War in the East

List of Illustrations

Colour plates

To war. (Konstantin Savitsky, 1888)

Men from the Russian 140th Infantry Regiment (35th Infantry Division) halt during a march, summer 1877. (Pavel Kovalesvky, date unknown)

The Russian crossing of the Danube at Simnitza, June 27 1877. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, 1883)

Tsar Alexander II crossing the Danube. (Ivan Aivazovsky, 1878)

The storming of the fortress of Ardahan, May 17 1877. (Alexander Kivshenko, date unknown)

A Turkish steamer attacked by the Russian cutter Shutka on the Danube, 1877. (Alexey Bogolyubov, 1882)

Observing the actions around Ala Dagh, June 21 1877. (Simon Agopyan, 1910)

The defence of the citadel at Bayazid, June 1877. (Lev Lagar’o, 1891)

The entry of Grand Duke Nicholas into Tirnovo, July 1877. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, date unknown)

Before the attack – Plevna. (Vasily Vereshchagin, 1881)

After the attack – dressing station near Plevna. (Vasily Vereshchagin, 1881)

Site of the battle fought on July 18 1877 in front of the Krishin Redoubt near Plevna. (Vasily Vereshchagin, 1880)

Action between the Russian Vesta (left) and Turkish Vechta-Bulend in the Black Sea, July 1877. (Ivan Aivazovsky, 1877)

The assault on Shipka. (Cevat, 1911)

Defence of the Shipka Pass. (Alexander Kivshenko, date unknown)

Fighting around Shipka, August 1877. (Simon Agopyan, 1910)

The defence of the ‘eagle’s eyrie’, Shipka Pass, August 23 1877. (Andrei Popov, 1893)

Major-General Michael Skobelev. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, 1883)

The Russian grand battery at Plevna. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, 1880)

Night attack at Plevna. (Simon Agopyan, 1910)

The capture of the Grivitza Redoubt, Plevna, September 11 1877. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, 1885)

Defeated. Requiem. (Vasily Vereshchagin, 1878-79)

Episode from the Battle of Telis, October 24 1877. (V. Mazurovsky, 1888)

The Nizhny Novgorod Dragoons pursuing the Turks on the road to Kars during the fighting around the Yagni hills, October 3 1877. (Alexander Kivshenko, 1892)

The final battle at Plevna, December 10 1877. (Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburg, 1889)

Attack on a Turkish convoy, winter 1877/78. (Pavel Kovalesvky, date unknown)

The capture of the Turkish steamship Messina by a Russian ship on the Black Sea, December 13 1877. (Ivan Aivazovsky, 1877)

The Battle of Shenovo, January 8 1878. (Alexander Kivshenko, 1894)

Skobelev at Shenovo, January 8 1878. (Vasily Vereshchagin, 1878)

‘Back from the front’. (Sami Yetik, 1920)

Images within the text

Tsar Alexander II. (Hozier)

The Congress of Paris, 1856. (Rogers)

Prince Bismarck. (Russes et Turcs)

War preparations in Russia – impressing wagons and horses for army transport. (Illustrated London News)

The Tsar in Nevski Prospect, St Petersburg, April 1877. (Illustrated London News)

Prince Charles of Roumania. (Ollier)

Prince Gorchakov, Russian Foreign Minister. (Hozier)

Newspapers being read aloud in a Constantinople café. (The Graphic)

Sir Henry Elliot, controversial British Ambassador to Turkey. (Ollier)

Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges)

Midhat Pasha, one-time Grand Vizier. (Ollier)

Discussing war with Serbia in a café in Constantinople. (Illustrated London News)

Sultan Abdul Hamid II. (Hozier)

Turkish troops in a village in Bulgaria. (Russes et Turcs)

Count Ignatiev, Russian Ambassador to Turkey. (Russes et Turcs)

Count Shuvalov, Russian Ambassador to Britain. (Russes et Turcs)

Lord Derby, Britain’s Foreign Secretary. (Fauré)

General Mikhail Cherniaev, the ‘Lion of Tashkent’. (Strantz)

Emperor William I of Germany. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges)

Bulgarian refugees. (Ollier)

Suleiman Pasha. (Hozier)

Bulgarians destroying a Turkish mosque. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

William Ewart Gladstone, a leading member of the Liberal Party, in opposition in Britain, and vociferous opponent of Turkey.

Safvet Pasha, Turkish Foreign Minister. (Ollier)

Influential American war correspondents J.A. MacGahan and F.D. Millet. (Bullard)

Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, British Prime Minister. (Hozier)

Lord Salisbury. (Russes et Turcs)

The conference in Constantinople. From left to right – Zichy (Austrian ambassador), Chaudordy (France), Bourgoing (France), Corti (Italy), Midhat Pasha, Werther (Germany), Safvet Pasha, Elliot (Britain), Ignatiev (Russia), Salisbury (Britain). (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Admiralty Palace, Constantinople, where the conference was held. (Ollier)

The closing scene of the Constantinople conference – Safvet Pasha rejects the ultimatum. (Ollier)

Queen Victoria.

Bashi-Bazouks as sketched by an artist with The Graphic illustrated newspaper. Note his legend – “The best abused men in Europe on the road to Glory”. (The Graphic)

Henry Layard, British Ambassador to Turkey following the transfer of Sir Henry Elliot. (Ollier)

Edhem Pasha, Grand Vizier. (Hozier)

The departure of the Tsar from Kishinev. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Russian aristocratic women help prepare medical supplies for the front. (Budev)

Stocking public buildings at Nish with biscuits. (The Graphic)

General Dmitri Alexeievich Miliutin. (Ollier)

General Nepokoitschitsky, Chief of Staff of the Russian Army in Europe. (Russes et Turcs)

Russian infantry in camp. (Budev)

Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, commander of the Army of the South. (Hozier)

Grand Duke Michael of Russia. (Ollier)

A Russian column on the march. (Illustrated London News)

Russian Cossack officers, summer 1877. (Rogers)

Lieutenant-General Baron Krüdener, commander of the Russian IX Corps. (Russes et Turcs)

Lieutenant-General Zotov, commander of the Russian IV Corps. (Russes et Turcs)

Lieutenant-General Radetzky, commander of the Russian VIII Corps. (Rogers)

Lieutenant-General Shakofskoi, commander of the Russian XI Corps. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Major-General Michael Skobelev, legendary commander. Due to the presence of his father in the army, Lieutenant-General Skobelev, commander of a Cossack division, he was sometimes referred to as Skobelev II. (Ollier)

Russian infantry on campaign in Bulgaria, summer 1877. An excellent on-the-spot sketch by José Luis Pellicer. (Budev)

Lieutenant-General Loris-Melikov was an Armenian by birth, and played an important part in the Caucasian campaign. (Hozier)

Recruits from Salonika arriving in Constantinople to be clothed and armed. (Illustrated London News)

Turkish infantry on the march. (Russes et Turcs)

Turkish recruits being put through their paces near Erzerum. (Russes et Turcs)

Turkish troops transported by railway. (Russes et Turcs)

Types seen accompanying a Turkish baggage train. (Histoire de la Guerre d’Orient 1877-1878)

A Turkish battery near Rustchuk. (Strantz)

Abdul Kerim Pasha. (Hozier)

Osman Pasha, defender of Plevna. (Hozier)

Mehemet Ali Pasha. (Hozier)

Ahmed Eyoub Pasha. (Russes et Turcs)

Mukhtar Pasha. (Hozier)

Faizi Pasha, the Chief of Staff of the Turkish forces in the Caucasus. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

The Turkish fleet at Buyukdere. (Ollier)

Turkish sailors. (Illustrated London News)

Russian batteries shelling a Turkish monitor. (Fauré)

The Turkish gunboat Lufti Djelil, sunk by the Russian batteries near Braila. (Illustrated London News)

The Turkish Egyptian squadron leaving Alexandria for Constantinople with Egyptian troops. (The Graphic)

General Obruchev. (Russes et Turcs)

Varna. (Fauré)

Shumla. (Fauré)

Widdin. (Fauré)

Turkish fortifications outside Rustchuk, giving a good impression of the type of field fortification also seen at Plevna. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

Turkish battery at Rustchuk. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Shipping horses at Constantinople for the seat of war in Asia Minor. (Illustrated London News)

Sketches of Turkish war activity at Rustchuk. (Illustrated London News)

Locals called out to work at the fortifications at Varna. (Illustrated London News)

Colonel Frederick Wellesley, British military attaché to Russia. (Wellesley)

Cossacks on the road from Galatz to Barboshi. (Illustrated London News)

Russian council of war at Barboshi railway station. (Illustrated London News)

Russian torpedo launches attacking a Turkish monitor at Matghin. (Ollier)

Russian infantry at the railway station, Jassy. (Illustrated London News)

Nicopolis. (Fauré)

Russian troops making rafts on the banks of the Danube. (Ollier)

Lieutenant-General Dragomirov, commander of the Russian 14th Division, part of Radetzky’s VIII Corps. (Russes et Turcs)

Russian troops crossing the Danube at Braila. (Russes et Turcs)

The legendary Archibald Forbes, war correspondent. (Bullard)

Bridge of boats over the Danube between Simnitza and Sistova. (Ollier)

Russian infantry on the march. (The Graphic)

Russian troops landing at Sistova. (Strantz)

Russian troops are welcomed on their entry into Sistova. (Ollier)

Russian Cossack scouts. (Rogers)

Lieutenant-General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko. (Hozier)

Tsarevich Alexander, commander of the Army of Rustchuk. (Hozier)

General Stoletov. (Rogers)

Tirnova. (Fauré)

Some of Gourko’s men burning a railway station. (Illustrated London News)

Gourko and his staff near the Shipka Pass. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

A Russian Cossack encampment. (Rogers)

Turkish reinforcements for Nicopolis. (Strantz)

Constructing a Russian battery. (Illustrated London News)

Lieutenant-General Schilder-Schuldner, commander of the Russian 5th Division. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

The Turkish garrison of Nicopolis surrenders. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

The heights north of Bukova, seen from the saddle south of the village. This is the ground over which Schilder-Schuldner’s men attacked. (Springer)

A Red Crescent ambulance and doctor. (Ollier)

Russian infantry assault the Turkish entrenchments at Plevna. (Ollier)

Russian infantry contest the outskirts of Plevna. (Budev)

Russian infantry at Plevna. (Ollier)

The assault on Plevna as sketched by the Illustrated London News artist. (Illustrated London News)

Bayazid. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Erzerum. (Fauré)

Trebizond. (Fauré)

Tiflis. (Fauré)

General Heimann, commander of the Russian Alexandropol Detachment. (Russes et Turcs)

General Tergukassov, commander of the Russian Erivan Detachment. (Russes et Turcs)

General Oklobju, commander of the Russian Rion Detachment. (Russes et Turcs)

Kars. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Lieutenant-General Heimann’s troops storm Ardahan. (Russes et Turcs)

Russian troops storming Ardahan, May 17 1877. (Strantz)

Mukhtar Pasha reconnoitring Kars. (Illustrated London News)

Turks and British observers watching the bombardment of Kars from the Tchakmak Tabia. (Illustrated London News)

General Sir Arnold Kemball, British military commissioner with the Turkish army in Asia. (Vanity Fair)

General Sir Arnold Kemball (left) and Lieutenant McDougall with the Turkish forces in the Caucasus. (Illustrated London News)

Turkish infantry throwing up shelter trenches just before the battle at Eshki-Kaliass, June 21. (The Graphic)

A Turkish supply column. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

Russian steam engines at work helping to load and unload war matériel. (Budev)

A Turkish officer with his orderly. (The Graphic)

Dervish Pasha. (Russes et Turcs)

A Turkish mountain gun battery. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

Russian wounded being transported in the Caucasus. (Strantz)

Camels conveying ammunition to the front. (Ollier)

An encounter between an artist from the Illustrated London News and some Cossacks. (Illustrated London News)

Cossacks cutting telegraph lines. (The Graphic)

A Cossack reconnaissance party near Yeni Zagra. (Budev)

The capture of Yeni Zagra. (Ollier)

The Times correspondent at Yeni Zagra. (Ollier)

Turkish infantry advance to the attack. This image conveys an excellent impression of how infantry manoeuvred about the battlefields during the war, and how men were sent forward to feed a skirmish line. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

The headquarters of Suleiman Pasha in the Tundja valley. (Ollier)

Guard for the colours of the Bulgarian Legion. (The Graphic)

The road through the Shipka Pass seen from the north, a near-contemporary view. (Springer)

The Shipka Pass viewed from the south, a near-contemporary view. (Springer)

The Shipka Pass - the view south, looking from the Russian position towards the direction in which the Turks attacked, and the epicentre of the battle. (Dave Watson)

The peak from which desperate Russians threw any missile they could find on August 23. (Dave Watson)

Bringing down the Turkish wounded. (Ollier)

The Russians defended themselves desperately when, on August 23, ammunition ran so low they used rocks, tree trunks and other missiles to repel the Turkish assaults. (Russes et Turcs)

Radetzky’s riflemen arrive in the nick of time at Shipka on August 23. (Budev)

Turkish dead at the Shipka Pass. (Illustrated London News)

Prince Hassan, son of the Khedive of Egypt, and commander of the detachment his father provided. (Ollier)

Baker Pasha, a former British officer who rendered good service to the Turks during the War. (Ollier)

A Russian supply column. (Russes et Turcs)

A Russian encampment in a cemetery, Karahassankoi. (Ollier)

The Battle of Karahassankoi. (Illustrated London News)

The Battle of Karahassankoi. Key – 1) Sadina, 2) Karahassankoi, 3) Gagovo, destroyed by bombardment, 4) Popkoi, 5) Haidarkoi, (there is no 6), 7) River Lom, 8) Cossack squadron, 9) Bashi Bazouks, 10) Turkish troops coming from Rasgrad, 11, 12, 14, 15) Russian batteries, 13) Turkish battery near Rasgrad firing on 11 and 12, 16, 17, 18, 19) Turkish batteries, 20) Turkish infantry crossing the Lom. (Ollier)

Russian trenches at Karahassankoi. (Illustrated London News)

The Battle of Sinankoi, September 14 1877 (Strantz)

Russian cavalry at Biela. (The Graphic)

The Battle of Cerkovna. (Ollier)

Turkish infantry near Biela, showing the type of field defences frequently used in the battles of 1877-78. (Illustrated London News)

The quarters of the Tsar at Gorni Studen. (Ollier)

Lieutenant-General Imeretinsky. (Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878)

A view of the terrain over which Major-General Dobrovolski attacked at Lovtcha, with Hills 3 and 4 in the background. (Springer)

Russian troops in action at Lovtcha. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

Russian infantry taking a Turkish redoubt at Lovtcha. (Ollier)

A panoramic view of the action at Lovtcha, as seen from the Russian batteries. The widely-dispersed skirmish lines are particularly notable. (Budev)

Prince Imeretinsky’s corps following the Battle of Lovtcha. (Russes et Turcs)

War artists and correspondents as sketched by a Russian Cossack officer. (Rogers)

The arrival of Prince Charles of Roumania to take command of the army before Plevna. (Ollier)

The Tsar and his staff at Gorni Studen. (Ollier)

Troops from the Russian IV Corps take up their positions prior to the assault. (Russes et Turcs)

The Russian grand battery before Plevna. (Ollier)

Camp followers watching the bombardment of Plevna. (Illustrated London News)

Colonel Wellesley’s quarters. (The Graphic)

A panoramic view of the Battle of September 11. Key – 1) Russian batteries, 2) Grand siege battery, 3) Roumanian batteries, 4) Redoubt captured by the Roumanians on September 8; 5) Russian infantry reserve, 6) Russian infantry regiment moving forward, 7) General Zotov and staff officer, 8) Caissons of the reserve, 9) Grivitza village, 10) ridge behind which part of Plevna lay, 11) Attack by the Russian1st Brigade of the 5th Division, 12) Roumanian assault, 13) Turkish Grivitza redoubt, taken in the evening of September 11, 14) Further Turkish redoubt, 15) Turkish entrenched camp, 16) Turkish lines, 17) Redoubts in the Turkish centre, 18) Turkish redoubt attacked by Russian 30th Division, 19) Turkish redoubts, 20) Road from Plevna to Biela, 21) Road from Plevna to Pelisat, 22) Red Cross ambulance, 23) Location of the Tsar, Grand Duke Nicholas and Prince Charles of Roumania during the battle. (Russes et Turcs)

Roumanian chasseurs assault the Grivitza Redoubt at Plevna. (Russes et Turcs)

Roumanian Dorobantsi fighting within the Grivitza Redoubt. (Russes et Turcs)

Burial of the dead near the Grivitza Redoubt on the evening of September 11. (Russes et Turcs)

Grivitza Redoubt (No 2) as seen from the Roumanian positions at Grivitza Redoubt (No 1). (Strantz)

Russian troops in the trenches before Plevna. (Illustrated London News)

A Russian Red Cross hospital before Plevna. (Ollier)

The headquarters of Grand Duke Nicholas at Gorni Studen. (Budev)

Osman Pasha sketched on campaign. (Illustrated London News)

Todleben. (Histoire de la Guerre d’Orient 1877-1878)

Romanian cavalry crossing the Danube. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

A Roumanian Dorobantsi infantryman sketched on campaign by a Russian Cossack. (Rogers)

Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby, commander of Britain’s Mediterranean fleet.

Roumanian chasseurs on the march. (Russes et Turcs)

The camp of the Roumanian 4th Division near Plevna. (Illustrated London News)

Russian bivouac before Plevna. (Illustrated London News)

General Lazarev, commander of the Russian 40th Division. (Russes et Turcs)

Turks making coffee in camp. (The Graphic)

The Battle of Kizil Tepe. (Ollier)

Removing Turkish wounded during the Battle of Kizil Tepe. (Ollier)

Bashi-Bazouks marching to headquarters. (Illustrated London News)

Turkish infantry assault the Great Yagni, October 13. (Russes et Turcs)

Turkish cavalry. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

Minarets at Erzerum. (Ollier)

A Russian assault at the Camel’s Neck. (Ollier)

British war correspondents with the Turks. (The Graphic)

Mukhtar Pasha sighting a Krupp gun at Erzerum. (Ollier)

A field hospital near Kars following the storming of the city. (Russes et Turcs)

The storming of Kars on the night of November 18 1877. (Strantz)

The burial of Russian soldiers fallen during the storming of Kars. (Strantz)

Turkish officers captured at Kars. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

The Russian Imperial Guard marching to Plevna. (Ollier)

Cossacks foraging. (Russes et Turcs)

Bashi Bazouks on vedette. (Russes et Turcs)

The attack of the Russian Imperial Guard at Telis, October 24. (Russes et Turcs)

The Battle of Gorni Dubnik. (Fauré)

Russian medical services in action near the front. (Budev)

Sultan Abdul Hamid visiting wounded in a Constantinople hospital. (Strantz)

Fighting near the Baba Konak Pass. (The Graphic)

The Russian camp before Plevna. (Ollier)

A line of Turkish outposts at Plevna. (Russes et Turcs)

General Ganetsky, commander of the Russian Corps of Grenadiers. (Russes et Turcs)

Newspaper correspondents in the advanced trenches before Plevna. (Ollier)

Roumanian Dorobantsi in the forward trenches at Plevna. (Budev)

Osman Pasha’s sortie from Plevna, December 10. Key – 1) bridges, 2) road out from Plevna, 3) Russian grenadiers, 4) Russian batteries, 5) Turkish redoubts. (Russes et Turcs)

Turkish troops during the last sortie at Plevna. (Ollier)

The Tsar, Grand Duke Nicholas and Prince Charles of Roumania are greeted on their entry into Plevna. (Russes et Turcs)

Turkish officers observe an assault in the Shipka Pass. (Ollier)

The Turkish assault at Metchka. Key – A, B) Russian batteries, C, D) Second and third lines of Russian entrenchments, E) Russian advance posts abandoned at the start of the action, F) Turkish skirmishers advancing against Pirgos, G) Pirgos road, H) Pirgos village, I) Monitor Nicopol, J) Turkish reserves, K) Russian batteries at Parapan. (Russes et Turcs)

Suleiman Pasha dictating orders. (Ollier)

Russian troops on the march during a snowstorm. (Illustrated London News)

Russian troops advancing from Etropol towards Sofia. (Strantz)

Turkish prisoners, winter 1877/78. (The Graphic)

Russian troops in the Balkans. (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

A British ambulance with the Turkish army. (Ollier)

Turkish sentinels in the Balkans. (Russes et Turcs)

Russian troops resting high in the Balkans. (Ollier)

Russian troops bivouacking in the Balkans. (Ollier)

Turkish prisoners on the plains of Shipka. (Russes et Turcs)

The entrance to the Dardanelles. (Ollier)

A view of Constantinople. (Ollier)

‘The Attack on the Redoubt’ – knowledge of the Siege of Plevna penetrated even children’s games of the time. (Illustrated London News)

HMS Alexandria, Hornby’s flagship. (Illustrated London News)

HMS Sultan saluting the Turkish flag at Chanak. (Illustrated London News)

Russian troops enter Adrianople – note the camels! (Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78)

Turks working on trenches near Gallipoli. (Illustrated London News)

Russian soldiers in a bazaar at Adrianople. (Ollier)

The signing of the armistice at Adrianople. Left to right – General Nepokoitschitsky, Server Pasha, Nelidof, Grand Duke Nicholas, Namyl Pasha. (Russes et Turcs)

The British fleet at Volo. (Ollier)

Count Andrassy, Austria’s Foreign Minister. (Ollier)

The headquarters of Grand Duke Nicholas at San Stefano. (Strantz)

The house at San Stefano at which the treaty was signed. (Ollier)

The Russian Imperial Guard entering San Stefano. (Ollier)

The saloon of Grand Duke Nicholas at San Stefano. (Ollier)

Illuminations arch over Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg, to celebrate peace. (Ollier)

Signing the treaty of peace at San Stefano. (Ollier)

Grand Duke Nicholas is greeted by the Sultan at the Dolmabahce palace. (Strantz)

The British fleet passing through the Dardanelles. (Ollier)

Keeping the road clear for the guests to the banquet at the Royal Palace, Berlin. (Ollier)

The sitting of the Congress of Berlin. (Ollier)

Crowd outside the Radziwill Palace, waiting to see the plenipotentiaries to the Congress of Berlin. (Ollier)

The Radziwill Palace, meeting place of the Congress of Berlin. (Illustrated London News)

Plan of the hall of the Congress of Berlin, showing the seats of the plenipotentiaries. (Illustrated London News)

The Tsar returns from Kishinev to St Petersburg. (Strantz)

The Sultan decorating wounded Turkish soldiers. (The Graphic)

Images in colour maps section

Sketches by Irving Montagu, artist of The Illustrated London News.

A Russian Cossack

‘Pending divorce’

‘Incompatibility of temper’

‘Saluting “The Illustrated News” in Asia Minor’

‘Tween decks on a Turkish ironclad’

‘Snowed up’

Key to sources

Anon Album della Guerra Russo-Turca del 1877-78 (Milan, 1878)

Anon Histoire de la Guerre d’Orient 1877-1878 (Brussels, 1878)

Anon Russes et Turcs. Guerre d’Orient (Paris 1878, 2 volumes)

Budev Grabados Españoles de la Guerra Ruso-Turco de 1877-1878 (Sofia, 1977)

Bullard Famous War Correspondents (Boston 1914)

Fauré Histoire de la Guerre d’Orient (1877-1878) (Paris, 1878, 2 vols)

The Graphic 1876-78

Hozier The Russo-Turkish War. Including an Account of the Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Power, and the History of the Eastern Question (London nd, 5 volumes)

Illustrated London News 1876-78

Ollier Cassell’s Illustrated History of the Russo-Turkish War (London nd, 2 volumes)

Rogers – original photographs and other material from the collection of Duncan Rogers

Springer Der Russisch-türkische Krieg 1877-1878 in Europa (Vienna, 1891-93, 7 volumes)

Strantz Illustrirte Kriegs-Chronik. Gedenkbuch an den Russisch-Türkischen Feldzug von 1876-1878 (Leipzig, 1878)

Wellesley With the Russians in Peace and War: Recollections of a Military Attaché (London 1905)

Zimmermann Illustrirte Geschichte des Orientalischen Krieges von 1876-1878 (Vienna 1878)