Index
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures, tables and text boxes.
A
Abnormal breathing patterns, CNS lesions produce,
753–754,
763Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), pheromone detection,
527Accommodation, vergence eye movements and,
699Accumbens (nucleus accumbens),
873,
877,
879,
883,
884,
885–886,
888,
891–892,
893,
see also Basal gangliaα-bungarotoxin inhibition,
448muscle-autonomous
and neural-dependent patterning,
391–392
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE),
127,
658Actin
cytoskeleton role in cell movement and transport,
78–80Action potentials
bursts and calcium low-threshold currents,
114calcium-binding proteins and action potential coupling to exocytosis,
153propagation speed and myelination,
106Activator protein 1 (AP-1), transcription,
206–207Activity-dependent neuromodulation,
1014Addiction
chronic drug administration compromise of reward systems,
887drug reward neurobiological substrates
mesolimbic dopamine system cocaine,
883–884neural substrates of sensitization,
884–885
Δ
9-tetrahydrocannabinol,
886epidemiology of drug abuse,
879–881negative reinforcement,
887neuroadaptation, abstinence and relapse,
889–891neurochemical adaptation
corticotropin-releasing factor,
888–889signal transduction mechanisms,
892–896withdrawal from chronic administration of drugs,
887withdrawal neurobiological substrates aversion,
886–888Adenylate cyclase (AC)
coincidence detection,
193ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs),
68Adrenocortical dysfunction,
794Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH),
803Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS),
829Aging
life expectancy trends,
927memory effects
neurobiology of decline
Agnosia
inferior temporal cortex,
948,
950Agouti-related protein (AgRP), food intake regulation,
778signal for postsynaptic differentiation,
389–390Agrin-mediated signaling, and synapse formation
Alanine amino transferase (ALAT),
274Alcohol, addiction mechanisms,
886Aldosterone, salt appetite regulation,
793–795γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA),
655–656transmitter
versus metabolic pools,
128Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolproprionic acid (AMPA) receptor,
171,
239,
252Amnesia
retrograde amnesia and consolidation,
1039–1040Amygdala memory system
emotional disposition acquisition,
1046Amyloid
β-protein (Aβ),
941Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
385,
622Androgen-response elements (AREs),
811Anterior endoderm (AE),
293Anterior intraparietal area (AIP),
642Anterior neural plate (ANB),
294Anterior neural ridge (ANR),
300Anterior nidopallium (LMAN), birdsong learning neural pathway,
483Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE),
294Anterograde organizers,
396postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors,
399Anteroposterior (AP) axis,
288Anticonvulsant medications,
1031Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH),
813Aplysia ubiquitin hydrolase (ApUch),
1013
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), alleles,
942Arginine vasopressin (AVP),
813–814osmotic homeostasis regulation,
785L-Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), catecholamine biosynthesis,
122
Arterial chemoreceptor,
761Aspartate amino transferase (AAT),
274Aspartate, excitatory neurotransmission,
128–129astrocyte-neuron metabolic unit,
283–284hepatic encephalopathy role,
275–276positron emission tomography studies of metabolism,
279–281Asynergia, definition,
688Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), volume homeostasis regulation,
789,
793,
795competition bias by nonspatial feedback,
1005–1006fronto-parietal attention control system,
994–998lateral geniculate nucleus neural response modulation,
1000–1001visual cortex neural activation with/without stimulation,
992–993,
992–994visual system, processing information about objects,
998–1000Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
673,
1080–1081Audition
and sound localization,
573and auditory nerve
descending systems to hair cells and nerve fibers,
564–565phase locking of responses,
563sound level and spontaneous activity response,
563central nervous system
contralateral
versus ipsilateral ear response,
568–569interaural level difference,
484interaural time difference,
484–486tonotopic organization of pathways,
566cochlea
outer hair cell mechanical properties and amplification,
557–559receptor potentials from inner hair cells,
556–557,
558sensorineural hearing loss,
559stereocilia channels and transducer gating,
555–556endbulbs and calyces,
568otoacoustic emissions,
560Auditory nerve fibers
descending systems to hair cells and nerve fibers,
564–565phase locking of responses,
563sound level and spontaneous activity response,
563Autonomic function, circadian regulation,
840–841Autonomic motor pattern,
730central integration in hypothalamus,
724hierarchically organized circuits in CNS,
743lesion and stimulation studies,
744homeostasis and visceral afferents,
740–743Aversion, opponent motivational processes,
887–888Axial mesendoderm (AME),
293action potential initiation,
105neurofilament proteins,
87Axon-target interaction, initiation of,
395–396B
simultaneous somatic current injection,
250Baroreceptor reflex regulation,
761–762Basal forebrain (BF) nuclei,
851Basal ganglia
globus pallidus
external segment connectivity,
660movement response and spontaneous activity,
662–663prefrontal cortex
function comparison,
1087striatum
substantia nigra
dopaminergic neurons,
48–49output for eye movements,
659pars compacta dopamine input to striatum,
660subthalamic nucleus
inputs from frontal lobe,
658spontaneous activity,
662Basal metabolism, hypothalamic control of,
804–806Basal pontine nuclei,
706Basolateral membrane shape receptor potentials,
556–557Bcl-2, apoptosis role,
413Behavioral neuroscience,
874Bicuculline, GABA
A binding,
170Bidirectional organizers,
396Bidirectional synapse organizers, transsynaptic adhesion complexes in,
397–399sensitive period for memorization,
482Blood-brain barrier, function,
7,
54,
56Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD),
266Body mass index (BMI),
774Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
growth cone guidance,
372Bottom-up mechanisms, context of stimuli,
1004Brain
specific components
development
cerebral metabolic rate changes,
922cognitive development declarative memory,
924–925dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
922–923prefrontal cortex and visual search,
926visual system
dorsal visual stream and spatial attention,
924
ventral visual stream and object representation,
924
white matter changes,
922primates
glia support of neurons,
7molecules transport in,
56–57principles of organization and function,
6reinforcement systems,
878sexual differentiation of,
815steroid hormone receptors,
815Brain energy metabolism
astrocytes
astrocyte-neuron metabolic unit,
283–284positron emission tomography,
279coupling
neuronal activity to blood flow,
264–268positron emission tomography studies,
266magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
263neuronal energy-consuming processes,
271–273pyruvate utilization,
263reactive oxygen species generation and glutathione protection,
270–271tricarboxylic acid cycle,
269Brain stem
medial postural system,
635spinal cord connections in motor system,
606,
628,
639Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs),
648Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
dendrite growth and branching regulation,
461Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs),
648CNS lesions producing abnormal patterns,
753–754,
763distinct oscillators,
755experimental analysis of,
751mechanoreceptors in lung afferents,
756Breuer-Hering reflex,
756rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors,
757slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors,
756–757motor output modulation and plasticity,
762–765respiratory neurons discharge pattern,
752Breuer−Hering reflex,
756Bronchopulmonary C fibers,
757Bulbosacral division,
735α–Bungarotoxin, acetylcholine receptor inhibition,
448C
inhibitory interneurons,
250dendrite growth and branching regulation,
464–466Cajal, Santiago Ramôn y, biography,
20Calcineurin, structure and regulation,
202–203Calcium
facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation regulation by residual calcium,
160G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
195neurotrophin receptor signaling,
423Calcium current
high-threshold current subtypes in neurons,
114low-threshold currents and action potential bursts,
114second messenger systems,
113Calcium microdomain, vesicle release,
143Calcium-binding proteins, action potential coupling to exocytosis,
153Calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII)
short-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1011Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR),
471Calmodulin, mediation of calcium effects,
195–196Calyce, central auditory processing,
568Carbon dioxide, chemoreceptor,
761–762Cardiovascular sympathetic preganglionic neurons,
759Cardiovascular system,
750baroreceptor reflex regulation,
761–762basal neural tone to,
759organization and functions of innervation,
757,
757–759Catechol-
O-methyltransferase (COMT),
940β–Catenin, dendrite growth and branching regulation,
464–466
Caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG),
751Caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM),
761Cdk5, dendrite orientation role,
461Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs),
340,
373Cell motility molecular mechanisms
extracellular matrix,
351Rac and Cdc42 signaling,
352Cell-autonomous circadian oscillator,
821–824,
822Cellular determination
asymmetric cell division and cell fate,
314–316peripheral nervous system sensory neurons,
320–323transcriptional hierarchies and networks,
314Cellular organization of sensory cortex,
509Central autonomic control systems,
849Central nervous system (CNS),
97,
287,
437audition
contralateral
versus ipsilateral ear response,
568–569tonotopic organization of pathways,
566hierarchically organized ANS circuits in,
743–746lesions producing abnormal breathing patterns,
753–754molecular signals for synaptic development,
396–400Central pattern generator (CPG),
604nonlinear properties of interneurons,
626Central synapses, assembly hypothetical model for,
396Cerebellar Purkinje
Cerebellum
coordination, timing, and learning,
693–694memory system
neural circuits
climbing fiber synapse,
685mossy fiber glomerulus,
685nuclei
synaptic and intrinsic forms,
687vestibular
versus nonvestibular,
682Cerebral blood flow (CBF),
261inhibitory interneurons,
45–47memory system
Cerebral metabolic rate (CMR),
261developmental changes,
922Cervicocervico reflex,
635Characteristic frequency (CF), auditory nerve,
562,
567Cheyne–Stokes respiration,
753,
762Chick embryo, neuronal types in,
340Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,
213
Cholecystokinin (CCK),
742food intake regulation,
779Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT),
445Cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons,
1032,
1095Choroid plexus, function,
26,
28,
36Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), activities,
426Cinematographic vision,
1098Circadian misalignment disorders,
864–865Circadian photoreception in mammals,
832–836flight orientation in butterflies,
842jet lag and shift work,
840knockout mouse studies of redundancies,
825–831peripheral oscillators,
824suprachiasmatic nucleus control
oscillator and pacemaker function,
821outputs
amplification and divergence,
837–838
autonomic function regulation,
840–841
neuroendocrine function regulation,
839–840
pineal function regulation,
837
sleep-wake cycle regulation,
838–839
retina
rhythmic firing of neurons,
836–837transcriptional feedback loop,
824–832cis-Golgi network (CGN),
68
Clathrin-coated vesicles,
154Coat proteins (COPs), protein trafficking,
68Coated vesicles (CV),
252Cocaine, addiction mechanisms,
883–884Cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART), food intake regulation,
777Cochlea
central nucleus unit classification
contralateral
versus ipsilateral ear response,
568–569poststimulus time histogram,
566–567outer hair cell mechanical properties and amplification,
557–559receptor potentials from inner hair cells,
556–557,
558sensorineural hearing loss,
559stereocilia channels and transducer gating,
555–556Cognitive development
Collateralization, nerve net,
17innate and learned aspects of animal,
1054–1055strategies and mechanisms in animals,
1053–1054survival importance,
1053Conditional specification,
407Conditioned response (CR),
1010Cone
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS),
764Congenital myasthenia,
385forward
versus feedback projections,
1099–1100free will neurobiology,
1092neuronal correlates of consciousness,
1096–1097Consolidation, retrograde amnesia and,
1039–1040Convergent-extension (CE), neural induction,
295Corticospinal neurons,
607Cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic (CSPT),
673–674Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
839food intake regulation,
780neurochemical adaptation in addiction,
888–889Cryptochrome, circadian control,
827,
831Cut, dendrite development role in
Drosophila,
459Cycle, circadian control,
827Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),
1011Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding (CREB) protein
dendrite development role,
471long-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1012Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
196Cystic fibrosis, ion channel mutation,
107Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein,
472Cytoplasmic proteins,
74–75Cytoskeleton
actin cytoskeleton, cell movement and transport,
78–80interactions of systems,
82intermediate filaments,
80–82microtubule structure and function,
75–82microtubule-associated proteins,
76,
77Rho and dendritic cytoskeleton structure control,
464–465D
Declarative spatial memory formation, medial temporal lobe,
984Dedepression, synaptic strength,
1023Deep sequencing methods,
10Dehydration anorexia,
772Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS),
829active, synaptic integration
inhibition and dendritic excitability,
249–250weakly excitable dendrites,
240–242Boolean operations and dendritic arithmetic
CA3 pyramidal neurons,
255,
256distal apical dendrites,
255neuromodulatory systems,
256synaptic integration,
254development
branches and synapse elimination,
471circuit formation in mammalian retina,
466convergence and divergence,
472–473extracellular regulation
growth and branching regulation,
461–466
protein synthesis dependent,
472transcriptional control in
Drosophila,
458–460and neuronal response properties
passive, synaptic integration
filtering, functional implications of,
239interactions between synapses,
237–239Dendritic calcium signaling,
243Dendritic excitability,
248,
248coincidence detection,
247intracellular recordings,
239voltage-gated channels,
242Dendritic filtering
functional implications of,
239membrane capacitance,
237voltage-clamp electrode,
237Dendritic inhibition,
250CA1 pyramidal neuron,
250,
250functions
coincidence detection,
247Hebbian synaptic plasticity,
248multiple dendritic domains,
247synaptic integration,
247in vivo and
in vitro,
247
chemical and electrical compartmentalization,
251CA1 pyramidal neuron,
253high-resistance spine,
254voltage-gated channels,
254Dendro–dendritic interactions,
467–469Dentate, cerebellar nucleus,
689–690Dentate granule cells (DG),
400,
401Dependence receptors,
405Depolarization, movements of ions,
95–97,
112Depotentiation, synaptic strength,
1023Diabetes insipidus (DI),
788,
794Diacylglycerol (DAG)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
189,
193schematic pathway of,
194Dishabituation, nonassociative learning,
1010Diurnal patterns, neurohormone release,
802–803mesolimbic dopamine system and addiction
neural substrates of sensitization,
884–885neurochemical adaptation in addiction,
888–889release
enzymatic inactivation,
124schizophrenia defects,
938SNpc input to striatum,
660storage
vesicular monoamine transporters,
122–123supplementary motor area,
656,
675Dopamine-β-hydroxylase, catecholamines biosynthesis,
122Dopaminergic syndrome of neglect,
876Dorsal blastopore lip (DBL) cells,
287Dorsal cortex of reptiles,
905Dorsal migrating cells,
344Dorsal organizers, DV axis,
303–304Dorsal processing streams,
959,
960Dorsal respiratory group (DRG),
751Dorsal root ganglion (DRG),
343Dorsoventral (DV) axis,
287Doubletime, circadian control,
828Drosophila melanogaster,
368,
396
Drosophila odorant receptors (dOR),
525
Dscam, dendrite development role in
Drosophila,
469Dynorphin-κ opioid systems,
888–889Dysdiadochokinesia, definition,
688Dysmetria, definition,
688Dystrophin, functions,
79E
Early gastrula organizer (EGO),
292Early-long-term potentiation (E-LTP), maintenance of,
1020–1021Electromyography (EMG),
627,
644Electro-olfactogram (EOG),
522Embryonic stem (ES) cells,
289Emotional motor system,
745Empty spiracles genes,
298End plate potential (EPP),
211,
618Endbulb, central auditory processing,
568Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs),
816Enteric nervous system (ENS),
736–738memory impairment and brain damage,
1033Ephrins, growth cone guidance,
372Epidermal growth factor (EGF),
389Epinephrine
release
enzymatic inactivation,
124storage
vesicular monoamine transporters,
122–123Epithelial-to-mesenchymal conversion,
340Estrogen-response elements (EREs),
811Ets domain transcription factors,
394Event-related potentials (ERPs),
993Evolution
Excitation-secretion coupling,
142calcium binding and exocytosis trigger,
143–145calcium microdomains and vesicle release,
143Excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC),
222,
222Extinction, attention deficit,
991Extracellular positive feedback loop,
1013Extrastriosomal matrix,
658damage to SNpr causes involuntary,
665fixation and fixational eye movements,
699saccades and pursuit,
711shifts of visual attention,
711–712substantia nigra output,
659visual perception and cognition contribution,
712–713Eyelid conditioning and cerebellum,
691–692F
Face processing, development,
925–926Face recognition, prosopagnosia,
960–961organization of dendritic field,
468–469Fastigius, cerebellar nucleus,
689Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs),
662,
664Feature integration theory (FIT),
1001Feed forward control,
602Fibroblast growth factor (FGF),
373,
396Flexor reflex afferent (FRA),
628Fluid intake
osmotic homeostasis regulation
arginine vasopressin,
785,
789rapid inhibitory feedback control,
786–787volume homeostasis regulation
arginine vasopressin secretion signals,
790–792Flutter, lower-frequency vibration,
534Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
808Food intake
glucostatic hypothesis,
773experimental approaches,
771postgastric effects of meals,
772c-Fos
FosB, addiction role,
893,
894Free will neurobiology, consciousness,
1092Friedrich’s ataxia (FA),
937fronto-parietal attention control system,
994–998value representation and motivational modulation,
982–984electrical stimulation,
1000Frontal lobe, subthalamic nucleus receives inputs,
658hippocampus memory system,
1035Functional polarity theory,
17,
20Fyn, dendrite orientation role,
461G
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs),
163,
164,
177specific receptorsloss of surface receptors,
182homo and hetero oligomers,
180neurotransmitter-binding site,
177–179posttranslational modifications,
182receptor and activation of,
179signaling
adenylate cyclase
coincidence detection,
193
cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase,
196ion channel modulation by G proteins,
196response specificity,
192specificity and potency of,
180Gamma-band oscillations,
1038Gamma-band spike-field coherence, in monkey hippocampus,
1038Ganglion mother cell (GMC),
310,
317Notch pathway activity,
315Gastrointestinal phase,
768,
769Gene expression, electrical activity regulates,
394Genetic diseases affecting breathing,
764neuron support in brain,
7Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF),
373cellular organization of neurons,
353Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), astrocyte function,
51Glial-guided neuronal migration,
353Globus pallidus external segment (GPe),
660,
663Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure response,
784Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1),
771Glucocorticoid receptors (GR),
802,
804temperament shaping in rat,
489–491transporters, brain energy metabolism,
277–278Glucostatic hypothesis,
773GLUT-1, blood-brain barrier function,
57Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmission,
128–129Glutamate receptors,
171,
173specific receptorsRNA splicing and editing,
173Glutamine synthetase, astrocyte function,
51Glutathione, reactive oxygen species protection,
270–271Glycine receptor, structure,
170–171astrocyte metabolism,
282synthase kinase 3 (GSK3),
291Glycolysis, brain energy metabolism,
269Goldman−Hodgkin−Katz equation,
98trans-Golgi network
endocytosis and membrane cycling,
71–72Golgi tendon organ, proprioception,
536,
620Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
724,
808,
809Gray matter, spinal cord,
33Green fluorescent protein (GFP),
341Grey rami communicans,
731cues
morphogens and growth factors,
372–373midline of developing nervous systems initial attraction,
378–379premature repulsion prevention,
379–380Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
806Guanylate cyclase, G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
195–196H
Hair cells
increasing sensitivity of hearing,
559mechanical energy translation into electrical energy,
554–555Hair follicle afferent (HFA),
536Head-direction cells,
720,
985Hebbian
Hebb’s postulate, synapse elimination,
447Hedgehog (Hh), growth cone guidance,
372Hemisphere, and language processing,
1061–1062Hepatic encephalopathy, astrocyte dysfunction,
275–276Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), growth cone guidance,
373Hierarchy
nervous system operations,
5–6High-frequency stimulation (HFS),
1016Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron,
252head-direction cells,
985and memory system
long-term potentiation and CA3-CA1 synapse,
1016–1018recognition memory signals,
1037retrograde amnesia and consolidation,
1039–1040transgenic animals and dissection,
1039postnatal refinement of synaptic contacts,
921spatial cognition role
declarative spatial memory,
984parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortex,
984Histamine, and sleep control,
858Horizontal Gaze Palsy with Progressive Scoliosis (HGPPS),
379Horse-radish peroxidase (HRP),
146Human brain, basal ganglia in,
654Human lifespan, changes in sleep over,
861–862Humans, pheromone detection in,
528Huntington’s disease (HD), pathophysiology of,
664,
6716-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA),
665Hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels,
242Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
803,
803–804Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis,
808–811,
809Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HTP) axis,
804–806autonomic function central integration,
724consummatory behavior role,
873fluid homeostasis and thirst,
725–726functional organization
integration of physiology and behavior,
720–721historical perspective on,
800lateral hypothalamic syndrome,
874gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
808
posterior pituitary hormones,
813–815regulation by neural, glial, and hormonal inputs,
802growth hormone-releasing hormone,
807–808
pituitary gland neuroendocrine regulation,
723–724reproductive function,
724ventrolateral preoptic area of sleep-wake cycles,
852Hypotonia, definition,
688Hypovolemia
neural and endocrine signals
I
Imaging dendritic function
conventional electrophysiological techniques,
242two-photon excitation,
243two-photon microscopy,
242Immediate early genes (IEGs), transcription regulation,
207Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),
318Inferior colliculus, central auditory processing,
570–572Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG),
1062Inferior mesenteric ganglion,
733Inferior temporal cortex, agnosia
Inferior temporal (IT) neurons,
1005Information theory, consciousness modeling,
1100–1101Inhibitory interneuron
Inner plexiform layer (IPL),
466–469organization of dendritic fields,
467–469Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
189schematic pathway of,
194Insulin
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), receptor,
808Intergeniculate leaflet (IGL),
833Intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM), filial imprinting,
492Intermediate-phase memory, for sensitization,
1014Intermediate-term memory,
1014Intermediolateral nucleus,
731Internal carotid artery,
36Internal jugular vein,
37Internal medullary lamina,
659cortical interneuron migration,
356Interpositus, cerebellar nucleus,
689Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs),
1032Intracellular positive feedback loop,
1013Intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (ILN), consciousness,
1095,
1095Invaginating bipolars,
581Ion channels,
107–108specific channelsG protein modulation,
196Ionotropic receptors,
163,
164specific receptorsstretch reflex studies of ionotropic postsynaptic potentials,
211–214J
Just noticeable difference (JND),
500K
Koniocellular layer, lateral geniculate nucleus,
584Kugelberg-Welander disease,
622L
Labeled line principle
Labyrinth, vestibular apparatus,
632–633Lactate
Lactation, hypothalamic control of,
812–813Language
acquisition and sensitive periods,
480perisylvian cortex organization for processing,
1062Large aspiny neuron, striatum,
655Larval salamander, amacrine cell,
232Late gastrula organizer (LGO),
292Late-long-term potentiation (L-LTP),
1020–1021Lateral cervical nucleus,
544Lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE),
305Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN),
909attention and neural response modulation,
1000–1001color-selective response in P pathway,
585–586experience effects on functional organization of visual cortex,
487layers and retinal ganglion cell projections in primates,
584M cells and contrast sensitivity,
586response properties of P an M pathways,
584–585retinogeniculocortical pathway
lateral geniculate nucleus structure,
586–587primary visual cortex
visual cortex
cytochrome oxidase staining,
592
Lateral hypothalamic syndrome cell body lesions,
874attention control system,
994spatial salience representation,
995–996Lateral occipital complex (LOC)
aging effects on memory
neurobiology of decline
amygdala memory system
emotional disposition acquisition,
1046associative learning of withdrawal reflexes,
1014–1016temporal domains for memory of sensitization,
1014behavioral support by multiple memory systems,
1048–1049cerebellum memory system
cerebral cortex memory system
declarative memory development,
924–925developmental learning sensitive periods,
491prolongation via deprivation,
493hippocampus memory system,
1040retrograde amnesia and consolidation,
1039–1040transgenic animals and dissection,
1039nonassociative learning,
1010place
versus response,
1042striatum memory system,
1043synaptic strength and complex memory storage,
1023–1025Leptin, adiposity signaling,
774Leucine-rich repeat protein 2 (LRRTM2),
397Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) activities,
426Limbic system
hypothalamic projections,
719prefrontal cortex connectivity,
1070Linguistic universals,
1059Local interneuron, function,
32Locomotor activity circadian rhythms,
837Locomotor-drive-potentials (LDP),
625Locust, mesothoracic ganglion of,
232Long hierarchical neurons,
6Long QT syndrome, ion channel mutation,
108induction
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4),
385,
388,
391Lower-frequency vibration,
534Luteinizing hormone (LH),
808Lysosome, affect nervous system,
72M
Macrocircuitry, nervous system,
31Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), brain metabolism studies,
263Magnification factor,
508Magnocellular layer, lateral geniculate nucleus,
584,
586Major depressive disorder (MDD),
894–895Mammalian nervous system, synapse elimination in,
439Mammalian outer hair cell, mechanical properties of,
557–559,
558Masking in auditory nerve response,
564Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), ion channel mutation,
107Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE),
305Medial geniculate, central auditory processing,
572Medial longitudinal fasciculus,
701Medial superior olive (MSO), central auditory processing,
570Medial superior temporal area (MST), pursuit eye movement role,
711Medial temporal lobe
declarative spatial memory,
984