(Imaginary formations are printed in italics.)
and FOYNES operation 62
Abe, Admiral 240n
Lisbon, and ARTIST’s arrest 109–10
Admiralty, involvement in wireless deception 36, 37
AEAF see Allied Expeditionary Air Force (AEAF)
aerial reconnaissance, German 4
threat 85
danger in south-east England 117
Scotland 167
agents see controlled agents; double-cross agents; imaginary sub-agents; uncontrolled agents
Air Commands
wireless deception 38
2nd British Tactical Air Force 121, 171
IX United States Tactical Air Command 121, 171
XIX Tactical Air Force 222
Eighth Air Force 248
Air Force see Air Command
air plan, Joint Commanders’ Plan 388–9(App IV)
air reconnaissance see aerial reconnaissance
aircraft, dummy see dummy aircraft
Allied Expeditionary Air Force (AEAF) 171, 315
allied forces, German over-estimate 169–70, 179, 181, 184, 212, 227
Allied Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force (ANCXF) 315
ALMURA (code name) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Four, 4(1)
American troops see corps; divisions etc.
amphibious attack
German fear of 329
amphibious exercises, simulation 122
amphibious training, included in wireless deception 117
Amt VI(RSHA) 41
ANCXF see Allied Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force (ANCXF)
anonymity rule xv
ANVIL (Operation) 18f, 32n, 363–4, 366(App I)
ARAB AL 210
see also GARBO
Ardennes offensive 317
Armies (Allied)
First Allied Airborne Army formation 291–3
future employment 305–8passim, 310
First Canadian 404 (App V)
in FUSAG 91, 97, 130n, 242, 260
in FUSAG Order of Battle 127, 128, 217
misinformation given to Germans 169–70, 172–3, 179, 180, 233, 266, 275, 277, 301, 308, 325, 329
wireless silence 218
First United States 130n, 185, 243, 277, 301, 308, 397(App V)
Second British 170, 277–8, 301, 308, 309, 400(App V)
Third United States 406(App V), 425(App VII)
in FUSAG Order of Battle 128–9
misinformation given to Germans 176, 180, 221, 242, 258, 259, 266, 276, 277, 300
Patton as commander 248
Fourth British 423(App VII), 438–9(App X), 449(App XI), 454(App XII)
invention of 3
in FORTITUDE NORTH 64, 65, 150, 151, 152, 170
wireless programme 68
misinformation given to Germans 72–3, 74, 153, 242, 243, 266–7, 268, 275
in FORTITUDE SOUTH Order of Battle 149–50, 152–3, 244, 245–6
possible move to Normandy 289
employment post-FORTITUDE 305–6, 307
North Sea threat 316
in amphibious force 321
scaling down 326
move to Yorkshire 328, 330, 331, 354
Eighth British 157
Seventh United States 286
Ninth United States
in Britain 172
in Southern Command 179n
in Order of Battle 242
possibly in Liverpool 251n
misinformation given to Germans 266, 268, 290–1
placed directly under SHAEF 293, 299
in SHAEF strategic reserve 297, 321, 322
after FORTITUDE 298
supplementary troops 300
under SHAEF 329
Fourteenth United States 421 (App VII), 431–4(App VIII)
lands in Britain 242
constituent formations 246
establishment 250
in FUSAG 266
misinformation to Germans 266, 268, 275–6
command 280
possible move to Normandy 289, 290
placed directly under SHAEF 293, 299
new locations, August 1944 294–5, 296
in SHAEF strategic reserve 297, 321, 322
after FORTITUDE 298
supplementary troops 300
transfer to France 317
arrival, time of 355
Armies (German)
Fifteenth xvii, 101, 202, 203, 223, 236, 267, 283
Army Groups (Allied)
First United States (FUSAG) 404(App V)
Deception Staff 34
controlled leakage 38n
HQ 97
QUICKSILVER I 107
link with 2nd Corps 151
misinformation given to Germans 180, 233, 304–5, 307
command 181
Order of Battle 220, 242–3, 245, 281–2
grouping of forces 222diag
reorganisation 300
JOSEPHINE and 304, 487–90(App XIII)
reconstitution as amphibious force 321
disbandment 326
see also Army Groups (Allied), Twelfth United States
Sixth United States 314, 316, 319
Twelfth United States
wireless deception unit under 37
in SE England 198n
command 248
on cover plan 301
Special Plans Section 318n
see also Army Groups (Allied), First United States (FUSAG)
HARLEQUIN exercise 2
and Pas de Calais attack 24, 112–13, 128
No.5 Wireless Group under 36, 68
planning 82
and physical deception programme 83–5
FORTITUDE SOUTH forces 90, 177, 180, 200
QUICKSILVER I 107
misinformation given to Germans 129–30, 257–8
reorganisation of troops 217–18
on Patton’s advance 299
SCI unit 313
TROLLEYCAR operation 320
request for reinforcements 322
future employment, problem of 324–5
Army Groups (German)
ARTIST (Abwehr agent) 54, 106–15
effect of arrest on FORTITUDE 114–15
‘Aryan World Order Movement’ 50–1
assault craft see landing craft
assault forces see CLH units
BIA see MI5, B1A
battalions (Allied)
4th Northants 302
10th Worcester 302
Bay of Biscay see Wadham Operation
Beddell-Smith, General see Smith
BEETLE (double-cross agent) xiii, 57, 64, 72, 154
BENEDICT Network 52
see also GARBO Network sub-agents, Three
Bigbobs (dummy landing craft) 39n, 382(App III)
Biscay coasts, operation plans 102, 287
Blumentritt, General xix, 168, 203n, 204
BODYGUARD plan 17–27, 44, 58, 363–71 (App I), 373, 374(App II)
and timing of invasion 59
end 154n
see also FORTITUDE; FORTITUDE NORTH; London Controlling Officer; Postponement, policy of
Bohlen, Major Von 110
bombing see V1 attacks
bombing programme
deceptive 120, 188, 191, 248, 269, 351
see also QUICKSILVER Operations, IV
Bradley, Lieut.-General Omar 125, 180, 181, 242, 243, 248, 277, 278, 280
Brandes (uncontrolled German agent) 110, 111
Brereton, Lieut.-General Louis H. 292, 293
Brigades (Allied)
113th British Independent Infantry 64, 66, 151, 152, 154n
155th 69
156th 69
157th 69
4th Canadian Infantry 117
35th British Armoured 245, 247
37th Armoured 296n
43rd Infantry 296n
24th British Armoured 302
4th British Armoured 401 (App V)
27th British Armoured 401 (App V)
6th (Guards) Tank 402(App V)
8th British Armoured 403 (App V)
34th British Armoured 403(App V)
Das Britische Kriegsheer 5
British Air Force see Air Command
British divisions, withdrawal from Italy for invasion 61
British troops see corps; divisions etc.
Brittany see Cotentin Peninsula
BRONX (double-cross agent) xiii, 56, 79, 103–4, 330, 336, 338
Browning, Lieut.-General Frederick A.M. 292, 293
Brownjohn, Major-General N.C.D. 23
BRUTUS (double-cross agent) xiii, xviii, xix, 53, 456–8(App XIII)
on troop training 59
on Africa Star medals 61
in FORTITUDE NORTH 71, 74, 75, 153, 163–4
visit to Wiltshire 99
on Pas de Calais exercise 121
on Order of Battle 129–30, 281–2
on invasion 148
on troop movements 152n, 175–6, 177–8, 179, 180, 181, 199, 218, 221n, 222, 233–4, 251–2, 253, 258, 294, 296n, 323, 330
importance in FORTITUDE SOUTH 188
report on security restrictions 215, 216
and V1 attacks 265
on FORTITUDE SOUTH II 266, 269, 357
on second army group command 277–8
Krummacher’s files and 303
on First Allied Airborne Army 306–7, 310
report on east coast British ports 311
plan to be sent to France 312–13n, 319
on Allied Airborne Army 327
on amphibious attack 329n, 330
information on airborne task force 333
Buerckner, Admiral, quoted 205n
Calais see Pas de Calais
camouflage policy 13–14, 15–16, 39, 80–6, 380(App III)
end 302
see also dummy landing craft
Canadian troops see corps; divisions etc.
Canaris, Admiral 41
Carlos 274
Casablanca Conference 1
censorship
on diplomatic mail 213
military 213
CHAMILLUS Network 52
see also GARBO Network sub-agents, Four
Chaudoir, Elvira xiii
Chislehurst caves 49
CHOPIN (imaginary sub-agent of BRUTUS) 53, 126, 127, 339
Churchill, Winston S. (Prime Minister) 116–17, 145, 278, 290, 358n
CLH Units 269
wireless deception 36, 37, 118
Force‘G’ 117
Force ‘F’ 118, 220, 221, 224, 247, 302
Force‘J’ 122
Force ‘S’ 122
coastal defences, German 197
COBWEB (double-cross agent) xiii, 57, 64 72, 75, 164
COCKADE Operation xvi, xviii, 1–2, 160
controlled agents’ role 43
coded messages
command and control provisions 358–9
concealment and display policy 80, 84–5, 380(App III)
Continent, deception, control 312–20
controlled agents
programme of release dates for operational formations 99–100
mishandling 121n
share in compiling German intelligence reports 456–86(App XIII)
see also BEETLE; COBWEB; double-cross agents
see also Special Means
Controlling Officer see London Controlling Officer
COPPERHEAD (plan)) 122–3, 124, 189
Corps (Allied)
2nd British 423(App VII)
‘Fourth Army’ wireless deception group from 37
in Northern Force 65
selection for FORTITUDE 66
simulated signals and exercises 69
arrival in Yorkshire 72
insignia 74
in imaginary army 88
ordered to move south 140
move to Humber area 150, 151, 153, 217–18
misinformation given to Germans 154, 163
transferred to FUSAG 154
in Kent 218, 219, 220, 258, 327
wireless link 222
return to Scotland 223
chosen for British assault 245
in Belgium 323
V United States 89, 398(App V)
2nd Canadian 97, 128, 149–50, 217, 218, 223, 258, 265, 404(App V)
III United States 185n
7th British 424(App VII), 439(App X), 449(App XI), 454(App XII)
in Northern Force 65
HQ move 70
insignia 74
link with Iceland 151
misinformation given to Germans 163, 297, 330n, 331, 332, 334
reorganisation 245, 296, 326–7
VIII 97, 127–8, 129n, 130n, 177, 402(App V)
XII United States 97, 127, 128, 217, 218, 221, 223, 257, 265n, 406(App V), 425(App VII)
XX 97, 128, 175, 178, 265n, 407(App V), 425(App VII)
XXXIII 119, 128, 252, 294–5, 296, 323, 422(App VII), 433(App VIII)
VII United States 177, 217, 399, 405 (App V)
XIX United States 185, 399 (App V)
XXXVII 220, 221, 246, 265n, 294–5, 296, 323, 434(App VIII)
XVIII United States Airborne 307, 310
XVII United States Airborne 327
19th British Airborne 327, 330, 333, 454(App XII)
12th British 402(App V)
30th British 403(App V)
Corps (German)
1st SS Panzer 202
81st 236
68th 254
merged into SHAEF 18n
on ‘A’ Force 29
see also Morgan, Lieut.-General Sir F.E.
Cotentin Peninsula, Brittany 197, 199, 203, 223, 230
cover plan 300–1, 435–7(App IX)
DAGOBERT Network 52
see also GARBO Network sub-agents, Seven
Daily Mirror 280
Daily Telegraph 278
date see timing
De Gaulle, General 287
De Guingand, Major-General F. xvii, 24, 25
letter on 25th January, 1944 89
De Witt, Lieut.-General John 248, 270–1
deception
weapons, technical handling 356–7
Deception Staff (SHAEF)
responsibility 28, 30–1, 33n, 357
on security restrictions 213
sent overseas 313
decoy lighting apparatus 39
Delmer, Sefton, The Counterfeit Spy xii–xiii, xix
Denmark
threat to see amphibious attack; FORTITUDE NORTH
possible invasion in FORTITUDE plan 79, 377(App II)
Deuxième Bureau 314
Dewitz, Lieut.-Colonel von 356n
see also GARBO Network sub-agents, Seven, 7 (4)
diplomatic deception 370(App I)
Diplomatic Service, British, deception control 40
directive see FORTITUDE Directive
disbandment of forces 324, 325, 326, 334, 335, 450–5(App XI)
Divisions (Allied)
3rd British Infantry 9, 10, 12, 64, 65–6, 66, 67, 122, 136, 179, 354, 36l, 401(App V)
3rd Canadian Infantry 9–10, 122, 135–6, 137, 141, 401(App V)
9th British Armoured 37, 50n, 65, 184n, 228
52nd British Lowland 64, 65, 66–7, 69, 72, 138–9, 150, 152, 245
55th British Infantry 64, 69, 72, 73, 140, 150, 151, 152, 154, 184n, 218n, 219–20, 223, 245, 247, 295, 296, 297, 301, 326, 423(App VII)
55th United States Infantry 64, 65, 69–70, 72, 75, 150, 154, 164, 245
58th British Infantry 67–9, 74, 140, 150, 151, 152, 154, 163, 201n, 218–19, 223, 296, 297, 326, 330, 331, 334, 335, 423(App VII), 439(App X), 449(App XI), 454(App XII)
50th British Infantry 68, 159, 163, 179, 185n, 403(App V)
51st British Highland 68, 158, 159
2nd United States Infantry 73, 149, 398(App V)
5th United States Infantry 73, 150, 152
8th United States Infantry 73, 150, 152
49th British Infantry 88–9, 228, 404(App V)
2nd Canadian Infantry 117, 128, 184n, 257, 258, 265, 405(App V)
35th United States Infantry 127, 128, 184n, 220n, 265, 407(App V)
79th United States Infantry 127–8, 129n, 176, 184n, 217, 405(App V)
4th Canadian Armoured 128, 184n, 405(App V)
4th United States Armoured 128, 178, 179, 184n, 265n, 407(App V), 426(App VII)
5th United States Armoured 128, 184n, 407(App V), 426(App VII)
28th United States Infantry 128, 149, 176–7, 177, 179, 184n, 185n, 220–1, 257, 258, 405(App V), 425(App VII)
83rd United States Infantry 128, 176, 179, 184n, 257, 258, 265n, 405(App V)
47th British Infantry 136, 179, 184n, 245, 246
61st British Infantry 136n, 184n, 245, 247, 295, 296, 297, 301, 326–7
1st United States Infantry 158n, 398(App V)
7th British Armoured 158, 159n, 403(App V)
1st British Airborne 159n, 184, 307, 309, 310, 333, 404(App V)
2nd United States Armoured 159, 399(App V)
9th United States Infantry 159, 399(App V)
82nd United States Airborne 159, 308, 310, 317, 325, 400(App V)
52nd British Highland 163
German over-estimate 169–70, 179, 181, 184, 212, 227
6th United States Armoured 175, 176, 177, 179, 184n, 407(App V), 426(App VII)
6th United States Infantry 177
11th British Armoured 179, 184n, 317, 402(App V)
15th British Infantry 179, 259, 402(App V)
Guards Armoured 179, 361n, 402(App V)
2nd British Airborne 184, 221, 246, 306n, 310, 327, 333, 408(App V), 425(App VII)
3rd British Airborne 184
5th British Airborne 184
6th Canadian Infantry 184n
7th British Airborne 184
7th Canadian Infantry 184n
7th United States Armoured 184, 221, 406(App V), 425(App VII)
11th United States Airborne 184, 310
14th British Armoured 184n
43rd British Infantry 184n, 257, 258, 259, 403(App V)
45th British Infantry 184n, 219, 245
53rd British Infantry 184n, 257, 259, 403(App V)
59th British Infantry 184n, 247, 257, 403(App V)
76th British Infantry 184n, 228, 245
80th United States Infantry 184n, 245, 406(App V), 425(App VII)
Essex County 184n
4th United States Infantry 185n, 399(App V)
6th British Airborne Division 185n, 327, 333, 404(App V)
10th United States Light 185n
30th United States Infantry 185n, 399(App V)
52nd British Infantry 201n
59th United States Infantry 220, 221, 246, 294, 295, 310, 323, 433(App VIII)
51st British Infantry 228, 401(App V)
5th British Armoured 245, 296, 326, 330, 331, 334, 424(App VII), 449(App XI), 454(App XII)
38th British Infantry 245, 246, 331
77th British Infantry 246
77th Holding 246
48th United States Infantry 251, 252, 294, 295, 324, 422(App VII), 434(App VIII), 449(App XI), 453(App XII)
11th United States Infantry 252, 294, 295, 296, 323–4, 422(App VII), 434(App VIII)
25th United States Armoured 282, 294, 323, 422(App VII), 434(App VIII)
35th British Armoured 282
17th United States Infantry 294, 295, 323–4, 423(App VII), 433(App VIII), 453(App XII)
80th British Infantry 295, 296, 297, 326–7, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 424(App VII), 449(App XI), 454(App XII)
9th United States Airborne 306, 307, 310, 327, 408(App V)
17th United States Airborne 306n, 307, 310, 327
21st United States Airborne 306n, 307, 310, 327
101st United States Airborne 309, 310, 317, 325, 400(App V)
104th United States Infantry 325
13th United States Airborne 327
29th United States Infantry 398(App V)
90th Infantry 399(App V)
3rd United States Armoured 400(App V)
2nd Canadian Armoured 401 (App V)
4lst United States Infantry 453(App XII)
Divisions (German)
1st SS Panzer 101, 102, 197, 202, 203, 204, 235n, 236
2nd Panzer 101, 102, 197, 202, 223, 235
116th Panzer 101, 102, 197, 202, 204, 236, 283
2nd SS Panzer 102, 197, 235n, 237
12th SS Panzer 102, 197, 202, 235
17th SS Panzer Grenadiers 102, 197, 202, 235, 237
21st Panzer 102, 112n, 197, 202, 235
Panzer Lehr 102, 112n, 197, 202, 235
3rd Parachute 197
5th Parachute 197
91st Infantry 197
243rd Infantry 197
2nd Parachute 235n
9th SS Panzer 235n
10th SS Panzer 235n
245th Limited Employment 235n, 236
346th Limited Employment 235n, 236
709th Limited Employment 235n
716th Limited Employment 235n, 237, 288
6th Parachute 236n
70th Field 236n
363rd Field 236n
198th Field 237
84th Field 283
165th training 283
182nd training 283
326th Limited Employment Infantry 283
331st Infantry 283
344th Infantry 283
48th Field 286
189th Limited Employment 288
Doeternbach, Major 198
see also GARBO Network sub-agents, Seven, 7 (2)
DORA plan 110
DORETTE (V-man) 330n
see also GARBO Network, sub-agents Seven, 7 (7)
double-cross agents 46–57, 186
supply of inaccurate information to Germans 42
and ARTIST’s arrest 114
see also ARTIST; BRONX; BRUTUS; FREAK; GARBO; GELATINE; HAMLET; METEOR; MI5, B1A; MULLET; PUPPET; SNIPER; Special Means; TATE; TREASURE; TRICYCLE
DRAKE (code name) 52n
dress rehearsal for invasion see FABIUS exercise
dummy aircraft 13, 39, 382(App III)
in FORTITUDE NORTH 70
dummy landing craft 119, 382(App III), 390(App IV)
display sites 92
GARBO’s mention of 208
dismantling 302
influence on success of FORTITUDE 351–2
see also landing craft
Dutch parachute units 309
Eastern Command see Armies (Allied), Sixth; Army Groups (Allied), First United States
Eisenhower, General Dwight D. (Supreme Commander) xvi, xxi
request to Churchill on physical deception 116–17
speeches after invasion 144, 203
formation of new US army group 242, 248–50
apparent disagreement with Patton 266
command post in France 278–9, 280
and IRONSIDE II 287
on Airborne Command 291
and disbandment of FUSAG 326
see also SHAEF
‘Enemy Propaganda Directive’ (PWE Directive) 212
English Channel, closed to fishing boats 143n
English troops see corps; divisions etc.
espionage, see also German Intelligence Service
ETOUSA (Special Plans Section) 34–5, 37, 70, 90, 91, 248, 318n
Europe, deception, control 312–20
FABIUS Exercise 60, 67, 116–17, 135–6, 189, 358n, 394(App V)
false information
planting of 39
see also BRUTUS (double-cross agent); GARBO (double-cross agent)
fictitious formations, allotment of numbers 220n
fictitious sub-agents see imaginary sub-agents
see also OSTRO
Field Security Reports 45
Fire Office Committee, MULLET employed by 77–8
First American Army Groups see Army Groups (Allied), First United States (FUSAG)
First Canadian Army see Armies (Allied), First Canadian
fishing boats, English Channel prohibition 143n
Five (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Five
5 Wireless Group 36, 38n, 68, 223, 301, 382(App III)
flying bombs see V1
Force F etc see CLH Units
Foreign Office
deception control 40
formations, fictitious, organisation 220n
FORTITUDE xxi–xxii, 19, 372–8(App II)
objectives 19
replaces MESPOT Plan 19n
approval granted 27
wireless deception 36
operational plan 58
German reactions in June 227–40
disbandment of formations 325
plans, lessons learned from 354
FORTITUDE Directive xvi, 58, 82, 85–6, 359, 379–82(App III)
Northern Force 65
GARBO sub-agent report 137
effect on Germany 160
German speculation over 168–73
move of forces to South 179, 192–3
well-being of agents 354
FORTITUDE SOUTH xvi, xvii, 23, 58, 359, 383–90(App IV)
responsibility for 35
wireless deception unit 36–7, 117
task assigned to 102
German view, Spring 1944 165–73
German speculation over 174–90, 192
new story to continue into July 224
timing 267
Biscay coast proposal and 287
Order of Battle 456–86(App XIII)
FORTITUDE SOUTH II 231n, 241–52, 289n, 411–17(App VI), 418–30(App VII), 441(App XI)
grouping of forces 244
ending 290
Four (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Four
Fourteenth US Army see Armies (Allied), Fourteenth United States
Fourth Army Group, wireless deception unit 36
FOYNES Plan 18f, 61–2, 68n, 157–8
France
French resistance groups xii
co-operation with French over controlled agents 314, 315
see also Maquis
French troops see corps; divisions etc.
German troop formations 101–2, 112n, 113
FREAK (double-cross agent) 54, 97, 99, 111n, 114–15, 126, 129, 159, 164, 166, 176, 187, 219, 456–86(App XIII)
in FORTITUDE NORTH 71, 72, 73, 75
French see France
Friedendal, General (‘Friedenhall’) 105&n
FUSAG see Army Groups (Allied), First United States (FUSAG)
GARBO (double-cross agent) xi, xiii, xviii, xix, 46–7, 340–50, 456–86(App XIII)
need for agents’ resident’s qualifications 94
on troop movements 99, 158n, 159n, 291, 296, 311,, 322, 324, 330, 361n
on 21st Army Group HQ 129
and the invasion 131–48, 208, 210–12
at Ministry of Information 133, 142, 143
on attack on Norway 153
on FUSAG command 181
importance in FORTITUDE SOUTH 188
delayed message after Normandy landing 212
announces new divisions 221
on new American formation 250–1, 253
need to be put out of communication 254
on FORTITUDE SOUTH II 266, 357
Iron Cross awarded to 274
questions on second army group command 277
on HQ move to France 279
questioned on new airborne army 292
on advance into Germany 298
zenith of influence on German Command 300
Krummacher’s files and 303
request to monitor Scotland 332
and German fear of amphibious attack 335–6
betrays Spanish agent 340
grows a beard 344
GARBO Network 47–53, 48, 107–8
GARBO Network sub-agents
One 47
Widow of 134, 141, 147, 148, 257, 264
Three 47, 52, 71–2, 72, 74, 76, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153, 256–7, 264, 271, 275, 294, 298, 334, 340, 345, 346, 347, 348
3 (3) 47, 72, 76, 139, 140, 145, 153, 154, 218–19, 275, 345, 346, 347
3 (1) 346
Four 49, 135–7, 138, 140–1, 142, 146, 147, 208, 254, 275, 345, 347
4 (1) (‘ALMURA’) 49, 52, 141, 146, 147–8, 264, 344, 347
4 (3) 49, 125, 129–30, 129n, 181, 251, 266, 271, 279, 291, 298, 322, 344–5
Six 50
Seven 50, 52, 94–5, 141, 146, 250, 251, 271, 275, 345, 346, 347
7 (2)(DONNY) 51, 52, 94, 95, 121, 130, 176, 177, 208, 218–19, 257, 258, 275, 297, 345, 348
7 (4) (DICK) 51, 52, 94, 95, 130, 208, 220n, 275, 294, 296n, 297, 345, 348
7 (5) 51, 52n, 94, 131, 132, 275, 345, 347
7 (6) 51, 94n, 103, 105, 131, 132, 250, 275, 345, 346, 347
7 (7) (DORICK) 51, 52, 94, 95, 176, 208, 231, 275, 276, 294, 296, 297, 328, 334, 345, 348
J (3) 51–2, 59, 132–3, 144, 264–5, 299, 344
J (5) 51, 52, 125, 137, 138, 209, 344
Garby-Czerniawski, Roman xiii
GELATINE (double-cross agent) 56, 61–2, 62n, 73–4, 338
German agents
B1A control of 42
France and Belgium ‘stay-behind’ 313
German Air Force, involvement in invasion 2
German Command, disposition of forces in France 195–7, 283, 286, 288
German High Command see OKW
German Intelligence Service 4, 40–2
German troops see corps; divisions etc.
Germany, fear of attack 204, 206–7, 217, 329–335–6
Gibraltar, deception plan 122–4, 189–90
gliders, in new airborne army 291–2
glossary 49l-3(App IX)
HAMLET (double-cross agent) 56
Hansen, Colonel 41
HARLEQUIN embarkation exercise 2n
‘Harrison’ (fictitious air marshal) 207
Hart see Liddell Hart, Captain B.H.
HECTOR (uncontrolled agent) 206n, 303, 356n
Hempel, Herr 57
Hesketh, Cuthbert (RH’s brother) xvii, xviii, xix–xx, 204n
Heydrich, Herr 41
Hitler, Adolf 166n, 167, 168, 203
views on Allied intentions 191–2, 193–4
fear of second landing 204
and Pas de Calais threat 267–8
reports compiled for 303
Hodges, Lieut.-General Courtney H. 243
Home Defence Executive 213
Home Forces, GHQ 88
Iceland
controlled agents in 57
FORTITUDE NORTH troops in 64, 69–70, 151, 154
imaginary sub-agents
BRUTUS’s 53
insignia, fictitious 220n
intelligence, see also German Intelligence Service
invasion
delay in date of 59
advance report 138
full disclosure 155
first news to Von Rundstedt 198
Ireland, travel ban 213
IRONSIDE Operation 102, 103–4, 192, 201, 237, 250n
James, Lieutenant Clifton 122–4, 190n
see also COPPERHEAD
Jebson see ARTIST
Jodl, Field-Marshal Alfred Gustav xix, xxv, 166, 167, 204, 205, 208, 210–11, 237, 240n, 267
Joint Commanders’ Plan 87–93, 99, 107, 383–90(App IV)
‘Jonny’ see DONNY
JOSEPHINE (uncontrolled agent) 190, 206, 207, 211, 303–4, 308–9, 329n, 330, 356n, 487–90(App XIV)
Keitel, Field-Marshal Wilhelm xix, 166n, 204, 210, 211
KO see Kriegsorganizations (Abwehr)
Kraemer, Dr 206n, 207, 303–5, 307–8, 309n, 356n
Kriegsorganizations (Abwehr) 41, 110
Krummacher, Colonel xix, xx, xxv, 190, 205, 206, 208, 209–10, 215, 233n, 303
landing craft
British, in Operation OVERLORD 10–11, 12
post-assault phase 26
apparent shortage 59
transfer from Mediterranean 158
German estimates, FORTITUDE SOUTH 179–80, 186
see also dummy landing craft
LCS see London Controlling Section
leave, service, suspension and restoration 213, 215, 216
Leitstelles (Abwehr) 41
letter-writing agents 56, 216, 338
letters, false information introduced into 39
Liddell Hart, Captain B.H. 212n
lighting
deceptive and decoy 381(App III)
night installations 390(App IV)
Lisbon
air-mail service discontinued 213
London Controlling Officer
on ‘A’ force 29
on Ops (B) 30
and date of invasion 60
FOYNES operation 61
see abo BODYGUARD plan
London Controlling Section xi, xii, xvi, 31–2, 220n
Lucas, General 280
McNair, Lieut.-General Lesley James 248–9, 250, 266, 269–71
Madrid see Spain
Mallet, Sir Victor A.L. 79, 166
Mallory, Air Chief Marshal Leigh xvi
map of London (Pharos 1906) 255–6
Marshall, General 248–9, 269–70, 355
Mediterranean
coasts, operation plans 102, 103
FERDINAND plan 287
see also FOYNES plan
MESPOT Plan 19n
METEOR (double-cross agent) 59–60
Meyer-Detring, Colonel 190n, 198, 336–7
MI5
action after ARTIST crisis 114
‘turning’ of German agents xi
deception control 40
MI6
control of agents 57
military censorship see censorship, military
Ministry of Information, GARBO in 133, 142, 143
Ministry of War, imaginary agent in see GARBO Network sub-agents, J(5)
Montgomery, Field-Marshal Sir Bernard xvi, 59, 130n, 200, 228
actor disguised as 122–4, 123, 189–90
German view of command 171, 172
Normandy operations, German awareness 229
disposition of forces 261, 262
in charge in Normandy 277–8, 279, 280
differences of opinion with other commanders 300
and amphibious attack 334
Morgan, General, identity 280–1
Morgan, Lieut.-General Sir FE. 1, 380(App III)
see also COSSAC
MULLET (double-cross agent) 56–7, 61n, 77–8, 187
Napier, Major-General C.S. 23
Narvik attack, FORTITUDE NORTH 65, 70
NEPTUNE Operation 19, 19n, 20, 23, 25, 27, 68n, 81, 113–14, 118, 212, 250, 359, 373–5, 377–8(App II), 395–6(App V)
No. 5 Wireless Group see 5 Wireless Group
Norfolk House headquarters 1
Normandy
choice of 8
Rommel’s choice 196
Montgomery’s forces in 232, 266
North Africa landings, controlled agents’ role 43
Northern Command 328
see alsoAxmics (Allied), Third
Northern Ireland, FORTITUDE NORTH troops in 64, 66
Norway
SHAEF deception plan 18, 20, 27
possible invasion 153, 161, 192, 307–8, 330n
GARBO’s information 160
proposed amphibious operation 316
FORTITUDE Plan 374, 376–7(App II)
see also Amphibious attack; FORTITUDE NORTH; TINDALL
Norwegian forces, in FORTITUDE NORTH 64, 65, 74
Notional Order of Battle, regrouping 440–9(App XI)
OKW xi
One (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, One
Ops (B) xv, xvi, xix, 28, 29–30, 32n, 44, 316
and special security measures 213
fictitious insignia 220n
and disbandment of FORTITUDE formations 326
see also SHAEF
Order of Battle
false, Pas de Calais see Pas de Calais
Notional, regrouping 440–9(App XI), 452(App XII)
FORTITUDE SOUTH 456–86(App XIII)
Orkneys, FORTITUDE NORTH troops in 64, 66
OSTRO (uncontrolled agent) 206, 207, 262–3, 303–4, 329, 330n, 356n
over-estimate, German, of allied forces 169–70, 179, 181, 184, 212, 227
OVERLORD Operation 3, 3n, 8–10, 19, 20–1, 27, 32n, 58, 80–1, 112, 116, 142–3n, 359, 363–4, 365–7, 369(App I), 393–4(App V)
original plan 9
Army Wireless Deception 89n
overseas, deception, control 312–20
Paget, General 34n
PANDORA (agent) 57, 71, 72n, 219, 456(App XIII)
Panzer Divisions see Divisions (German)
Pas de Calais 328
diversion plan 8–9, 11–12, 25–6, 89, 106–8, 111–12, 188, 260, 289, 359, 377, 378(App II)
bombing deception programme 118, 248, 269
air operation 121
German acceptance of 168, 267–8
second attack plan 206–7, 242, 298, 299
see also FORTITUDE SOUTH; FORTITUDE SOUTH II; STARKEY Operation
Patton, Major-General George S., Jr 128, 200, 228, 229, 259, 263, 265–6, 267, 270, 304
German speculation on responsibilities 172, 180, 181, 268
loss of high command 241–2, 248–50, 266
differences of opinion with other commanders 300
physical deception xvi, 82–3, 358, 370(App I)
efficacy in FORTITUDE 353
Physical Deception Staff see Deception Staff
POINTBLANK Operation 60n, 364, 367(App I)
Poland, BRUTUS’s fears for 339–40
Poles, recruitment 126
Polish forces, in FORTITUDE NORTH 64, 66, 171
Polish parachute units 309, 310
political warfare 370(App I)
Political Warfare Executive (PWE) 40, 133–4, 142, 143n, 357–8
Posadowski, Lieutenant Count 356n
postponement, policy of 21–2, 26–7, 60–1, 81, 91, 156
PREMIUM Operation 77, 106, 188n
prisoners of war, false information in letters 39
Pujol, Juan xiii
PUPPET (double-cross agent) 56, 61n, 77, 96, 187
PWE see Political Warfare Executive (PWE)
QUAKER Operation 122n
QUICKSILVER Operations 93, 384–7(App IV)
IV 93, 118, 386(App IV) 393, 386(App IV)
VI 386(App IV)
see also FORTITUDE SOUTH; Joint Commanders’ Plan
‘R’ force 34
Ramsey, Admiral xvi
RANKIN Operation 373(App II)
Read, Lieut.-Colonel John Jervis xv, xvi
Reichssichersheits-Haupt-Amt (RSHA) 41, 303
‘reoccupation operations’ 20
Riis, Ib xiii
Rommel, Field-Marshal Erwin 101, 195–6, 198, 203
RSHA see Reichssichersheits-Haupt-Amt (RSHA)
Ruhr, campaign to capture 316, 321
Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Karl Gerd von xix, 194–6, 197, 198, 202, 203–4, 212, 361n
Russian co-operation in FORTITUDE NORTH 76–7
Russian offensive, and date of invasion 60
Scandinavia
see also Denmark; Norway
Schellenberg, Herr 41
Schramm, Professor Percy 210, 489–90(App XIV)
SCI units see Security Counter Intelligence (SCI) Units
Scotland see FORTITUDE NORTH
Scottish Command see FORTITUDE NORTH; Fourth Army
second landing
speculation over 237, 240, 277–8
Security Counter Intelligence (SCI) Units 313
security measures, special 213–15, 371 (App I)
Seine
importance in invasion 200, 230, 232
crossing 290
Seine bridges, destruction 113
Sertorius (German commentator) 223–4
service leave see leave
Seven (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Seven
SEXTANT Operation 364(App I)
SHAEF xi, xvi, xvii, 397(App V)
tasks in BODYGUARD plan 18, 58
control of agents in Iceland 57
and FOYNES operation 62
guidance letter on preparations to War Office 81–2
physical deception programme 85
Pas de Calais Order of Battle 89, 128
Biscay coast request 287
strategic reserve 297, 298, 321, 322
control of army groups 299
SCI unit 313
receipt of messages from controlled agents in France 315
role in overseas deception 319
and dispersal of FORTITUDE formations 326
control of Fourteenth US Army 329
controlled agents under 359
see also Deception Staff; Eisenhower; Ops (B)
SHEPHERD (double-agent) 148n
Simpson, Lieut.-General William H. 249, 269–70
Six (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Six
Smith, Brigadier-General Walter Bedell 190, 249, 269n, 318n, 380(App III), 435–7(App IX)
SNIPER (double-cross agent) 56, 106–7, 188n
SOE see Special Operations Executive (SOE)
South-Eastern Command see Armies (Allied), Fifth British; Army Groups (Allied), First United States
Southern Command 21
Southern Command see Armies (Allied), Second British; Army Groups (Allied)
‘Southern Railway Plan’ see MERCURY Plan
Spain
Madrid, Abwehr, GARBO in 46
GARBO contacts 132–3, 138–9, 140–2, 145–6
see also Gibraltar
Special Means xv–xvi, xvi–xvii, 28, 29, 58, 370(App I), 381(App III), 391–410(App V), 418–30(App VII), 431–4(App VIII), 438–9(App X)
Joint Commanders’ Plan 92
use of agents 97
programme of release dates for operational formations 99–100
IRONSIDE Operation 103
in QUICKSILVER I 108
and Pas de Calais deception 113
and postponement story 156
fictitious insignia 220n, 318–19
extension of FORTITUDE SOUTH 224
see also double-cross agents; London Controlling Officer; MI5
Special Means Officer (Ops (B)) 141
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 39–40
Special Plans Section 318n
see also ETOUSA (Special Plans Section)
staff organisation, lessons of FORTITUDE 360–1
STARKEY Operation xviii, 2–3, 11, 47
Stavanger attack, FORTITUDE NORTH 65
Strangeways, Colonel David xvii
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) see Eisenhower, General Dwight D.; SHAEF
Sweden
in SHAEF deception plan 18
see also FORTITUDE NORTH; GRAFFHAM
TAC see Air Commands
Tactical Air Force/Command see Air Commands
TAF see Air Commands
Task Force ‘A’ 306
TATE (double-cross agent) xviii, xix, 54–5, 59, 79, 95–6, 104–5, 121, 311, 336, 357, 471–84(App XIII)
on invasion 148
reputation 187
news of departing formations 257
and V1 attacks 265
on French Corps 287
on Fourteenth Army 294
on troop movements ?add others? 297
and Fourth Army to Yorkshire 330
TEAPOT (triple-cross agent) 57, 76
Thomsen, Peter xiii
Thorne, Lieut.-General Sir A.F.A.N. xvi, 72, 73–4
3103 Signals Service Battalion 36–7, 92n, 150, 152, 223, 247, 289, 293, 301, 382(App III)
Three see GARBO Network sub-agents, Three
timing
of invasion
German views 169, 188–9, 192, 194–5
TINDALL Operation xviii, 2, 160, 201
TORRENT cover plan 11n
see also APPENDIX Y
Trafford, Air Vice-Marshal 307–8
travel ban to Ireland 213
TREASURE (double-cross agent) 55–6, 96, 130n, 159n, 185n, 187
TRICYCLE (double-cross agent) xix, 53, 60, 78, 97, 109–10, 111, 114–15
reports on FORTITUDE SOUTH Order of Battle 174–5
importance in FORTITUDE SOUTH 188
questioned on new airborne army 292
triple-cross agent 57
see also TEAPOT
TROLLEYCAR Operation 320, 328–32, 354
TROLLEYCAR Two Operation 38n
Turner, Sir John 39
Twelfth Reserve Unit 37, 247, 289, 301, 335
21 Army Group see Army Groups (Allied), 21
TWIST Committee xvi, xviii, 29–30, 31, 32, 40
Two (agent) see GARBO Network sub-agents, Two
Ultra xii
see also Brandes; HECTOR; JOSEPHINE; OSTRO
United States, 3103 Signals Service Battalion see 3103 Signals Service Battalion
United States forces
infantry, in Operation OVERLORD 10
in FORTITUDE NORTH 64, 65, 66 69–70
United States troops see corps; divisions etc.
United States War Department, negotiations on wireless deception 36
V1 attacks 254–5, 258, 259–61, 265
VENDETTA Operation 102, 103, 201, 237
VERITAS Operation 70n
Vermehren, Herr 111
visual misdirection 91, 318, 351, 358
Von Rundstedt see Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Karl Gerd von
War Office
involvement in wireless deception 36, 37
Field Security Reports 45
and diplomatic ban 215
War Office, Special Weapons and Vehicles (SWV8) 38–9
Wetbobs 382(App III)
‘The Widow’ see GARBO Network sub-agents, Two, Widow of
Wild, Colonel Noel xiii, xvi, xviii
Wilson, Field-Marshal Sir H. Maitland- 287
wireless agents, importance 55
wireless deception
units, establishment 12, 382(App III)
FORTITUDE SOUTH 36–7, 117, 218
importance 36
general policy 38
in Joint Commander’ Plan 87
May 1944 122
and FORTITUDE NORTH 167
dispersal of FORTITUDE units 301
naval units post-FORTITUDE 302
lessons from FORTITUDE 352
see also CLH Units; controlled leakage; dummy wireless traffic; 5 Wireless Group; 3103 Signals; Twelfth Reserve Unit; Wireless Silence Periods
wireless intercept, German 4, 172, 185, 353
wireless resources, for FORTITUDE NORTH 68
wireless silence periods 15, 159, 189, 218, 224, 380–1 (App III)
ZEPPELIN Operation 10