Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
abolitionist movement, 22–38, 40–41, 43, 311n1, 313n4
Abraham Lincoln Brigades, 163
A.C.A. Galleries, 174
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
“activist art” and “political art” distinguished (Lippard), 305n1
activist filmmaking, 135, 138–45
ACT UP, 253–58, 260, 261–62, 267, 340n4, 341n24
Adams, Ansel, 330n8
adbusting, 299
advertising, 155, 163, 259–61, 259, 260, 299, 341n24
African American art and artists, 132–33, 170, 199–210, 214, 216, 310n4
African American Civil War Memorial, 312n1
African American legislators, 334–35n26
African American press, 128, 322n6. See also Black Panther Community News Service; The Crisis
African American pageants, 121, 322n2
African Americans, 332n16
AIDS and, 254–55
lynching crisis, 121–34
photographs of, 43, 65, 132, 136, 189, 191, 192, 196
Riis on, 65–66
suffragist treatment, 112, 321n5
“talented tenth”/”best and brightest,” 124, 131, 132, 133
See also Black Panther Party; civil rights movement
African American soldiers, 39, 40–41, 43–47, 312n1, 312n3, 313n4
Against War and Fascism (exhibition), 172
agitprop, 137, 205. See also propaganda; public interventions
AIDS crisis, 252–62, 340n4, 340n6, 340n17
Alexander, William, 143
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 21
Alm, Helen, 231
alternative spaces, 225, 229, 231, 336n24, 337n14. See also women’s spaces
Altgeld, John Peter, 74
Amalgamated Lithographers of America, 218, 222
Ambulance Corps, 163
American Artists’ Congress, 167–71, 168, 174–75, 174
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 178, 261, 337n5
American Design Index. See Index of American Design
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 165
An American Group (cooperative), 329n13
American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR), 260, 261
American Indian arts. See Native American arts
American Indian health. See Native American resistance
American Indian political organization. See Native American political organization
American Indian resistance. See Native American resistance
American Indians. See Native Americans
American Revolution, 11–21
American Slavery As It Is (Weld), 29
American Society of Painters and Gravers, 162
American Woman Suffrage Association, 111
America Today (exhibition), 171–72
America Today (film), 141
Amistad mutiny, 27–28
anarchists and anarchism
Haymarket affair involvement, 72, 73–74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84
in Iroquois politics, 8
in IWW, 89
Animal Dance (Northern Cheyenne). See Massaum ceremony (Northern Cheyenne)
Anthony, Susan B., 111
anticommunism, 144, 153–54, 331n29
anticorporate protests, hoaxes, etc., 213, 296–99, 303, 344n2
anti-immigrant movement, 279–85
antinuclear movement, 263–68
The Anti-Slavery Alphabet (Townsend and Townsend), 29
antislavery movement. See abolitionist movement
antiwar art, 220–23, 286, 287–95
antiwar movement, 288
Vietnam War, 214, 216, 217–18, 220–23, 244
See also Iraq Veterans Against the War; Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 280
Apsaroke people. See Crow Indians
Aptheker, Herbert, 310n2
Arceo, Rene, 78
Ariadne: A Social Art Network, 231
armed forces, art for, 154–55
Armwood, George, 136
Army Medical Examiner (Minor), 106
Black Panther Party response to, 200
of civil rights activists, 191–92, 191, 195
of suffragists, 116, 117, 117, 120
See also imprisonment and jailing
“art” (word), xii
art, feminist. See feminist art
art, government-funded. See government-funded art
art, African American. See African American art and artists
art, Chicana/o. See Chicana/o art and artists
art, feminist. See feminist art
art, Japanese American. See Japanese American art and artists
art, Mexican. See Mexican art and artists
art, Puerto Rican. See Puerto Rican art and artists
Art Against AIDS on the Road, 260
art centers, community. See community art centers
art collectives. See collectives
art exhibitions. See exhibitions
Art for the Millions (O’Connor), 326
Art Front, 156, 160, 160, 162, 164, 165
art galleries. See galleries
art installations. See installations
art institutions. See feminist art institutions; galleries; museums
art interventions. See public interventions
Artists and Writers Ambulance Corps, 163
Artists’ Committee of Action, 161
artists’ rights, 215, 218, 336n24
Artists’ Union. See New York Artists’ Union
art manifestos. See manifestos
art museums. See museums
arts, Native American. See Native American arts
art schools, 79, 79, 224–29, 231, 232, 233
Art Strike, 1970, 217–18
art therapy, 293–95
Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC), 215–23, 336n24, 336n30
Asco (collective), 242–51, 338n7, 338n14
assimilation of immigrants, 64–65, 66, 67, 68
assimilation of Native Americans, 57, 315n28
Atlanta Race Riot of 1906, 122
atrocities. See lynching; My Lai massacre
Attucks, Crispus, 11–12, 14, 129
Avedon, Richard, 198
Avrich, Paul, 315n2
AWC. See Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC)
AZT (AIDS drug), 254
Baca, Judith F.: Danzas Indigenas, 278, 279–85
Baigell, Matthew, 328n2
Baldwin Park, California, 278, 279–85
Balls Across America, 301–3
Balog, Lester, 138, 141–42, 144
ballot referenda, 264
Banks, Nathaniel P., 312n3
banners, 141, 142, 160, 165, 240
suffragist, 111, 114, 115–16, 117, 119–20, 119
Baraka, Amiri, 201
Barrett, Richard, 76
Basch, Stephanie, 266
bathrooms in art, 227
BBC, 296–99
beads and beadwork, Native American, xx, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Beam, George L., 53
Bearden, Romare, 133, 133, 134
beauty pageants, mock. See mock beauty pageants
Bell, Josephine, 105
Benavidez, Max, 251
Berek, Diana, 84–85
Berkman, Alexander, 105
Bhopal disaster, 296–98
Bichlbaum, Andy, 296, 297, 297, 299, 302
Biddle, Francis, 178
The Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 131
black Americans. See African Americans
Black and Tan Dive (Riis et al.), 65
Black and White Mural, 250, 338n7
black art and artists. See African American art and artists
black legislators. See African American legislators
Black Panther Community News Service, 201–2, 204, 208–9, 210
Black Panther Party, 133, 199–210, 334n24
black press. See African American press
black soldiers. See African American soldiers
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 114, 115
Blight, David W., 42
blood in performance art and interventions, 212, 214, 235
Bogad, Larry, 79
Bohemian Cigarmakers at Work in Their Tenement (Riis), 67
Boissevain, Inez Milholland. See Milholland, Inez
Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution (1917)
Bonanno, Mike, 296, 297, 297, 303
Bond, Julian, 190
Bordowitz, Gregg, 254
Born Free and Equal (Adams), 330n8
Boston
Black Panthers in 204
in eighteenth century, 15–19, 20, 21, 24, 41
film banned in, 131
Henry “Box’ Brown in, 35
school desegregation, 31
Veterans for Peace convention in, 290
See also Liberty Tree, Boston; Shaw Memorial
Boston Massacre, 11–14, 13, 14, 16, 20
Bourke-White, Margaret, 167, 169, 170
boycotts, 115, 131, 255, 309n21, 332n4
branding, 259–60
Brandt, Peter, 222
broadsides and flyers, 18, 18, 25, 40–41, 41, 72, 309n21
American Artists’ Congress, 174
Black Panther Party, 204
Brody, Samuel, 135, 138, 139, 141, 144–45, 325n18, 325n27, 325n36
Brody, Sherry, 227
Brogger, Mary: Haymarket Monument (2004), 80, 81, 83, 84
Brown, David, 21
Brown, Henry “Box,” 34–38
Brown, Hubert “Rap,” 333
Brown, John, 40
Brown, William Wells, 37
Bruce, Edward, 147
Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, 313n11
Bryan-Wilson, Julia, 217
Buckley, William F., Jr., 252
Bufford, J.H., 31
burial items, Native American, 2
Burlington, Vermont, 293
Burn, Harry, 119
Burns, Lucy, 112, 114, 116, 118, 118
bus ads, 259–61
Butler, Andrew P., 31
Cahill, Holger, 149–50, 150, 153, 154, 326nn9–10
Calder, Alexander, 222
California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), 227–29, 233
Cameron, Drew, 293, 293, 294, 295
campaign pins, 100
Campbell, Russell, 137
Card, Laura, 182
Carey, Mathew, 25
Carmichael, Stokely, 198
Carney, William H., 46
Carter, Bunchy, 206
cartoons, political. See political cartoons
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 115, 116, 321n5
censorship, 100, 103, 105, 106, 116, 139
of ads, 260–61
of Du Bois, 133
See also self-censorship
Century of Progress, 142
Charles H. Kerr & Co., 101
Chavoya, C. Ondine, 247
cheerleaders, feminist, 226, 226
Cheney, Dick, 267
Chengdu, China, 269–77
Cheyenne Animal Dance (Throssel), 55
Chicago, 206, 214, 260–61, 317n17, 318n29, 323n25, 334n24. See also Haymarket Affair; police: Chicago
Chicago, Judy, 224–25, 227, 227, 229, 229, 232, 235–36, 236
Chicago Public Art Program, 80, 82, 84
Chicana/o art and artists, 242–51, 278, 279–85, 338n7, 338n10, 338n14, 339n21, 339n23, 339n29
Chicana/o movement, 243–44, 245, 251, 338n7
children in the civil rights movement, 188–89, 189, 192, 192
China, 269–77
Chisholm, Shirley, 209, 334–35n26
Choate, Zach, 295
Cinqué (Joseph Cinquez). See Pieh, Sengbe
Citizen 13660 (Okubo), 178–80, 181, 187, 330n9, 331n14, 331n24
civil disobedience, 112, 264, 302, 303
civil rights movement, 188–98, 200, 201, 332nn3–4, 332–33n22, 333nn33–34
Civil War, 39–47, 312n1, 312n3, 313n4, 313n11, 313n12
The Clansman (Dixon), 131
class struggle, 97, 98, 138, 319n23, 319n25
Cleaver, Eldridge, 201, 204, 206, 208
climate change, 300, 301, 302, 345n18
clubs. See John Reed Clubs; Union League Club of Chicago; Workers Camera Club
Coalition for a Nuclear-Free Harbor, 263
Coffee-Pepper Bill, 1938, 154
COFO. See Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)
collectives, 253, 255–62, 340n12, 340n21
Chicano, 242–51, 338n7, 338n14
feminist, 225, 226, 229, 231–32, 233
colleges. See universities and colleges
Colombia, 317n25
color symbolism, Native American, 7
Combat Paper Project, 293–95
Committee for Finnish Relief. See Hoover Committee for Finnish Relief
Communist International, 135, 144, 169
Communist Party USA (CP USA), 135, 140, 142, 144, 174, 175, 324n2
American Artists’ Congress relations, 328n4
Artists’ Union relations, 158–59, 328n4
New Masses relations, 109, 174
press of, 138
See also International Labor Defense
community art centers, 150, 152, 161–62
Compromise of 1877, 322n3
The Comrade, 100–101
concentration camp publications, 178, 180
concentration camps, 252, 253, 330n6, 331n29. See also Japanese American internment
Congress. See U.S. Congress
Congressional Union, 112, 114–15
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 165
“Consciousness-Raising” (C-R), 224–25, 227
Constitution, U.S. See U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia, 1787, 20–21
Continental Congress, 15
Copley, John Singleton, 15, 15
cotton pickers’ strikes, 141, 142
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 332–33n22
Craig, Steve, 84
Crazy Horse, 52
Creef, Elena Tajima, 181, 330n9
Crimp, Douglas, 255
The Crisis, 121, 123–24, 123, 124, 125, 126–28, 131, 132–34
“Criteria of Negro Art” (Du Bois), 132
Cronbach, Robert, 153
Crow Indians, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56–59, 56, 57, 58
Cuba, 205
culture jamming, 299. See also public interventions
Curtis, Edward S., 49–52, 54, 55, 59
Dada, 245
daguerrotypes, 43
Daley, Richard M., 82
Damon, Betsy, 269–77
Danzas Indigenas (Baca), 278, 279–85
Darts, David, 298
Daughters of the Confederacy. See United Daughters of the Confederacy
Davidson, Philip, 20
Davis, Stuart, 160–61, 167, 169–70, 169, 171, 174, 175
cover art by, 156
CP USA relations, 328
The Masses relations, 103
de Bretteville, Sheila, 229, 229, 230, 231, 233
Decoy Gang Victim (Asco), 249, 250
Debord, Guy, 299–300
Debs, Eugene V., 78, 79, 89, 99–100, 101
de la Loza, Sandra, 338n10
DeLeon, Daniel, 89
Dell, Floyd, 103, 105, 107, 108
Democratic National Conventions, 214, 291
demonstrations. See protests and demonstrations
Depression. See Great Depression
destruction of artwork, monuments, etc. (as protest), 76, 77, 83, 112
destruction of murals, 161
detention camps. See concentration camps
Dewey, John, 326
DeWitt, John L., 177–78
didacticism, 100, 240–41, 248, 261
Dies, Martin, 154
Dinkin, Lillian, 142
Dinkins, David, 266
direct action, nonviolent. See nonviolent direct action
disease, 56, 57, 61–62, 306–7n19
disenfranchisement, 14–15, 42, 322n3
distribution of films, 137
distribution of newspapers and magazines, 29–30, 103, 204
distribution of posters, 221
Dixon, Thomas: The Clansman, 131
documentary photography, 48–69, 188–98, 244
Dortmund, Brian, 80
Dougherty, Frazer, 221
Douglas, Aaron, 170
Douglas, Emory, 199, 200, 201–10
Douglass, Frederick, 24, 27, 34–35, 34, 40–41, 42, 43, 43
women’s rights activism, 111
Dow Chemical, 296–99
Dows, Olin, 161
dramatic productions. See pageants; theater
Drexler, Arthur, 214, 221, 222
drug industry. See pharmaceutical industry
Druke, Mary A., 9
Du Bois, W.E.B., 45, 121, 122–24, 122, 123, 126–34, 324n34
Du Simitier, Pierre Eugene: Raising the Liberty Pole in New York City, 19
Dwight, Mabel, 158
Dyer Bill, 128
Eastman, Crystal, 108
Eastman, Max, 101, 102, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 321n25
East Los Angeles, 242–51, 338n7
East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917, 129
editorial cartoons. See political cartoons
effigy hanging, burning, etc., 17, 17, 18, 254, 309n20
Eight-Hour Action Series, 79, 79, 80
Eisenberg, Ed, 263–64, 265, 268
election campaign pins and posters. See campaign pins; campaign posters
elitism, xii, 124, 149, 152, 211, 222
Emancipation Proclamation, 312n3
Emi, Frank, 183
Endo, Mitsuo, 331n15
entertainment, 35–38. See also pageants
environmental art, 269–77
environmental movement, 263, 300
escaped slaves, 34–38
Espionage Act of 1917, 99, 100, 105, 107, 319n24
Evergood, Philip, 159, 165, 174
Everywoman, 226
exhibitions, 171–72, 174, 329n13, 338n14
expulsions, leftist. See purges, leftist
ex-slaves. See former slaves
Exxon Mobil, 345n16
fakery. See hoaxes, pranks, etc.; mock beauty pageants
Falconbridge, Alexander, 25, 310n9
Faris, James C., 50
Farm Security Administration, 154–55, 197
Federal Art Project. See Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project (WPA-FAP)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 153, 206, 209, 214, 244, 281
Federal Theatre Project, 154
Federal Writers’ Project, 154
Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, 175
Feinstein, Diane, 256
feminist art, 224–41
feminist art institutions, 224–34, 235
Feminist Studio Workshop, 229, 232, 233
54th Massachusetts Regiment, 39, 40–41, 44–47
55th Massachusetts Regiment, 45, 313n12
Film and Photo League. See Workers Film and Photo League (F&PL)
filmmaking, activist. See activist filmmaking
films, 135, 137–43, 324n2, 325n18, 330n8
of art exhibitions and performances, 172, 228
Asco take on, 339n21
racism in, 131
See also newsreels
Finkelstein, Avram, 255
firearms. See guns
First Supper (After a Major Riot) (Asco), 247, 247
Fisch, Audrey A., 312n13
Fitzgerald, Richard, 319n25
Flores, Francisca, 244
flyers. See broadsides and flyers
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 88, 90–91, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96–97, 319n24
grave, 74
on her freedom to speak freely, 318n5
Force, Juliana, 158
force feeding, 117–18
Forman, James, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197
former slaves, 11, 42, 150. See also Douglass, Frederick
Forscher, Marty, 198
Fort Wagner, 41, 43, 44, 45, 313
Fossum, Magnus, 151
Fourteenth Amendment, 42
Freedmen’s Bureau, 42
Freeman, Elisabeth, 127
Fresno State University, 224–26, 235
Fryer, Heather, 183
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 35–36
fund-raising, 28, 35, 43, 75, 204, 265, 333n22
IWW pageant as, 192, 193, 199, 319n23
Fu-Nan River, 269–77
GAAG. See Guerrilla Art Action Group (GAAG)
Gage, Patrick, 257
Gage, Thomas, 309n21
galleries, xi–xii, 28, 147, 149, 158, 299, 305n1
Art Strike and, 217
New York City–funded, 161
Gamboa, Harry, Jr., 242–45, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 339n29
Gang Victim Decoy (Asco). See Decoy Gang Victim (Asco)
Garcia, Adrian, 214
gardens, water. See water gardens
Garmey, Stephen, 223
Garrison, William Lloyd, 24, 27, 30, 38, 46
Garvey, Bill, 81
gates and arches. See arches and gates
Gauldin, Anne, 232
gay-bashing. See homophobia
Gay Pride Parade, New York City, 255
Gelert, Johannes: Police Monument (Chicago), 74–76, 75, 76
gender inequality. See sexism
German immigrants, 73
Gerry, Elbridge, 16
Ghent, W.J., 102
Glassgold, C. Adolph, 151
Glintenkamp, Henry, 105, 106, 107, 167
global solidarity, 163, 205, 233, 234, 317n25
Gold, Michael, 143
Golin, Steve, 93, 318–19n20, 319nn22–23
Goodman, Andrew, 197, 197, 198
Gossett, Carl T., 219
Gottlieb, Harry, 167, 170, 174
government-funded art, 146, 147–55
The Government Has Blood on Its Hands (Gran Fury), 256, 256
graffiti, 83, 249, 250, 339n23
Grand Central Station, New York City, 155
Gran Fury, 253, 255–62, 340n12, 341n24
Great Britain, 312n13
abolitionist movement, 23, 24–27, 36
occupation of India, 37
Great Depression, 138, 147, 149, 154, 157
The Great Goddess Diana, 232
Green, James, 74
Green, Wilder, 212
Greenberg, Clement, 175
greenhouse gas emissions, 300, 301, 302, 345n18
Greenwich Village, New York City, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100, 102, 319n25
Grey, Camille: Lipstick Bathroom, 227
Griffith, D.W., 131
Grifter, Kehben, 78, 78, 316n12
Gronk, 242, 244, 245, 245, 246, 246, 247–48, 248, 250, 250, 338n7
Groundwork: The Anti-Nuke Port Stencil Project, 263–68, 266, 267, 341
Guernica (Picasso), 174, 222, 223, 223, 329n19, 336n30
guerrilla art. See night work; public interventions; street theater
Guerrilla Art Action Group (GAAG), 211–15, 335n1
Guggenheim Museum, 217
Guglielmi, Louis, 149
guns, 122, 133, 133, 201, 206, 208
Guston, Philip, 146
Haeberle, Ronald, 220–21, 221, 222
Halliburton, 300
Hamilton, Ed, 312n1
Hand, Augustus, 107
handbills. See broadsides and flyers
Harlem Community Art Center, 150, 150
Harrison, Samuel, 40
hate crimes: lynching. See lynching
hate groups, 279–85. See also Ku Klux Klan
Haudenosaunee. See Iroquois
Hawaii, 330n1
Hayes-Tilden election, 1876, 42, 322n3
Haymarket Affair, 70–85
Haymarket Martyr’s Monument, 73–74, 74, 81–82, 83, 316–17n15
Haymarket Monument, Chicago (2004), 80–84, 81, 317n25
Haymarket Police Monument. See Police Monument, Chicago
Haymarket Riot, Chicago, 1886, 71, 72–73
Haymarket Square, Chicago, 72, 73, 75
Haywood, Bill, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 96
final years, 319n24
grave, 74
on sabotage, 89
health. See Native American health; public health
Heart Mountain Internment Camp, 183
Heiberg, Einar, 162
Hendricks, Jon, 211, 212, 213–14, 221
Herron, Matt, 197–98
Herrón, Willie, 242, 244, 246, 246, 250, 250, 338n14
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 313
Hightower, John, 214
Hill, Rick, 10
Hillside Strangler case, 239–41
Hirabayashi, Gordon, 182
hoaxes, pranks, etc., 257, 257, 296–303
Hochschild, Adam, 26–27
homelessness, 66, 68, 129, 140
Hoover, J. Edgar, 178
Hoover Committee for Finnish Relief, 175
Hope, Will, 105
Hopi people, 52
Hopkins, Alison Turnbull, 110
Hopkins, Harry L., 157
Horse Capture, George P., 52
Horton, James Oliver, 32
Horton, Lois E., 32
Hose, Sam, 122
House Committee on An-American Activities, 153, 154
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 60, 64–66, 65, 67
Huddleston, Judy, 227
Hug, Bill, 68
Huggins, John, 206
Hughes, Aaron, 288, 290, 291–92, 295
Hughes, Langston, 133
humanitarian relief, 135–36, 148
Hurd, Jason, 294–95
Hurwitz, Leo, 140
Hutton, Bobby, 206
I Am Out, Therefore I Am (Rolston), 340n21
ice in art, 272
Illinois Labor History Society (ILHS), 80, 81–82, 83, 316–17n15
Illinois legislature, 260–61
illustrations, 133
in abolition movement, 23, 25–26, 29
in Regeneración, 244
See also magazines: cover illustrations
immigrants and immigration, 64–65, 66, 67, 68, 73. See also anti-immigrant movement
impersonation, 296–300, 301, 344n2
impressment riots, 15
imprisonment and jailing, 93, 112, 116–17, 141, 192–93, 192, 201, 206
In Defense of World Democracy (exhibition), 172
Index of American Design, 150–51, 151
India, 37. See also Bhopal disaster
Indian arts. See Native American arts
Indian Sitting outside Teepee with Meat Drying on Racks (Throssel), 57
Indians. See Native Americans
Indigenous Dances (Baca). See Danzas Indigenas (Baca)
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 86, 87–98, 319n24
inequality, 85, 87, 170, 203, 229, 231, 243–44, 251, 261. See also racism; sexism
In Mourning and in Rage, 238–41, 239, 240, 241
installations, 272–73
Interior of the Best Indian Kitchen on the Crow Reservation (Throssel), 56–57, 56
Internal Security Act, 331n29
International Labor Defense, 138, 329n18
International Socialist Review, 100, 101
international solidarity. See global solidarity
internment, Japanese American. See Japanese American internment
interventions, public. See public interventions
Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW), 286, 287–95
Irish, Sharon, 237
Iroquois, 1, 3, 5, 7–8, 9, 66, 306n10, 306–7n19, 307n22. See also Mohawk people
Jackson, Andrew, 29–30
Jackson, George, 205
Jacobs, Lewis, 143
jailing and imprisonment. See imprisonment and jailing
James, William, 45
Japanese American art and artists, 177–87
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), 182
Japanese American internment, 176, 177–87, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187
list of camps, 330n6
loyalty questionnaires, etc., 181–83, 186, 331n14, 331n24
maps and plans, 184–85
The Japanese Relocation, 330n8
Jewish Museum, 217
Jim Crow laws, 322n3
Jocelyn, Nathaniel: Cinque, 28, 28
John Reed Clubs, 144, 157, 329n18
Johnson, Abby Arthur, 133
Johnson, Andrew, 42
Johnson, James Weldon, 127, 128
Johnson, Lyndon, 214
Johnson, Ronald Baberry, 133
Johnson, Sargent, 148
Jones, Cleve, 252
Jones, LeRoi. See Baraka, Amiri
Jones, Mary Harris “Mother”, 89, 101
Jones, Robert Edmond, 86
Joseph, Stephen, 256
Kainen, Jacob, 155
Keepers of the Water, 269
Keitt, Lawrence, 32
Kelland, Lara, 82
Kelly, Edward, 141
Kerr, Charles H., 101
King, Mary, 189
King Philip’s War, 306n13
Kirschke, Amy Helene, 128
Kissing Doesn’t Kill (Gran Fury), 259–61, 259, 260
The Kitchen (art space), 258
Klein, Naomi, 299
Klem, Tom, 268
Klitgaard, Kaj, 151
Korematsu, Fred, 182
Kozloff, Joyce, 223
Kramer, Peter, 311
Ku Klux Klan, 131, 133, 133, 193, 197, 323n25, 333n34
Labor Defender Photo Group, 138
labor movement, 71–73, 164, 216
Haymarket commemoration involvement, 80–82, 83, 84, 316–17n15, 317n17
See also Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); strikes; unions
labor press, 138
Labowitz, Leslie, 239–41, 239, 240, 241, 267
Lacy, Suzanne, 225, 235–41, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 267
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 160, 161, 174
Lampkin, Daisy, 126
landscape design, 273–77
Lange, Dorothea, 198
LaRouche, Lyndon, 252
Last Supper (Leonardo): parodies, 247
Latinos, 254–55, 281. See also Chicana/o art; Chicana/o movement
laws and legislation, 21, 99, 331n29
firearm-related, 206
Great Britain, 27
homophobic, 260–61
Jim Crow, 322n3
slavery-related, 35–36
See also Espionage Act of 1917; Stamp Act
Leach, Eugene E., 321n25
lectures, visual, 38, 51, 56, 68
Lee, Euel, 136
leftist purges. See purges, leftist
legislation. See laws and legislation
legislators, African American. See African American legislators
Lerner, Isador, 143
lesbian-bashing. See homophobia
Lewis, Dora, 116
liberation struggles, Third World. See Third World liberation struggles
The Liberator (abolitionist newspaper), 29, 30
The Liberator (Communist magazine), 100, 109
Liberty bonds, 117
liberty poles, 17, 19–20, 19, 21
Liberty Tree, Boston, 16–19, 17, 309n19
Lin, Maya, 316n11
Lincoln, Abraham, 312n3
Linebaugh, Peter, 20
Linen Closet (Orgel), 227, 228
Lippard, Lucy, 51–52, 216, 218–19, 305n1
Lipstick Bathroom (Grey), 227
lithography presses, 231
lithographs, 23, 30–31, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34, 34, 35
African American, 310n4
litigation. See lawsuits
Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 18
Living Water Garden, Chengdu, China, 269–77
Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement (Riis), 63
logos, 137, 164, 164, 165. See also Silence = Death
Los Angeles, 224, 229–34, 338n7, 338n10
Chicano interventions in, 242–51
feminist interventions in, 236–41
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), 231, 249, 250, 339n29
Lowe, Bia, 239
Lowry, Bates, 215
loyalty oaths, questionnaires, etc., 153, 181–83, 183, 186, 331n14, 331n24
Lozano, Manuel, 202
Ludlow Massacre, 1914, 102–3, 104
lynching, 121, 122, 124–31, 130, 132, 133–34, 136
Lyon, Danny, 188–189, 189, 190–93, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196
on SNCC exclusion of whites, 333n33
MacDougall, Alexander, 20
Mackintosh, Ebenezer, 17–18
magazines, 100–109, 174, 205, 226, 244
cover illustrations, 102–3, 104, 105, 124, 156, 161
Okubo as illustrator for, 186
photography in, 124, 125, 126, 127–28, 127, 138
See also distribution of newspapers and magazines; The Crisis; The Masses
Magee, John L.: Southern Chivalry, 32, 32
magic lanterns. See lantern slides
mail service. See postal service
mainstream media. See mass media
Malevich, Kazimir: Supremacist Composition, 211, 212, 335n1
Malone, Dudley Field, 107
“mammy” memorials, 43
Mangravite, Peppino, 168
manifestos, 157, 199–200, 211–12, 213
Manning, William, 20–21
maps, 124, 132, 184–85, 237, 237
marches, parades, and rallies, 135, 288
East Los Angeles, 244
New York City, 87, 88, 129–30, 129
Washington, DC, 112, 113, 114, 140
Marine Corps recruiting stations. See U.S. Marine Corps recruiting stations
Marks, Leonard, 264
Massachusetts legislature, 21, 312n3
massacres. See Boston Massacre; My Lai Massacre
Massaum ceremony (Northern Cheyenne), 54–55, 55
The Masses, 87, 92, 100–109, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
racism of, 320n11
mass media, 189, 198, 204, 220, 228, 299
Matott, Drew, 293
May Day graphics, 101
McAlpin, Loring, 257, 259, 261
McBride, Kelly, 299
McCarty, Marlene, 259, 261, 340n21
McDew, Charles, 193
McKay, Claude, 133
McLaurin, Charles, 191
McMaster, Gerald, 50
Meadlo, Paul, 220
media. See films; mass media; news media; press; television
memorials. See monuments; war memorials
Meneses, Johnny, 317n25
Menstruation Bathroom (Chicago), 227
Merrill, Lewis, 165
Metacomet’s War. See King Philip’s War
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 217–18, 218
Mexican art and artists, 147, 167–68, 170–71
Mexican migrant workers, 142
mezzotint prints, 28
middle-class audiences, 68, 102
middle-class African Americans, 123, 124, 131
middle-class women, 111, 114, 123
military, art for. See armed forces, art for
military uniforms in art, 293–95
Millard, Geoff, 288
Millett, Kate: Naked Lady, 233
Mills, Ann, 227
miners and mining, 58, 103, 141
Minnesota Artists’ Union, 162
Mirror of Slavery (moving panorama), 35–36, 37, 38, 311n6
Mitchell, Robin, 227
mock beauty pageants, 225, 226
money-scattering actions, 256–57
monuments, 39–40, 43–47, 313n11
African American, 312n1, 313n12
Baldwin Park, California, 278, 279–85, 281
bombing, defacement, etc., 76, 77, 83
Chicago and suburbs, 70, 71, 73–85, 74, 76, 81, 83
interactive, 316n11
Morante, Rafael, 205
Morozumi, Greg Jung, 206
Moses, Bob, 193, 195, 196, 333n22
Mother Art, 231
Mother Jones. See Jones, Mary Harris “Mother”
Mountain Eagle and His Family of Iroquois Indians (Riis), 66
“mourning wars,” 306n19
moving panoramas, 33–34, 33, 35–36, 37, 38
municipal art centers. See community art centers
Münzenberg, Willi, 137
murals, 146, 155, 161, 177, 245, 279
Chicano, 250, 338n7, 338n10, 339n16
Mexican, 147
on foot, 246–47, 246, 284–85, 284, 285
parodies, etc., 246–47, 246, 247–48, 248
murder, 186, 193, 197, 205, 206, 239–41, 244. See also lynching
museums, xi–xii, 158, 299, 305n1
African American artist treatment, 170
Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC) and, 216–17
Gamboa on, 339n29
Los Angeles, 231, 249, 250, 339n29
rental policy (proposed), 162, 216
Toche on, 223
women’s meager representation, 231
See also Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 211–17, 213, 215, 219, 220–23, 329n19, 336n30
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Narragansett people, 306n13
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 111–12, 114, 115, 116, 119, 321n5
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133
in civil rights movement, 193, 332n4
exhibitions, 329n18
in COFO, 332n22
See also The Crisis
National Historic Landmark status, 83, 317n15
National Hunger March, 1932, 135
National Maritime Union, 163
National Photo Exchange, 138
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 136
National Woman’s Party (NWP), 111, 112, 114–20
Native American arts, xii, xx, 1–9. See also wampum belts
Native American health, 55–56, 57, 58
Native American political organization, 7–9
Native American resistance, 52–53, 55
Native Americans, 48, 49–59, 50–53, 55–58, 66, 269–70, 278, 279–85
navy homeports. See U.S. Navy homeports
NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
New School for Social Research, 167, 170, 172, 329n13
news media, 14, 240–41, 250, 254, 261, 264, 266, 267
government/corporate manipulation, 299
hacks and hoaxes, 296–99
photography sources, 138
as publicists, 302
See also newsreels; New York Times
newspaper and magazine distribution. See distribution of newspapers and magazines
newsreels, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143
Newton, Huey P., 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209
New York Artists’ Union, 154, 157, 158–66, 328n4, 329n18
New York Art Strike Against War, Racism, and Repression. See Art Strike, 1970
New York City
AIDS activism, 253–60
American Artists’ Congress in, 167–71
antinuclear movement, 263–68
film and photography activism, 138–39, 141
galleries, 149
KKK in, 323N25
liberty poles, 19–20
Okubo move to, 186
political trials, 106–8
protests, demonstrations, etc., 136, 138–39, 142, 158, 159–60, 159, 219, 254, 255, 257, 264
public interventions, 211–23, 291–92, 301–3
in Riis’s photography, 60–69
See also Grand Central Station, New York City; Greenwich Village, New York City; New School for Social Research; Paterson Silk Strike pageant; police: New York City
New York City Art Project, 160, 161
New York Times, 257, 264, 340n17
night work, 18, 30, 248, 257, 265, 309n21
Nineteenth Amendment, 118–19, 119
Nochlin, Linda, 319n22
No Movies (Asco), 339n21
non-blacks, lynching of, 122, 124
nonviolence, 282–83
nonviolent direct action, 189, 253, 254, 261, 264. See also boycotts; civil disobedience; sit-ins, office occupations, etc.
The North American Indian (Curtis), 50, 50, 51, 55
Northern Cheyenne people, 54–55, 55
NRA. See National Recovery Administration (NRA)
nuclear ship homeports, resistance to, 263–68
Nykino, 143
Oakland, California, 199–200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209
Occoquan Workhouse, 116–18, 118
occupation of space (tactic), 19, 202, 247. See also sit-ins, office occupations, etc.
O’Connor, Francis V.: Art for the Millions, 326n10
O’Donnell, Edward T., 68
The Offering—San Ildefonso (Curtis), 50
Office of War Information (OWI), 154–55, 331n25
Okamoto, Kiyoshi, 183
Okubo, Miné, 176, 177–87, 330n9, 331n14, 331n24
Olds, Elizabeth, 167, 173, 173, 174
Oliver, Andrew, 18
Onondaga people, 7
Operation First Casualty (IVAW), 286, 287–92, 288, 289, 290, 292
“Operation Raw,” 343–44n6
Orear, Les, 80
Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa, and Latin America (OSPAAAL), 205
Orgel, Sandy, 227, 227, 235, 236
Orozco, José Clement, 147, 167–68, 170–71
Ortiz, Ralph, 214
“outside agitators” (label), 91, 97
Pacanowski, Jennifer, 294
pageants, 113. See also mock beauty pageants; Paterson Silk Strike pageant, New York City, 1913
painting and paintings, 28, 28, 146, 162, 231, 335n1
of Native Americans, 53
removed during Art Strike, 217
slashing of, 112
See also Guernica (Picasso); murals; Supremacist Composition (Malevich)
Paley, William S., 222
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 112
panoramas, moving. See moving panoramas
papermaking, 293–95
parades. See marches, parades, and rallies
park design, 273–76
parody, 297, 299, 300. See also murals: parodies, etc.
Parsons, Lucy, 75, 89, 317n15, 318n29
PASTA (Professional and Staff Association, MoMA), 219
Paterson Silk Strike, 1913, 87–88, 90–92, 94, 96–98
Paterson Silk Strike pageant, New York City, 1913, 86, 87–88, 92–97, 95, 98, 318–19n20, 319n22
Paul, Alice, 111, 112, 112, 114, 115, 116–18, 119
Pearl Harbor Attack, 177, 330n1
Pelham, Henry
The Fruits of Arbitrary Power, 12, 14, 14
The Fruits of Arbitrary Power (Revere copy), 13
Pepper, Claude, 154
Pequot people, 306n13
Perdue, Donna, 293
performance art, feminist, 227–28, 231, 232, 235–36, 236
performance art spaces, 258
performers and performances, 34–38, 86, 270, 271–73. See also public interventions; theater
pharmaceutical industry, 254, 257, 262
Photo and Film League. See Workers Film and Photo League
photography
of African Americans, 43, 65, 132, 136, 189, 191, 192, 196
Du Bois exhibit, 132
Gamboa turn to, 244
labor movement, 144
of Native Americans, 48, 49–59, 50–53, 55–58, 66
Riis’s, 60–69
war propaganda use, 154–55
See also daguerrotypes; documentary photography; retouching of photographs
photojournalism, 138, 139–40, 188–98, 244
Photo League, 144
Piazza, Michael, 77, 78–79, 83
Picasso, Pablo, 174
Guernica, 174, 222, 223, 223, 329n19, 336n30
pickets, vigils, etc., 110, 111, 115–16, 120, 140, 159, 163
anti-immigrant, 281
at military recruiting stations, 242
pink triangle (icon), 252, 253, 253
Platt, David, 324n2
Plenty Coups—Crow (Throssel), 57, 58
plutonium contamination, 264–65
Baldwin Park, California, 281, 284
Black Panther Party relations, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 207, 208
Chicago, 72–73, 83, 84, 206, 214
New York City, 93–94, 114, 139, 159, 160, 214–15, 302
Washington, DC, 289–90
See also arrests
police brutality, 139, 159, 160, 195, 199, 200, 201, 208, 214
Police Monument, Chicago, 70, 71, 74–77, 75, 76, 78, 79
“political art” and “activist art” distinguished. See “activist art” and “political art” distinguished (Lippard)
Political Art Documentation and Distribution (PAD/D), 263
political cartoons, 18, 97, 103, 105–6, 106, 107, 154
political organization, Native American. See Native American political organization
political prisoners, 20, 99–100, 100, 105, 117–18
poor people, photography of, 60–69
portraits, 15, 28, 28, 43, 102, 122
postal service, 29–30, 34–38, 103, 105, 106. See also hate mail
posters
AIDS-related, 254, 256, 258, 258, 261
Black Panther Party, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209
civil rights movement, 188–89, 189, 195, 198
depicting My Lai massacre, 220–23
OSPAAAL, 205
suffragist, 114
WPA-FAP, 150
Potamkin, Harry Brown, 138
poverty, 60–69
pranks. See hoaxes, pranks, etc.
anti-Japanese hysteria of, 178
blackouts, 116
Communist/labor, 138
feminist art coverage, 228
hoaxes, pranks, etc., 257, 257
New York City demonstration coverage, 139
suffragist coverage, 120
See also African American press; magazines
printers and printing trade, 201, 202, 230, 308n2, 309n23
prints and printmaking, 27, 28, 171–74, 230. See also lithographs
prison camps, Japanese American. See Japanese American internment
prisoners, political. See political prisoners
Projansky, Bob, 336n24
projection, lantern slide. See lantern slides
propaganda, 137
accusations of, 154
AIDS activists’, 259
art establishment as, 211
of Black Panther Party, 205
Du Bois on all art as, 132, 133
Henry “Box” Brown’s, 35
of IWW, 97
World War II, 154–55, 330n8, 331n25
protests and demonstrations, 17, 141, 217, 300
Baldwin Park, California, 279–85
counterdemonstrations, 281, 283–84
New York City, 136, 138–39, 142, 158, 159–60, 219, 254, 257, 264
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 217–18, 218
MoMA, 212–13, 213, 214–15, 215, 223
Washington, DC, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118
See also destruction of artwork, monuments, etc. (as protest); marches, parades, and rallies; pickets, vigils, etc.
public art
Baldwin Park, California, 278, 279–85
Chicago, 70–85
China, 269–77
publicly funded, 147, 148, 150
New York City, 155
Washington, DC, 147
See also Art Caravan
public interventions
by Art Workers’ Coalition, 215–23
by Asco, 242–51
by feminist artists, 236–41
by Guerrilla Art Action Group, 211–15
by Gran Fury, 256–57
Haymarket monument–related, 77–80
by IVAW, 286–92
by VVAW, 343–44n6
by Yes Men, 296–303
See also hoaxes, pranks, etc.; street theater
publicity and public relations, 95, 96, 126, 297, 299, 302–3, 319n23
publicly funded art. See government-funded art
public parks, 273–77
Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), 147, 157–58, 159, 326n2
Puerto Rican art and artists, 214, 216
Purvis, Robert, 28
PWAP. See Public Works of Art Project (PWAP)
Q: And Babies? A: And Babies, 220–23
Quick-to-See Smith, Jaune, 53
Quincy, Josiah, 16
Quinlan, Pat, 91
race relations, 121–22, 200, 322n4. See also lynching; race riots
race riots, 122, 129, 193, 200
in Left press, 320
in police, 200
in women’s suffrage movement, 112, 321n5
See also African Americans: lynching crisis; civil rights movement
Radulovich, Mary Lou Fox, xii
Raiford, Leigh, 198
rallies, marches, and parades. See marches, parades, and rallies
rape, 235–38
Raphael, Ray, 15
Rather, Dan, 254
Rayson, Anthony, 84
Reagan, Ronald, 218, 233, 252, 254, 255
reclamation projects, 269–77
Reconstruction, 42–43
“Red Scare” (first), 99–100, 108
“Red Scare” (second), 144–45, 175, 216
Reed, John, 87, 93, 95, 96, 105, 107, 108. See also John Reed Clubs
reenactments, 37, 78, 79, 87, 92, 95, 287–92
Regeneración, 244
Reicher, Hedwig, 113
Reilly, Bernard F., Jr., 28–29
relief, humanitarian. See humanitarian relief
Remember the Haymarket Anarchists (Grifter), 78, 78
rent strikes, 142
Reppenhagen, Garret, 287–88, 289, 290
resistance to Japanese American internment, 182–83, 186
resistance to photography, 52–53, 53
The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia, 34, 34, 35, 311n1
retouching of photographs, 51–52, 58
The Bloody Massacre, 12, 13, 14
A View of the Year 1765, 17, 18, 309n19
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
rich people, 50–51, 64, 92, 96, 105
targeted by SAAG, 213
Richter, Mischa, 154
rights. See artists’ rights; civil rights movement; voting rights; women’s rights
Riis, Jacob A., 60–69
riots, 15, 139–40, 244, 247. See also Haymarket Riot, Chicago, 1886; race riots
rivers, 269–77
Robbins, David, 146
Rockefeller, David, 213
Rockefeller, Nelson, 213
Rockefeller Center, New York City, 161
Rockefeller family, 212, 213, 213
Rogers, Merrill, 105, 106, 107, 108
Rolston, Adam, 340n21
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 147, 155, 157, 160, 178, 182, 323n20
Roosevelt, Theodore, 68–69
Rosemont, Franklin, 100
Rosenberg, Harold, 175
Rothschild, Lincoln, 324n2
Rothstein, Arthur, 155
RTMark, 344n2
Ruddick, Margie, 274
Rush, Christine, 227, 228, 228
Russian Revolution (1917), 96, 107, 109, 137
The Rustler (Throssel), 57
Ruthenberg House, San Francisco, 142, 143
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus: Shaw Memorial, 39, 44–45, 44, 46, 47
Sandoval, Humberto, 248
San Francisco, 141, 142, 143, 148, 201, 256, 266, 292
Sartain, John, 28
Savage, Kirk, 45
Savagian, John, 265
Save Our State (SOS), 280–82, 284, 285
Schapiro, Miriam, 227, 227, 229
Schiff, Robbin, 227
School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 79, 79
School Room, Crow Indian Reservation (Throssel), 58
Schor, Mira, 227
Scottsboro Boys case, 140–41
Schwerner, Michael, 197, 197, 198
Scrubbing (Rush), 228
sculptors and sculpture, 112, 148, 154. See also Haymarket Martyr’s Monument; Police Monument, Chicago; Shaw Memorial
Seale, Bobby, 199, 202, 203, 204, 209
seashells in art. See shells in art
Sedition Act of 1798, 21
Sedition Act of 1918, 99
Seeger, Pete, 264
Sees with His Ears—Crow (Throssel), 48
segregation, 31, 122, 134, 170, 188, 322n3. See also civil rights movement
self-censorship, 144, 154, 260, 261
self-defense, 122, 133, 198, 199, 207, 236, 241
Seltzer, Leo, 136, 138, 139–41, 139, 142
serial murders, 239–41
Sharp, Joseph Henry, 53
Shaw, Robert (Chicago alderman), 260
Shaw, Robert Gould, 39, 41, 44, 45
Shaw Memorial, 39, 43–45, 44, 46, 47
Shays’ Rebellion, 21
Sheffield, James, 28
shells in art, xx, 3
Shelton, Leonard, 294
show trials, Soviet Union, 1936–1938, 174
Sigelaub, Seth, 336n24
Silence = Death, 252, 253, 253, 255
silk workers’ strike, Paterson, New Jersey, 1913. See Paterson Silk Strike, 1913
Silvianna, 212
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 147, 167–68, 170
sit-ins, office occupations, etc., 160, 215
Situationist International, 299–300
slaves and slavery, 23–32, 34–37, 43, 306n13, 310n2. See also abolitionist movement; former slaves; fugitive slaves
Slave Trade Act of 1807 (Great Britain), 27
slides, lantern. See lantern slides
Sloan, John, 93, 101, 102–3, 104
slogans, 340n21
AIDS activist, 252, 253, 253, 255, 261
Civil War, 41
Debs candidacy, 100
Haymarket site, 79
IWW, 90
Sons of Liberty, 18
slums and slum residents, photography of, 60–69
Smith, Albert A., 132
Smith, Frank, 195
Smith, James C. A., 35, 36, 37
Smith, Joshua B., 43
Smith, Judson, 151
Smith, Martin, 290
Smith, Mimi, 265
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
SNCC Photo, 197
Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC), 282, 284
Socialist Labor Party, 89
Socialist Party of America, 99–100, 102, 105
Socialist Realism, 174
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (SEAST), 24, 25, 26
soldiers, African American. See African American soldiers
soldiers, veteran. See veterans.
soldiers in political cartoons, 106, 106, 107
solidarity, global. See global solidarity
Solman, Joseph, 163
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. See Guggenheim Museum
Sons of Liberty, 16, 18, 309n23
Southern Chivalry (Magee), 32, 32
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 332nn3–4, 332n22
Southern Documentary Project, 197–98, 333n27
Southern Farmers’ Alliance, 322n4
Southern Ideas of Liberty, 30–31, 31
Soviet films, 137, 141, 142, 143, 324n2, 325n18
Soviet Union, 133, 137, 143, 155, 169, 174, 175, 319n24
Spain, 329n19
SPARC. See Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
Spies, August, 72
spray-painting. See graffiti; stencil art
Spraypaint LACMA, 249, 250, 339n23
staged scenes in photography, 48, 51–52, 56–57
Stamp Act, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 309n19, 309n23
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 111
Stanton, Harriot. See Blatch, Harriot Stanton
Stapleton homeport (Staten Island, New York), 263–68
The Star of Ethiopia (pageant), 121, 322n2
statues. See Haymarket Martyr’s Monument; Police Monument, Chicago
Stavenitz, Alex R., 171
Stearns, Charles B., 34
Stearns, George L., 40
Stein, Harold, 160
stereopticon, 68
stereotypes and stereotyping, 53, 59, 60, 132, 290, 320n11
Stone, Lucy, 111
Story, William Wetmore, 43
strategy
ACT UP, 255
antislavery, 23
colonial, 5
Riis’s, 68
Sons of Liberty, 18
street theater, 17, 18–19, 242–51, 287–92
strikes, 71–72, 102–3, 104, 135, 137, 138, 141
See also general strikes; hunger strikes; Paterson Silk Strike, 1913; rent strikes
The Struggle for Negro Rights, 329n18
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 188–98, 332n3, 333n33
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 76
suffragists. See women’s suffrage movement
Sumner, Charles, 31–32, 32, 43
Supremacist Composition (Malevich), 211, 212
Supreme Court. See U.S. Supreme Court
SurvivaBalls, 300–303
Susquehannock people, 2, 306n19
AWC, 217
Chicano, 251
FBI, 209
IWW, 90
Tanforan Assembly Center, 178, 179–80, 179, 180
Tanner, Henry, 310n4
Taos Pueblo Fiesta Races Dancers (Beam), 53
Tavin, Kevin, 298
television, 240–41, 250, 254, 273, 296–99, 302
temporary actions (public intervention). See public interventions
tenement life, 60–69, 63, 66, 67
Terkel, Studs, 81
theater, 35–38, 87–88, 92–97, 98, 154, 318–19n20, 319n22. See also street theater
theater set design, 201
theft, artistic and literary. See plagiarism
Third World liberation struggles, 203, 203, 205
Three Weeks in May (1977 performance), 236–38, 337n5
Throssel, Richard, 48, 49, 54–59, 55, 56, 57, 58, 314n28
Tibet, 270–71
Tilden-Hayes election. See Hayes-Tilden election
To Aid Democracy in Spain (exhibition), 174
Topaz War Relocation Center, 180–82, 181, 182, 183, 183, 184–85, 186
Townsend, Hannah, 29
Townsend, Mary, 29
Trachtenberg, Alexander, 328n4
trade unions. See unions
train stations, 155, 278, 279–85
treaty councils, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
trees: planting of, 264, 270. See also Liberty Tree, Boston
Tresca, Carlo, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95, 318n7
trials, political. See political trials
Tricontinental, 205
Truman, Harry, 186
Tsinhnahjinnie, Hulleah J., 53–54
Tule Lake Internment Camp, 183, 186
Tumulty, Joseph, 116
Turner, Don, 82
Turner, John Michael, 295
Turner, Joseph, 280
Underground Railroad, 311n1
Unemployed Artists Group, 147, 157–58, 326n2
unemployment, 135, 138–39, 147, 148, 151, 157, 159, 165, 200
Union League Club of Chicago, 75, 316n4
unions, 163, 164–66, 170–71, 216, 218, 219
United American Artists, 165, 166
United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 42, 43
United Office Workers and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA), 165, 166
universities and colleges, 193, 224–29, 233, 235
Up from Slavery (Washington), 46–47
Upshaw—Apsaroke (Curtis), 52
U.S. Congress, 31–32, 43, 160, 118–19, 192
House Committee on An-American Activities, 153, 154
U.S. Constitution: amendments, 42, 118–19, 119
U.S. Marine Corps recruiting stations, 242
U.S. Navy homeports, 263–68
US Organization, 206
U.S. Post Office. See postal service
U.S. Supreme Court, 27–28, 182, 322n3, 331n15
Vachon, John, 155
Valdez, Patssi, 242, 244, 246, 246, 248, 248, 249, 338n14, 339n23
Valentine, Robert G., 56
vandalism, 71, 261, 317n15. See also destruction of artwork, monuments, etc. (as protest); graffiti
The Vanishing Race—Navajo (Curtis), 51, 51
Vazquez-Pacheco, Robert, 341n24
veterans: public interventions, actions, etc., 286, 287–95
Veterans for Peace, 290
Vietnam War, xi, 211–12, 212–13, 214, 216, 217, 336n30
Chicanos in, 243–44
See also My Lai massacre
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), 343–44n6
vigils, pickets, etc. See pickets, vigils, etc.
Villard, Oswald, 131
violence, 282–83
against artists (potential), 242–43
Black Panther Party use of, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206–8, 207
Native American, 206n13, 306n19
against women, 235–41
against women suffragists, 114, 116, 117–18
See also Civil War; Iraq War; lynching; murder; nonviolence; police brutality; Vietnam War; World War I; World War II
“visual artist” (term), xii
Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990, 336n24
visual lectures. See lectures, visual
Vlag, Piet, 101
voter registration drives, 193, 198
voting rights, 14–15, 42, 122. See also women’s suffrage movement
Waco, Texas, 127–29
Waitresses (performance group), 231, 232
Waldheim Cemetery, 73–74, 74, 80, 81
Walking Mural (Asco), 246–47, 246
Wallace, Mike, 220
Wampanoag people, 306n13
wampum, 1–10, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 306n13, 306n16
war memorials, 39–40, 39, 43–47, 44, 46
War Relocation Authority (WRA), 178, 186–87, 331n25
war veterans. See veterans
Washing Silk (performance), 271, 271
Washington, Booker T., 45–47
protests, demonstrations, etc., 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115–17, 117, 118
public interventions, 286, 287–92, 288, 289, 290, 292
Washington, Harold, 82, 317n17
water gardens, 269–77
Watson, Madeleine, 117
wealthy people. See rich people
Weinert, Albert, 74
Weinstein, Cindy, 67
Weinstock, Clarence, 164–65
Weld, Theodore: American Slavery As It Is, 29
Wells, Ida B., 322n6
Western Classics from the Land of the Indian (Throssel), 58
Whalen, Grover, 139
White, Walter Francis, 329n18
White House: protests and pickets at, 110, 111, 115–17, 117
Whitney Museum of American Art, 158, 217
Wilberforce, William, 26
Wilding, Faith, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 229
Williams, Julia, 328n4
Williams, Robert F., 133
Wilson, Woodrow, 130
Eastman support for, 107, 321n25
endorsement of racist novel and film, 131
Espionage Act lobbying, 99
suffragist relations, 110, 111, 112, 114–15, 118–19, 120
Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Wolcott, Josiah, 35
Womanhouse, 227–29
Woman’s Building, Los Angeles, 229–34, 230, 233
Woman’s Party. See National Woman’s Party
women, Iroquois, 307n31
women, middle-class. See middle-class women
Chicana, 242, 244, 246, 248, 279–85, 338n14, 339n23
Japanese American, 176, 177–87, 330n9, 331n14, 331n24
women’s art schools, 229, 231, 232, 233
Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, New York, 1848, 111
Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), 112
women’s spaces, 227–28, 229–34, 230, 233
women’s suffrage movement, 110, 111–20
workday
eight-hour, 71, 73, 78, 79, 317n17
ten-hour, 87
Workers Camera Club, 138
Workers’ Cultural Center, San Francisco. See Ruthenberg House, San Francisco
Workers Film and Photo League (F&PL), 135, 137, 138–44, 137, 324n2, 325n27
Workers International Relief (WIR), 135, 137, 138, 141, 143
Workers Party of America, 109
working-class resistance and revolts, 16, 21
Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project (WPA-FAP), 147–48, 148, 149–55, 157, 158–61, 163, 169, 177
historiography, 326n10
posters, 150
World Trade Organization (WTO), 344n2
World War II, 174, 175. See also Japanese American internment camps
WRA. See War Relocation Authority (WRA)
Wyoming Territory legislature, 112
X, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Yarfitz, Denise, 232
Yasui, Minoru, 182
Young, Andrew, 191
Young, Art, 97, 101, 103, 105, 106–7, 107, 108, 167
Young, Frank, 254
Zellner, Robert, 191