Chapter 1: The Congress of Paris
1. Norman Rich, Why the Crimean War? (Hanover NH 1985) p167
2. ibid, p178
3. AJP Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford 1954) p81
4. ibid
5. Alan Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (London 1992) p122
6. Quoted George Villiers, A Vanished Victorian (London 1938) p271
7. Quoted Rich, p183
8. Taylor, p83
9. Quoted Rich, pp195-196
10. Taylor, p85
11. William E Echard, Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe (Baton Rouge LA 1983) p70
12. Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (Oxford 1967) p331
Chapter 2: Political and Social Reform in Russia
1. Quoted W Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I (London 1978) p350
2. Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (Oxford 1967) p332
3. Edward Crankshaw, The Shadow of the Winter Palace (London 1976) p 152
4. H Seton-Watson, p333
5. ibid, p335
6. ibid, pp347-348
7. ibid, p404-407
8. William C Fuller, Strategy & Power in Russia 1600-1914 (New York 1992) pp276-277
9. H Seton-Watson pp290-292
10. ibid, pp442-443
11. ibid, pp416-417
12. ibid, p377
13. ibid, p445
14. Taylor, pp160-161
Chapter 3: The Ottoman Empire
1. Quoted Palmer, p137
2. ibid, p128
3. Quoted Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons (London 1998) p313
4. William Miller, The Ottoman Empire 1801-1913 (Cambridge 1913) p333
5. ibid, pp259-260
6. Echard, p133
7. ibid, p139
8. Quoted Echard, p144
9. Palmer, pp134-135
10. ibid, p136
11. ibid, p139
12. Quoted Palmer, p142
13. Miller, p369
14. Palmer, p145
Chapter 4: The Eastern Question
1. Taylor, p215
2. Taylor, p216; William L Langer, European Alliances and Alignments 1871-1890 (New York 1950) p11
3. Misha Glenny, The Balkans. Nationalism, War and the Great Powers 1804-1999 (London 1999) p124
4. Quoted Glenny, p130
5. Quoted Langer, p71
6. Langer, p74
7. ibid, p81
8. Taylor, p236
9. Mihailo D Stojanovic, The Great Powers and the Balkans (Cambridge 1939) pp86-87
10. I S Kartsov, quoted David Mackenzie, The Lion of Tashkent (Athens GA 1974) p127
11. Gale Stokes, Politics as Development: The Emergence of Political Parties in 19th century Serbia (Durham NC 1990) p111
12. Mackenzie, p165
13. Stojanovic, p24
Chapter 5: The Approach to War
1. Quoted RT Millman, Britain and the Eastern Question 1875-1878 (Oxford 1979) p525n
2. Quoted Millman, p165
3. Elliot to Derby, September 4 1876, quoted R W Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question (New York 1972) p63
4. Quoted Millman, p144
5. ibid, p154
6. Quoted Stojanovic, p96
7. R W Seton Watson, p57
8. Glenny, p110
9. Stojanovic, p103
10. Gordon Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army (Oxford 1964) p264
11. Prince Otto von Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences (London 1899) II p334
12. Quoted Langer, p100
13. Langer p103; Stojanovic p122
14. Quoted Langer, p104
15. Stojanovic, p128
16. Millman, p215
17. Langer, p105; J R Vincent (ed), A Selection from the Diaries of the 15th Earl of Derby between September 1869 and March 1878 (London 1994) p356
18. Quoted Millman, p234
19. Werther to Bülow, E T S Dugdale (trans) German Diplomatic Documents 1871-1914 (London 1928) I p46
20. Quoted Millman, p247
21. Palmer, pp148-149
Chapter 6: Recourse to Arms
1. Millman, pp248-249
2. Quoted Millman, pp250-251
3. ibid, p251
4. Quoted Millman, p255
5. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany (Princeton NJ 1990) II p426
6. Quoted Millman, p261
7. Langer, p115; Vincent, p386
8. R W Seton-Watson, p167
9. Captain H M Hozier, The Russo Turkish War (London nd) I pp274-275
10. R W Seton-Watson, p196
11. ibid, p197
12. ibid, pp192-194
13. ibid, p195; Millman, pp295-296
14. Millman, p297
15. ibid, p274
16. R W Seton-Watson, p173; Millman, p281
17. Langer, pp116-117
Chapter 7: The Russian Army
1. Quoted Bruce W Menning, Bayonets before Bullets (Indianapolis IND 1992) p8
2. Forrestt A Miller, Dimitri Miliutin and the Reform Era (Vanderbilt TN 1962) pp913
3. ibid, p19
4. ibid, p31
5. Quoted Menning, p11
6. Menning, p14
7. ibid, p17
8. Robert F Baumann, ‘The Russian Army 1853-1881’ in The Military History of Tsarist Russia (New York 2002) p138
9. Menning, pp21-22
10. Francis V Greene, Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878 (New York 1879) p19-20 (cited hereafter as Greene; all page references are to the text volume)
11. Fuller, pp279-280
12. Menning, p29
13. Major F Maurice, The Russo Turkish War 1877 (London 1905) p12
14. Greene, p149
15. ‘Daily News’, The War Correspondence of the Daily News 1877-8 (London 1878) I p59
16. Francis V Greene, Sketches of Army Life in Russia (New York 1880) p150
17. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p82
18. ibid, p136
19. Rupert Furneaux, The Siege of Plevna (London 1958) p25; Olga Novikova, Skobeleff and the Slavonic Cause (London 1883) p32
20. W E D Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields (Cambridge 1953) pp111 and 216
Chapter 8: The Ottoman Army
1. Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, The Russians in Bulgaria and Rumelia in 1828 and 1829 during the campaign of the Danube, the sieges of Brailow, Varna, Silistria, Shumia and the passage of the Balkans (London 1854) p13 (cited hereafter as Moltke)
2. ibid, p456
3. Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, Briefe aus der Türkei (Berlin 1873) pp377-400
4. Maurice, pp14-16
5. Mesut Uyar and Edward J Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans (Santa Barbara CA 2009) p177
6. F W von Herbert, The Defence of Plevna (London 1911) p8
7. Maurice, pp16-17
8. Herbert, p10
9. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p18
10. Herbert, p50
11. Maurice, pp38-38; Greene, p380
Chapter 9: Command of the Sea
1. B Langensiepen and A Güleryük, The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828-1923 (London 1995) pp134-136
2. ibid, pp133-134
3. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I pp24-25
4. Admiral Hobart Pasha, Sketches from My Life (London 1887) pp107-108
5. Langensiepen, p3
6. Roger Fulford (ed), Your Dear Letter (London 1971) p145
7. Langensiepen, p3
8. ibid
9. Donald W Mitchell, A History of Russian and Soviet Sea Power (London 1974) p185
10. Fred T Jane, The Imperial Russian Navy (London 1899) pp180-181
11. ibid, p181
12. ibid, p175
13. Hobart, 117
Chapter 10: Plans of Campaign
1. Quoted Fuller, p296
2. ibid, p313
3. Fuller, pp314-316
4. R Rosetti, ‘Roumania’s Share in the War of 1877’ in Slavonic and East European Review (March 1930) p552
5. Maurice, pp32-33
6. ibid, p34
7. Menning, p53
8. Maurice, p39
9. Greene, p161
10. Maurice, p40
11. Hobart, p117
12. ibid, pp119-120
13. Colonel FA Wellesley, With the Russians in Peace and War (London 1905) p169
14. ibid, p180
15. ibid, pp190-193
16. Vincent, p28
17. ibid, p420
Chapter 11: The Barboshi Bridge
1. Hozier, I p380
2. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p39
3. ibid, p41
4. Greene p152
5. ibid, pp152-153
6. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p65
7. Maurice, pp51-52
8. Greene, p151
9. ibid, pp153-154
Chapter 12: The Crossing of the Danube
1. Menning, pp39-40
2. ibid, pp40-41
3. Quoted Menning, p44
4. Greene, p157
5. Maurice, p56
6. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I pp170-171
7. Maurice, pp57-58
8. Menning, p56
9. Anon, Historical Narrative of the Turko-Russian War (London nd) I p150
10. Hozier, I p468
11. Turko-Russian War, I p153
12. Menning, p56
13. Maurice, p63
14. Greene, p159
15. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p297
16. ibid, p160
17. Quoted Greene, p444
18. Maurice, p69
1. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence I p246
2. Greene, Army Life in Russia p144
3. Greene, pp164-165; Maurice, p71
4. Moltke, p46
5. ibid
6. Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, Lettres Sur l’Orient (Paris 1872) p139
7. Hozier, I p476;Greene p166
8. Hozier, I p477
9. ibid, I pp477-478
10. Col. Nikolai Epauchin, trans Col. Henry Havelock, Operations of General Gurko’s Advance Guard in 1877 (London 1900) p35
11. Moltke, p46
12. Epauchin, pp41-42; Greene, p167
13. Epauchin, p48
14. Greene, p168
15. Hozier II, p458
16. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence I pp262-263
17. Greene, p169
18. Epauchin, pp71-72
19. Greene, p169
20. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence I pp269-270
21. Hozier, II p489; Greene p169
22. Epauchin, p81
23. Greene, p170
24. ‘Daily News’, I p272
25. Greene, pp171-172; Epauchin pp98-105
26. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p273
27. Greene, pp173-174
Chapter 14: Krüdener
1. Greene, p185
2. Maurice, p94
3. Herbert, p81
4. Greene, p187
5. ibid, p188
6. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p251
7. Herbert, p91
8. ibid, p95
9. Maurice, p108
10. Greene, p189
11. ibid, p190
12. Maurice, p109
13. Hozier, II p568
14. Herbert, p113
15. Greene, p192
16. Maurice, p115
Chapter 15: Osman
1. Reginald Hargreaves, The Enemy at the Gate (London c 1944) p219
2. Herbert, p132
3. Sir George Sydenham Clarke, Fortification (London 1907) p70
4. Colonel C B Brackenbury, Field Works (London 1888) p276
5. Herbert, p129
6. Maurice, p117
7. ibid, p119
8. ibid, p121
9. Greene, p196
10. ibid, p198
11. ibid
12. Greene, p200; Maurice, pp126-127
13. Greene, pp200-201
14. Maurice, p130
15. Herbert. p164
16. Thilo von Trotha, Tactical Studies on the Battles Around Plevna (Kansas City KS 1896) pp67-74
17. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p323
18. Rosetti, p556
19. King Charles of Roumania, Aus dem Leben, quoted Rosetti p570n
Chapter 16: Mukhtar
1. Hozier, II pp818-819
2. Greene, p378
3. Hozier, II p820
4. Greene, p380
5. Hozier, II p821
6. Allen and Muratoff, pp114-115
7. Hozier, II pp825-826
8. Greene, pp380-381; Charles Williams, The Armenian Campaign (London 1878) p4; ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p102; Hozier, II p821
9. Hozier, II p822
10. ibid, pp828-829
11. ibid, p834
12. ibid, p835
13. ibid, p839
14. Greene, p383
15. Allen and Muratoff, p119
16. Hozier, II p832
17. ibid, p841
18. Allen and Muratoff, p121
19. ibid, p135
20. Williams, p33
21. Hozier, II p356
22. F deMartens, La Paix et la Guerre (Paris 1901) p505
23. Allen and Muratoff p136
24. Greene, p384
25. Allen and Muratoff, p140; Williams, p42
Chapter 17: Batum
1. Hobart, p125
2. Hozier, II p842
3. Allen and Muratoff, p125
4. Hozier, p843
5. ibid, p846
6. Hobart, pp131-132
7. Quoted Hozier, II p848
8. Allen and Muratoff, p127
9. Hozier, II p849
10. Hobart, p133
11. Allen and Muratoff, p157
12. ibid, p130
13. ibid, p152
14. ibid, 153-154
15. ibid, pp215; Hozier, II p902
Chapter 18: Zevin
1. Hozier, II p858
2. ibid
3. Allen and Muratoff p142
4. Williams, p47
5. Allen and Muratoff, p143; Hozier, II p859
6. Hozier, II p860
7. Allen and Muratoff, p146
8. Hozier, II p861
9. Williams, p47
10. Hozier, II p862
11. Allen and Muratoff, pp150-151
12. William, p78
13. Hozier, II pp864-865
14. Allen and Muratoff, p146
15. Hozier, II p866
Chapter 19: Eski Zagra
1. Epauchin, pp138-139
2. ibid, pp146-147
3. Maurice, pp133-134
4. ibid, p135
5. Epauchin, p170
6. Greene, p181
7. ibid, p181
8. Hozier, II p510
9. ibid, p511
10. ibid, p512
11. Greene, p182
12. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p275
13. Epauchin, p299
14. ibid
15. Hozier, II p515
16. Greene, p204
Chapter 20: Suleiman at Shipka
1. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p276
2. ibid, p278
3. Greene, pp205-206
4. Hozier, II p632
5. Maurice, p149
6. Hozier, II p637
7. Greene, p209
8. Hozier, II p637
9. ibid, p638
10. Greene, p209
11. Hozier, II p640
12. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p414
13. Greene, p211; Hozier, II p643
14. Hozier, II p643
15. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p417
16. Hozier, II p645
17. Greene, p212
18. Hozier, II p647
19. ibid, pp648-649; Greene, p213
Chapter 21: Karahassankoi
1. Maurice, p298
2. ibid, p95
3. Hozier, II p502
4. ibid, p730
5. Moltke, p122
6. Maurice, pp96-97
7. ibid, p97
8. Hozier, II p738
9. Wentworth Huyshe, The Liberation of Bulgaria (London 1894) p198
10. Hozier, II p739
11. ibid, p740
12. Maurice, p143
13. Anne Baker, A Question of Honour, (London 1896) pp101-102
14. Lieut. Gen. Valentine Baker, War in Bulgaria (London 1879) I pp17-18
15. ibid, pp31-37
16. ibid, p46
17. ibid, pp48-49
18. Hozier, II p745
19. Baker, I pp61-62
20. ibid, p73
21. Greene, p219
Chapter 22: Cerkovna
1. Greene, p220; Hozier, II p748
2. Baker, I p105
3. Hozier, II p749
4. Greene, p220
5. ibid, p221
6. Baker, I p114
7. Maurice, pp239-240
8. Baker, I pp163-166
9. Hozier, II p754
10. Greene, p223
11. Baker, I p245
12. Hozier, II p745
Chapter 23: Lovtcha
1. Maurice, p160
2. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p436
3. ibid, p439
4. Greene, p227; Hozier, II p661
5. Hozier, II p661
6. ibid, p662
7. ibid
8. FO 65/985 Mr Lumley to Lord Derby, August 11 1877
9. Hozier, II p663
10. Trotha, p88
11. Maurice, pp182-184; Furneaux, p98
Chapter 24: The Third Battle of Plevna: The Assault
1. Maurice, p193
2. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p440
3. Maurice, p194
4. Hozier, II p666
5. Herbert, pp355-356; Greene, p235
6. Hozier, II p669
7. Maurice, pp205-206
8. Major E S May, Achievements of Field Artillery (London 1893) pp125-126
9. Greene, p238
10. Herbert, p183
11. Trotha, p97
12. Greene, p241
13. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I pp462-463
14. Greene, p240
15. Herbert, p193
16. Wellesley, pp242-243
17. Hozier, II p675
18. ibid
19. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p480
20. Greene, p251
21. Maurice, p223
22. ibid, p228
23. Hozier, II p680
24. Archibald Forbes, Czar and Sultan (London 1894) p158
25. Greene, p245
Chapter 25: Aftermath
1. Trotha, p121; Greene, p252
2. Herbert, p211
3. Greene, p252
4. Trotha, p122; Greene, p253
5. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I pp482-483
6. Herbert, p222
7. Greene, p255
8. ibid, p256
9. Maurice, p233
10. May, p129
11. Trotha, p225
12. Greene, p258
13. Greene, Army Life, pp147-148
Chapter 26: The Great Powers Watch: May to September 1877
1. Stojanovic, p152
2. Millman, p557n
3. ibid, p293
4. Quoted Millman, p296
5. Dugdale, I p53
6. Langer, p123
7. Dugdale, I p55
8. Millman, p300
9. Taylor, p244
10. Quoted G H Rupp, A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria 1876-1878 (Philadelphia PA 1976) p405
11. Millman, pp308-309; Vincent, p419
12. Quoted Millman, p315
13. ibid, p316
14. Langer, p128
15. Dugdale, I p58
16. Quoted W Taffs, Ambassador to Bismarck (London 1938) p203
17. Millman, p322
18. Stojanovic, p153
19. Quoted Millman, p324
20. Millman, p10
21. Stojanovic, p176
22. ibid, p177
Chapter 27: Catastrophe on God’s Mountain
1. Greene, pp387-388
2. Hozier, II pp869
3. Allen and Muratoff, p161
4. ibid, p162
5. ibid, p163
6. ibid, p167
7. FO881/3320 Kemball to Layard, August 27 1877.
8. Williams, p124
9. ibid, p177
10. Hozier, II p873
11. FO881/3337 Dickson to Layard, September 26 1877.
12. Allen and Muratoff, p168
13. Hozier, II p876
14. Greene, p391; Hozier, II p877
15. Brackenbury, p318
16. Hozier, II p879
17. Menning, pp79-80
18. Hozier, II p879
19. ibid, p881
20. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p581
21. Hozier, II p884
22. Greene, p396; Hozier, II p885
23. Quoted May p138
Chapter 28: The Camel’s Neck
1. FO335/140/1 Kemball to Dickson, November 4 1877.
2. Hozier, II p888
3. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p614
4. Hozier, II p890
5. Allen and Muratoff, p196
6. ibid, p197
7. ibid, p199
Chapter 29: The Storming of Kars
1. Greene, pp399-400; Clarke, pp71-72
2. Greene, p402
3. Hozier, II p896
4. Greene, p403
5. Allen and Muratoff, p204
6. Hozier, II p895
7. Greene, pp405-406
8. Allen and Muratoff, p205
9. Hozier, II p896
10. Greene, pp412-413; Hozier, II p898
11. Allen and Muratoff, p210
12. Hozier, II p900
13. Greene, p415-416
14. Hozier, II p900
Chapter 30: Gorni Dubnik
1. Wellesley, pp283-284
2. ibid, pp220-221
3. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I p490
4. Greene, p264
5. Hozier, II p687
6. Maurice, pp253-254
7. Quoted, Maureen O’Connor, ‘The Vision of Soldiers’ in War in History (London 1997) p272
8. Hozier, II p689
9. ibid, II p690
10. Maurice, p257
11. Greene, p274
12. Hozier, II p698
13. Greene, p276
14. Hozier, II p699
15. Greene, p277
16. Greene, Army Life in Russia, p145
Chapter 31: Baba Konak
1. Hozier, II p706
2. ibid, p707
3. Quoted Greene, p302
4. Hozier, II p707
5. Baker, I p334
6. Greene, pp290-291
7. Hozier, II p709
8. Greene, pp292-293
9. Hozier, II p79
10. Greene, p295
11. Baker, II pp65-66
12. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p55
13. Greene, p297
14. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p98
15. ibid, p85
Chapter 32: The Fall of Plevna
1. Herbert, p288
2. ibid, pp269-270
3. Herbert, p290
4. Greene, p300
5. Greene, p302
6. Trotha, pp181-182; Greene, p303
7. Trotha, p183
8. Herbert, p310
9. Trotha, pp185-186
10. Herbert, p328
11. Hozier, II pp719-720
12. ibid, pp721-722
13. Wellesley, pp277-278
14. Hozier, II p723
15. ibid, p724
16. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p214
Chapter 33: Elena
1. Hozier, II p651
2. Quoted Hozier, II p652
3. ibid, p654
4. Greene, p282
5. Hozier, II pp757-758
6. ibid, pp758-759
7. Greene, p284
8. Quoted Hozier, II p761
9. Greene, p285
10. Hozier, II p763
11. WO106/2, Layard to Lord Derby, November 27 1877
12. ibid
13. Richard von Pfeil-Burghausz, Experiences of a Prussian Officer in the Russian Service During the Turkish War of 1877-78 (London 1893) p145
14. Greene, pp287-288; Hozier, II p765
Chapter 34: Tashkessen
1. Greene, p321
2. Hozier, II p770
3. Greene, pp323-324
4. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p285
5. Hozier, II p772
6. Baker, II pp71-72
7. ibid, p72
8. Greene, p322
9. Baker, II p64
10. ibid, pp85-87
11. Quoted Magnus, Sir Philip, Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist (London 1958) p34
12. Greene, p330
13. Baker, II pp91-96
14. ibid, p109
15. ibid, p115
16. ibid, p138
17. Hozier, II p777
18. Baker, II p143
19. ibid, p160
Chapter 35: Philippopolis
1. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p302
2. Greene, p333
3. Hozier, II p780; ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p324
4. Hozier, II pp780-781
5. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p317
6. Baker, II pp180-181
7. Greene, pp339-340
8. Baker, II pp199-201
9. ibid, p206
10. ibid, p210
11. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II p355
12. Baker, II p216
13. ibid, p241
14. Hozier, II p787
15. Baker, II p247; Hozier, II p791
16. Greene, p345
17. Quoted Hozier, II p793
18. Baker, II p260
19. ibid, p265
20. Greene, p347
21. ibid
22. ibid
Chapter 36: Shenovo
1. Greene, p349
2. ibid, pp348-350
3. Hozier, II p797
4. Greene, pp348-349
5. Quoted Novikova, p152
6. Pfeil, p162
7. ibid, p172
8. Hozier, II p799
9. Greene, p351
10. Pfeil, p188
11. Greene, p352
12. Pfeil, p194
13. Greene, p352
14. Pfeil, pp201-202
15. ibid, p203
16. Hozier, II p802
17. Pfeil, pp209-210
18. Greene, p356
Chapter 37: The Great Powers after Plevna
1. Quoted Millman, p330
2. R Fulford, ed, Darling Child (London, 1976) pp270-271
3. Quoted Millman, p339
4. Millman, p346
5. Dugdale, p59
6. Quoted Langer, p132
7. Fulford, Darling Child, p274
8. Quoted Millman, p574
9. R W Seton-Watson, pp286-287
10. Mrs Fred Egerton, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Geoffrey Phipps Hornby (London 1896) p229
11. ibid, p230
12. Quoted R W Seton-Watson, p301
13. Langer, p134
14. Vincent, p497
Chapter 38: Armistice
1. Quoted Hozier, II pp810-811
2. Hozier, II pp810-811
3. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, II pp383-384
4. Baker, II p297
5. ibid, p299
6. Greene, p363
7. Baker, II p323
8. Hozier, II p812
9. ibid, II p795
10. ibid, II p902
11. Hobart, p128
12. Greene, p363
1. M S Anderson, The Eastern Question (London 1966) p199
2. Quoted Stojanovic, p210
3. Egerton, pp237-238
4. ibid
5. Quoted Millman, pp388-389
6. Egerton, pp245-246
7. Quoted Nicholas Der Bagdasarian, The Austro-German Rapprochement, 1870-1879 (Cranbury, New Jersey 1976) p219
8. Dugdale, p65
9. Stojanovic, p218
10. Quoted Stojanovic, p221
11. Anderson, p201
12. Quoted RW Seton-Watson, p218
13. W N Medlicott, The Congress of Berlin and After (London 1938) p12
14. Quoted Millman, p401
15. Langer, pp139-140
16. Michael Hurst ed, Key Treaties for the Great Powers 1814-1914 (Newton Abbot 1972) pp528-546
Chapter 40: The Congress of Berlin
1. Dugdale, p70
2. ibid, p76
3. Millman, p415
4. Egerton, p257
5. Langer, p144
6. ibid, p145
7. Miller, p380
8. Millman, p435
9. Langer, pp147-148
10. ibid, p149
11. Dugdale, p99
12. Langer, p150
13. ibid, p152
14. Medlicott p30
15. Langer, p152
16. Medlicott p36
17. Quoted Rosetti, p577
Chapter 41: Conclusion
1. Daniel J Hughes, ed, Moltke on the Art of War (Novato CA 1993) p91
2. Baker, I pxvii
3. Uyar and Erickson, p184
4. Maurice, p39
5. Uyar and Erickson, p185
6. May 20, 1877, quoted O’Connor, p269
7. Menning, p82
8. ibid, p83
9. Greene, p369
10. Greene, Army Life in Russia, pp25-26
11. Menning, p85
12. Uyar and Erickson, p201
13. Lennox to Layard, July 29 1877, quoted O’Connor p270
14. Wellesley to Lord Derby, September 21 1877, quoted O’Connor p275
15. Greene, pp421-422
16. ibid, p422
17. General H Langlois Lessons from Two Recent Wars (London 1909) p36
18. Quoted O’Connor, p278
19. October 2 1877, quoted O’Connor, p277
20. Pfeil, p183
21. O’Connor, p287
22. ibid
23. Quoted Dale L Walker, Januarius MacGahan (Athens OH 1988) p181
24. Wellesley, p194
25. ‘Daily News’, Correspondence, I pp273-274
26. Greene, p182
27. Quoted Hozier, II p548
28. Quoted Hozier, II p523
29. ibid
30. Quoted A Le Faure, Histoire de la Guerre d’Orient (Paris 1878) p4
31. Furneaux, p216
32. Greene, Army Life in Russia, p125
33. Herbert, p345