Main articles are indicated by bold page numbers.
A‘azz ma Yutlab (The most precious that is sought after) (Ibn Tumart), 242
Aba Island, 323
‘Abbas b. ‘Abd al-Muttalib
Abbasids and, 2
Abu Bakr and, 13
Muhammad and, 369
Abbas Hilmi II, 12
‘Abbas I (Safavid ruler), 1. See also Iran; Safavids
astrology and, 47
Abbasids, 1–2. See also Baghdad; Umayyads
‘Abd al-Hamid and, 2
abdication and, 7–8
Abu Yusuf and, 15–16
administrative system of government and, 204
authority and, 51–52
Buyids and, 79
caliphal succession and, 84
coinage and, 102
commerce and, 553
constitutionalism and, 112
courts and, 286
genealogy and, 190
Ghazali and, 191
governance and, 197
government and, 202
holy places and, 221
household and, 224
human rights and, 226
imamate and, 248
international relations and, 258
jihad and, 277
jizya and, 283
judges and, 285
judicial function of government and, 203
Kharijis and, 294
libertarianism and, 317
Mahdi and, 323
Malik b. Anas and, 326
Ma’mun and, 328–329
Mawardi and, 331
messianism and, 338
monarchy and, 361
Mu‘tazilis and, 383
oath of allegiance and, 401
police and, 427
propaganda and, 431
revolution and, 471
Shi‘ism and, 511
succession and, 525–526
Sufism and, 528
Syria and, 537
trade and, 553
Transoxiana and, 561
‘ulama’ and, 575
usurpation and, 583
‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al Sa‘ud. See Ibn Sa‘ud
‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Baz, 486
‘Abd al-Bari, Mawlana, Khilafat movement and, 295
‘Abd al-Hamid al-Katib b. Yahya al-‘Amiri, 2–3. See also Ibn al-Muqaffa‘; Mirrors for Princes; Umayyads
advice and, 16
caliphate and, 85
‘Abd al-Hamid b. Badis. See Ibn Badis
‘Abd al-Jabbar
on miracles, 433
al-Mughni fi Abwab al-Tawhid wa-l-‘Adl (The chapters on God’s oneness and justice), 176
Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa (Commentary on the five fundamental principles), 433
Tathbit Dala’il al-Nubuwwa (Confirming the evidences of prophecy), 434
‘Abd al-Jabbar, al-Qadi, 176
al-Mughni fi Abwab al-Tawhid wa-l-‘Adl (The chapters on God’s oneness and justice), 176
‘Abd al-Karim, Khalil, 469
‘Abdallah b. ‘Umar, 109
‘Abdallah b. ‘Abbas
in Battle of the Camel, 109
government and, 199
‘Abdallah b. al-Hasan, 326
‘Abdallah b. al-Mubarak. See Ibn al-Mubarak
‘Abdallah b. al-Muqaffa‘. See Ibn al-Muqaffa‘
‘Abdallah b. al-Zubayr. See Ibn al-Zubayr
‘Abdallah b. Jahsh, 82
‘Abdallah b. Mas‘ud, 161
‘Abdallah b. Qadi ‘Abd al-Salam, 518
‘Abdallah b. Saba’, 584
‘Abdallah b. Ubayy, hypocrisy and, 228
‘Abdallah b. ‘Umar al-Baydawi, 161
‘Abdallah b. Wahb. See Ibn Wahb
‘Abdallah b. Yasin al-Jazuli, 35
‘Abdallah b. Yazid b. Hurmuz, 326
‘Abdallah II (king of Jordan), 284
‘Abd al-Mahalli, Dan Fodio and, 125
‘Abd al-Majid II (Ottoman sultan), 82
‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan
coinage and, 102
Companions of the Prophet and, 109
in history of caliphates, 81
Mecca siege and, 100
pilgrimage and, 417
‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz and, 579
Umayyads and, 582
‘Abd al-Mu’min
Almohads and, 34
Ibn Tumart and, 242
‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza’iri, 3–4. See also Algeria; North Africa
colonialism in Algeria and, 103–104
in North Africa, 397
‘Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, masses and, 330–331
‘Abd al-Rahman b. Muljam al-Muradi, 8, 365
‘Abd al-Raziq, ‘Ali, 5–7
on caliphate, 85
government and, 205
international relations and, 259
al-Islam wa-Usul al-Hukm (Islam and the principles of governance), 5–6, 85, 243, 490
jurisprudence and, 290
liberalism of, 315
reform and, 469
secularism and, 490
‘Abd al-Razzaq b. Hammam al-San‘ani, 402
abdication, 7–8
‘Abduh, Muhammad, 8–9
authority in thought of, 55
colonialism and, 104
Constitution of Medina and, 116
education and, 146
government and, 199
ideology of, 243
ijtihād and, 245
jāhiliyya and, 269
jurisprudence and, 289
modernity and, 358
Muslim Brotherhood and, 381
Rashid Rida and, 472
reform and, 467
republicanism and, 462
revolution and, 471
Risalat al-Tawhid (The Theology of Unity), 9, 467
Salafis and, 484
slavery and, 515
Westernization and, 594
Abdülhamid II (Ottoman sultan), 9, 10–11
Afghani and, 18
astrology and, 46
community and, 108
nationalism and, 386
Nursi and, 482
Pan-Islamism and, 516
solidarity and, 516
‘Abdullahi (Dan Fodio’s brother), 125
Abel, 396
ABIM. See Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM)
abodes, 11–12
abolition, 515
absolutism, 12–13
Abu ‘Abdallah al-Qurtubi. See al-Qurtubi, Abu ‘Abdallah
Abu ‘Abdallah al-Shi‘i, 172
Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. al-Abbar. See Ibn al-Abbar
Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. Battuta. See Ibn Battuta
Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. Karram. See Ibn Karram
Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami. See Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman
Abu al-Barakat b. al-Anbari, 394
Asrar al-‘Arabiyya (The secrets of Arabic), 394
Tabaqat al-Udaba’ (The classes of literary men), 394
Abu al-Fadl Muhammad b. Husayn al-Bayhaqi
absolutism and, 12
monarchy and, 361
Abu al-Hasan al-‘Amiri
monarchy and, 361
religious knowledge and, 308
Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali al-Mawardi. See Mawardi
Abu al-Hudhayl al-‘Allaf, 176
Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan b. ‘Ali al-Tusi. See Nizam al-Mulk
Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn b. Muhammad b. al-Farra’. See Ibn al-Farra’
Abu ‘Ali b. Sina. See Ibn Sina
Abu al-Kalam Azad
in India, 253
Khilafat movement and, 295
Abu al-Majd, on elections, 148, 149
Abu al-Qasim ‘Ali b. al-Husayn. See Ibn al-Muslima
Abu al-Qasim ‘Ali b. al-Sayrafi. See Ibn al-Sayrafi
Abu al-Tufayl ‘Amir b. Wathila, Companions of the Prophet and, 109
Abu al-Walid Muhammad b. Rushd. See Ibn Rushd
Abu ‘Amir, 374
Abu Bakr, 13–14
caliphate and, ‘Abd al-Raziq on, 5, 7
hadith and, 214
in history of caliphate, 81, 82
Muhammad and, 371
nonviolence and, 396
Rightly Guided Caliphate and, 473
Shafi‘i and, 491
Shi‘i Islam and, 110
title of, 82
treason and, 562
‘Umar b. al-Khattab and, 581
Abu Bakr al-Shashi, 394
Abu Bakr b. al-‘Arabi, 524
Abu Bakr b. Mas‘ud al-Kashani, 430–431
Abu Bakr b. Mujahid, 450
Abu Bakr Mubarak b. Mubarak b. Sa‘id al-Wajih b. al-Dahhan al-Wasiti, 394
Abu Bakr Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Malik b. Muhammad b. Tufayl. See Ibn Tufayl
Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Bajja. See Ibn Bajja
Abu Bilal Mirdas b. Udayya, Ibadis and, 230
Abu Dawud
hadith and, 211
reform and, 465
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, the God-Worshipping Socialist (Shari‘ati), 505
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, 110, 505
Abu Dharr Collective, 316
Abu Faris, ‘Abd al-Qadir, 332
Abu Hamza al-Mukhtar b. ‘Awf, freedom and, 175
Abu Hanifa, 14–15
Abu Yusuf and, 15
al-Fiqh al-Absat (The plainest law), 14
Friday prayer and, 177
Shaybani and, 507
‘ulama’ and, 575
Abu Hashim al-Jubba’i, 176
Abu Hayyan. See al-Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan
Abu Ishaq Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Tha‘labi, 161
Abu Ja‘far b. Jarir al-Tabari. See Tabari
Abu Ja‘far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Tusi. See al-Tusi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan
Abu Madyan, 524
Abu Mansur al-Jawaliqi
al-Mu‘arrab (Lexicon of Arabicized words), 394
Nizamiyya and, 394
Abu Muhammad ‘Ali b. Hazm. See Ibn Hazm
Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, 109
Abu Mus‘ab al-Suri, 546
Abu Nasr al-Farabi. See al-Farabi, Abu Nasr
Abu Nasr b. al-Sabbagh
Nizamiyya and, 394
al-Shamil (The comprehensive work), 394
Abu Nuwas, 254
Abu Sa‘id
Dawani and, 126
Ilkhanids and, 247
Mongols and, 362
Abu Sayyaf, 546
Abu Sufyan
Battle of the Camel and, 109
Mu‘awiya and, 365
Abu Tammam, 394
Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah
as companion of the Prophet, 109
‘Umar b. al-Khattab and, 109, 581
Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam, consensus and, 110
Abu Ya‘la b. al-Farra’. See Ibn al-Farra’
Abu Ya‘qub Yusuf b. Tashfin, Ibn Rushd and, 236
Abu Yusuf, 15–16
caliphate and, 85
on custom, 123
government and, 199
Ikhtilaf Abi Hanifa wa-Ibn Abi Layla (The disagreement of Abu Hanifa and Ibn Abi Layla), 15
jihad and, 276
judicial functions of government and, 203
Kitab al-Athar (The book of traditions), 15
Kitab al-Hiyal (Book of stratagems), 15
Kitab al-Kharaj (The book of the land tax), 15
al-Radd ‘ala Siyar al-Awza‘i (Refutation of the moral teachings of al-Awza‘i), 15
Shaybani and, 507
Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub al-Mansur
Almohads and, 34
Ibn Rushd and, 236
Abu Zahra, 456
Abu Zakariyya al-Tibrizi, 394
Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, 160, 469
Abyssinia, 370
academies, 145. See also education
Academy of Damascus, 537
Achaemenid, 492
Active Intellect, 378
adab (belles lettres), 349
Adab al-Harb wa-l-Shaja‘a (The manners of war and of fortitude) (Muhammad b. Mansur), 252
Adab al-Katib (Instruction for the secretary) (Ibn Qutayba), 394
‘Adawi order, 343
‘Adi b. Ka‘b, ‘Umar b. al-Khattab and, 581
‘Adi b. Musafir, 343
administrative system, 204
adultery, 438
Advisory Council for Islamic Theology, 458
advocacy, legal, 207
Afdal b. Badr al-Jamali, Nizaris and, 395
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 17–19
‘Abduh, Muhammad and, 8
Abdülhamid II and, 10
on colonialism, 104
community in, 108
fundamentalism and, 182
ideology of, 243
in India, 252
Iqbal and, 260
liberation theology and, 316
modernity and, 358
nationalism and, 386
republicanism and, 462
revolution and, 471
solidarity and, 516
Westernization and, 594
Afghanistan, 19–21
Barelwis in, 64
Ghaznavids and, 192
insurgency in, 541–542
jizya in, 283
madrasas in, 321–322
Mulla ‘Umar and, 379–380
propaganda in, 432
al-Qaeda and, 442
Safavids and, 481
shari‘a in, 379
Taliban in, 541–542
Zawahiri and, 604
Zia-ul-Haq and, 606
Afghan Services Bureau, 442
‘Aflaq, Michel, 21–22
Fi Sabil al-Ba‘th (For the cause of the Ba‘th), 22
nationalism and, 387
socialism and, 515
Africa. See East Africa; North Africa; South Africa; West Africa; specific countries
African Americans
Elijah Muhammad and, 376
Malcolm X and, 325–326
Mohammed, W. D. and, 360
Nation of Islam and, 388–389, 398–399
African National Congress (ANC), 519
Afro-Descendant Upliftment Society, 360
Aga Khan, 22–23
Aga Khan II, 22
Aga Khan IV, Prince Karim, 22, 23, 395
Agha Muhammad, 443
Aghaz-u Anjam (The origins and the final destinations) (Ibn Sina), 570
Aghlabids, 172
Agra (place), 60
Agung of Mataram, 520
al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (The ordinances of government) (Ibn al-Farra’), 332
al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (The ordinances of government) (Mawardi), 85, 118, 198, 199, 313, 331–332, 460, 547
Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jama‘a (The People of Tradition and the Community), 121
Ahmad, Dipti Nazir, 32
Ahmad, Israr, 23–24
Islamic Renaissance: The Real Task Ahead, 23
Obligations Muslims Owe to the Qur‘an, 23
Ahmad, Nizaris and, 395
Ahmad, Qazi Hussain, 272
Ahmad al-Rumi al-Aqhisari, Ibn Taymiyya and, 241
Ahmad b. Hanbal, 24–25
Ash‘aris and, 44
Baghdad and, 61
commanding right and forbidding wrong and, 105
consensus and, 110
dissent and, 134
ijtihād and, 244
Ikhtilaf al-Fuqaha’ (The differing legal opinions of the jurists), 110–111
inquisition and, 255
jihad and, 278
Kitab al-Zuhd (On renunciation), 24
Ma’mun and, 328
al-Qaeda and, 442
as shaykh al-Islam, 509
Ahmad b. Ibrahim, Imam, 155
Ahmad b. Ibrahim b. al-Nahhas, Mashari‘ al-Ashwaq (The wellsprings of longing), 329
Ahmad b. Idris, 397
Ahmadis, 25–26
Ahmad Sirhindi, Shaykh, 26–27
Maktubat-i Imam-i Rabbani (Letters of the divine guide), 26
Ahmadzai, President Najibullah, 379
Ahmed Bey, slavery and, 515
Ahmed b. Husam al-Din al-Amasi, 403
Ahmed Aşikpaşazade, 403
Ahmedinejad, Mahmoud, 309, 585
al-Ahsa‘i, Shaykh Ahmad
Afghani and, 17
source of emulation and, 517
AIDS, 516–517
Battle of the Camel and, 100
Companions of the Prophet and, 109
freedom and, 175
‘A’isha ‘Abd al-Rahman, 598
Ait Atta, 108
Akbar the Great, 28
authority and, 54
Delhi and, 127
Delhi Sultanate and, 128
in history of caliphate, 81
Akhbaris, 517
Akhbari-Usuli conflict
ijtihād and, 245
source of emulation and, 517
al-Akhdi, Mirza ‘Ali, 495
Akhlaq-i Humayuni (The Humayunian ethics) (Husayni), 252
Akhlaq-i Jalali (The Jalalian ethics) (Dawani), 126
Akhlaq-i Muhsin (The ethics of Muhsin) (Kashifi), 254
Akhlaq-i Nasiri (The Nasirean Ethics) (Tusi), 126, 252, 570
Akhlaq/Mathalib al-Wazirayn (The slanders of the two viziers) (Tawhidi), 544
Akhtar, Shabbir, liberation theology and, 316
AK Party. See Justice and Development Party (AK Party)
Al al-Shaykh, Muhammad b. Ibrahim, 486
Alamut, 395
‘Alawis, 29
in East Africa, 141
in Muslim demographics, 130
in Turkey, 569
Al Bu Sa‘idi dynasty, 141
alcohol
Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214
punishment for, 438
Alevis
conversion of, 119
heresy and, 218
Alfarabius. See Farabi
Alfieri, Vittorio, 12
Algeria, 29–30
‘Abd al-Qadir and, 3
Berbers and, 68
colonialism in, 103–104
communism in, 106
Ibn Khaldun in, 236
Ali, A. Yusuf, jāhiliyya and, 269
Ali, Kecia, 317
‘Ali, Sayyid Ameer
slavery and, 515
Spirit of Islam, 279
‘Ali, Shaukat, 295
Al-i Ahmad, Jalal. See Jalal Al-i Ahmad
‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 30–31
and abdication of Hasan b. ‘Ali, 8
‘Alawis and, 29
in arbitration, 134
friendship and, 178–179
government and, 201
guardianship of the jurist and, 208
guilds and, 209
Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214
hijra and, 219
Ibadis and, 230
Isma‘ilis and, 265
jihad and, 275
Kharijis and, 294
Malik b. Anas and, 326
messianism and, 338
Mu‘awiya and, 365
Mu‘tazilis and, 383
police and, 427
political ritual and, 428
Rightly Guided Caliphate and, 473
Safavids and, 481
Shi‘ism and, 510–511
Sunnism and, 535
theocracy and, 547
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan and, 584
‘Ali b. Ahmed b. ‘Abd al-Mawla, 403
‘Ali b. Buyah, 78
‘Ali b. Musa. See ‘Ali al-Rida
‘Alids, 79
Aligarh, 32–33
Aligarh movement, 487
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), 32–33, 271, 577
Aljazeera, 346–347
Allah. See God
Allahbadi, Akbar, MAO College and, 32
‘Allal al-Fasi. See al-Fasi, Abu ‘Imran
‘Allama Hilli
commanding right and forbidding wrong and, 105
ijtihād and, 245
Nahj al-Haqq wa-Kashf al-Sidq (The path of truth and the exposition of righteousness), 297
allegiance, 401
alliances, 33
All-India Muslim Educational Conference, 282
All-India Muslim League, 282–283, 382
All-Pakistan Muslim League, 383
Almohads, 34
Christians and, 345
Ibn Rushd and, 236
Ibn Tumart and, 242
Jews and, 345
Mahdi and, 323
pilgrimage and, 417
Zahiris and, 603
Almoravids, 34–35
censorship of Ghazali by, 87
heresy and, 218
pilgrimage and, 417
alms tax. See zakat
Alshech, Eli, 430
Altishahari, 573
al-Alwani, Taha Jabir
minority jurisprudence and, 347
Muslim minorities and, 159, 341
Amal, 35–36
al-Amali al-Shajariyya (al-Shajari’s dictations) (Shajari), 394
Amanullah, King, 20
Amason, Johann P., 354
American Society of Muslims, 360
al-Amidi, Sayf al-Din, government and, 200
‘Amili, Baha’ al-Din
dissimulation and, 136
Mir Damad and, 348
al-Amin (Abbasid caliph), 100
Amin, Muhammad, 495
Amin, Qasim, 5, 146, 147, 469, 490
al-Amin, Sayyid Muhsin, Khomeini and, 296
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (Fatimid caliph), 173
‘āmma (masses), 330
‘Ammar b. Yasir
in Battle of the Camel, 109
dissimulation and, 135
‘Amr b. al-‘As, Battle of the Camel and, 109
al-amr bi-l-ma‘rūf wa-l-nahy ‘an al-munkar (commanding right and forbidding wrong), 104–105
‘Amr Khalid, globalization and, 194
AMU. See Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)
Amu Darya, 560
analogy, legal, 110
anarchism, 36–37
ANC. See African National Congress (ANC)
Andalus, 523–524
authority in, 53
Ibn Hazm and, 234
Ibn Khaldun in, 235
Muslim rule in, 158
police and, 427
Anderson, Benedict, 41–42, 387
Anglo-Afghan Wars, 20
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 385
Anglo-Muhammadan legal system, 290
Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty of 1838, 543
Anjuman Khuddam-ul-Qur‘an Lahore, Israr Ahmad and, 23
Ankara, 569
An-Na‘im, Abdullahi, 490
anṣār (helpers), 109
Ansar al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 527
Ansari, Abdul Haq, 333
al-Ansari, Farid, religious knowledge and, 301
al-Ansari, Murtada, 518
Answer to Renan (Afghani), 19
anthropology, culture and, 122
antimonianism, 265
Antioch, 537
Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta’wil (The lights of revelation and secrets of interpretation) (Baydawi), 161
apocalypse, 38–39
Mahdi and, 322
apostasy, 40–41
Apostolic Church, 543
AQAP. See al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
‘aqd (contract), 117. See also contracts
AQIM. See al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
al-‘Aqqad, ‘Abbas Mahmud, 488
Aqsa Mosque, 272
Aq Tagh, 573
Arab Barometer, 436
Arab Cooperation Council, 284
Arab Federation of Jordan and Iraq, 284
Arab Higher Committee, 405
Arab Human Rights Day, 540
Arab Human Rights Organization, 540
Arabian Nights and Days (Mahfouz), 550
Arab nationalism, 41–42
Arabness, 156
“Arab Spirit,” 21
“Arab Spring”
in Egypt, 147–148
media and, 336
nonviolence and, 397
Syria and, 538
Tunisia and, 567
al-‘arab wa-l-mawālī (the Arab and non-Arab Muslims), 101. See also clients
al-Araki, Muhammad ‘Ali, 165
arbitration, 43–44
diplomacy and, 133
Archaeological History of the Ruins of Delhi (Ahmad Khan), 487
aristocrat, 331
Aristotelianism, 170–171
Aristotle, 12, 142, 176, 237, 378, 413
Arjomand, Said, 585
Arkoun, Mohammed, 478
Armbrust, Walter, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt, 331
armed forces, 339–340
Armed Islamic Group, 546
Armée d‘Afrique, 104
Armenia, ‘Abbas I and, 1
Armenians, massacres of, 345
armies, 339–340
Army of the Pure (Lashkar-e-Taiba)
fundamentalism and, 182
terrorism and, 546
Arnold, Thomas, 333
Arslan (clan), 139
Arslan, Shakib, 516
al-Arsuzi, Zaki, 65
artisans, 238
arts, patronage in, 411–412
‘Arznama (Testament) (Dawani), 126
Asad, Muhammad, 410
Asadabadi, 136
As‘ad b. al-Mammati, 58
Qawanin al-Dawawin (Rules of administration), 58
Asbab-i Baghawat-i Hind (The causes of the Indian revolt) (Sayyid Ahmad Khan), 252
asceticism, 415–416
aṣḥāb rasūl Allāh (companions of the Prophet), 109. See also Companions of the Prophet
al-Ash‘ari, Abu al-Hasan, 176
al-Luma‘ (Flashes of insight), 176
Maqalat al-Islamiyyin (The tenets of the faith of the followers of Islam), 176
al-Ash‘ari, Abu ‘Ubaydallah, 590
Ash‘aris, 44
free will and, 176
heresiography and, 217
Razi and, 458
al-‘Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa‘id, 420
al-Ashraf, al-Malik, 58
Ashraf Khalil, 327
Ashtiyani, Mirza Hasan, 19
‘Ashura’, 45
Karbala and, 293
Asia. See Central Asia; Southeast Asia; specific countries
As’ilat Asqiyya wa-Ajwibat al-Maghili (The questions of the Askia and Maghili’s responses) (Maghili), 593
al-Asl (The origin) (Shaybani), 15
Asma’ bt. Abi Bakr, 175
Asrar al-‘Arabiyya (The secrets of Arabic) (Anbari), 394
Assembly of Experts, 297
Assyrians, 345
al-Astarabadi, Muhammad Amin
al-Fawa’id al-Madaniyya (Medinan moral lessons), 245
ijtihād and, 245
Nizamiyya and, 394
astrology, 45–47
astronomy
astrology and, 46
Ibn Tufayl in, 241
asylum, 47–48
Asyut, 189
‘Ata, Muhammad, fundamentalism of, 180
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 48–50
education and, 146
secularism and, 489
socialism and, 515
Westernization and, 594
‘Atiya, Rawya, 598
Atrash family, 139
Attainment of Happiness, The (Farabi), 145
‘Attar, 528
Aurangzeb, 50
dhimma system and, 343
Mughals and, 366
Sirhindi and, 27
authenticity, fundamentalism and, 183–185
authority, 50–56. See also governance
justice and, 290
libertarianism and, 317–318
Mulla Sadra and, 378
obedience and, 402
police and, 427
public opinion and, 435–436
rebellion and, 459
sunna and, 534
‘ulama’ and, 578–579
Avempace. See Ibn Bajja
Avennasar. See Farabi
Averroes. See Ibn Rushd
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina
‘Awa’id al-Ayyam (Expectations of the millennium) (Naraqi), 518
“Awakening Islamists.” See Sahwis (Awakening Islamists)
Awang, Ustaz Hadi, 408
Awraba (Berber group), 68
al-‘Awwa, Muhammad Salim, on elections, 148
Awza‘i, 440
on diplomacy, 134
Shaybani and, 507
Axumite kingdom, in Ethiopia, 154
Ayalon, Ami, 386
Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia), 266, 364
ayatollah, 56–57
Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him (Zayyat), 604
‘Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 537
al-Ayyubi, Salah al-Din Yusuf. See Saladin
Ayyubids, 58
holy places and, 221
military and, 339
Saladin and, 482–483
shaykh al-Islam and, 509
Suhrawardi and, 530
tyranny and, 571
Ayyuha al-Walad (Letter to a disciple) (Ghazali), 16
‘Abd al-Rahman at, 4
‘Abd al-Raziq at, 5
‘Abduh, Muhammad at, 9
in Egypt, 147
Malcolm X at, 325
al-Azmeh, Aziz
on fundamentalism, 184
Islams and Modernities, 184
utopia and, 585
‘Azzam, ‘Abdallah
propaganda and, 432
terrorism and, 546
‘Azzam, Mahfouz, 604
‘Azzam, Umayma, 603
Baaklini, Abdo I., 409
Baath Party. See Ba‘th Party
babenu (our doorway), 223
Babism
Afghani and, 17
Mahdi and, 323
messianism and, 323
Babur, Zahir al-Din, 60
Baburnama, 366
Delhi and, 127
genealogy and, 190
monarchy and, 361
Mughals and, 366
Baburnama (Babur), 366
Badawi, Abdullah, 325
Badr al-Din Muhammad b. Jama‘a. See Ibn Jama‘a
al-Badr al-Tali (The rising moon) (Shawkani), 507
Baghdad, 60–61
‘Abbas I and, 1
Abbasids and, 1
Buyids and, 2
Buyids in, 79
education and, 144–145
inquisition and, 255
Mawardi in, 331
Nizamiyya and, 394
shari‘a and, 498
trade and, 553
al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Qahir, government and, 199
Baghdadi, Khatib al-, education and, 146
Baha’i
apocalypse and, 39
Burujirdi and, 57
source of emulation and, 136, 517
as syncretic, 119
Bahira, 369
Bahrain, 446
Bairam Khan, 28
Baki, 254
Baku Conference of the Peoples of the East, 106
al-Baladhuri, 78
Bali, 521
Balkan wars
Atatürk in, 49
Turkey and, 569
Baluchistan, 78, 131, 193, 404
Bandung conference, 408
Banerjee, Surendranath, 487
Bangladesh, 61–62
Bengali language and, 157
Jama‘at-i Islami and, 271–272
Bangladesh Liberation War, 62
banking. See also finance
capitalism and, 86
Mawdudi on, 142–143
al-Banna, Hasan, 62–64
ideology of, 243
jihad and, 279
Mudhakkirat al-Da‘wa wa-l-Da‘iya, 62
Muslim Brotherhood and, 381
Palestine and, 405
Sunnism and, 536
theocracy and, 547
Westernization and, 594
Banque Misr, 86
Banu ‘Awf, 115
Banu Ghaniya, 34
Banu Hamdan, 30
Banu Hashim, 368
Banu Hilal
Almohads and, 34
tribalism and, 564
Banu Jama‘a, 234–235
Banu Sulaym, Almohads and, 34
Baqillani
governance and, 198
government and, 199
oath of allegiance and, 401
Barani, Ziya‘ al-Din, Fatawa-yi Jahandari (The imperial fatwas), 252
Barbahari, 105
Barelwi, Ahmad Raza Khan, 64
Barelwis, 64–65
Deobandis and, 131
knowledge and, 303
Barghawata, heresy and, 218
Bariqat al-Suyuf al-Daghistaniyya fi ba‘d al-Ghazawat al-Shamiliyya (The glitter of Daghestani swords in some of Shamil’s raids) (Qarakhi), 495
Barjawan, 214
Baron, Salo, 562
Barquq, Zahir, 328
al-Basa’ir wa-l-Dhakha’ir (Insights and treasures) (Tawhidi), 544
al-Bashir, General ‘Umar Hasan Ahmad, 526, 568
Basij, 429
Basra, Iraq, 95
al-Basri, Hasan
Qadaris and, 440
al-Basri, Ma‘bad al-Juhani, Qadaris and, 440
Ba‘th Party, 65–66
coup d’état and, 120
in Iraq, 262
Muslim Brotherhood and, 381
nationalism and, 387
socialism and, 516
Syria and, 537
Battal, Sayyid, 192
Battle of ‘Aqraba’, 373
Battle of ‘Ayn Jalut, 537
Battle of Buhayra, 242
Battle of Chaldiran, 481
Battle of Karbala, 220, 228, 446
Battle of Manzikert, 490
Battle of Panipat, 494
Battle of Qadisiyya, 175
Battle of Siffin, 100, 306, 365, 383
Battle of the Masts, 584
Battle of the Trench, 372
Battle of Uhud, 329
Battle of Zallaqa, 35
bay‘a (oath of allegiance/loyalty), 101, 401, 313
Bayan Wujub al-Hijra ‘ala al-‘Ibad wa-Bayan Wujub Nasb al-Imam wa-Iqamat al-Jihad (Clarifying the obligation for the believers to emigrate, to nominate the imam, and to lead the jihad) (Dan Fodio), 593
Bayazid I, 403
Bayazid II, Dawani and, 126
Baybars
Malik al-Zahir, coinage and, 102
Mamluks and, 327
Baydaba, 550
Bayhaqi. See Abu al-Fadl Muhammad b. Husayn al-Bayhaqi
Bayqara, Husayn, 60
Bayt al-Hikma. See House of Wisdom
bazaar, 66
al-Bazdawi, Fakhr al-Islam, 111
Bedouin
honor and, 222
tribalism and, 563
Beg, Tursun, 403
Beg, Yaqub, 574
Beg b. Hamza Beg, 403
Begum, Mahmuda, 333
Behbudi, Mahmud, 468
Beirut, 67
Bek, Hamza, 495
Bektash, Hajji, 528
Bektashis, 119
Belgian Constitution of 1831, 478
Belgium, 158
Belgrade, 532
belles lettres (adab), 349
Bello, Muhammad, 125
Ben Ali, Zine El-Abidine, 567
Bencheikh, Soheib, 159
Bengal, Bangladesh and, 61
Bengalis, 404
Bennabi, Malek, 467
Berlin, Treaty of, 408
Berri, Nabih, 36
Bertelsmann Transformation Index, 128
Bey, Cemal, 49
Bey, Tugril, Mawardi and, 331
Beyle, Marie-Henri. See Stendhal
Beylerbeyi Palace, 11
Bhutto, Benazir, 404
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali
Mawdudi and, 334
Pakistan and, 404
Zia-ul-Haq and, 606
Bibi, Aasia, 73
Bible
apocalypse in, 38
God in, 196
Muhammad and, 369
People of the Book and, 412
racism and, 457
Bidayat al-Mujtahid (Primer for jurists) (Ibn Rushd), 134
Bidpai, 550
Bihbihani, ‘Abdallah, 56
al-Bihbihani, Muhammad Baqir
Risalat al-Akhbar wa-l-Ijtihad (Treatise on traditions and legal reasoning), 245
source of emulation and, 517
Bihishti, Ayatollah Muhammad, 57
Bihzad, 254
Bilal b. Rabah, 154
Bin Bayyah, ‘Abdallah, Sina‘at al-Fatwa wa-Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat (The derivation of legal opinions and the Islamic law of minorities), 347
Bin Laden, Osama, 69–71
in Afghanistan, 442
colonialism and, 104
on Crusades, 121
death of, 443
fatwa of, 174
as fundamentalist, 180
as Islamist, 184
Khomeini and, 297
Mulla ‘Umar and, 379–380
Palestine and, 405
al-Qaeda and, 441–443
Qutb and, 442
Saudi Arabia and, 486
in Sudan, 442
Taliban and, 541
tyranny and, 571
United States and, 442
women and, 185
World Islamic Front Declaration and, 280–281
Zawahiri and, 604
Bint al-Huda, Amina, 480
Bint Jubayl, 164
Bi’r al-‘Abd quarter, 164
Birgivi Mehmed Efendi, Ibn Taymiyya and, 241
al-Bishri, Tariq, on elections, 148
Bishr Matta b. Yunus, 170
Biskra, 236
al-Bistami, Abu Yazid, 74
al-Bitar, Salah al-Din, 21, 65
‘Aflaq and, 21
Ba‘th Party and, 65
al-Bitruji, Nur al-Din
Ibn Tufayl and, 241
Principles of Astronomy, 241
Bitter Harvest, The: The Brotherhood in Sixty Years (Zawahiri), 604
“black legends,” 432
Black Saturday, 385
Black September, 284
Black Stone, 367, 369. See also Ka‘ba
blasphemy, 71–73
Blue Horde, 362
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 257
bodyguards, 339
body parts, 430
Bolshevik revolution, 443
Bolshevism, 106
bombings, suicide. See also terrorism
debate over, 531
fundamentalism and, 181
Hamas and, 215
jihad and, 280
as martyrdom, 330
Qaradawi and, 444
Shi‘ism and, 531
Sunnis and, 531
Bonan, in China, 91
Book of Forty Questions (Razi), 459
Bosporus, the, 266
Bougie, 236
Bourdieu, Pierre, 223
Branch Davidian, 181
Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al Safa’), 73–74, 97
human nature and, 225
philosopher-king and, 413
Britain. See United Kingdom
British Mandate for Palestine, 272, 405, 406
al-Budur al-Bazigha (Full moon appearing on the horizon) (Shah Waliullah), 493
Bughra Khan, 573
Buhayra, Battle of, 242
Buhl, F., 368
Bukhara, 561
Bukhari
hadith and, 211
natural law in, 390
bureaucracy, 77–78
Burhan al-Din Ibrahim b. ‘Abd al-Rahim, 235
Burhan al-Din Sa‘d Allah b. Jama‘a, 235
Burma, 520
Bursa, 3
Burujirdi, Ayatollah Hossein, 57
al-Bustani, Butrus, 36–37
al-Buti, Sa‘id Ramadan, 593
Buyids, 78–79
Ayyubids and, 58
monarchy and, 360
political ritual and, 428
Samanids and, 485
Shi‘is and, 344
usurpation and, 583
Byron of Arabia, 257
Byzantium
Fatimids and, 172–173
Ghassan and, 115–116
Ottomans and, 402–403
Seljuqs and, 490
Syria and, 537
Cabinet Mission, 283
Caesar, 555
Cain, 396
CAIR. See Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)
Cairo, 80
in Arab Spring, 147
Ibn Khaldun in, 236
old city in, 96
origin of name of, 46
Cairo Conference, 284
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 478
Cairo University, 385
caliphate, 81–86. See also imamate; monarchy
Abbasid, 81 (See also Abbasids)
‘Abd al-Hamid on, 3
abdication and, 7–8
of Abu Bakr, 13–14
Abu Yusuf and, 16
authority and, 52–53
constitutionalism and, 112, 113–114
Córdoba, 81
doctrine of rightful claims to, 112
ethnicity and, 155–156
family and, 169
Fatimid, 81 (See also Fatimids)
governance and, 197
government and, 202–203
Ibn Taymiyya and, 240
justice and, 290
leadership and, 313
Ma’mun and, 328–329
military and, 339
monarchy vs., 361
Muhammad and, 6
oath of allegiance and, 401
police and, 427
political ritual and, 428
Quraysh and, 456
Rightly Guided, 81, 116, 148, 149, 201–202, 473–474
Seljuqs and, 52–53
separation of powers in, 203
Shah Waliullah and, 493–494
shari‘a and, 500–501
Sunnism and, 535
traditional political thought and, 555–556
in Turkey, 5
‘Umar b. al-Khattab and, 581
of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al‘Aziz, 579–580
Umayyad, 81 See also Umayyads)
Umayyads and, 582–583
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan and, 584–585
Caliphate Congress of Cairo, 257
Call of Islam, 519
Cambodia, 520
Campaign of the Two Iraqis, 532
Canaan, 457
Canada, Muslim population in, 398
capitalism, 86–87
capital punishment, 71, 401, 475
caravans, 553
cartoons, of Muhammad, 336
Casablanca, 364
Casanova, Paul, 38
Castile, Hippolyte, 601
Catherine the Great, 500
Catholic Church. See also Christianity
‘Abbas I and, 1
censorship and, 87
liberation theology and, 316
Causes of the Indian Revolt, The (Ahmad Khan), 487
caution, 135–136
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 398
Çelebi, Mustafa b. Abdullah Hajji Khalifa Katib, 403
censorship, 87
Center for the Propagation of Islamic Truths (Qanun-i Nashr-i Haqa‘iq-i Islami), 505
Central Asia, 88–89. See also specific countries
ethnic groups in, 157
Central Asian Muslim Ecclesiastical Administration (Sredneaziatskoe dukhovnoe upravlenie musul’man), 88
Central Institute of Islamic Research, 458
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 165, 442
Cevdet, Abdullah, 12
Babur and, 60
Chaldiran, Battle of, 481
charity, 89–90
Charter of Hamas, 280
Charter of Medina, 547
chastisement, 552
chauvinisms, hadith and, 212
Child from the Village, A (Sayyid Qutb), 488
Children of Gebelawi (Mahfuz), 555
China, 90–91
Cultural Revolution in, 574
Indonesia and, 254
Malaysia and, 324
Mongols in, 362
Muslim minority in, 90, 91, 340
Tamerlane and, 542
Uighurs in, 573–574
Chingiz Khan
Babur and, 60
Delhi and, 126
genealogy and, 190
Ilkhanids and, 246
Mongols and, 362
Tamerlane and, 542
Timurids and, 551
Chishti, Mu‘in al-Din, Delhi Sultanate and, 128
chivalry, 91–94
Christian Aristotelianism, 170–171
Christian Base Communities, 316
Christianity. See also Catholic Church; Coptic Christians
apartheid and, 37
Crusades and, 121
Druze and, 139
Ethiopian conversion to, 154–155
fundamentalism in, 179
Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214–215
Ibn Taymiyya, 239
international relations and, 258
liberation theology and, 316
Muslim Brotherhood and, 381
Muslim minorities and, 340
Mutawakkil and, 345
Palestine and, 405
public sphere and, 436
Christian missionaries, ‘Abbas I and, 1
Christian-Muslim relations, 94
Christians
Almohads and, 345
jizya and, 283
as minority, 342
Muhammad and, 369
as People of the Book, 412–413
Saladin and, 483
Churchill, Winston, Jordan and, 284
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
citizenship, 94–95
of clients, 101
jizya and, 283–284
in perfect city, 97
in Saudi Arabia, 345
city(ies), 95–97
division of labor in, 137
in Farabi, 171
holy, 221–222
city (philosophical), 97–98
civil codes, 288
civilians, in war, 281
“civilizational Islam,” 325
Civilization Project, 527
Civil Lines, 32
civil obligations, 103
civil society, 98–99. See also community
modernity and, 358
public sphere and, 436–437
transnational Islam and, 358–359
civil war, 99–101. See also First Islamic Civil War
Companions of the Prophet and, 109
Murji’is and, 380
Umayyads and, 582
clients, 101–102
family and, 168
clothing, hajj and, 417
Cohen, Mark, 562
coinage, 102
collective action, 355–357
collective obligations, 103
colleges, 145. See also education
colonialism, 103–104. See also imperialism
in Algeria, 29–30
Berbers and, 67–68
civil society and, 98
Crusades and, 121
in Indonesia, 254
Shu‘ubis and, 513
‘ulama’ and, 576
Comintern, 106
command, 103
Commander of the Faithful, 82, 102, 166, 247, 473
commanding right and forbidding wrong, 104–105. See also justice
as government duty, 114
Commentary on Plato’s Republic (Ibn Rushd), 176
commerce, 552–554
Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, 478
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 11, 472
“common good,” 357
common people, 330–331
communism, 106–107
Communist International, 106
Communist Party
in Afghanistan, 21
Al-i Ahmad in, 270
in Indonesia, 106
in Iraq, 480
in Turkey, 391
community, 107–108. See also umma (community)
in Constitution of Medina, 116
contracts and, 118
culture and, 122
friendship and, 179
nation-state and, 389
protected, 134
in Qur’an, 107
representation and, 460–461
tolerance and, 420–421
validation of, 114
Companions of the Prophet, 109–110
dissimulation and, 136
jihad and, 274
Khunji and, 297
mosques and, 364
Murji’is and, 380
Sufism and, 528
sunna and, 534
Tablighi Jama‘at and, 539
‘ulama’ and, 574
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan and, 584
Zahiris and, 603
comparative law, 290
Compendium (Razi), 459
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 527
“Condition of Labour” (Pope Leo XIII), 316
confiscation, 552
Conseil Français du Culte Musulman, 158
consensus, 110–111
parliament and, 410
shari‘a and, 497–498
Shawkani and, 506–507
Constantinople. See also Istanbul
in history of Istanbul, 266
Ottoman Empire and, 250
Syria and, 537
constitutionalism, 112–115. See also modernism
consultation and, 116–117
government and, 199
Islam and, 116–117
modernism and, 351
Constitutional Revolution, 57, 315
Constitution of Medina, 115–116
community in, 107
equality and, 152
Muhammad and, 372
People of the Book and, 412–413
Quraysh and, 456
Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, 548
consultation, 116–117. See also shūrā
government and, 200
parliament and, 409
Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims, 521
Contactorgaan Moslims en Overheid, 158
contextualization, 420
contracts, 117–118
equality and, 151
Convention against Torture, 129
Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 129
conversion, 119
chance for, before attack, 134
in Ethiopia, to Christianity, 154–155
Islamization and, 263–264
Qur’an and, 453
converts
Abu Hanifa and, 14
as clients, 101–102
tax on, 118
cooperation, 33
Coptic Christians
communism and, 106
in Egypt, 148
corporal punishment, 475
corruption, finance and, 143–144
Coşan, Esad, 305
Cossack Brigade, 443
Council of Fifty, 242
Council of Guardians, 297
Council of Ten, 242
Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), 341
counselor, 204
coup d’état, 120, 120–121, 404, 412
court(s)
after Ottoman era, 288
Aq Quyunlu, 297
impartiality of, 286
judicial, 286–288
jurisdiction of, 287
maẓālim, 286
religious dimension of decisions of, 287–288
royal, 479
shari‘a and, 287
Tanzimat and, 543
Uzbek, 297
court chamberlain, 204
Court of Grievances, 204
cousins, 168
covenant, 401
CPA. See Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)
credit, 142. See also interest (financial)
Crimea, 341
Crimean War, 495
crucifixion, 551
Crusades, 121
ethnic groups and, 157
Istanbul and, 266
Palestine and, 405
Syria and, 537
Cultural Revolution, 574
culture, 121–123
custom, 123–124
Cyprus, 407–408
Cyrenaica, 104
Da Afghanistan da Talibano Tahrik (Islamic Movement of Taliban of Afghanistan), 541. See also Taliban
Dabashi, Hamid, liberation theology and, 316–317
Daghestan, 495
al-Dahab, ‘Abd al-Rahman Siwar, abdication of, 8
Dahl, Robert A., 409
al-Da‘im, Muhammad Sharif Nur, 323
Dala’il al-Sidq li-Nahj al-Haqq (Proof of the correctness of the path of truth) (Muzaffar), 297
Dan Fodio, Usman, 125
Bayan Wujub al-Hijra ‘ala al-‘Ibad wa-Bayan Wujub Nasb al-Imam wa-Iqamat al-Jihad (Clarifying the obligation for the believers to emigrate, to nominate the imam, and to lead the jihad), 593
hijra, 219
Ihya’ al-Sunna wa-Ikhmad al-Bida‘ (The revival of the sunna and the elimination of innovation), 593
Kitab al-Farq bayn Wilayat Ahl al-Islam wa-bayn Wilayat Ahl al-Kufr (The difference between Muslim governance and governance by unbelievers), 392, 593
Masa’il Muhimma (Important matters), 125
messianism and, 338
Nigeria and, 392
Sokoto caliphate and, 85
utopia and, 586
Daoud, President, 20
Dar al-Da‘wa wa-l-Irshad, 472
dār al-ḥarb (abode of war), 11–12
Dar al-Ifta’, 578
Dar al-‘Ilm (House of Learning), 145
dār al-islām (abode of Islam), 11–12
dār al-ṣulḥ (abode of truce), 11–12
Dar’ al-Ta‘arrud (Rejecting contradictions between reason and tradition) (Ibn Taymiyya), 239
Dār al-‘Ulūm. See Darul Uloom
al-Darazi, Muhammad b. Isma‘il
Druze and, 139
minorities and, 343
Darfur, 190
Dark Ages, 9
Darqawi (Sufi brotherhood), 397
Dars-i Nizami (Indian madrasa curriculum), 321
Darul Islam, 521
Darul Uloom, 146
Banna at, 62
Mawdudi and, 333
ḍarūra (necessity or dire need), 124
Dashtaki, Mir Ghiyath al-Din, Dawani and, 126
Das Leben Muhammeds (Buhl), 368
“daughters of Allah,” 370
David, 452
Dawani, Jalal al-Din, 126
Akhlaq-i Jalali (The Jalalian ethics), 126
‘Arznama (Testament), 126
Lawami‘ al-Ishraq fi Makarim al-Akhlaq (Flashes of illumination on excellent conduct), 126
Nur al-Hidaya (The light of guidance), 126
Da‘wat-e Islami (Islamic Mission), 65
Dawi Mani‘ (tribe), 108
Dawud b. ‘Ali b. Khalaf al-Isfahani, 244, 603
Daylamis
Buyids and, 78
military and, 339
shāhānshāh and, 492
Day of Judgment, 367
debate, 436–437
Deccan War, Aurangzeb and, 50
decision making, religious knowledge and, 299
Declaration Concerning Armed Struggle against Jews and Crusaders (Word Islamic Front), 280
Déclaration des Droits de l’homme et du Citoyen, 543
“Declaration of War against the American Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places” (Bin Laden), 185
Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, 241
Delhi, 126–127
Delhi Sultanate, 127–128, 251–252, 361
democracy, 128–130. See also elections
authority and, 54–55
conceptions of, 128
consultation and, 116–117
Indonesia and, 254
justifications for, 351
Mawdudi and, 334
in Muslim world, 129
output of, 128–129
parliament and, 409–410
philosophy and, 414–415
popularity of, 351
in Qur’an, 351
religion and, 129
shari‘a and, 129–130
South African and, 519–520
sovereignty and, 522
Democratic Party, 482
Democratic Unionist Party, 540
demographics, 130–131
Deng Xiaoping, 90
Denmark, Muhammad cartoons in, 336
Denoeux, Guilain, 409
Deoband, 131
Deobandis, 131–132
Barelwis and, 64
madrasas and, 321–322
mawlid and, 335
Muslim League and, 383
Pakistan and, 404
reform and, 468
Tablighi Jama‘at and, 539
‘ulama’ and, 578
Deobandism, 303
Description of Chancery Practice (Ibn al-Sayrafi), 256
despotism, absolutism and, 12
Destourian Party, 567
determinism, 175–176
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 98
Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (Indonesian Council of Islamic Appeal), 255
Deys of Algiers, the, 397
Dhahabi, 537
al-Dhakhira (The treasure) (Qarafi), 444
dhimma (superintendence), 274, 342
diet, Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214
difference of opinion, 132–133
al-Dimashqi, Ghaylan, 440
dīnār (gold coin), 102. See also coinage
Dipanagara, Prince, 521
diplomacy, 133–134. See also international relations
Dirar b. ‘Amr, 176
Dirasa fi Tabi‘at al-Mujtama’ al-’Iraqi (A treatise on the nature of Iraqi society) (Wardi), 566
dirham (monetary unit; silver coin), 102
disadvantaged, rights of, 476–477
discipline, 430
discrimination, 156
dissent, 134–135
diversity politics, religious, 308–309
division of labor, 137–138
dīwān, bureaucracy and, 77–78
Diwan-i Khata’i (Book of the sinner) (Isma‘il I), 264
Dome of the Rock, 272, 364, 371, 417, 582
Dongxiang, 91
Druze(s), 139–140
‘Abd al-Qadir and, 4
conversion of, 119
Isma‘ilis and, 266
as minority, 343
Duban, 550
Dumat al-Jandal, 370
“Durand Line,” 20
Durkheim, Èmile, 354
Dutch East India Company, 520
Dutch East Indies, 119. See also Indonesia
Dutch Reformed Church, 37
duty, 103
justice and, 290
dynastic model of government, 202
East Africa, 141–142
Eastern Bantu language, 141
Eastern Rumelia, 11
Eastern Turkestan Republic, 574
East Pakistan, 404
Ebu al-Huda, 46
Ebu‘s-su‘ud. See Abu al-Su‘ud
ECFR. See European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR)
ecology, 150–151
economic theory, 142–144
Edict of Sincere Repentance, 431
Edip, Halide, 333
education, 144–146
Abdülhamid II and, 10
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), 32–33
Darul Uloom, 62
in early Islam, 320
legal, 499
madrasas, 320–322
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College, 32
Nizamiyya and, 393–395
Sayyid Ahmad Khan and, 32
of women, 186
Egypt, 147
‘Abd al-Raziq and, 5–6
agricultural reform in, 385
Ayyubids and, 58
Azhar University in, 58–59
civil war in Fatimid, 100
communism in, 106
coup d’état in, 120
Fatimids in, 172–173
first parliament in, 409
al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) in, 189
Islamic Jihad in, 262–263
Israel and, 385
jamā‘a in, 108
liberalism in, 314
military in, 340
modernism in, 351
Muhammad ‘Ali in, 376–377
Muslim Brotherhood in, 381
Nasser in, 385–386
Pan-Islamism in, 407
Salafis and, 484
Sayyid Qutb in, 488
Shafi‘i and, 491–492
shari‘a in, 133
Shi‘is in, 344
slavery in, 515
Suez Canal and, 385
theocracy and, 548
‘ulama’ and, 577
Zawahiri and, 603–605
Egyptian Civil Code, 302
Egyptian High Council for Islamic Affairs, 257
Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Jihad al-Islami al-Misri, EIJ), 262–263, 604
Egyptian University in Cairo, 5
Eickelman, Dale, 577
EIJ. See Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Jihad al-Islami al-Misri, EIJ)
El-Affendi, Abdelwahab, 523
elections, 148–149. See also democracy
in Indonesia, 255
Jama‘at-i Islami and, 271–272
leadership and, 313
in Malaysia, 408
in Pakistan, 404
representation and, 461
Sayyid Qutb on, 410
in South Africa, 519
Elias, Abbas, 408
Elias, Norbert, 357
elite, 330
emancipation of slaves, 514
Emergence of the Modern Middle East, The (Hourani), 399
emigrants, the (category of Companions), 109, 219
emigration. See hijra
Emirate of Transjordan, 284
emulation, source of, 517–518
enantiodromia, 39
Enderwitz, Susanne, 513
endowment, 149–150
Enforcement of Shariat Ordinance, 606
Engineer, Asghar Ali, liberation theology and, 316
England. See United Kingdom
English East India Company, 366
Enveri, 403
environment, 150–151
Environmental Dimensions of Islam, The (Izzi Dien), 150
epithets, for God, 196
equality, 151–152
authority and, 55
capitalism and, 129
democracy and, 129
government and, 200
in Ottoman Empire, 343
in Qur’an, 457
Shu‘ubis and, 513
socialism and, 515
Erbakan, Necmettin, 305
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 305
Eritrea, 154–155
Eritrean Liberation Front, 155
Ershad, Husseiniye-ye, 506
Esack, Farid
justice and, 291
liberation theology and, 316
solidarity and, 517
ethics, 152–154
commanding right and forbidding wrong, 104–105
in Dawani, 126
economic theory and, 143
in Fadlallah, 164
Ibn Rushd and, 237
leadership and, 313
Ethiopia, 154–155
Ethiopian Federation, 155
ethnic groups
in Afghanistan, 20
alliances between, 33
apartheid and, 37–38
division of labor and, 138
family and, 167
racism and, 457
ethnicity, 155–158
ethnocentrism, 457
eugenics, 376
Euphrates River, 553
Europe, 158–159. See also specific countries
European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), 347, 444, 578
European imperialism, 250–251
European Union, Turkey in, 158, 315, 570
Evangelicals, 179
Eve, 595
excommunication, 159–161
Excommunication and Withdrawal (Takfir wa-l-Hijra) (group), 220, 441, 489
Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, 158
exegesis, 161–163
Ibn Taymiyya and, 239
martyrdom and, 329
racism and, 457
Razi and, 458
violence and, 588
Fada’ih al-Batiniyya (The Infamies of the Batinites) (Ghazali), 191
Fadlallah, ‘Abd al-Ra‘uf, 164
al-Islam wa-Mantiq al-Quwwa (Islam and the logic of power), 164
Fadlallah, Muhammad Hussein, 57, 164–165
fundamentalism and, 181
Hizbullah and, 221
liberation theology and, 316
Faisal b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al Sa‘ud, 486
faith, 166
Fakhr al-Din II (Druze leader), 139
Fakhr al-Mulk, Ghazali and, 191
Falsafatuna (Our philosophy) (Sadr), 262, 480
Falwell, Jerry, 180
family, 167–170
genealogy and, 189–190
household and, 223–224
justice and, 290
kinship and, 298–299
law and, 503
shari‘a and, 503
family planning, 567
al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 73, 170–171
education and, 145
ethics and, 153
human nature and, 225
Kitab al-Milla (The book of religion), 434
monarchy and, 361
on perfect city, 97
philosopher-king and, 413
philosophy and, 414
Principles of the Opinions of the Inhabitants of Excellent City (Mabadi’ Ara’ Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila), 97, 378
prophecy and, 434
religious knowledge and, 308
Syria and, 537
Tusi and, 570
utopia and, 585
Virtuous City, The, 73
Faraizi, Bangladesh and, 62
Faraj, Muhammad ‘Abd al-Salam, 71, 172, 262
al-Farida al-Gha’iba (The Neglected Duty), 172, 262, 280, 460
fundamentalism and, 184
jihad and, 187
rebellion and, 460
Salafis and, 484
Zawahiri and, 604
Farangi Mahall, 321
“Farewell Pilgrimage,” 109–110
Farghana, 560
al-Farida al-Gha’iba (The Neglected Duty) (Faraj), 262, 280, 460
Farouk I, King. See Faruq, King
Farrakhan, Louis, 388
al-Fasi, Abu ‘Imran, 35
al-Fasi, Muhammad ‘Allal, 117, 398
al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa-l-Ahwa’ wa-l- Nihal (The decision concerning religions, heresies, and sects) (Ibn Hazm), 234
fasting, 418
Fatah
Arafat and, 42–43
Hamas and, 215
Palestinian Liberation Organization and, 406, 407
Fatawa-yi Jahandari (The imperial fatwas) (Barani), 252
Fatehpuri, Niaz, 333
Fath ‘Ali Shah
Aga Khan and, 22
Qajars and, 443
al-Fath al-Qadir (Victory of the almighty) (Shawkani), 507
Fatiha (the first chapter of the Qur‘an), 103
Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter), 190
Fatimids, 172–173
civil war among, 100
coinage and, 102
commerce and, 553
East Africa and, 141
genealogy and, 190
Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214
holy places and, 221
Isma‘ilis and, 265
Mahdi and, 323
mawlid and, 335
Mecca and, 336
Medina and, 336
messianism and, 338
police and, 427
political ritual and, 428
propaganda and, 431–432
Saladin and, 483
Samanids and, 485
Syria and, 537
trade and, 553
fatwa, 173–174
Ibn Taymiyya and, 239
judges and, 285
mufti and, 365–366
propaganda and, 432
shari‘a and, 497
‘ulama’ and, 578–579
al-Fawa’id al-Madaniyya (Medinan moral lessons) (Astarabadi), 245
al-Fawzan, Salih, 315
Faysal b. al-Husayn, 6
Fayyum oasis, 172
Faza’il-i A‘mal (Merits of Righteous Deeds) (Kandhalawi), 539
Fazıl, Mustafa, 601
Fazıl Ahmed, Kadızade and, 292
FCNA. See Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA)
Feast of Sacrifice, 343
Federal National Council, 409
Federation of Islamic Associations in the United States and Canada, 399
Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe, 159
Feldman, Noah, 477
Fertile Crescent, 563–564
Fi Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat al-Muslima: Hayat al-Muslimin fi al-Mujtama‘at al-Ukhra (On the law of Muslim minorities: The lives of Muslims in other societies) (Qaradawi), 346
finance
coinage in, 102
corruption and, 143–144
economic theory, 142–144
interest in, 86
Mawdudi in, 142–143
in shari‘a (divine law), 114–115
fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence; law), 288–290. See also jurisprudence
al-Fiqh al-Absat (The plainest law) (Abu Hanifa), 14
Fiqh al-Jihad (The legal rulings of jihad) (Qaradawi), 444
Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA), 347
Firdawsi, Abu al-Qasim
monarchy and, 361
royal court and, 479
Shahnama (Book of Kings), 479, 492–493, 561
Transoxiana and, 561
First Arab Summit, 406
First Intifada, 396
First Islamic Civil War
anarchism and, 36
apostasy and, 40
excommunication and, 160
Hasan b. ‘Ali and, 8
Kharijis and, 294
Murji’is and, 380
Firuzkuh, 193
FIS. See Front Islamique du Salut (FIS); Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
Fi Sabil al-Ba‘th (For the cause of the Ba‘th) (‘Aflaq), 22
fitna (affliction, trial; civil strife, war, or discord; dissent), 100. See also civil war
Five Pillars of Islam, 103, 139, 218, 545
Five Principles. See Pancasila (Five Principles), 243, 254
Fiver Shi‘ism. See Zaydi (Fiver) Shi‘ism
Fi Zilal al-Qur’an (In the shade of the Qur’an) (Qutb), 121, 162, 229, 488
Fleischer, Cornell, 349
flogging, 552
food laws, 214
forbidding wrong. See commanding right and forbidding wrong
fornication, 438
“Fourteen Points,” 282, 382–383
France
‘Abd al-Qadir and, 3–4
Afghani in, 18
Berbers and, 67–68
colonialism of, 103–104
imperialism of, 251
Lebanon and, 314
Maronites and, 139
Morocco and, 363
mosques in, 341
Muslim minorities in, 341
Muslims in, 158
in North Africa, 397
revolution in, 477
Syria and, 537
freedom, 174–175, 514, 557–558, 558–559
Freedom Charter of 1955, 519
Freedom House, 128
freedom of speech, 436
Freemasons, 601
Free Officers, 385
Ash‘aris and, 44
prophecy and, 434
Qadaris and, 440
theology and, 549
French Charter, 350
French Mandate
Druze and, 139
Lebanon and, 314
Friday Mosque of Herat, Ghurids and, 194
Friday prayer, 177–178, 364, 372, 429, 438
friendship, 178–179
Front de Libération National, 30
Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), 290
Fu’ad II, King, 8
fundamentalism, 179–188
authenticity politics and, 183–185
of al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group), 189
gender and, 185–187
general characteristics of, 182–183
ideology and, 243
Islamism and, 180–182
modernity and, 179–180
origins of, 182–183
Saudi Arabia and, 486
terminology of, 180–182
terrorism and, 546
violence and, 187–188
women and, 185–187
furū‘ al-fiqh (branches of law), 288–289
Fusus al-Hikam (Bezels of Wisdom) (Ibn al-‘Arabi), 225, 434
Future of Culture in Egypt, The (Hussein), 488
futuwwa (chivalric; manliness), 92, 209
Fuyud al-Haramayn (Visions received in the Two Holy Cities) (Shah Waliullah), 494
Gaddafi, Mu‘ammar. See Qaddafi, Mu‘ammar
Galiyev, Sultan, 471
al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group), 189
‘Abd al-Rahman and, 4
Bangladesh and, 62
fundamentalism and, 182
Islamic Jihad and, 263
as jamā‘a, 108
Gandhi, Indira, 253
Gandhi, Mohandas
Deobandis and, 131
Jama‘at-i Islami and, 271
Jinnah and, 282
Mawdudi and, 333
Gangohi, Rashid Ahmad, Deobandis and, 131
Garden of Eden, 222
Garvey, Marcus, 325
Gaza
Hamas and, 216
Palestine and, 405
Gaza Strip, 43, 165, 215, 405, 406. See also Palestine
Geertz, Clifford, 355
Gellner, Ernest, 41–42, 99, 387
Gelvin, James, 387
Gemayel, Pierre, 165
Gemeinschaft (community), 99
gender. See also women
democracy and, 129
division of labor and, 138
Islamism and, 185–187
genealogy, 189–190. See also kinship
honor and, 223
leadership and, 313
political ritual and, 428
Genebrard, Gilbert, 488
General Islamic Congress of Jerusalem, 257
General Union of Egyptian Students, 189
Geneva Accord, 281
Geneva Protocol I, 281
Genghis Khan. See Chingiz Khan
Georgia, ‘Abbas I and, 1
German Campaign, 532
Germany
Abdülhamid II and, 11
mosques in, 341
Muslim minorities in, 341
Muslims in, 158
Yazidis in, 343
Ghadir Khumm, 109–110, 344, 374
Ghalib, 254
Ghannam, Farha, Remaking the Modern, 264
al-Gannouchi, Rachid
government and, 206
Public Freedoms in the Islamic State, 206
representation and, 461
Gharbzadigi (Weststruckness) (Ali-i Ahmad), 270
Ghassan, 115–116
Ghaylan, 440
al-Ghazali, Muhammad, 516
on capitalism, 86
Muslim Brotherhood and, 381
Ghazali al-Tusi, Abu Hamid, 191–192
advice literature of, 16
apostasy and, 40
Ayyuha al-Walad (Letter to a disciple), 16
Banna and, 64
on caliphate, 85
censorship of, 87
constitutionalism and, 113
on contracts, 118
economic theory in, 142
on education, 146
Fada’ih al-Batiniyya (The Infamies of the Batinites), 191
holy places and, 222
human nature and, 224
Ibn Sina and, 415
Ibn Tufayl and, 241
Ibn Tumart and, 242
Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din (The revival of the religious sciences), 64, 146, 191, 298, 309, 472
imamate and, 248
al-Iqtisad fi al-I‘tiqad (The Golden Mean in Belief), 191
as Islamist, 184
Khunji and, 298
Kimiya-yi Sa‘adat (The Alchemy of Happiness), 192
Ma‘arij al-Quds fi Madarij Ma‘rifat al-Nafs (The ladder to God in the plains of self-religious knowledge), 224, 225, 434
masses and, 330
monarchy and, 361
al-Munqidh min al-Dalal (The Deliverer from Error), 191
al-Mustasfa min ‘Ilm al-Usul (Methods of jurisprudence), 289
Nasihat al-Muluk (The counsel for kings), 16, 192, 392
natural law and, 390
philosophy and, 415
prophecy and, 434
public interest and, 435
reform and, 465
religious knowledge and, 307, 308–309
Rida and, 472
on role of government, 114
Seljuqs and, 491
Sufism and, 528
tyranny and, 571
Ghazan Khan
conversion of, 341
Ibn Taymiyya and, 239
Ilkhanids and, 246
Mongols and, 362
ghāzī (border warrior for the faith), 192
Ghazi, al-Malik al-Zahir, 58, 93
military and, 339
monarchy and, 361
patrimonial state and, 411
Seljuqs and, 490
shāhānshāh and, 492
Ghazzali. See Ghazali al-Tusi, Abu Hamid
Ghilzai, 481
Ghiyas al-Din Balban (1266–87), Delhi Sultanate and, 127
Ghiyath al-Din, Ghurids and, 193
Ghulam Ahmad
Ahmadis and, 25
Mahdi and, 323
messianism and, 338
Ghumari, ‘Abdullah, 468
Ghumari, Ahmad, 468
GIA. See Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA)
Gilan province, Iran, 106
Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF), 432
globalization, 194–195
Gobir, 125
equality and, 200
governance and, 197
jāhiliyya and, 269
loyalty to, 318–319
Mu‘tazilis and, 383
obedience to, 402
prophecy and, 433
Qadaris and, 440
as sovereignty, 522
Tablighi Jama‘at and, 539
Golan Heights, 538
Goldberg, Ellis, 184
Gomaa, Shaykh ‘Ali, 366
Goteborg Quality of Government Index, 128
governance, 197–198. See also authority
Governance of the Solitary (Ibn Bajja), 233
government, 198–207
Abu Hanifa and, 14–15
administrative system of, 204
anarchism and, 36–37
caliphate and, 202–203
constitutionalism and, 112–115, 199
Constitution of Medina and, 115–116
consultation and, 200
coup d’état and, 120–121
dynastic model of, 202
equality and, 200
execution of law by, 114
in Farabi, 171
functions of, 114–115
grievance with, 207–208
Hakim bi-Amr Allah and, 214
Ibn Taymiyya and, 240
institutions of, 202
Jama‘at-i Islami and, 271
judicial functions of, 203–204
legislative functions of, 203
libertarianism and, 317–318
Malik b. Anas and, 326–327
modern functions of, 204–207
mosques and, 364
necessity of, 201
obedience and, 402
parliament in, 409–410
political rights and, 477
principles of, 199–201
propaganda and, 431–432
Prophet’s model of, 201
public interest and, 435
public worship and, 114
punishment by, 114
representation and, 460–461
republicanism and, 462
Rightly Guided Caliphate and, 201–202
Samanids and, 485
secularism and, 489
separation of powers and, 203
in shari‘a (divine law), 114–115
socialist, 515–516
structures of, 202
governors, 238
Gowa, South Sulawesi, 520
Graduates Congress, 540
Grameen Bank, 62
Grand Mosque, 417
grand mufti, 365–366
Grand National Assembly, in history of caliphate, 82
Great Calcutta Killing, 283
Great Depression of 1873–96, 11
Great Mosque of Samarra, 364
Greek Orthodox, 543
Green Book, The (Qaddafi), 441, 516
“Green Revolution,” 396
grievance, 207–208
Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA), 546
growth rate, 130
guardians, 238
Guardianship of the Jurist (Khomeini), 291
guardianship of the jurist (wilāyat al-faqīh), 208–209
activism and, 447
Hizbullah and, 220
imamate and, 250
Iran and, 260
Khomeini and, 296
nationalism and, 387
rebellion and, 460
Shari‘ati and, 506
source of emulation and, 518
guidance, religious knowledge as, 310–312
Guiding Jihad Action in Egypt and in the World Today (Sharif), 443
guilds, 209–210
Guinea-Bissau, 157
Gujarat, 520
Gujarat Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate and, 128
Gülen, Fethullah
modernity and, 357
religious knowledge and, 304, 305
Gulpayegani, Rida, 165
Gumi, Sheikh Abubakar, 392
“gunpowder empires,” 356
Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 316