 289, 305, 311, 324, 362, 374, 376, 499n, 539n, 553n
Eastern Europe crises and, 363–64
Eisenhower’s Camp David meeting with, 321
Ho’s visit with, 323–24, 324, 325
Mao’s relations with, see Sino-Soviet split
peaceful coexistence policy and, 313, 317, 323
Sino-Soviet split and, see Sino-Soviet split
Stalin denounced by, 289, 313, 363, 549n
Kim Chae-bong, 374–75
Kim Chi-hoe, 53
Kim Chin-hyŏk, 451
Kim Chŏng-sun, 114–15
Kim Chŏng-ŭn, 464–65, 464, 473, 475, 477, 479, 480
reincarnation myth and, 475–76
Kim Chŏng-wŏn, 93
Kim Dae-jung, 235, 418, 455–56
Sunshine Policy of, 448–49, 478, 549n
Kim Dong-choon, see Kim Tong-ch’un
Kim Eun-kook, 15–16
Kim Han-cho, 563n
Kim Ha-yŏng, 492n–93n
Kim Hyŏng-uk, 563n–64n
Kim Il Sung, 4, 5–6, 14, 24–26, 41, 54, 64–65, 77, 79–80, 115, 163, 167, 255, 276, 282, 283, 286, 291, 341, 351, 355, 356, 359–65, 359, 377, 382, 399, 416, 417, 419, 423–24, 433, 435, 438, 465, 475, 492n, 556n
anti-Soviet campaign of, 360–62
Blue House raid and, 372–74, 388–89
Carter’s summit proposal and, 409–10, 411
Carter’s withdrawal proposal and, 407–8
China’s intervention debate and, 120–23, 127–28
ch’ollima movement and, 368, 553n–54n
chuch’e ideology of, 367, 419, 422, 424, 434, 473, 548n–49n
cult of personality and, 7, 362, 376
currency reform of, 462
Gorbachev’s China visit and, 431–32
guiding philosophy of, 359–60
invasion decision of, 62–63
legacy of, 433
Mao’s meetings with, 59–60, 62–63, 120–23, 127–28
“military line” policy of, 365–68, 370
1996 famine and, 452–54
Park’s diplomatic war with, 368–69, 388–89
Peng’s confrontation with, 163
Peng’s disdain for, 362–63
Pueblo incident and, 374–75
revolutionary past of, 474–76, 479, 574n
“sea of fire” threat and, 436
self-determination speech of, 359–60
Sino-American relations misunderstood by, 391, 394–96
Soviet advisers sought by, 127–28
Soviet Union’s intervention in Hungary and, 364
Stalin’s death and, 363
Stalin’s meeting with, 55, 60–62
Stalin’s split with, 128
Yanan faction purged by, 358–59, 362
Kim Jong Il, 399, 442, 469, 472, 473, 477, 477
Kim Dae-jung’s summit with, 449, 449, 455–56
Kim Jong Un, see Kim Chŏng-ŭn
Kim Ku, 39–40, 47–48, 49, 496n
Kim Kyŏng-wŏn, 406
Kim Kyu-hwan, 231
Kim Kyu-sik, 48–49
Kim Mu-chŏng, see Mu Chŏng
Kim Nam-ju, 421–22
King, Martin Luther, 383
Kinney, Andrew J., 197
Kirchwey, Freda, 237
Ki Sŏk-bok, 360
Kissinger, Henry, 389–90, 393, 397–98, 399, 560n
Knowland, William, 144, 268, 301–2
Kŏch’ang Civilian Massacre, 517n
Koguryŏ, kingdom of, 196, 447, 466–67, 575n
Kŏje-do incident, 257–65
Dodd as hostage in, 258, 261–62, 265
P’anmunjŏm negotiations and, 258
stalemate in, 262–64
voluntary repatriation issue and, 263–65
Konishi Yukinaga, 116
ancient kingdoms of, 466–68, 470, 473
great powers competition and, 3–4
Japanese colonization of, 16, 20
Japan’s 16th-century invasion of, 116
three-kingdoms era of, 196, 466n–67n, 469n, 575n
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (North Korea), 1–2, 23, 55, 113, 172, 196, 204, 248, 249, 256, 290, 338, 342, 349, 351, 356, 406, 437, 462
aid dependence of, 429–30, 434, 454–55, 457
Arirang mass games of, 472–73, 472
as “axis of evil,” 456
ax murder incident and, 397–400, 398
Blue House raid and, 372–74, 388–89
Carter’s mission to, 440–41
Carter’s withdrawal proposal and, 402, 408–9
China’s economic investment in, 468–70, 478–79, 552n–53n, 575n–76n
China’s involvement in affairs of, 357–58, 477–79
ch’ollima movement in, 368, 553n–54n
Cho’ŏn’an incident and, 477
chuch’e principle and, see chuch’e principle
collapse of communism and, 427
corruption in, 573n–74n
currency reform in, 462
and death of Kim Il Sung, 427–28
Domestic faction in, 359
economy of, 355, 366–67, 398–99, 454–55, 457, 462–63, 468–69, 551n–53n
famine in, 427, 450–56, 457, 570n–71n
Five-Year Plan (1956–61) of, 368
founding of, 51
gulag system of, see gulag system
as hermit kingdom, 7
“irrationality” of, 7–8
Korean War as portrayed by, 576n
legitimacy war and, 5–6, 366, 369, 395, 424, 488n
marginalization of, after Chinese intervention, 127–28
1949 population of, 357
1988 Olympic Games and, 567n
nuclear program of, see nuclear program, North Korean
prosperity as threat to, 7–8
provocations by, 477–78
Public Distribution System (PDS) of, 453–54
purges in, 358–59, 364–65, 368
Seven-Year Plan (1961–67) of, 366
show trials in, 358–59
sŏngbun classification system of, 571n
Soviet aid to, 376, 431–33, 552n–53n
Soviet Koreans purged in, 358
Stalinist-Confucian system of, 7
stratified society of, 453, 572n
terrorism and, 419, 566n, 568n
tributary economic aid system of, 429–30, 434
tuberculosis epidemic in, 357
UN question and, 369, 399, 433
Vietnam War involvement of, 546n–47n, 555n
Korea, Republic of (South Korea), 61, 196, 227, 282, 289, 304, 333, 337, 436, 440, 455, 564n
anti-American movement in, 418–24, 418, 423
April 1960 Revolution in, 337, 340
armistice opposed by, 278–79, 281
Carter’s summit proposal and, 409–10
Carter’s troop withdrawal proposal and, 401–5, 408, 411–13
Cheju-do rebellion in, 49–54, 91, 95, 497n
Ch’ŏn’an sinking incident and, 477, 577n
continued U.S. presence in, 355–56, 392–93
economic growth of, 6–8, 337–38, 349, 355, 430
and end of Korean War, 1–3
fall of Rhee regime in, 296, 337, 340
Gorbachev’s China visit and, 431–32
Homeland Reserve Force of, 556n–57n
international aid and, 483–85
Japan’s postwar relations with, 291, 344–45, 349, 368
Japan’s Treaty of Basic Relations with, 291
and June 2000 summit of Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong Il 449, 449, 455–56
Korea-gate scandal in, 405–6, 563n–64n
Kwangju uprising in, 417–19, 148
legitimacy war and, 5–6, 395, 424, 430, 444, 446, 488n
Nordpolitik policy of, 427, 431–32
North Korean famine and, 455–56
nuclear sanctions issue and, 437–38
Park’s coup in, 290–91
postwar military of, 338–39
postwar policy for North Korea of, 235–36
Pueblo incident reaction of, 383–84
reconstructed villages in, 556n–57n
Secondary Economic Movement of, 545n
Sino-American rapprochement and, 392–93
Sinŭiju uprising in, 492n–93n
SOFA and, 349–50
Sunshine Policy of, 235, 448–49, 456, 478, 549n
UNC combat forces in, 481–83
U.S. aid to, 337–38, 349, 386, 405–6
Vietnam War involvement of, 290–91, 337, 341–42, 345–48, 351, 386
War Memorial of, 1–3, 1, 446–47, 447
Yusin constitution of, 395–96, 417, 561n
Korea, Soviet zone of, 19–26, 36, 60, 64, 358, 489n, 492n
and founding of North Korea, 51
in joint trusteeship controversy, 36–43, 45
land reform in, 491n–92n
leadership need in, 23–25
legitimacy war and, 369
looting in, 19–20
Moscow Decision and, 38–43, 45
People’s Committees in, 22, 26
P’yŏngyang conference and, 47–48
Soviet Koreans’ role in, 21–23
Soviet troop withdrawal proposal in, 46–47, 53
uprisings in, 26
U.S. presence and, 369–70
Korea, U.S. zone of, 27–35, 495n
Cheju-do Rebellion and, 49–54, 91, 95, 497n
joint trusteeship controversy in, 36–43, 45
Korean resentment of, 34–35
KPR’s challenge in, 30–32
land reform in, 32
Moscow Decision and, 38–43, 45
refugee crisis in, 33–34
shortages in, 34–35
Soviet troop withdrawal proposal and, 46–47
UN and, 47
U.S. occupation of Japan and, 27–29
Yŏsu-Sunch’ŏn Rebellion and, 51–54, 66, 91–92, 95, 231, 339
Korea-gate scandal, 405–6, 563n–64n
Korean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA), 99, 103–4, 104, 106, 107, 509n
Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), 416, 563n, 565n
Korean Constabulary, 48–49, 51, 339
Korean Employers Federation, 478
Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG), 48, 53, 71
at onset of Korean War, 66, 68–69
Korean National Council of Churches, 408
Korean Peninsula Energy Organization (KEDO), 444
Korean People’s Republic (KPR), 30–32, 493n
Korean Provisional Government (KPG), 37–38, 39
Korean Question, 368–69
Korean Service Corps (KSC), 99, 106, 108
Korean Society for International Cultural Exchange, 360
Korean War, 5–7
armistice talks in, see armistice talks
atomic weapons issue in, 143–44, 176, 271–73
ax murder incident and, 355, 397–400, 398, 561n–62n
British 29th Brigade’s stand in, 185–88, 187–89
cease-fire agreement in, 284–86
“Change for Peace” initiative in, 276–77
Changjin (Chosin) Reservoir fighting in, 124, 132–38, 135
Chiang-MacArthur meeting and, 80–82
China affected by, 311–12
China’s international status and, 4, 6–7
China’s intervention in, 119–24
China’s logistics problems in, 158–61
China’s role in commemorative culture of, 472–74, 479
China’s Tunnel campaign in, 239–41
Chinese offensives in, 131–34, 134, 159–62, 165, 169–71, 180–81, 183–91, 240, 284
cold war and, 289–90
first U.S. troops in, 73–74
Geneva Convention and, 304–5
Hoengsŏng Battle in, 167–70, 170, 171
Inchon landings in, 81–84, 104, 121, 165
integration of U.S. and ROK forces in, 103–7, 104, 106
Japan’s role in, 107, 110–12, 508n
Kennan’s note to Acheson in, 141–42
Kim Il Sung’s launching of, 4, 5–6, 14, 499n
Kim-Peng confrontation in, 163
Land Reform Act and, 491n
legitimization of UN and, 112
as local struggle, 355–56
MacArthur and, see MacArthur, Douglas
Mao-Peng exchanges in, 159–61
North Korean atrocities in, 2, 85–89, 85–87, 96–97, 505n–6n
North Korea’s attack plan in, 64–65
North Korea’s portrayal of, 576n
onset of, 66–68
“police action” euphemism in, 72–73
primary invasion route in, 74–77
proposed UN peace proposal in, 165–66
Pusan perimeter in, 78–80
refugees in, 69–70, 89–91, 138, 145–48, 146, 161
regional stability and, 5
“revolt of the primitives” in, 152–54, 155
Ridgway’s counteroffensive in, 167–68, 168
Sino-Soviet relations in, 6–7, 123–24
South Korea in, 345–48
South Korean atrocities in, 89–97, 91, 93, 96, 148–52, 505n–6n
South Korea’s Memorial to, 1–3, 1, 446–47, 447
Soviet advisers in, 79–80, 127–28
Soviet aid in, 498n–99n, 502n–3n
Soviet “peace offensive” in, 275–76
Stalin’s death and, 273–76
Truman-Attlee conference in, 143–44, 144
Truman-MacArthur Wake Island meeting in, 117–19
Truman’s intervention decision and, 72
UN air raids in, 158–59
UN coalition in, 98–112, 101–2, 507n–10n
UNC’s reaction to China’s intervention in, 124–27
UN culinary differences in, 101–3, 102
UN forces in advance into North Korea, 113–17
UN language differences in, 100–101
UN retreat in, 144–45
U.S. air campaign in, 158–59, 237–42, 239, 526n–27n
U.S. atrocities in, 90, 501n–6n
U.S. casualties in, 175
U.S. militarization as outcome of, 306, 308–10
U.S. post–World War II status and, 108–10
U.S. public and, 139–40, 152–54
Vietnam War and, 290–91, 331–33, 334
Wonsan landings in, 116–17
Wyoming Line in, 182
Korgie, Leonard, 145
Koruklenko, Colonel, 39
Kosovo, 526n
Kosygin, Alexei, 374, 375–76, 377
Kovacs, Jozsef, 365
Kŭmgang-san (Diamond Mountain) tourist venture, 456
Kŭmsŏng, Battle of, 284
Kuznetsov, V. V., 248
Kwangju uprising, 417–19, 418, 566n, 569n
Lampe, Jim, 147–48
Lam Pham Dang, 393
Land Reform Act (1945), North Korean, 491n
Lang Lang, 577n
Lankov, Andrei, 364–65
Laos, 298
LaRue, Leonard, 138
League of Nations, 112
Lebedev, Nikolai, 23, 25–26, 39
Lee Hak-ku, 263
Lee Kuan Yew, 408
Leonard, James, 380–81
Lessenden, Chester, 133
Life, 89
Lin Biao, 122
Lincoln, Lawrence L., 39
Lippmann, Walter, 153, 207, 277
Little Switch, Operation, 277
Liu Shaoqi, 56
Liu Weimin, 465
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 334
Long March, 24
Long Telegram, 47
Lord, Herbert Arthur, 208–12
Lovett, Robert A., 126, 174, 205
Lovless, Jay, 75
Luxembourg, 99
MacArthur, Douglas, 17, 29, 31–32, 37, 74, 75, 94, 105, 122, 130, 151–52, 165, 166, 191–92, 242, 246, 508n, 512n
advance into North Korea and, 113–14, 116–17
Chiang’s meeting with, 80–82
Chinese intervention reaction of, 124–27, 131, 134–35, 156
ending war proposal of, 270–71
in final tour of Japan, 177–78, 178–79
“Home by Christmas” statement of, 130, 139–40
Joint Chiefs of Staff and, 118–19, 125, 126–27, 134–35, 141, 156, 164, 172–76
Martin letter and, 175–76
at onset of Korean War, 69–72
public criticism of administration by, 140–41, 164–65, 172, 173–74
public reaction to firing of, 179–80
Ridgway’s first meeting with, 155–56
Ridgway’s replacement of, 177
X Corps controlled by, 82–83
Truman’s firing of, 174–77, 179–80
Truman’s Wake Island meeting with, 117–19
and U.S. occupation of Japan, 27–28
war-ending proposal of, 270–71
widened war favored by, 154–55, 162–64, 172–74, 175
MacArthur, Jean, 177
MacLean, Allan, 133–36
Maffioli, Leonard, 218
Mal, 505n
Malterre, Jean, 252
Manchuria, 13, 17–19, 20, 24, 33, 59–60, 112, 474–75, 476, 492n
Manchurian Candidate, The (film), 535n
Manhard, P. W., 260
Manhattan Project, 488n
Manila Conference (1966), 350
Mao Zedong, 6, 24, 55, 61, 121, 128, 137–38, 167, 171, 184, 191–92, 250, 253, 274, 311, 359, 362–63, 376, 409, 434, 473, 531n
cult of personality of, 313, 364
4th Chinese offensive and, 180–81
germ warfare controversy and, 241, 245, 247–48, 256
Great Leap Forward and, see Great Leap Forward
intervention debate and, 62–63
Kim’s meetings with, 56–60, 62–63, 120–23, 127–28
in Moscow visit, 314
Peng’s death and, 319–20
Peng’s exchanges with, 159–61, 167, 171
revolutionary ideology of, 325–26
Sino-Soviet split and, 322–23, 325, 390–91, 394
Stalin’s exchanges with, 193–94, 197–99, 493n
Taiwan Strait crisis and, 316–19
UN’s peace proposal rejected by, 165
Vietnam policy of, 325–27
Wang’s challenge to, 326
Marshall, George C., 48, 114, 119, 142, 153, 153, 176–77, 180, 205
Martin, Joe, 175–76
Maryknoll Mission, 208
massive retaliation policy, 300, 305, 307–8
Mathis, Chester, 218
Mayer, William, 293–94
McAbee, Filmore Wilson, 226
McCarthy, Joseph, 153
McCarthyism, 267
McClure, Robert, 202
McGhee, David, 224
McGovern, George, 400
McGovern, Halsey, 266
McLaughlin, Major, 219
“Memorandum for Ending the Korean War” (MacArthur), 271
Mendoza, Martha, 501n
Meredith Victory, SS, 138
Meretskov, Kirill, 22–23
Merrick, Bill, 169
Michaelis, John, 83
Mikoyan, Anastas, 56, 362–63, 551n
Milburn, Frank, 157
Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV), 346
“military line” policy, 365–68, 370
Miller, Lawrence, 221
Minneapolis Tribune, 180
Mondale, Walter, 403
Moon Se-kwang, 415
More Flags campaign, 345–46, 348
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, 551n, 576n
Morse, Wayne, 331–33
Moscow Decision, 38–43, 45, 495n
Moskovsky, Vasily, 365
Muccio, John, 51, 66–67, 68, 69, 89–90, 94, 117, 149, 156, 202
Murkowski, Frank, 445
Nation, 237
National Assembly, South Korean, 51, 344, 347, 393, 395
Foreign Affairs Committee of, 384
National Association of Manufacturers, 270–71
National Defense Ministry, South Korean, 232
National Health Conference, 247
National Liberation Front, 327
National Press Club, 59
National Security Council (NCS), 176, 349, 413
NSC 10 of, 402–3
NSC 13 of, 401
NSC 68 of, 63
nuclear weapons issue and, 271–72
in POW debate, 202–3
Navy Transport Squadron 1, U.S., 147
Neave, Allen, 150–51
Needham, Joseph, 250–54, 251–55
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 110, 272, 280–81, 322
Nelson, Herman, 87–88
Netherlands Battalion, 109
Neutral Nations Repatriations Commission, 112, 278, 304
New China News Agency (Xinhua), 317
New Democratic Party, South Korean, 394, 400
Ne Win, 327
New Look policy, 299–300, 301, 305, 307–8
New Republic, 237
Newsweek, 19
New Yorker, The, 180
New York Herald Tribune, 70, 153, 180
New York Times, 26, 70, 85, 88–89, 137, 140, 180, 268, 301, 309, 371, 383, 409, 444
New Zealand, 59, 99–100, 302, 346, 350, 507n
Ngo Dinh Diem, 330
Nguyn Vǎn Thiệu, 393
Nichols, Donald, 93–94
Nie Rongzhen, 119, 123, 138, 240
Ninth Army Group, Chinese, 137
IX Corps, U.S., 131, 157, 183, 190
Ninth Infantry (White Horse) Division, South Korean, 348
99th Medium Bomb Wing, U.S., 176
Nitze, Paul, 63
Nixon, Richard, 6, 179, 389, 389, 402
in Moscow visit, 394–95
resignation of, 401
Nixon administration, 392
Nixon Doctrine, 392
Noland, Marcus, 461
Nonaligned Movement (NAM), 112, 561n
Nordpolitik policy, 427, 431, 432
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 110, 308, 537n
Northeast Asia Project, 466, 468, 478
North Korean People’s Army (NKPA), 2, 60–61, 64–65, 68, 69, 74–75, 77–78, 80, 124, 128, 162–63, 165, 202, 258, 358, 409, 498n–99n
North Korean Workers Party (NKWP), 360, 362, 453, 465
“North Wind and the Sun, The” (Aesop), 448, 569n
Norwegian mobile army surgical hospital (NORMASH), 100
No T’ae-u, 2, 427, 430–33, 446, 569n
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), 427, 435–36, 443
nuclear program, North Korean, 3, 5, 462, 470, 478, 562n
Agreed Framework on, 427, 443–45, 456
Carter mission on, 440–41
defueling crisis and, 438–41
human rights and, 570n
IAEA inspections on, 435–36
legitimacy war and, 444
military option and, 439–40
onset of, 434–35
sanctions issue and, 436–40, 469
in “sea of fire” threat, 436
Soviet Union and, 434–35
at Yŏngbyŏn facility, 435, 439
Dulles on deterrence against, 299–300
Korean War and, 143–44, 176, 271–73
Nugent, Ambrose, 209–10, 212, 225–26, 226, 293
NSC and, 271–72
O’Connor, Patrick, 150
Okinawa, 345
Oliver, Robert, 45
Oliviero, Olivo, 252
Olson, William, 218–19
Olympic Games (1988), 3, 427, 430–31, 567n
124th Army, North Korean, 557n
Operation Big Switch, 293, 534n
Operation Desert Storm, 435
Operation Little Switch, 277
Operation Rolling Thunder, 335–36, 547n
Oppert, Ernst, 7
Origins of the Korea War, The (Cumings), 504n
Osborne, John, 89–90
O Se-yŏng, 400
O Tong-gi, 52
Outer Mongolia, 59
Overseas Press Club, 296
O Yŏng-jin, 25
Paekche, kingdom of, 466–67, 467, 575n
Paek Nam-ŭn, 492n
Paek Sŏn-yŏp, 68–69, 71, 77, 195, 270, 284–85, 339
Paek Sun Yup, see Paek Sŏn-yŏp
Paektu Mt., 465
Pak Chin-hŭng, 226–34
repatriation of, 232–35
South Korea’s treatment of, 232–34
Pak Chi-wŏn, 449
Pak Chong-gil, 91
Pak Chŏn-kyu, 384
Pak Hŏn-yŏng, 24, 40, 44, 49, 57, 61–62, 120, 128, 162–63, 181, 244, 359, 359
Pak Kŭn-hye, 480
Pak Man-ho, 92
Pak Mok-wŏl, 414
Pak Nam-gi, 574n
Pak Tong-sŏn, 563n
Pak Ŭi-wan, 362
Pan, POW Camp Commandant, 218
Panikkar, K. M., 119–20, 273, 326–27
Paris Peace Accords (1973), 337, 356
signing of, 393
South Vietnam’s Observation Delegation and, 393
Park Chung Hee, 290–91, 328, 337–45, 338, 350–51, 356, 365, 385, 387, 389, 395, 400, 402, 415, 448, 480, 547n
assassination of, 416, 565n–66n
background of, 339–40
in Carter’s 1979 visit, 411–13
in Carter’s summit proposal, 409–10, 411
human rights issue and, 406, 411–12, 414
Kim Il Sung’s attempted assassination of, see Blue House raid
Kim Il Sung’s diplomatic conflict with, 368–69, 388–89
Korea-gate scandal and, 405–6, 563n–64n
at Manila conference, 350
military coup of, 340–41
Nixon’s China visit and, 392–93
normalization of Japanese relations with, 344–45, 349
poem by, 414
South Korean autonomy sought by, 341–42, 344
U.S.-North Korea relations and, 393–94
Vance’s meeting with, 386–87
Vietnam War commitment of, 341–42, 343, 345–48
withdrawal issue and, 411–12
Yusin system and, 395–96, 561n
Patriotic Hygienic Campaign, 245, 247, 324
Pauley, Edwin, 36
Peng Dehuai, 62, 122, 124, 137–38, 159, 165, 190, 276, 282
Kim Il Sung’s confrontation with, 163
Kim Il Sung’s contempt for, 362–63
Mao’s exchanges with, 159–61, 167, 171
People’s Daily, 207, 243–45, 249, 317
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Chinese, 56, 61, 122
Perricos, Dmitri, 439
Perry, Mathew, 561n
Pessoa, Samuel, 252
Philippines, 16, 99, 108, 300, 302, 408
Picasso, Pablo, 284–85
Platt, Nicholas, 413
Plezia, John, 44
Plimsoll, James, 151
Poland, 278, 460 1956 crisis in, 313, 363
Politburo, Chinese, 122, 123, 317
Politburo, North Vietnamese, 324
Politburo, Soviet, 56, 123, 322
Popa, N., 557n
Porter, William, 348, 384, 386
Potsdam Conference (1945), 13, 17, 488n
Potsdam Declaration (1945), 59
Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC 10 (PRM 10), 402–3
Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC 13 (PRM 13), 401, 403
in Bean camp, 216
Big Switch Operation and, 293, 534n
brainwashing of, 217–23, 228–29, 534n–35n
in camp 5, 215–17, 222–24, 223, 224, 225, 228
collaboration and, 222–26, 293–95
death rate of, 212, 216, 221, 228
exchanges of, 197, 201–2, 204, 277, 293, 534n
executions of, 210–11
factional divisions among, 225
germ warfare controversy and, 245, 246, 248, 256–57
Hanley Report and, 221
Kŏje-do incident and, see Kŏje-do incident Little Switch Operation and, 277
NSC and, 202–3
numbers of, 204
Pak’s ordeal as, see Pak Chin-hŭng
postwar hard labor of, 231–32
propaganda broadcasts and, 216, 220–21, 226
repatriation issue and, 202, 203–7, 232, 256–57, 263–65, 273
South Korean, 226–36
suicides of, 233–34
in “Traitor’s Row,” 221
in Valley camp, 213–15
volunteering option and, 229, 232
Public Distribution System (PDS), North Korean, 453–54
Pueblo incident, 355–56, 370–71, 370, 372, 377–82, 385, 391, 392, 400, 437, 558n
confessions demanded in, 378–79
“Hawaiian hand gesture” in, 380–81, 381
interrogations in, 378, 379–80
Kim Il Sung and, 374–75
propaganda purpose of, 378–80
resolution of, 381–82
signed “confession” in, 381–82
South Korean reaction to, 383–84
Soviet Union and, 374–78
“Pulgamjŭng” (Kim Nam-ju), 421–22
Qin, Emperor of China, 431
Quan (interpreter), 213
Quinlan, Thomas, 211–12
Quinn, Lieutenant, 246
Radchenko, Sergey, 321, 498n, 539n
Radford, Arthur, 299, 300–301, 303
Ransone, James, 136
Rayburn, Sam, 179–80
Razhubayev, Vladimir, see Razuvaev, V. N.
Razuvaev, V. N., 64, 65, 128, 256, 528n
Reagan, Ronald, 413
Red Guards, Chinese, 376
Republican Party, U.S., 80, 179, 303
1994 election and, 445
Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), 51
Research Institute for National Reunification (RINU), 438
Reston, James, 309
Return of a Dead Man (Cho Ch’ang-ho), 231
Return of the Defeated (Pak Chin-hung), 226–27
Rhee, Syngman, 13–14, 39, 47–48, 50, 53, 67, 68, 77, 84, 84, 115, 144, 156, 231, 279, 343, 365, 366, 386, 495n, 496n, 545n, 551n
armistice opposed by, 198, 199–200, 278–84
background of, 37–38
Clark on, 278
December massacres and, 149–51
Dulles’s insistence on cooperation by, 281–82
Eisenhower’s visit and, 268–70
monetary policy of, 543n–44n
Moscow Decision and, 45
at onset of Korean War, 69, 71–72
ouster of, 337
Rich, Robert, 406
Ridgway, Matthew B., 82–83, 159, 166, 168, 169–70, 184, 190, 192, 206, 249, 307, 334, 336
armistice talks and, 193–95, 197–201, 202
Basic Principles Directive of, 182–83
Clark’s replacement of, 257
counteroffensive launched by, 167–68
Eighth Army transformed by, 155–58, 161, 164
Kŏje-do incident and, 261, 265
leadership of, 154, 155–56, 158
MacArthur replaced by, 177
MacArthur’s first meeting with, 155–56
Vietnam intervention opposed by, 300–301
Rimjin-gang, 461–62
Robbins, Hugh, 135–36
Roberts, William, 52, 66–67, 70, 71
Robertson, Walter, 283–84
Roesch, Captain, 213
Rogin, Michael, 295
Roh Mu Hyun, see No Mu-hyŏn
Roh Tae Woo, see No T’ae-u
Rolling Thunder, Operation, 335–36, 547n
Romanenko, Andrei, 40
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 13, 16–18
Roosevelt, Theodore, 16
Rosengrant, Edith, 266
Royal Ulster Fusiliers, British, 185–86
Rusk, Dean, 18–19, 118, 164, 174, 202, 329, 347, 377, 381, 385, 542n–43n
Russell, Richard, Jr., 329, 331–32
nuclear sanctions opposed by, 436, 438–39
Russia, Imperial, 3
Russian Revolution (1917), 20
Russo-Finnish War (1939–40), 22, 64–65
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 16, 18–19, 20
Rwanda, 506n
Ryan, Joseph, 225
Saebyŏl Coal Mining Complex, 469–70
Salahudtin, Hamid, 211
Salahudtin, Sagid, 211
Salvation Army, 208
Sams, Crawford, 242–44
Sang-Hun Choe, 501n
Sankei shinbun, 256
Sasanggye, 341
Schein, Edgar, 534n
Schwable, Frank H., 293
Science and Civilization in China (Needham), 250
Sebald, William, 178
2nd Army Group, North Korean, 79
II Corps, South Korean, 124, 131–32, 284
Secondary Economic Movement, 545n
Second Infantry Division, U.S., 80, 169, 190, 215, 264, 402, 411
Second Sino-Japanese War, 244
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 316
Secret Service, 411
Senate, U.S., 180, 192, 284, 384, 400, 546n
Armed Services Committee of, 329, 404
East Asian Affairs Subcommittee of, 445
Foreign Relations Committee of, 68, 404–5
Seoul Olympics (1988), 3, 427, 430–31, 567n
Serbia, 526n
7th Cavalry Regiment, U.S., 78
Seventh Fleet, U.S., 122
Seventh Infantry Division, South Korean, 71
Seventh Infantry Division, U.S., 74, 104–5, 107, 132, 133, 137, 402
Seventh Marine Regiment, U.S., 169
Shangdi Guanqun Investment Company, 470
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 432
Shin Sŏng-mo, 517n
Short, Dewy, 178
Shtykov, Terentii Fomich, 23, 39, 41–44, 41, 46, 61, 64–65, 79–80, 127–28, 502n
Shuckburgh, Evelyn, 303–4
Sihanouk, Norodom, 327
Silla, kingdom of, 196, 447, 466–67, 467, 575n
Sim Yŏng-hyŏn, 94–95
Sinclair, Upton, 238
Singapore, 408
Singlaub, John, 404
Sino-British Science Cooperation Office, 250
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 479
Sino-Soviet split, 355, 407, 435, 539n
border clashes and, 390
Chinese Communist Party in, 289–90
Gorbachev’s China visit in, 431–32
Great Leap Forward in, 320–21
increased tensions in, 314–15
Khrushchev-Mao exchanges in, 311–16, 321–24
Mao in, 322–23, 325, 390–91, 394
Sino-Indian relations in, 322
Soviet radio station proposal in, 314–15
Taiwan Strait crises in, 311–12, 316–18
Third World in, 323, 325–26, 328
Vietnam War and, 325–29
Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950), 317
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (1945), 57–59
Sinŭiju uprising, 492n–93n
Sixth Division, South Korean, 71, 79, 183, 186, 190, 212–13, 227, 231, 502n
60th Parachute Field Ambulance, Indian, 110
Smith, Charles, 74
Smith, H. Alexander, 67
Snow, Edgar, 390
Soldier and the State, The (Huntington), 306
Song Chin-u, 39
Soon Ok Lee, 459–60
South Korean Workers Party (SKWP), 44–45, 49, 52, 120, 339, 359, 359
Soviet Academy of Medicine, 251
Soviet Civil Administration (SCA), 22–23, 25–26, 40
Soviet Military Advisory Group, 128
Soviet Union, 4, 14, 43–44, 56, 69, 235, 244, 257, 277, 283, 289, 296, 303, 341, 355, 356, 358, 360, 362, 371, 383, 388–89, 390, 405, 429, 430, 433
Afghanistan invaded by, 435
atom bomb of, 61
Carter’s withdrawal proposal and, 407–8, 410
China’s air force build-up and, 166–67
China’s Friendship Treaty with, 57–58, 60
China’s post-Korean War relations with, 289–90
China’s rift with, see Sino-Soviet split
collapse of, 427
and death of Stalin, 273–75
forced repatriation of POWs to, 203, 522n
in germ warfare controversy, 248–49, 257
Korean War “peace offensive” of, 275–76
Manhattan Project and, 488n
Moscow Decision and, 38–39
Nixon’s visit to, 394–95
North Korea’s nuclear program and, 434–35
North Korea’s relations with, 431–33
post-Stalin foreign policy of, 275–76
Pueblo incident and, 374–78
South Korea’s relations with, 431–33
and war with Japan, 17–18
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 129
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 399, 561n, 562n
Stalin, Joseph, 4, 13, 14, 17, 21, 23, 24, 36, 41, 43, 64, 65, 79–80, 115, 163, 167, 192, 197, 271, 277, 285, 296, 322, 323, 359, 385–86, 434, 489n, 502n–3n, 508n, 556n
armistice talks and, 193–94, 197–99
Chinese civil war and, 55–56
death of, 273–74, 275, 358, 363
and division of Korea, 18–19
Great Purge and, 21
intervention debate and, 120–23
Khrushchev’s denunciation of, 289, 313, 363, 549n
Mao’s exchanges with, 193–94, 197–99
State Department, U.S., 29, 37, 42, 47, 48, 59, 63, 140, 141, 173, 203, 205, 253, 264, 343, 349–50, 381, 403, 405, 410, 504n, 544n
Statue of Brothers, The, 447, 447
Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 349–50
Stavropoulos, Constantine, 150
Stevenson, Adlai, 268
Stilwell, Richard, 405
Stimson, Henry, 17
Stratemeyer, George, 125–26, 131
Strangle, Operation, 240
Stratton, R. J., 260
Strother, Kenneth, 28–29
Sturgeon, Raymond, 515n
Sukarno, 108
Sunshine Policy, 235, 448–49, 456, 478, 549n
Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, South Korean, 343
Suslov, Mikhail, 322
Swan Lake (Tchaikovsky), 314
Swiri (film), 567
Switzerland, 278
Szalontai, Balázs, 357, 368, 546n, 562n
Taegguki (film), 567n
Taegu Uprising (Autumn Rebellion), 44, 54
Taep’odong-2 missile, 3
Taiwan (Formosa), 56, 59, 62–63, 69, 121, 143, 165, 277, 289, 356, 392, 408
Tale of Ch’unhyang, 420
Tan’gun (mythical founder), 465
Task Force Smith, U.S., 74–75
Taubman, William, 311
Taylor, Telford, 89
Tehran Conference (1943), 17
X Corps, U.S., 157
in fighting after Chinese intervention, 124, 130, 132–33, 134, 138, 142–43, 145, 155
fourth Chinese offensive and, 190–91
KATUSA program and, 103–4
MacArthur’s control of, 82–83
in 1951 spring offensive, 168–69
Wŏnsan landings and, 116–17
terrorism, North Korean, 419, 566n, 568n
Thailand, 99, 110–11, 302, 408, 507n
Them! (film), 295
Thiệu, Nguyên Văn, 393
Thing from Another World, The (film), 295
III Corps, South Korean, 190
Third Division, South Korean, 114
Third Infantry Division, U.S., 269
Sino-Soviet split and, 323, 325–26, 328
Vietnam War and, 328
34th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 75
Thompson, Llewellyn, 377
Thomson, James C., 349–50
Thornton, Cordus, 210–11
“Thought Reform Campaign,” 247, 324
“Three-Anti” and “Five-Anti” campaigns, 247, 527n
Thurmond, Strom, 404
“Tiger, The” (POW commandant), 209–12
Times (London), 148, 154, 284, 383
Times of India, 282
Tito (Josip Broz), 181, 275, 296
Toop, Percy, 475
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 116
Traitors and the Patriots, The, 32
Treaty of Basic Relations (1965), 291
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950), 60
Truman, Harry, 13, 17–18, 36, 53, 78, 80–81, 82, 109, 127, 129, 140, 176, 199, 246, 268, 273, 305, 331, 335, 337, 385–86, 488n
Attlee’s conference with, 143–44, 144
intervention decision of, 72
MacArthur relieved by, 174–77, 179–80
MacArthur’s public criticism of, 140–41, 164–65, 172, 173–74
MacArthur’s Wake Island meeting with, 117–19
NSC-68 and, 63
in onset of Korean War, 69
“police action” euphemism accepted by, 72–73
public disapproval of, 266–67
Truman administration, 59, 114, 166, 180, 200, 295, 297, 307, 326
MacArthur’s public criticism of, 140–41, 152–54, 164–65
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 91, 506n
Trygvie Lie, 528n
Tuchman, Barbara, 440
Tunkiv, Mr., 39
21st Infantry Regiment, U.S., 74
23rd Infantry Regiment, U.S., 169
XXIV Corps, U.S., 27–28
Twenty-fourth Infantry Division, U.S., 74–75, 77–78, 104, 183
24th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 80
Twenty-fifth Infantry Division, U.S., 80, 104
Twenty-seventh Infantry Brigade, British, 109–10, 183
Twenty-seventh Infantry Regiment, U.S., 104
Twenty-ninth Infantry Brigade, British, 109, 149, 183–84
in Imjun River fight, 185–88, 187–89
UN Cease-Fire Commission, 165
Unification Ministry, South Korean, 442, 478
Unit 731, Japanese, 244, 251, 527n
United Nations (UN), 3, 13, 47, 65, 114, 123, 173, 203, 248–49, 275, 296, 333, 387, 477, 499n
China’s seat in, 165–66
December massacres and, 150–52
and economic sanctions on North Korea, 436–38
Korean War and, see Korean War in onset of Korean War, 69
peace plan proposed by, 165–66
resolutions of, 72, 113–14, 120, 140, 144
and Rhee’s undermining of armistice talks, 280–84
South Korea and, 419, 431, 433
WFP of, 455
United Nations Command (UNC), 124, 157, 161–63, 172–73, 199, 204, 206, 272, 280, 281, 283, 507n
Kŏje-do uprising and, 257–60, 263–64
United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK), 150–51, 260, 516n
United Nations reception Center (UNRC), 100
United Press International, 131, 140
United States, 3, 4, 14, 17, 39, 58, 98, 275, 289, 303, 321, 326, 383, 388–89, 436, 437, 438
Agreed Framework criticism and, 443–45
antiwar movement in, 383
China’s postwar relations with, 295–97
cold war anxieties of, 294–95, 297–300
Greek insurgency and, 181
militarization of, 306, 308–10
North Korean famine crisis and, 455
Park assassination attempt and, 370–71, 384
Park’s visit to, 343–44, 346–47
post-World War II status of, 108–10
POW collaboration issue and, 294–95
race riots in, 383
reaction to ax murder incident in, 397–400
SOFA and, 349–50
South Korea aid from, 337–38, 349, 386, 405–6
Taiwan question and, 316–17
United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSB), 332
United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Joint Commission on Korea, 23, 42–43, 45–46, 47
U.S. Armed Forces in Korea (USAFIK), 34
U.S. Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), 30–33, 34, 36–37, 42, 44, 49, 74
U.S. Congressional Research Service, 455
U.S. News & World Report, 140, 299
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), 526n
Uzbekistan, 21
Vance, Cyrus, 384, 387, 388, 401, 403, 412–13, 559n
Park’s angry meeting with, 386–87
Vandenberg, Hoyt S., 126, 164, 176, 205, 237
Van Fleet, James, 103, 193, 199, 261, 265, 284
4th Chinese offensive and, 184–85, 188–92
named Eighth Army Commander, 181–82
Ridgway’s Letter of Instructions to, 182
Van Ittersum, G. E., 260
Vasilevsky, Aleksandr M., 22
Vasiliev, Nicolai, 128, 499n, 502n–3n
Venona Project, 488n
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 81
Victorious Fatherland War Museum, North Korean, 576n
Vietcong, 327, 331, 334, 336, 346, 385
Vietnam, 407
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North Vietnam), 332, 346, 355, 392
China’s policy for, 325–27
Gulf of Tonkin incident and, 330–31
Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam), 289, 308, 324, 330, 331, 333, 337, 356, 392–93, 400, 401, 405
reaction to Blue House raid in, 373–74
Vietnam People’s Army (VPA), 300
Vietnam War, 290, 324, 326, 368, 372, 390
antiwar movement and, 383
China’s policy for, 325–27
cold war anxieties and, 294–95, 297–300
domino theory and, 334–35, 543n
France’s Indochina experience and, 331–34
Gulf of Tonkin incident and, 330–31
Johnson’s domestic agenda and, 331, 334–35
Korean War analogy seen in, 331–35
Korean War as path to, 290–91
More Flags campaign in, 345–46, 348
North Korean involvement in, 546n–47n, 555n
Operation Rolling Thunder in, 335–36
Park’s commitment to, 341–42, 343, 345–48
Sino-North Vietnamese relations and, 323–25, 324
Sino-Soviet split and, 325–29
South Korean involvement in, 290–91, 337, 341–42, 345–48, 351, 386
Third World and, 328
VULTURE airstrike plan, 300
Wake Island, 117–19
Wah Kiu Yat Po, 248
Walker, Walton “Johnnie,” 75–79, 82–83, 105, 116–17, 124, 132, 142–43, 145, 155–56
Wang Bingnan, 304
Wang Jiaxiang, 326
War Department, U.S., 38, 48, 63
War Memorial, South Korean, 1–3, 1, 446–47, 447
Washington Post, 85, 137, 149, 150–51, 180, 238–39, 404, 409, 444
Weathersby, Kathryn, 489n, 495n, 528n
Weckerling, John, 39
Weinald, Carey, 87
Weller, Sam, 225
Wen Jiabao, 465–66
Westmoreland, William, 346
West Point, U.S. Military Academy at, 155
White Clothes Society, 496n
Wilkinson, Rupert, 298
Willoughby, Charles A., 124
Winn, Larry, 402
Winton, Walter F., Jr., 158
Wŏlgan chosŏn, 94, 450, 504n, 505n
Wŏnju, Battle of, 170–71, 180, 184
Wŏn Yŏng-dŏk, 279
Workers’ Congress, North Korean, 368
World Food Program (WFP), 455–56
World Health Organization (WHO), 249, 254–55, 528n
World Peace Organization, 251, 528n
World War II, 4, 13, 48, 61, 63, 98, 203, 208, 237, 258, 259, 299, 345, 421, 474, 526n
Wright, W. H. Sterling, 70–71
Wu Lengxi, 317
Wu Xiuquan, 283
Wyoming Line, 182
Xinhua (New China News Agency), 317
Yalta Conference (1945), 13, 17–18, 57–58, 522n
Yang Dezhi, 240
Yang Hae-chan, 78
Yang Hyŏng-sŏp, 474
Yang Sun-yŏng, 236
Yi Sang-ch’o, 204
Yi Sang-jo, 362
Yi Tŏk-ku, 53
Yi Tong-bok, 393–94
Yodŏk penal colony, 458
Yongch’o Island, 233–34
Yŏngnam Today, 235
Yŏsu-Sunch’ŏn Rebellion, 51–54, 66, 91–92, 95, 231, 339
Yŏ Un-hyŏng, 30–31
Yu Chae-hŭng, 71
Yudin, Pavel, 315
Yuen (POW camp commander), 214
Yum Dong-jin, 496n
Yun (Korean commando), 243
Yun Kong-hŭm, 362
Yusin Constitution, South Korean, 395–96, 417, 561n
Yu Sŏng-ch’ŏl, 24–25
Zablocki, Clement, 406
Zakharov, Matveyev, 79
Zellers, Larry, 208
Zhang Da, 162
Zhang Tingyan, 437
Zhou Enlai, 60, 119–20, 121, 123, 244–45, 250, 272, 274, 324, 327, 391, 474, 560n
at Geneva Conference, 303–5
Kissinger’s first meeting with, 389–91
Zhou Yongkang, 476