Biomaterials Science

Index

Note: Page numbers with “b” denote boxes; “f” figures; “t” tables.

Abbott Medical Optics (AMO), 923t

Abelcet^®, 1040

Ablation, 963

Abraxane^®, 1054

Absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) bone grafts, rhBMP-2 protein in, 603b

Absorbable matrix composites, 230

fracture fixation, 230–231, See Matrix composites

Academy of Surgical Research (ASR), 636

Accommodative intraocular lens, 926

Acepromazine, 640

Acetaminophen (paracetamol), 642, 644

Acid–base dental cement, 893f

Acid-etch bonding to enamel, 894

(Meth)Acrylated perfluoroalkyl silicones, as cross-linked polymer cores for soft contact lenses, 99

Acrylics, 103

adhesive monomers, 105–106

alternative monomers with improved reactivity, 105

base monomers, 103–105, 104f

diluent monomers, 103–105, 104f

hydrogels, 170–171

hydrophilic, 105f

low shrinking polymers, monomers for, 107–109

anticariogenic strategies, 109

epoxy functionality, 108–109

methacrylate monomers, 107–108

molecular structure, 108

silicon functionality, 108–109

size effects, 108

spiroorthocarbonates, 108

thiolene systems, 108

methacrylate monomers, 107–108

modified base monomers, 105

silane coupling agents, 106–107

AcrySof intraocular lens, 922

Acticoat™, 1007

Actin, 351f, 461

-binding proteins, 435

microfilaments, 435

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 626

Active chemical processes and electrochemical reversal, 983–985

Active event surveillance systems, 1474–1475

Active Implantable Medical Device Directive (AIMDD), 1406

Active targeting, 1029

Active transdermal delivery systems (active TDDS), 1076–1081

iontophoresis technology, 1079–1081

microneedle delivery technology, 1076–1079

AcuFocus KAMRA™ Corneal Inlay, 937

Adaptive immunity, 513, 514f, 519

antibodies, 520–521, 521f

B cell and antibody recognition, 522–523

components of, 514t, 520

effector pathways in, 524–526

recognition in, 522

Tc cells, 521

T cell recognition in, 523–524, 524f

Th cells, 521, 522f

T lymphocytes, 521

Adaptive trial, 1451–1453

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 428, 440

production, loss of, 446

Adequacy control, 1102

Adhesion molecule, 518

Adhesion proteins, effect on cellular interactions, 395–398

depletion studies, 396–397

preadsorption with purified adhesion proteins, effects of, 395–396

receptor activity with antibodies, inhibition of, 397–398

Adhesives, 757, 889

bonding silicone, 89

bond strength and durability, enhancing, 890–891

gel silicone, 90

hard tissue adhesives, 891–903

acid-etch bonding to enamel, 894

aging and stability of bonded interface, 896–897

auto-polymerizing PMMA bone cement, 891–894

bioadhesives, 901

biomimetic approaches, 901–903

bonding to dentin via hybrid inter-phase, 894–895

chemistry of etchants, primers, and bonding agents, 895

cyanoacrylate esters, 899–900

factors affecting magnitude and vector direction of shrinkage stress, 897–898

fibrin sealants, 900

gelatin-resorcinol-aldehyde glues, 900–901

hybrid-layer creation via three-stage approach, 895

hydrogel sealants, 901

incorporation of anti-bacterial functionality, 897

new low shrinkage monomers, development and chemistry of, 898

shrinkage and polymerization-kinetics, molecular origins of, 897

soft tissue adhesives and sealants, 898–899

strategies to minimize shrinkage stress in bonded cavities of low compliance, 898

stress-development due to polymerization shrinkage, 897

unsuccessful approaches, 895

molecules, 457

monomers, 105–106

pressure-sensitive silicone, 89–90

procedures, 889–890

Adjustable power intraocular lens, 926–927

Adobe^® Photoshop^®, 687

Adsorbed proteins, 394

biological changes in, 404–406

conformational changes in, physicochemical studies of, 403–404

effect on cellular interactions, 395–398

depletion studies, 396–397

preadsorption with purified adhesion proteins, effects of, 395–396

receptor activity with antibodies, inhibition of, 397–398

importance of, 406–407

at solid–liquid interfaces, behavior of, 398–403

interface, transformation of, 398

irreversibility, 398–399

kinetics, 398–399

mixtures of proteins, 401–403

monolayer model, 399–401

Advanced Bionics Corporation, 974–975

Advanced Tissue Sciences (ATS), 1422

Advance Off Stylet (AOS), 970–971

Adventitia, 461

Adverse event reporting, 1473

Aerosil^®, 88

Affinity hydrogels, 169f, 174–175

Agarose, 1181–1182, 1220

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 908, 927

Agglutination devices, 1098f

AG Medenium, 923t

Albumin, immobilization of, 346f

Albumin-coated collodion activated charcoal (ACAC), 813

Alcohol carboxylic acid, 74t

Alcohol epoxide, 74t

Alcohol isocyanate, 74t

Alcon ExPRESS shunt, 944–945

Alcon Laboratories Inc., 922–924, 923t

Alginate, 196–197, 361, 1058, 1220

structure of`, 197f

Alginatepolylysine-alginate (APA), 818

Alkermes, 1057

Allergens, 521

Allergy, 527, 547

implant, 549–550

types of, 547–548

AlloDerm^®, 1009, 1319t

Allogenic, 513

Allograft™, 199, 513, 1008, 1198

-based substitutes for bone graft, 1198–1199

Allo-MSCs, 1162

Allopatch^®, 1319t

Alpha-agonists, 941

Alphachloralose, 640

AlphaCor™ artificial cornea, 936

Alternating copolymer, 67f

Alternative pathway (AP), of complement system, 536–537

Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), 162

applications of

bone spacers, 164

delivery of hormones, 165

dental applications, 164–165

drugs, 165

ENT, 165

joint replacements, 163–164

neurosurgical operations, 165

vaccines, 165

as biomaterial, 163

crystal structure of, 162f

matrix composites of, 165

mechanical properties of, 163t

nanoporous, 163b

physical characteristics of, 132t

porosity of, 162b

production of, 162

properties of, 162–163

structure of, 162

Alumni networks, 1465

AMA CPT Editorial Panel, 1415

AmBisome^®, 1040

Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC), 1416

American Association of Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS), 636

American Dental Association (ADA), 1401

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 653, 1401, 1405

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1400

Consensus Standard Format, 1405t

Device Standards, 1400t

F04 Committee, 1401–1402

Material Standards, 1400t

Procedure Standards, 1400t

Standard Test Methods, 1400t

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 638

American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 410

Amide bond, 74t

Amine isocyanate, 74t

Amino-oleic Acid, 749

AMO Inc., 925

Amorphous hydrogels, 166

Amorphous polymers

modulus–temperature behavior of, 71f

physical behavior of, 70

physical states of, 69

Amphiphilic (amphipathic) block copolymers, 1041

Ampholytic hydrogels, 166

Amphotericin B, 1040

Amplatzer ASO occluder device, 794f

Amplification, 1095–1096

Analgesia, 641–644, 661, 667

Anaphylaxis, 527

Anaphylotoxins, 517

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)

and breast implant, association between, 561

Anastomoses, 461

Anatomically-shaped human bone, tissue engineering of, 1182–1184, 1183f

Anchorage-dependent cell adhesion, progression of, 471f

Anchoring junctions, 436

Anesthesia, 638–643, 661, 666–667

agents of, 639–641

inhalation, 639–641

injectable, 639

nonstandard injectable, 640

Aneurysm, 773

Angiogenesis, 466, 507, 562

and new ECM deposition, 1324–1325

Angioplasty, 773–776, 1237

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 635, 657

Animal models, for preclinical in vivo assessment, 653

bovine in vivo model, 666

of cardiac devices, 667–668

comparative anatomy and physiology, 666

perioperative care, 666–667

of vascular devices, 668

canine in vivo model, 658–659

of cardiac devices, 661–664

comparative anatomy and physiology, 659–661, 666

perioperative care, 661, 666–667

of vascular devices, 664

cardiac devices, 654–656

methods, 654–655

rationale, 654

reporting, 655–656

choice of, 658

current recommendations of, 672

future directions of, 672

ovine in vivo model, 668

of cardiac devices, 669–670

comparative anatomy and physiology, 668–669

perioperative care, 669

of vascular devices, 670

recommendations for, 653

responsible use, of animals, 657–658

euthanasia, 658

handling, 658

housing, 658

investigator and institutional responsibilities, 657–658

swine in vivo model, 659

of cardiac devices, 661–664

comparative anatomy and physiology, 659–661, 666

perioperative care, 661, 666–667

of vascular devices, 664

testing hierarchies, 670–672

conventionally-placed devices, 670–671

percutaneously-placed devices, 671–672

vascular devices, 656–657

methods, 656

rationale, 656

reporting, 656–657

Animal models for in vivo tests, selection of, 614–615, 614t

Animal surgery, 635

analgesia, 641–642

anesthesia, 638–641

treatment for, 639–641

dog, 645–647

analgesia for, 647

anesthesia for, 646–647

animal selection, 645–646

brief procedures, 646

preoperative preparation, 645–646

ethical and regulatory overview of, 635–636

facility design of, 637

goats, 649–650

analgesia for, 650

anesthesia for, 649–650

animal selection, 649

brief procedures, 649

preoperative preparation, 649

information resources, 636–637

monitoring of, 637–638

pig, 647–649

analgesia for, 648–649

anesthesia for, 648

animal selection, 647–648

brief procedures, 648

preoperative preparation, 647–648

preoperative preparation of, 637–638

rabbit, 644–645

analgesia for, 645

anesthesia for, 644–645

animal selection, 644

brief procedures, 644

preoperative preparation, 644

rodent, 642–644

analgesia for, 643–644

anesthesia for, 642–643

animal selection, 642

preoperative preparation, 642

sheep, 649–650

analgesia for, 650

anesthesia for, 649–650

animal selection, 649

brief procedures, 649

preoperative preparation, 649

Animal use and care, 1427

Animal Welfare Act (AWA) of 1966, 635–636, 657

Animal Welfare Information Center, 636–637

Anionic hydrogels, 166

Anoxia, 445

Anterior capsule opacification (ACO), 921–922

Anterior chamber intraocular lens (AC-IOLs), 920–921

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 1226–1227

Antibacterial properties of biomaterials, testing of, 575–576

Antibiofilm properties of biomaterials, testing of, 575–576

Antibody(ies), 520–521

binding to cell receptors, 529–530

binding to tissue antigens, 529–530

bound to tissue antigens, 529–530

effector functions of, 525f

fragments, 1031

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, 528–530, 528f

immune complex-mediated injury, 530

labeling, 570

-mediated disease, effector mechanisms in, 529f

-mediated disease, pathogenesis of, 527–530

-mediated pathology, 530f

monoclonal antibody-targeted liposomes, 1029–1030

monoclonal antibody-targeted polymeric carriers, 1030–1031

monoclonal, 1029

recognition of, 522–523

structure of, 521f

Anticholinergics, 646

Anticoagulation therapy, 658

Antigen, 513

Antigen–antibody binding, 523f

Antigen detection assays, 1094

formats of, 1095f

Antigen-presenting cells (APC), 523

Antioxidant enzymes, 814

Anti-PfHRPII IgM, 1002

Aortic valve histology and ultrastructure, 1249f

Aphakic eye, 919

Apheresis, therapeutic, 832–833

Apligraf^®, 1008, 1125, 1130, 1277

Apoptosis, 440, 442, 448–451, 449f, 449t

events occurring in, 450

Aquacel^® Ag, 1007–1008

Aqueous humor, 906

production, 943

Aquesys device, 945

Arc discharge, 373

Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), 1033, 1127–1128

clustering, 1169

peptide, 1359

Argon, 6

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT), 941–942

Aromatic polyamide fibers, 225

Aromatic polyurethanes, photo-oxidative reactions of, 712f

Arrested precipitation, 372

Arrhythmia, 962

implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for, 787–788

pacemakers for, 786–787

Arteries, 452–453

Arterioles, 453

Artifacts, 469

Artificial cells, 757, 811

applications of, 811

basic features, 811

drug delivery, 821–822

future of, 823

gene and enzyme therapy, 820–821

genetically engineered cells and microorganisms, 819

in hemoperfusion, 811–813

islets and hepatocytes in, 818–819

magnetic materials, 822

nanobiosensors, 822–823

nanobiotechnology for complete artificial red blood cells, 816–818

nonmedical uses of, 823

partial artificial red blood cells, nanobiotechnology for, 813–816

radioisotopes/radio-opaque material, 823

in regenerative medicine, 819–820

Artificial heart valves, 1436–1438

Artificial hip joints, 78b

Artificial organs, extracorporeal, See Extracorporeal artificial organs

Artificial red blood cells, 813–816

Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR), 953–954

Artificial skin, 188

Artisan™, 989–990

Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), 1031

Asialoorosomucoid (ASOR), 1032

Assay formats, 1094

Assay platforms, 1094–1095

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), 653

Device Standards, 1400t

Procedure Standards, 1400t

Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), 636

Astigmatism, 907

ASTMI Standard, 1405

Atherosclerosis, 772, 772f

Atherosclerotic vascular disease, 1190

Atipamezole, 640, 646

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 47–49, 49f–50f, 374, 417–418, 1150

of hydroxyapatite ceramics, 158

Atomic solid, quantitative prediction of elastic behavior in, 14

Atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 261–262, 266

Atoms, attractive/interactive forces between, 6–7

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 244, 252

Atopy, 548

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 337

Atrial septal defects (ASDs), 792–793

Atrophy, 444

Atropine, 646

Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, 46–47, 47f

Auditory system, 967–969

central auditory system, highlights of, 968

neural plasticity, 969

periphery, 967

damage to, 969

tonotopic organization of, 968b

Autograft, 513, 1198

Autoimmunity, 513, 526

Autologous skin grafts, 1007

Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), 829

Autophagosome, 439

Autophagy, 439

Axis™ dermis, 1319t

Bacteria and bacterial enzymes in colon, 1086

Bacterial acids, neutralization of, 893–894

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces, 567–568

Bacterial biofilms, 566–567

bacteria resistance in, 566–567

defined, 566

development of, 566f

disadvantages of, 566

location of, 566

in orthopedic prosthetic joint infection, 572–573

structure in varied environments, adaptation of, 566

on surgical mesh, 572–573

on sutures, 572

Bacteria resistance, in biofilms, 566–567

Baerveldt shunt, 942f

Balifilcon A, 914–915

Ball variance, 1364

Barbiturates, 640, 643

Bare metal stents (BMS), 775

Barraquer, Jose, 931

Basal lamina, 436–437

Base monomers, 103–105, 104f

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 1142

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), 571–572

Bausch and Lomb, 923t

Bayesian adaptive trials, 1453

Bayesian statistical methods, 1451–1453

Bayesian trial, 1451–1453

Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, 1463–1464

B cell, 522–523

Beams, writing with, 283

Behavioral testing, 976

Belt desmosomes, 436–437

Benign tumors, 558

characteristics of, 558t

Benzocaine spray, 645

Benzodiazepines, 640

Beta-blockers, 941

Bioabsorption, 180

Bioactive glasses, 133–137

clinical applications of, 138–144

calcium phosphate bone cements, 143–144

calcium phosphate ceramics, 138, 138t

calcium phosphate coatings, 141–142

calcium phosphate implants, 142–143

resorbable calcium phosphates, 143

surface reaction stages of, 137–138

Bioactive molecules, delivery of, 1143–1144

Bioactivity, of biomolecular surface patterning, 279

Bioadhesives, 901

Bioadsorbents, 811–812

BioAlliance Pharma, 1054

Bioartificial livers (BAL), 1130

Biobrane™, 1008, 1284–1285

Bioceramics

characteristics of, 130–131, 130t

processing of, 130–131

tissue attachment, types of, 128–130, 128t–129t

Biochemical cues, 1297–1299

diffusible biomolecules and intracellular signaling pathways, 1299

surface-bound biomolecules and adhesion, 1298–1299

Biocompatibility, 588, 1112–1113, 1407–1408

assessment, for biomaterials, 1409–1410

of biomaterials, 503b

defined, 588

during electrical stimulation, 951–952

factors affecting, 589

cell–biomaterial interactions, 590

extrinsic organisms, 589–590

mechanical effects, 590

toxicology, 589

inadequate, risks associated with, 609f

and medical device performance, 1354–1355

new developments of, 591

standards, 1402–1404

in vitro tests, 1403

long-term testing in vivo, 1404

short-term in vivo testing, 1403–1404

today, 588–589

Biocomponent spinning, 311–312

Biodegradable polymeric artificial cells, 821, 822f

Biodegradable polymers

application of, 716

characteristics of, 716–719

diffusion, influence of biodegradation in, 723–726

hydrolytically biodegradable polymer bonds, 716–717

hydrophobic polymers versus hydrogels, 718–719

kinetics of biodegradation, 719–723

enzymatic degradation, 721–723

hydrolytic degradation, 719–721

modes of biodegradation, 717–718

scaffold mechanics, influence of biodegradation on, 725–726

Biodegradable polyurethane elastomers, 1126

Biodegradation, 613, 695

defined, 180

hydrolytic, 697–702

BioDur^®, 108

chemical compositions of, 124–125, 125t

corrosion behavior of, 127

mechanical properties of, 126t

Biodurability, 1113

Bioelectric effect, as an adjunct to antibiotics, 578–579

Bioelectrodes, 957

applications of, 962–964

cardiology, 962

future trends, 963–964

neurology, 962–963

electrode–electrolyte interface, 957–959

electrode materials, 961

equivalent circuit models, 959–960

factors influencing material selection, 960–961

fundamental requirements of, 981–982

Bioerodible materials, toxicity evaluation of, 192–193

Bioerodible polymer, 180

Bioerosion, 180, 189–190

bulk erosion, 189–190

factors influencing, 190–192

surface erosion, 189–190

Biofilms, 565

attachment, resistance to, 578–579

bacterial, 566–567

bacteria resistance in, 566–567

defined, 566

development of, 566f

disadvantages of, 566

location of, 566

structure in varied environments, adaptation of, 566

bacterial adhesion to surfaces, 567–568

control agents at biomaterial surfaces, delivery of, 577–578

device-related infection, 568–572

detection of, 570–572

formation

processes of, 568

resistance to, 578–579

by Staphylococci, 569–570

infection, 568

bacterial biofilms in orthopedic prosthetic joint infection, 572–573

bacterial biofilms on surgical mesh, 572–573

bacterial biofilms on sutures, 572

prevention of, 575–579

related to surgical repair materials, 572

treatment for, 575–579

-resistant biomaterials, 575

Biofouling, 910

effects of, on sample removal systems, 1002–1004

colorimetric antigen detection, 1002–1003

IgG detection using resonating cantilevers, 1004

small molecule detection using SPR, 1003–1004

prevention methods, 1002

blocking for, 1002

coating materials, 1002

proteins as blockers, 1002

sensors and, 1001

Bioglass^®, 1203

Biogran^®, 1203

Bioinfinity, 916

Bioinspiration, 579

Biologic agents, cell injuries caused by, 446

Biological environment, influence of, 732–733

Biological fluids, properties of, 1479

Biological responses to biomaterials, 499

infection, 502

inflammatory reaction, 499–501

remote effects, 501–502

systemic effects, 501–502

thromboembolic complications, 501

tumorigenesis, 502

Biological testing, of biomaterials, 587–588

BIOLOX^® delta, 165b

Biomaterials Access Insurance Act (BAAA), 1441

Biomaterials-based delivery systems, classes of, 1299

Biomaterial scaffold, choice of, 1265–1266

Biomaterials–design configurations, testing of, 1365

Biomaterials–tissue interactions, role of, 1364–1365

biomaterials selection, 1364

design, 1364–1365

Biomateriogenomics, 1338

Biomedical start-up, 1460

Biomet^® 3i, 1203

Biomimetic(s), 1121

architecture, nanostructured scaffolds with, 1221–1222

culture systems for cardiac tissue engineering, 1269

scaffolds, microscale design of, 1168–1169, 1168f

Biomimicry, 349, 579

benefits of, 349b

biocompatibility of, 352

engineering design process, blueprint for, 354

environmental impact on, 352

functional, 349–350

future of, 356

integration with biotechnology, 352

limitations of, 354–356

molecular, 350

Nature’s tried-and-tested principles, transferring, 351b

process, 350

proteins as versatile fiber-forming materials, 352–354

processability, 353

structural anisotropy, 353–354

variety, 352–353

structural, 350

Biomolecules, immobilization of, 342–346, 347t
See also Surface-immobilized biomolecules

BION^® Microstimulator, 988–989

Bio-Oss^®, 1201

Biophysical stimuli, 1266–1267

biochemical cues, 1266–1267

electrical cues, 1267

mechanical conditioning, 1267

Biopolymers, natural, 1219–1220

Bioprosthesis, 761, 764

Bioprosthetic heart valve

biomaterials under quasi-static loading, finite element analysis of, 31–32

calcification, pathophysiology of, 745–747

Bio-Pump^® Plus vaneless centrifugal pump, 840f

Bioreaction, 1356

Bioreactors, 1129

importance of, 1129

limitations and challenges, 1129

types of, 1129, See Bioreactors, for tissue engineering

Bioreactors, for tissue engineering, 1178

anatomically-shaped human bone, tissue engineering of, 1182–1184, 1183f

blood vessels, tissue engineering of

with pulsatile medium flow, 1190

cartilage tissue engineering

with electrical stimulation and medium perfusion, 1186–1188, 1187f

with mechanical loading, 1181–1182

with mechanical stimulation, 1185f

with mechanical stretch, 1184–1186

challenges in bioreactor design, 1190–1191

producing conditions more predictive of cell behavior in vivo, 1191

providing bioreactors beyond the laboratory bench, 1191

design considerations, 1178

biomaterial scaffold, 1180

environmental control, 1180

gas exchange, 1180

key components, 1179–1180

mass transport, 1181

physical signals, 1181

scale, 1181

technical requirements, 1180

heart valves, tissue engineering of

with mechanical stimulation and perfusion, 1188–1190

with mechanical loading for tissue engineering of cartilage, 1182f

worked examples, 1191–1193

Bioresorbable polymeric scaffold characterization techniques, 1150t

Bioresorbable polymers, 1139–1140

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS), 1065–1066

Bioresorption, 180

Biosensing

basics of, 997–1000

design goals and constraints, 1000

glucose sensors, 997–999

interaction with environment, 999–1000

biofouling

effects of, on sample removal systems, 1002–1004

prevention methods, 1002

challenges in, 1000–1001

point-of-care measurements enabling distributed diagnosis and home healthcare, 1001

Biosensor, 996, 997f

different sensing modalities to, 999t

Biotextiles, 301–302

clinical applications of, 303t–305t

defined, 302b

finishing, 315

future directions of, 317–319

products, 315–317

cardiovascular, 316–317

general surgery, 315–316

orthopedic, 317

skin grafts, 317

wound dressings, 317

structure of, 303t–305t, 312–315

braided, 314

knitted, 312f, 314

nonowen, 314–315

woven, 312–313, 312f, 313t

Bis-epoxide cross-linked hyaluronic acid, 201

Bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane (PCPP), 183f

2,2-Bis[p-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methacryloxypropoxy) phenylene]propane (Bis-GMA), 103–105, 104f, 108–109

1,6-Bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane (UDMA), 103–105, 104f, 108–109

Bisphosphonates, 748–749

Björk-Shiley mechanical heart valve prosthesis, 1377f

with convexo-concave disk and 70° opening, 1377f

Block copolymer, 67f

modulus–temperature behavior of, 71f

self-assembly, 291–292, 292f

Blocking for biofouling prevention, 1002

Blood-compatibility

defined, 618

reasons for measuring, 618–619

Blood-compatible materials, 633

Blood-contacting hydrogels, 175

Blood–materials interactions (BMI), 617, 620f

assessment of, 621–625

Virchow’s triad, 621–625, 621f

evaluation of, 625–633, 625t

blood interaction studies, using an ex vivo shunt, 631–632

flow cytometry, 629–630

in vitro tests, 618–625, 626

in vivo evaluation of devices, 627–629

in vivo tests, 626–627

platelet adhesion, 630

recalcified plasma clotting times, 630–631

thromboembolism, 632–633

principles of, 618–625

Blood oxygenation, 836–839

Blood pumps

calcification, 740–741

in extracorporeal circulation, 839–840

centrifugal pumps, 839–840

roller pump, 839

polymeric heart valves and bladders in, 740–741

Blood vessels, 474–480, 475f

applications of tissue engineering in, 1131

cyclic strain effect on, 479–480

enabling technologies, 1237–1240

with pulsatile medium flow, 1190

shear stress effect on, 475–479

tissue engineering approaches, 1240–1243

Blooming, 95–96

Blotting membrane, 96–97

B lymphocytes, 520

Board of directors (BOD), 1466

Bombyx mori silkworms, 1225

Bonding, 889, 892

silicone adhesives, 89

Bond pads, 951

Bone

applications of tissue engineering in, 1132

cements, 891–903

acid-etch bonding to enamel, 894

aging and stability of bonded interface, 896–897

auto-polymerizing PMMA bone cement, 891–894

bioadhesives, 901

biomimetic approaches, 901–903

bonding to dentin via hybrid inter-phase, 894–895

chemistry of etchants, primers, and bonding agents, 895

cyanoacrylate esters, 899–900

factors affecting magnitude and vector direction of shrinkage stress, 897–898

fibrin sealants, 900

gelatin-resorcinol-aldehyde glues, 900–901

hybrid-layer creation via three-stage approach, 895

hydrogel sealants, 901

incorporation of anti-bacterial functionality, 897

new low shrinkage monomers, development and chemistry of, 898

shrinkage and polymerization-kinetics, molecular origins of, 897

soft tissue adhesives and sealants, 898–899

strategies to minimize shrinkage stress in bonded cavities of low compliance, 898

stress-development due to polymerization shrinkage, 897

unsuccessful approaches, 895

lining cells, 114–118

mechanotransduction in, 484–485, 484f

regeneration by porous materials, promoting, 323–324

Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), 1224–1225

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), 1203

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 1143–1144

Bone tissue engineering

bone biology, 1194–1195

bone grafts, 1198

allograft, 1198

autograft, 1198

bone graft substitutes, 1198–1205

allograft-based substitutes, 1198–1199

cell-based substitutes, 1203

ceramic-based substitutes, 1201–1203

composite substitutes, 1204–1205

growth factor-based substitutes, 1203–1204

natural polymer-based substitutes, 1199

porosity in, 1205–1206

synthetic polymer-based substitutes, 1199–1201

cells involved, 1195–1196

bone lining cells, 1195–1196

osteoblasts, 1195

osteoclasts, 1196

osteocytes, 1196

development of bone tissue, 1197–1198

endochondral ossification, 1197

intramembranous ossification, 1196–1197

dimension in bone graft substitutes, 1206–1208

nanofibers, 1207–1208

in vitro culture techniques, 1208–1210

sintered microspheres, 1206–1207

hierarchical organization of bone, 1195f

types of bone tissue, 1195

Book electrodes, 992

Boundary element method (BEM), 21–22

Bovine in vivo model, 666

of cardiac devices, 667–668

comparative anatomy and physiology, 666

perioperative care, 666–667

analgesia, 661

anesthesia, 666–667

of vascular devices, 668

Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 278

Bradycardia, 962

Braids, 314

Brain, 1293

Brain–Computer Interface (BCI), 964

Brainstem implants, 970

Branched polymers, 64–65, 65f

modulus–temperature behavior of, 70–71

Breast implants, 741

Bryan^® Cervical Disc Prosthesis, 850

Buckman v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Committee (531 U.S. 341 [2001]), 1433

Bulk degradation, 718–720

drug release and, 724

in hydrogels, 720–721

Bulk erosion, 189–190

Bulk modulus, 12

Bulk properties, of materials, 9

compressive strain, 10–11

compressive stress, 10, 12

elastic deformation, 12–16

in atomic solid, quantitative prediction of, 14

elastic constants, 12–13

incompressibility, condition for, 13

in molecular solid, quantitative prediction of, 14–16

failure, statistical aspects of, 19

fracture toughness, 18–19

hardness, 17

microstructure and, 9–10

nominal strain, 10

nominal stress, 10

optical properties, 20

plastic deformation, 16–17

ductility, 16

failure, 16–17

necks, stability of, 17

strength, 16–17

yield strength, 16

resilience, 17–18

shear strain, 11–12

shear stress, 11–12

surface properties versus, 9

tensile strain, 10–11

tensile stress, 10, 12

thermal properties, 19–20

toughness, 18

true strain, 11

true stress, 11

Buprenorphine, 641, 643–645

Burn dressings and skin substitutes, 757, 1006

Business and commercialization issues, 1393–1397

business model, 1394–1395

development strategy, 1395

funding, 1393–1394

sales and marketing, 1395–1396

team, 1396–1397

Business plan competitions, 1465

Butorphanol, 641–642, 646

Cab–O–Sil^®, 88

Cadherins, 436–437

Calcific aortic stenosis, 761–762

Calcification, 695, 739–740

assessment methods, 742t

assessment of, 742–744

chemical assessment, 744

morphologic evaluation, 742–744

of collagen and elastin, 747

experimental models, 745, 745t

mechanisms of, 744–747

bioprosthetic heart valve calcification, pathophysiology of, 745–747

collagen and elastin, calcification of, 747

experimental models, 745

regulation, 744–745

prevention of, 747–750

alternative materials, 750

calcifiable material, removal/modification of, 749

calcium diffusion inhibitor, 749

hydroxyapatite formation, inhibitors of, 748–749

tissue fixatives, use of, 749–750

Calcified tissues, structure and properties of, 842–843

Calcium diffusion inhibitor, 749

Calcium phosphate, 892

bone cements, 143

bone graft, 1201

ceramics, 138, 138t

coatings, 141–142

implants, 142–143

mechanical properties of, 142, 143

porosity of, 143

Calcium sulfate, 1203

Calhoun Vision, Inc., 923t, 926–927

Calibration, 1101–1102

Cancer, 558

diagnosis of, 558

grading of, 558

prognosis of, 558

staging of, 558

treatment, PEGylated micelle formulations for, 1042t

Canine in vivo model, 658–659

of cardiac devices, 661–664

comparative anatomy and physiology, 659–661, 666

perioperative care, 661, 666–667

analgesia, 661

anesthesia, 661

of vascular devices, 664

Cantilever-based sensor, 1001

Capacitive Charge Transfer, 982

Capillaries, 452–453

Capillary force lithography (CFL), 291

Capillary rise method, 40f

Capital, 1467–1468

sources of, 1468–1469

Capronor™ system, 184

Capsular calcification, 741

Capsular contraction, 591

Captive air bubble method, 40f

Carbodiimide-mediated hydrazide chemistry, reversible cross-linking using, 201

Carbodiimide-mediated reaction products, 200–201

Carbohydrates, 1031–1032

galactose-targeted liposomes, 1031–1032

galactose-targeted polymeric carriers, 1032

mannose-based targeting, 1032

mannose-targeted liposomes, 1032

mannose-targeted polymeric carriers, 1033–1034

Carbon fiber, 224–225

Carbon nanoparticles, 371–372

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 371–373

multi-walled, 371

single-walled, 371, 377

Carboxylic acid amine, 74t

Carcinogenesis, 877

Carcinogenicity, 613

Cardiac assist devices, 788–791, 792f

Cardiac devices, in vivo preclinical testing of, 654–656

bovine in vivo model of, 667–668

canine in vivo model of, 661–664

methods, 654–655

rationale, 654

reporting, 655–656

swine in vivo model of, 661–664

Cardiac grafts, generating, 1272–1273

Cardiac muscle tissue engineering

biomimetic culture systems for, 1269

biophysical stimuli, 1266–1267

biochemical cues, 1266–1267

electrical cues, 1267

mechanical conditioning, 1267

biomaterial scaffold, choice of, 1265–1266

cardiovascular cell populations, 1265

cardiovascular disease, 1262

challenges and future applications, 1272–1273

cardiac grafts, generating, 1272–1273

human disease, models of, 1273

scaffolds of the future, 1273

evaluation of, 1269

examples of biomaterials for, 1266f

mass transport, 1267–1269

myocardial infarction, 1263

native myocardium, characteristics of, 1262–1263

paradigm, 1264f

recent studies in, 1268f

representative studies in, 1269–1272

cardiac-specific biomaterials, 1270–1271

culture in hydrogel with mechanical stimulation, 1271

culture in porous scaffold with electrical stimulation, 1271–1272

injectable hydrogels, 1272

native myocardium as biomaterial, 1271

scaffold-free methods, 1270

worked example, 1273–1274

Cardiac myocytes, 461

Cardiac pacemakers, 786–787

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), 786

Cardiac-specific biomaterials, 1270–1271

Cardiac support devices, 795–796

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) device, 629, 788–789, 836, 837f

CardioSEAL septal repair device, 794f

Cardiovascular cell populations, 1265

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 1237

Cardiovascular implants, 1375–1378

Cardiovascular medical devices, 757, 760

cardiac support devices, 795–796

cardiopulmonary bypass, 788–789

closure devices, 792–793

engineered vascular grafts, 782

heart failure and treatment options, 788

implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), 787–788

inferior vena cava filters, 793–795

intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), 789–790

left atrial appendage occlusion devices, 795

pacemakers, 786–787

stent grafts, 779–782

vascular grafts, 776–779

ventricular assist devices and total artificial hearts, 790–791

Cardiovascular system, regional structural variations in, 463f

Carl Zeiss-Meditec, 923t, 925

Carpentier, Alain, 761

Carprofen, 643–645

Carrier proteins, 428, 431

Cartilage, mechanotransduction in, 484–485, 484f

Cartilage tissue engineering, 1215–1222

advanced scaffolds and signaling factors in, 1221–1222

nanostructured scaffolds with biomimetic architecture, 1221–1222

“smart” scaffolds with controlled release capability, 1221

biomaterials in, 1217–1221

natural biopolymers, 1219–1220

polysaccharide-based materials, 1220–1221

protein-based materials, 1219–1220

synthetic biomaterials, 1217–1219

cartilage composition, 1216

cellular activity requirements, 1217

chondrocytes, maintenance of phenotypic spherical shape of, 1217

three-dimensional cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, 1217

clinical relevance and limitations of current repair strategies, 1215

designing and fabricating scaffold for, 1217

with electrical stimulation and medium perfusion, 1186–1188

bioreactors with perfusion and electrical stimulation, 1188

convective–diffusive oxygen supply in perfused channeled scaffolds, 1186–1187

electrical stimulation of contractile constructs, 1188

oxygen supply by perfusion, 1186

material property requirements, 1217

mechanical properties, 1217

scaffolding structures construction with ECM-mimetic geometry, 1217

scaffolds, biocompatible surface chemistry and topography on, 1217

with mechanical loading, 1181–1182

with mechanical stretch, 1184–1186

modern strategy, 1215–1216

Cartridge-based systems, 1103

Catalytic DNA- or RNA-based enzymes, 1047

Cataract, 908

optics of, 917–918

Catheter-based valves, 769–770

Cationic hydrogels, 166

Cationic liposomes, 1040

Celecoxib, 642

Cell(s)

adhesion, 395

analysis, 466–470, 467t

advanced, 470

artifacts, 469

dehydration, 466–468

electron microscopy, 469

embedding, 466–468

functional assessment, 469–470, 470t

genotyping, 469–470, 470t

immunohistochemistry, 468–469

light microscopy, 466, 467f, 469f

sectioning, 468

staining, 468–469, 468t

three-dimensional interpretation, 469, 469f

anchoring proteins, peptide sequences on, 411t

attachment, 411–412

-based substitutes for bone graft, 1203

B cell, 522–523

bioencapsulation, 819

biomaterials interactions with, 471–473

communication

in multicellular organisms, 433

compatibility, in vitro assessment of, 593

future challenges to, 602–607

ISO 10993 Biological evaluation of medical devices, 594–596

proof-of-concept testing, 602

culture, 408–410

non-fouling surfaces in, 414–415

primary, 409

surfaces for, 410–411

differentiation, 441–443

gene expression, alterations in, 442–443

fate decisions, 455b

function, 428

giant, 499–500

housekeeping, 428–430

injury, 444

causes of, 445–446

irreversible, 444, 448

pathogenesis of, 446–447

responses to, 447–448

reversible, 444, 448

lines, 409, 409t

mechanics, as key regulators of tissue development, 1169–1171

mechanotransduction in, 474

over short/long distances, 433–434

polarity, 429–430

proliferation, 443–444

regeneration, 443–444, 470–471

response to injury, 428

seeding and culture, in three-dimensional scaffolds, 1151–1153

culture in mechanically stimulated conditions, 1152

perfusion culture, 1152

rotary vessel culture, 1152

spinner flask culture, 1152

static seeding and culture, 1151–1152

sourcing, 1124, 1237–1238

specialization, 441–443

Tc cell, 521

T cell. see T cell(s)

Th cell, 521, 522f

transplantation, 1142

type, 1124–1125

Cell–biomaterial interactions, 590

Cell–cell interactions, 458, 493

Cell–matrix interactions, 458

Cell phones, 1104–1105

CellSpray^®, 1008

Cell–surface interactions, 410–413

cell attachment, 411–412

cell culture, surfaces for, 410–411

dynamic control of, 412–413

commercial modifications of, 412

experimental modifications of, 412

investigating, 413

Cell-to-scaffold interactions, 1138

Cellular aging, effects of culture conditions on, 1282b

Cellular mechanotransduction, molecular mechanisms of, 1172–1174, 1173f

Cellular phenotype, determination of, 441b

Cellular swelling, acute, 446

Cellulose, 66f

Cellulose acetate, characteristics and uses of, 77t

CE Mark, 1410–1411

Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), 1391, 1405–1406

Centers for Disease Control, 636

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), 1419

Central nervous system (CNS)

implants, 970

injuries in, 1131–1132

Centrifugal plasma separation, 834f

Centrifugal pumps, 839–840

Ceramics, 226, 853–855

-based substitutes for bone graft, 1201–1203

bioceramics

characteristics of, 130–131, 130t

processing of, 130–131

tissue attachment, types of, 128–130, 128t–129t

degradation, 736–737

glass-ceramics, 133–137

hydroxyapatite, See Hydroxyapatite ceramics

nearly inert crystalline, 132–133

porous, 133

Cervical disc arthroplasty, 847

Cervical IDRs (Intervertebral Disc Replacement), 848f

Chain architecture, 69b

Chain polarity, 69b

Chain stiffness, 69b

Channel proteins, 431

Channel-Specific Sampling Sequences (CSSS), 972

Charge-coupled device (CCD), 686–687

Charge injection, principles of, 982–983

Charge-transfer electrodes, 957–958

Chemical degradation, mechanisms of, 190, 191f

Chemical derivatization, 345

Chemical injury, 446

Chemical modification, 345

Chemical reaction methods, for surface modification, 261–262, 262f

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 373

Chemisorption, 412

Chemotactic signals, 518

Chemotaxis, 516–517

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), 1148

Chitosan, 197–198, 361, 1060, 1125, 1221

structure of, 197f

Chloral hydrate, 640

Chloroform, 640–641

2-Chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI), 201

Chondrocytes, 1216

maintenance of phenotypic spherical shape of, 1217

Chondroitin sulfate, 199–200, 1221

structure of, 197f

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), 1292

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 908

Chromatin, 437

Chromium, 733

Chromophores, 679–680

Chromosome aberrations, 598f

Chrondroitin sulfate, 457

Chronic toxicity, 613

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), 1312, 1315

Ciproflaxin (CPFX), 1032

Circular dichroism (CD), 404

Claims, 1415

databases, 1418

processing of, 1415–1416

coding, 1415

new devices and technologies, coding implications for, 1415–1416

Clarion^®, 971

Classical pathway (CP), of complement system, 534–535

Class II/Class III device, 1418–1419, 1423

Clathrin, 432

-coated pit, 432

-coated vesicle, 432

Clinical trials, 1443–1444

adaptive and Bayesian trials, 1451–1453

first successful heart valve prosthesis, 1444

medical device RCTs, critique of, 1444–1446

medical device regulatory trials, 1446–1450

observational studies, improving, 1450–1451

for transcatheter valves, 1453–1455

Cloning, 490

Closed loop methods, 1123–1124

Closure devices, 792–793

Coacervation, 366–367

Coagulation, 553–554

mechanisms of, 554–555

control, 555–557

Coating(s), 1018–1019

conversion, 271–272

parylene, 272

Cobalt-based alloys, 865

mechanical properties of, 114t, 115–117

microstructure of, 115–117

Cobalt–chromium alloys, 855

Cochlea, 967

Cochlear Corporation, 975

Cochlear implants, 757

Cochlear prostheses, 969–972

architecture, 969

brainstem and central nervous system (CNS) implants, 970

cochlear nerve implants, 970

commercially available systems, 970–972

future directions, 977

recent advances in signal processing, 970

Co-culture of cells, chemical patterning for, 415–416

Coding, 1415

Cold working, See Work hardening

Collagen, 198, 455–457, 1219–1220, 1321

calcification of, 747

fibers, mechanical behavior of

finite element multiscale approach for predicting, 25–27

fibrillar, 455–456

interstitial, 455–456

tropocollagen, 456–457

type IX functions, 1216

CollaMend^®, 1319t

Colliods, surface patterning by self-assembly of, 291

Colon

bacteria and bacterial enzymes in, 1086

drug delivery, 1086

Colorimetric antigen detection, 1002–1003

Comfilcon A, 916

Commercialization

business and commercialization issues, 1393–1397

business model, 1394–1395

development strategy, 1395

funding, 1393–1394

sales and marketing, 1395–1396

team, 1396–1397

clinical trials, 1390–1393

intellectual property, 1391

regulatory strategy, 1391–1392

reimbursement, 1392–1393

effect on constituencies, 1390

life science, stages of, 1397–1399

approval for use, 1399

expanded clinical use, 1399

first human use, 1398–1399

idea stage, 1397–1398

next phase, 1399

proof of concept, 1398

proof of feasibility, 1398

proof of value, 1398

standard of care, 1399

validation of clinical utility, 1399

market size and growth, 1390

steps to, 1393f

Compact organs, organization of, 463f

Competitive enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA), 1096

Complement system, 517, 529, 533, 556–557

alternative pathway of, 536–537

classical pathway of, 534–535

clinical correlates of, 540–543

control mechanisms of, 538–539

future directions of, 543

lectin pathway of, 535–536

membrane attack complex, 537–538

receptors of, 539–540, 539t

Complexation hydrogels, 166

Composites, 223

classification of, 223f

defined, 223

fabrication of, 229

fiber-reinforced composites, 229–230

particle-reinforced composites, 229

fibrous, 223

matrix, 227–229

absorbable, 230–231

non-absorbable, 231–234

nanocomposites, 223

particulate, 223

reinforcing systems, 224

carbon fiber, 224–225

ceramics, 226

glass fibers, 226–227

nanofillers, 227

polymer fibers, 225–226

substitutes, for bone graft, 1204–1205

Compression molding, 88–89, 230, 1146

Compressive strain, 10–11

Compressive stress, 10, 12

Condensation, 74–75, 75f

Conductive leads, 951

Cones, 906

Conflicts of interest, 1429

Confluence, 409

Confocal microscopy, 684–685

laser scanning, 684–685, 685f

Congestive heart failure, 788

Connective tissues, 455, 459f–460f, 460–461

Connexins, 433

Considère’s criterion, 17, 17f

CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials), 1451

Contact-angle correlations, 52

Contact angle methods, 38–39, 40f, 40t

Contacting sensors, 999

Contact inhibition, 409–410

Contact lenses, 909, 909t

corneal requirements, 909–910

general properties of, 910–915

hard, 911

hydrogels use in, 175

rigid gas permeable, 911

silicone hydrogel, 913–915

soft hydrogel, 911–912

solutions, 916

specialty, 916

standard hydrogel, 912

surface modifications, 915–916

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 829

Continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), 829

Continuous Interleaved Sampler (CIS), 971

Continuous pultrusion, 230

Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), 1129

Contour™, 975

Contrast, in biomolecular surface patterning, 278–279, 279f

Controlled drug delivery systems (CDDs), 1024–1027

Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 670–671

Conventional fabrication methods, 1126–1127

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 636

Conversion coatings, 271–272

Cook Biotech, 199

Copolymerization, 71

Copolymers, 66–67

hydrogels, 166

molecular structure of, 67f

repeat unit of, 67f

CorCap Cardiac Support Device, 795–796

Cordis, 775

CoreValve^®, 769–770, 1455

aortic bioprosthesis, 769f

Coriell Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), 410

Cornea, 905–906, 947

Corneal inlays, 757, 930

biological requirements at, 932–933

commercial attempts, 933

current status, 936–937

future of, 938

history of, 931

impermeable intracorneal lenses, 935

optical requirements, 932

permeable intracorneal lenses, 933–935

synthetic biomaterials, in cornea, 931–932

synthetic materials for corneal onlays, 935–936

Corneal onlays, 930

biological requirements at, 932–933

commercial attempts, 933

current status, 936–937

future of, 938

history of, 931

impermeable intracorneal lenses, 935

optical requirements, 932

permeable intracorneal lenses, 933–935

synthetic biomaterials, in cornea, 931–932

synthetic materials for corneal onlays, 935–936

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 1237

Coronary artery bypass surgery, 1443

Corporate partners, 1469

Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA), 1473–1474

Correlation, 1355–1359

Corrosion, in biological environment, 733–736

crevice, 734

fretting, 734

galvanic, 735–736

implantable alloys, intentional corrosion and resorption of, 736

intergranular, 734–735

pitting, 733–734

stress corrosion cracking, 735

Cortex, 461–462

CosmoDerm™, 198

Cotton sutures, 1014

Courtroom, science in, 1440–1441

Covalent attachment, 342–346, 347t

Covalent bonding, 7, 7t, 8f

Coverage decisions, 1417–1418

COX-1 inhibitor, 642

COX-2 inhibitor, 642

CPT procedure codes, 1415

Cranial nerve stimulation, 991–992

C-reactive protein (CRP), 516

Creep test, 16

Crevice corrosion, 734

Cribier-Edwards™ balloon-expandable aortic valve replacement, 769f

Cross-linked polymers, modulus–temperature behavior of, 70, 71f

CryoLife™, 199

Cryosurgery, 963

Crystalline melting temperature, of polymers, 72t

Cuff electrodes, 992

CuffPatch™, 1319t

Cultured cells, characteristics of, 410

Cultured Epithelial Autograft (CEA), 1009

Culture

in hydrogel with mechanical stimulation, 1271

in porous scaffold with electrical stimulation, 1271–1272

Custom Osseous Integrated Implant (COII), 885

Cutaneous wound healing, phases of, 465f

Cyanoacrylate esters, 899–900

Cyanoacrylates, 1022–1023

Cyclic strain, effect on blood vessels, 479–480

Cyclodextrin backbone polymer, 1037f

Cyclodextrin polymers as drug carriers, 1038

Cypher^® Stent, 775

Medicare Reimbursement Strategy, 1420b

Regulatory Strategy, 1419b

US Patents, 1424b

Cystocath^® suprapubic drainage system, 1107–1108, 1108f

Cytapheresis, 835

Cytokines, 520

Cytolysis, 517

Cytoplasm, 428

Cytoskeleton, 434–437

Cytosol, 428

Cytotoxic T cells, 520

Dacron^®

vascular prostheses, 508

velour cuffs, 226, 327, 776, 1131, 1237, 1240–1242

Damages, 1431

Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), 870–871

Data, information, and statistics, 1355

Daubert v. Merrell Dow (509 U.S. 579 [1993]), 1440

Decapeptyl^®, 1056

Decellularization of tissues, 749

methods of, 1317–1320

rationale for, 1317

Decellularized ligament scaffolds, 1228–1229

Decellularized tissues, 199

as scaffolds, 1317

Decitex, 308

Deep venous thrombus (DVT), 793–795

Defense mechanisms, adverse effects of, 547

Defensive manufacturing and marketing, 1442

Degradable hydrogels, 171–172

Degradable medical implants, classification of, 187–189

implantable drug delivery devices, 188

injectable polymer-drug depot delivery systems, 188

multifunctional devices, 189

temporary barrier, 188

temporary support device, 187–188

tissue engineering scaffold, 188–189

Degradable polymers

availability of, 180–187

medical applications of, 180t, 182t

packaging of, 192

resorbable, 182t

sterilization of, 192

storage stability of, 192

synthetic, 182t

Degradation

characteristics, of polymer materials, 73–74

defined, 179–180

of materials, 695–696

Degree of crystallinity, 72

Dehydration, 466–468

Deknatel’s Tevdek^®, 1018–1019

Delamination resistance, 260

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), 530

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM), 1198–1199

Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), 571–572

Dendrimers, 1045, 1046f

hydrogels, 172

Denier, 308

Dental implants, 882–888

anatomical and imaging considerations, 885

biomaterials, 885

complications of, 1378t

during 1950s–2000s, 882–885

tissue integration, 887–888

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 429–430

Depletion studies, 396–397

Deposition control, 1085

Dermagraft^®, 1130, 1422

Dermal integration, 327

Dermatan sulfate, 457

Design controls, 1420–1423

biomaterials design controls examples, 1421–1423

and risk analysis, 1407–1409

Design engineer, liability of, 1441

Desmosomes

belt, 436–437

spot, 436–437

Development strategy, 1395

Device failure mode analysis, 1361–1363

biological testing of implants, 1365–1366

biomaterials–design configurations, testing of, 1365

biomaterials–tissue interactions, role of, 1364–1365

biomaterials selection, 1364

design, 1364–1365

clinical handling and surgical procedure, 1367

packaging, shipping, and storage, 1366–1367

raw materials, fabrication, and sterilization, 1366

recipient, 1367

Device marketing and promotion, 1442

Device Master Record, 1406–1407

Device-related infection, 568–572

detection of, 570–571

Device retrieval analysis, 1370

Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor^®), 639, 643, 646

Dexon™ suture, 1016

Dextran, 362–363

Diabetes, 1313–1315

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), 908

Diagnostic applications, of biomaterials, 1087–1106

analytical phase, 1091–1101

amplification, 1095–1096

assay formats, 1094

assay platforms, 1094–1095

capture and detection, 1093

response algorithms and noise filtering, 1099–1101

signal transduction, 1096–1099

defining the requirements for new diagnostics, 1105

direction of new diagnostic platforms, 1103–1105

disposables, 1103

interpretation phase, 1101–1102

calibration, 1101–1102

controls, 1102

readout and classification, 1102

novel techniques at various stages, 1102

pre-analytical phase, 1089–1091, 1089f

affinity capture for concentration and purification, 1090–1091

factors determining specimen, specimen volume, and specimen conditioning, 1089

requirements of diagnostics, 1087–1088

three main aspects of diagnostics, 1088

Dialysis, 827–828

Diamond

allotropic crystalline forms of, 210f

structure of, 212f

Diastole, 453

Diazepam, 640, 646

Dichloromethane (DCM), See Methylene chloride

Diclofenac, 642

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, 682–683, 683f

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 73, 374, 404, 1150–1151

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, 47f

Digital imagers, 685–686

Digital images, 687

Digital imaging, 685–687

devices, 686–687

Diluent monomers, 103–105, 104f

Diopter, 905

N,N-Dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 1049–1050

Dipole–dipole interactions, 70

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), 280, 282

Direct oxidation by host, 704–707, 705f–706f

Direct-write patterning, 280–282

with fields, 285

electric, 285

magnetic, 285

Direct-write photolithography, 283–284

Disc electrodes, 992

Dispersion force, See Van der Waals force

Diversity, 63–64

Divinylsulfone cross-linked hyaluronic acid, 201

DNAzymes, 1047

Dog, surgery in, 645–647

analgesia for, 647

anesthesia for, 646–647

animal selection, 645–646

brief procedures, 646

preoperative preparation, 645–646

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), 1301f

Dose–response relationship, 594, 1100

Dose uniformity ratio (DUR), 1343

DOTAP (1,2-diolyoxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane), 1049

Dow Corning, 1112

Doxorubicin-Transdrug^®, 1054

Drilled end needle, 1019

Drug delivery, 723–725

using artificial cells, 821–822

electrospun membranes, biomedical applications of, 337–338

from hydrogels, 175

targeted, 175–176

mediated by bulk degradation, 724

mediated by pendent chain cleavage, 724–725

mediated by surface erosion, 723–724

micro- and nanoparticles role in, 377–378

systems, 1024

targeted carriers used in, 1030t

Drug-eluting stent (DES), 775, 1064

industry, case study, 1471b

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 636

Dual-setting resin-based cements, 894

Ductility, 16

Due diligence, defining, 1463b

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), 1282

DuPont, 1441

Durable medical equipment (DME), payment for, 1417

DurADAPT™, 1319t

Dura-Guard^®, 1319t

Durasis^®, 1319t

Durepair^®, 1319t

DUROS^® implant, 1067

Dyes, 1018

Dynamic cell seeding and culture techniques, 1151f

Dynamic light scattering (DLS), 374

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 73

Dynamic reciprocity, 455

Dynamic surface patterning, 293

Dyneins, 429–430

Dystrophic calcification, 739–740

ECG electrode, 1421

Echinoderm collagens, 357b–358b

Edwards Lifesciences SAPIEN valve, 1454–1455

Elastic constants, 12–13

Elastic deformation, 12–16

in atomic solid, quantitative prediction of, 14

elastic constants, 12–13

incompressibility, condition for, 13

in molecular solid, quantitative prediction of, 14–16

Elastic intervertebral replacement devices, 850

Bryan^® Cervical Disc Prosthesis, 850

Elastic network resistance, 243

Elastin, 199, 455–457

calcification of, 747

Elastin-like-peptides (ELPs), 199

Elastomer, 15

solicone, 86–89

cross-linking by addition, 87

cross-linking by condensation, 86–87

cross-linking with radicals, 86

elastomer filler, 87–88

processing of, 88–89

Electrical double layer (EDL), 958–959

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 973–974

Electrocorticography (ECoG), 964

Electrode arrays, 972–977

contact materials, 973–974

contacts and focusing, 972–973

costs and benefits, 977, 983f

focusing fields and the interaction with tissue, 976–977

material properties, 974–975

measurements, 975–976

Electrode–electrolyte interface, 957–959

electrical double layer, 958–959

faradaic and nonfaradaic processes, 957–958

polarizable and nonpolarizable electrodes, 958

Electrode materials, 961

noble metals, 961

non-noble metals, 961

Electrode Positioning System (EPS), 971

Electrodes for retinal prosthesis, 951–952

Electromagnetic force, 6

Electromagnetic transduction, 1096–1097

Electron beam lithography (EBL), 284, 1296–1297

Electron beam sterilization, 1341–1342

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), 743–744

Electron microscopy, 687–690, 688f

for chemical analysis, 41, 42f–43f, 43t, 1150

chemical composition of polymers, determination of, 67

techniques, 743–744

for tissue/cell analysis, 469