Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), food intake regulation,
779α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), food intake regulation,
777Melatonin
release and function,
841Membrane potential
hyperpolarization
versus depolarization,
95–97ion pump maintenance of gradients,
97–98passive distribution of ions,
94–95resting membrane potential
neuron-type dependence,
97Membrane proteins, classification,
66Membrane trafficking
membrane-bound compartments,
146factors in long-term,
1012temporal domains for,
1014Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF),
426Mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR),
628Mesolimbic dopamine system,
877–879Metabotropic receptors,
119specific receptorsslow synaptic potential mediation,
224–2261-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP),
667Microcircuitry, nervous system,
31immune response mediation in nervous tissue,
54Microtubule, structure and function,
75–82Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs),
76,
77Midbrain–hindbrain boundary (MHB),
299Middle cervical ganglion,
732Middle temporal area (MT), pursuit eye movement role,
711Migration
central nervous system cells
embryonic zone formation
molecular mechanisms of cell motility,
351–354primary proliferative matrix cell movements,
351radial glial fibers, neuronal
cortical interneurons,
356Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR),
804Miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential (MEPSP),
139Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic potential (MIPSP),
139Minimal conscious state (MCS),
1094Mitochondria, mechanisms for,
73–74dendrite development role,
471neurotrophin receptor signaling,
424Model
Molecular genetic techniques,
254Molecular motors in nervous system,
82–85Monkey hippocampus
gamma-band spike-field coherence in,
1038recognition memory signals in,
1037Monoamine oxidase (MAO),
124Monocaroxylate transporters (MCTs),
263Monosynaptic stretch reflex,
211Morphogenetic furrow (MF),
324Mossy fiber
electrical stimulation of brain,
876–877hypothalamus role
behavior and dopaminergic axons,
873–876consummatory behavior,
873learning control of motivated behavior,
879,
880mesolimbic dopamine system,
877–879Motor control, basal ganglia for,
668–669Motor cortex
movement control
Motor evoked potential (MEP),
627Motor neuroprosthetics,
648Motor pattern generator (MPG),
29,
29Motor pattern initiator (MPI),
29,
29Motor system
brain stem-spinal cord,
639brain stem-spinal cord,
606,
628feedback and feedforward control,
602muscle
neural control of human walking,
627–628sensory modulation
sensory receptors in movement control,
600–601central pattern generator network models,
622–624left–right coordination,
626reciprocal inhibition between flexor and extensor muscles,
625–626visuomotor coordination and reaction time,
608–611Multiple system atrophy,
744Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR),
182–183Muscle
species diversity in neuromuscular systems,
614Muscle spindle, proprioception,
536Mushroom shaped dendritic spines,
251tyrosine phosphorylation of,
391Mutant mice
Myasthenic disorders,
618action potential propagation speed effects,
106Myelin basic protein (MBP), trafficking,
73Myotonic dystrophy (DM),
936N
Neocortical pyramidal neuron,
252Nerve fibers, descending systems to,
564–565neurotrophic hypothesis,
406,
417retrograde transport,
423building and maintaining cells of,
85–91molecular motors in,
82–85Nervous tissue, protein synthesis in,
65–75N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF),
69
Netrin, growth cone guidance,
368–370Neural activity, declarative memory,
1035–1039Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)
growth cone guidance,
373long-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1013Neural circuits, cerebellum
Neural control, of sleep–wake cycles,
850–859dorsal migrating cells,
344migration initiation,
340regionalization along body axis,
340–343Neural induction
Neural patterning
AP patterning
intersection of AP and DV patterning mechanisms,
304–305Neural stem cell (NSC), properties of,
318–319Neural structures, for animal communication system,
1056Neural tube
Neural tube defect (NTD),
295Neurodegeneration in AD,
1032Neurodevelopmental disorders, synaptic targets in,
398Neuroendocrine functions regulation,
839–840Neuroglia, definition,
49–55Neuroligin-neurexin interactions,
397Neuromuscular junction, and synapse elimination,
438,
439,
440interaxonal competition and activity,
446–453Neuromuscular synapse
formation, signaling mechanisms for,
392postsynaptic membranes and substructural organization,
386,
386–387substructural organization of,
385–386Neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM),
1013Neuronal communication, modes of,
117–118Neuronal control, of
Drosophila circadian behavior,
823Neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC),
1096–1097Neurons
astrocyte-neuron metabolic unit,
283–284brain organization and function,
6electrophysiological diversity,
108–111energy-consuming processes,
271–273functional categories,
4–5interneuronal communication,
4passive electrical properties,
99–102Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
food intake regulation,
778Neurotensin (NT)
coexistence with classical neurotransmitters,
132Neurotransmitters,
118,
394specific neurotransmittersin behavioral state control,
858–859convergence of different transmitter-containing axons on neuron,
129excitation-secretion coupling,
142–145fast
versus slow responses of target neurons,
130peptide neurotransmitters
synthesis and storage,
130release mechanisms
calcium-binding proteins and action potential coupling to exocytosis,
153endocytosis and recovery of vesicle components,
154–155similarity with other cell processes,
146–147transmitter packaging in vesicles,
153–154vesicle docking and priming,
152–153steps in neurotransmission
receptor binding and recognition,
119termination of action,
119synaptic specializations
versus neurons,
130unconventional transmitters,
132–136Neurotrophic factors (NTFs),
405Neurotrophic hypothesis,
406,
417dendrite growth and branching regulation,
461–462endosome signaling hypothesis of retrograde axonal signaling,
423Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH),
269Nicotine, addiction mechanisms,
886Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
opening and conformational change,
166–167posttranslational modification,
167–168ion selectivity and current flow determinants,
164–166membrane-spanning segments,
164,
166Nieuwkoop’s transformer,
293guanylate cyclase regulation,
195–196termination action of,
135Nitric oxide synthetase (NOS),
746NMDA-receptor antagonis,
1032N-Methyl-
D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor,
174–175,
174
Nociception
chemical sensitivity of nociceptors,
539first and second pain,
538ascending paths to thalamus,
546spinothalamic neurons,
546transient receptor potential receptors,
539Nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) neurons,
746Nonassociative learning,
1010Nonmotor functions, basal ganglia in,
669–675Norepinephrine (NE)
neurochemical adaptation in addiction,
889release
enzymatic inactivation,
124storage
vesicular monoamine transporters,
122–123Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
blood volume regulation,
791Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH),
707O
inferior temporal cortex,
948,
950development
dorsal visual stream and spatial attention,
924ventral visual stream and object representation,
924human studies
dorsal and ventral processing streams,
959neuronal properties
experience effects on response properties,
958invariant representations in occipitotemporal pathway,
954–956occipitotemporal pathway cell sensitivity and face selectivity,
953–954pathway studies in nonhuman primates
classification of pathways,
950–953perception and recognition
category-selective regions,
963–964category-specific representations,
963,
965Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), features of,
672–673Obstructive sleep apnea,
763Odorant receptor (OR) gene,
522adenylate cyclase signaling,
523glomeruli activation and targeting by neurons,
524–527olfactory cortex connections,
525olfactory receptor neurons
Caenorhabditis elegans,
522
projections to olfactory bulb,
523–524pheromone detection
accessory olfactory bulb,
527accessory olfactory system comparison with main olfactory system,
529vomeronasal organ
TRPC2 knockout mouse,
528
Oligodendrocyte, myelin synthesis,
49–51Olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN),
833On-path dendritic inhibition,
238,
239Opiates
neurobiological substrates,
885–886Optical fractionator, neuron counting,
931Optokinetic response (OKR),
697food intake regulation,
779Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), dendrite growth and branching regulation,
461Otoacoustic emissions,
560salt appetite regulation,
795P
Paired helical filaments (PHF),
942Paired pulse facilitation (PPF),
158,
227Paired-pulse depression,
158Parafacial respiratory group (pFRG),
751,
754Parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortex,
984Parahippocampal place area (PPA),
962,
964,
984Parasagittal stripes,
680Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS),
735,
736autonomic innervation of,
735Parietal cortex
fronto-parietal attention control system,
994–998lateral intraparietal area,
975–976and visual attention,
710spatial cognition decision processes,
977–978neurons encode attributes,
974spatial information eye movements,
976–977ventral intraparietal area,
974–975Parkinson’s disease (PD),
1041Pars compacta, substantia nigra
dopamine input to striatum,
660spontaneous activity,
663Parvocellular layer, lateral geniculate nucleus,
584,
586Passive cable theory,
231channel opening and closing,
215–216gating properties of ligand-gated channels,
217multiple postsynaptic potential components,
222–223nonlinear current-voltage relations,
220null potential and slope of current-voltage relations,
217–218summation of single-channel currents,
218–220Pelvic-hypogastric plexus,
733Peptide neurotransmitters
synthesis and storage,
130Periaqueductal gray (PAG), somatosensory system,
547Perikaryon, definition,
41Period
Peripheral nervous system (PNS),
72,
287development, sensory neuron specification,
320–323Perisylvian cortex, for language processing,
1062Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1),
74Peroxisomes, mechanisms for,
73–74Persistent vegetative state (PVS),
1094Phase locking responses, for sound frequency,
563,
563Phenylethanolamine-
N-methyltransferase (PNMT), catecholamine biosynthesis,
122Pheromone detection
accessory olfactory bulb,
527accessory olfactory system comparison with main olfactory system,
529sexual behavior regulation,
816–817vomeronasal organ
TRPC2 knockout mouse,
528Pheromones, definition,
529Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), neurotrophin receptor signaling,
423Phospholipase C (PLC), G protein-coupled receptor signaling,
189,
193–195Piccolo-bassoon transport vesicles (PTVs),
395Picrotoxin, GABA
A binding,
170Pigment dispersing factor (PDF),
823circadian regulation,
841Pituitary
specific hormones
vs. response learning,
1042
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signal,
295Pontine respiratory group (PRG),
751–752Positron emission tomography (PET)
cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism,
266glucose uptake and metabolism in brain,
278–279Postabsorptive state,
768,
768Posterior parietal cortex (PPC),
913Posterior pituitary gland,
799Postganglionic motor neurons,
730Poststimulus time (PST) histogram, cochlear nucleus unit classification,
565,
566–567Postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors,
399Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs),
139,
158,
271specific potentialsintegration
metabotropic receptors and slow synaptic potential mediation,
224–226channel opening and closing,
215–216gating properties of ligand-gated channels,
217multiple postsynaptic potential components,
222–223nonlinear current-voltage relations,
220null potential and slope of current-voltage relations,
217–218summation of single-channel currents,
218–220stretch reflex studies of ionotropic postsynaptic potentials,
211–214Posttetanic potentiation (PTP),
158Posttetanic potentiation (PTP)-3A,
398medial postural system
balance and context-dependent postural strategies,
636cervicocervico reflex,
635vestibular and reticular nuclei,
631–632vestibular damage and postural disorders,
636–637vestibular plasticity,
637vestibular system neurons in,
633–634vestibulocervical and vestibulospinal reflexes,
634–635Potassium channel
action potential generation,
102–105current voltage sensitivity and kinetics,
112–113hyperpolarization-activated currents and rhythmic activity,
114–116Prechordal mesendoderm (PME),
293Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
limbic system connectivity,
1070motor system connectivity,
1070attention deficit hyperactivity disorder defects,
1080–1081basal ganglia connectivity,
1070development
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
922–923function theories
basal ganglia comparison,
1087controlled processing flexibility and limited capacity,
1086–1087multiple processing levels,
1085functional topography,
1076injury effects
humans
emotional impairment,
1073
working memory impairment,
1074
nonhumam primates
delayed-response task,
1078
emotional impairment,
1077
neurophysiology
multimodal properties,
1078neuron activity
Premotor cortex, spatial cognition role,
980Presynaptic differentiation,
387retrograde signaling and,
393Prevertebral ganglia,
732,
732Primates
Progesterone-response elements (PREs),
811development role in nervous system,
407–409functions in nervous system,
409–410neuropathology and therapeutic targeting,
431–434neurotrophic hypothesis,
406Projection interneuron, function,
26,
32Prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone,
800Proliferative matrix cell movements,
351Proprioception
long-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1012–1014short-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1011slow synaptic potential mediation,
224Protein kinase C (PKC),
190phosphatidylinositol signaling,
200–201short-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1011Protein kinase M (PKM),
1013Protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1), structure and regulation,
202–203Protein phosphorylation,
198spatial localization of,
201therapeutic targeting,
204rough endoplasmic reticulum,
66–68Protein zero (P0), function,
51Proteolipid protein (PLP), function,
51Pseudostratified columnar epithelium,
348Psychophysics, definition,
500Publication, and knowledge advancement,
10–11Pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs),
646Q
Katz model
standard model of transmission,
155–157R
Radial glial fibers, neuronal migration
cortical interneurons,
356Raphe interpositus (RIP),
706Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD),
863Rapidly adapting (RA),
533Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (RARs),
757postsynaptic differentiation role,
392–393Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generation and glutathione protection,
270–271Receptor potentials
basolateral membrane shape,
556–557evoked in stereocilia,
555Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs),
397Recognition memory signals, in monkey hippocampus,
1037Recognition memory tasks,
1034Recurrent inhibition,
626Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF),
1060Regional identity genes,
314Reproduction, hypothalamic control of,
808–812Respiratory dysfunction, in sleep,
862–863Respiratory rhythm generation,
753–756Restless leg syndrome (RLS),
864Reticular activating system (RAS), consciousness,
1095Reticular formation
cellular determination
Hh-mediated feedback mechanism,
325Xenopus and zebra fish,
326
retinogeniculocortical pathway
lateral geniculate nucleus,
586–587primary visual cortex
visual cortex
cytochrome oxidase staining,
592
suprachiasmatic nucleus entrainment
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),
380,
583projections in primates,
584Retrograde organizers,
396Retrosplenial cortex (RSC),
984catecholamine hypothesis of rewarding brain stimulation,
877dopaminergic neurons,
876intracranial stimulation studies,
876,
878psychophysics of hedonism,
876,
878Rho, dendritic cytoskeleton structure control,
464–465Robo, dendrite growth and branching regulation,
462Rostral interstitial nucleus,
705Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculitis (riMLF),
702,
705Rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG),
751Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM),
759,
761Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
protein trafficking,
68–70S
S-100, astrocyte function,
51Sacculus, vestibular apparatus,
632adrenocortical dysfunction,
794atrial natriuretic peptide,
795neurodevelopmental hypothesis,
939Segmental migration
Self-avoidance, organization of dendritic fields,
469Semaphorin, growth cone guidance,
370–372Semicircular canals, vestibular apparatus,
632Sensitive period, plasticity after,
486temporal domains for memory of,
1014Sensorimotor disturbances,
864Sensorimotor neurons,
850Sensorin, synthesis of,
1013Sensorineural hearing loss,
559Sensory cortex
specific areas
neuron response complexity,
510response mappings and plasticity,
508Sensory neurons (SN),
1011Sensory organ progenitor (SOP),
322Sensory systems,
499–500specific systemscentral pathways and processing
multiple maps and parallel pathways,
507convergence and divergence sites,
502–503input range specificity,
501peripheral organization and processing
lateral mechanisms for sensitivity to contrast,
505neural signaling codes,
505topographic projections,
504position patterns and density,
502neurochemical adaptation in addiction,
888–889short-term sensitization in
Aplysia,
1011–1012Sex differences, neurodevelopmental disorders,
940Sexual behavior
Sexual differentiation, of brain,
815Sharp wave ripples (SWRs),
1040Short-term potentiation, breathing,
762Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs),
206receptor cells, taste,
516Simultaneous somatic current injection,
250Single unit recording studies, of fronto-parietal attentional control system,
994–998Single-source divergent neurons,
6Size principle, of motor neurons,
619–620Skeletal motor system,
729brain stem regulatory system, REM sleep initiation,
855–858central autonomic control systems,
849changes over human lifespan,
861–862disorders
behavior state control disruption,
862electroencephalography,
847electromagnetic physiology,
859neurotransmitter systems in behavioral state control,
858–859phases
sleep−memory interdependence,
865–866suprachiasmatic nucleus and sleep-wake cycle regulation,
838–839thalamo-cortical interactions in nonrapid eye movement sleep rhythms,
854–855VLPO control of sleep-wake cycles,
852Slit
dendrite growth and branching regulation,
462growth cone guidance,
372Slowly adapting afferents
Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs),
756–757Small aspiny neuron, striatum,
655Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER),
252action potential generation,
102–105current transience and persistence,
112hyperpolarization-activated currents and rhythmic activity,
114–116salt taste detection,
516Sodium-potassium ATPase,
95Soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs),
69Soluble NSF attachment proteins receptors (SNAREs),
69Somatic membrane potential,
233Somatic motor pattern,
730,
741Somatosensory cortex
central nervous system components
lateral cervical nucleus,
544thalamic segregation of place and modality,
544–545cortical representation of touch
orientation selectivity,
549
SII
attention-modulated responses,
550
body representations,
550
nociception
chemical sensitivity of nociceptors,
539first and second pain,
538ascending paths to thalamus,
546
spinothalamic neurons,
546
transient receptor potential receptors,
539peripheral mechanisms
afferent fibers and roles,
533hair follicle afferents,
536mechanosensory axon, types in,
533–536receptors and ganglion cells,
531–532slowly adapting afferents
proprioception
touch
orientation selectivity,
549
SII
attention-modulated responses,
550
body representations,
550
Somatosensory system, labeled lines principle,
503–504,
504growth hormone-releasing hormone,
807–808Sound localization
plasticity mechanisms,
486sensitive period for neuronal adjustments,
485–486Spatial buffering, astrocyte,
52Spatial cognition
frontal cortex, functional overview,
978–979hippocampus role
declarative spatial memory,
984parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortex,
984neural systems
spatial processing streams,
969–970lateral intraparietal area,
975–976premotor cortex role,
980supplementary eye field role,
980–981Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA),
622ascending paths to thalamus,
546spinothalamic neurons,
546segregation of place and modality in pain,
544–545ventral neural tube progenitors,
328,
329central pattern generator network models,
622–624left–right coordination,
626reciprocal inhibition between flexor and extensor muscles,
625–626Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA),
622Spineless, dendrite development role in
Drosophila,
459Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA),
937receptor potentials evoked in,
555Steroid hormone receptors, transcription regulation,
208Stress, hypothalamic control of,
803–804Subcommissural organ (SCO),
721,
722Substance dependence
dopamine and serotonin systems,
888signal transduction mechanisms,
892–896Substantia nigra (SN)
pars compacta (SNpc)
dopamine input to striatum,
660spontaneous activity,
663pars reticula (SNpr)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
inputs from frontal lobe,
658spontaneous activity,
662β Subunit of integrin,
340
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),
763Superior cervical ganglion,
732autonomic innervation of,
735Superior colliculus (SC), gaze shift control,
707–711,
709Superior mesenteric ganglion,
733Superior parietal lobule (SPL), attention and control system,
992Superior temporal gyrus (STG),
1062Superior temporal sulcus,
957Supplementary eye field (SEF),
709,
710attention control system,
992Supplementary motor area (SMA), prefrontal cortex connectivity,
1069Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
oscillator and pacemaker function,
821outputs
amplification and divergence,
837–838autonomic function regulation,
840–841neuroendocrine function regulation,
839–840pineal function regulation,
837sleep-wake cycle regulation,
838–839retina
rhythmic firing of neurons,
836–837Supraoptic nucleus (SON),
813Survival of motor neuron (SMN),
622Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
fight-or-flight response,
730Sympathetic premotor neurons,
759–760development
glial-derived signals for,
400formation
and agrin-mediated signaling for MuSK,
390–391functional categories,
4–5Synapse-organizing signals, at CNS synapses,
397Synaptic connectivity,
394Synaptic differentiation, for synaptic basal lamina signals,
387–389Synaptic integration
in active dendrites
inhibition and excitability,
249–250intracellular recordings,
239patch-clamp recording,
239weakly excitable dendrites,
240–242in passive dendrites
filtering functional implications,
239interactions between synapses,
237–239synaptic kinetics on dendritic filtering,
237Synaptic null potential,
218Synaptic organization,
396morphogens retrograde signals for,
396–397Synaptic specificity
model mechanisms for,
401in surface recognition molecules,
400–401Synaptic transmission,
243Synaptic vesicles (SV),
386,
396structure and topology,
148T
encoding
central nervous system,
520gustatory afferent neurons,
518,
519receptor cells
G protein-coupled receptors,
514,
516neuron activation and taste behavior generation,
517–518receptor gene organization,
517salt taste detection,
516tuning in
Drosophila,
518taste buds
Temperament
sensitive period for shaping,
489–490Tetraethylammonium (TEA), potassium, current inhibition,
103Δ
9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
886,
894Tetrodotoxin (TTX), sodium current inhibition,
103Thalamus
specific nuclei
gaze movements control,
711sleep thalamo-cortical interactions in nonrapid eye movement sleep rhythms,
854–855spinal cord pathways in pain,
545–546ascending paths to thalamus,
546spinothalamic neurons,
546Thirst appetite
osmotic homeostasis regulation,
785Thoracolumbar division,
731Thrombospondin (TSP),
400Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), release patterns,
805–806Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), release patterns,
805–806Titubation, definition,
688Tonically active neurons (TANs),
662Topographic map, of “retinotectal” projection,
380–382Topographic pattern, of neurons,
504Tourette syndrome (TS), features of,
673–674Tower of London task,
1073Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
627Transcription
factors in long-term memory,
1012regulation by signaling,
206Transcription, circadian feedback loop,
829Transforming growth factor
β (TGF-
β),
1012–1013trans-Golgi network (TGN),
70–72
Transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors, nociceptors,
539Translational cytoplasm,
61Translocating chain-associating membrane protein (TRAM),
67Translocon-associated protein (TRAP),
67Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA),
263,
269Trigeminal system, somatosensory system,
548–549Tripartite junctions,
395Trophic factors, and programmed cell death,
431–434Trunk neural crest cells,
345Tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN),
851Tubulin, posttranslational modification,
77Two-photon glutamate uncaging,
243Two-tone suppression,
564Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), catecholamine biosynthesis,
120–122U
Ultradian patterns, neurohormone release,
802–803Unconditioned response (UR),
1010Unconventional transmitters,
132–136Utricle, vestibular apparatus,
632V
Vagal neural crest cells,
344Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA),
373Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT),
721,
722,
725–726Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),
821,
838Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and sleep control,
858Ventilation, experimental analysis of,
751Ventral caudal, somatosensory system,
540Ventral intraparietal area (VIP), and spatial cognition,
974–975Ventral organizers, DV axis,
302–303Ventral processing streams,
959,
960Ventral respiratory column (VRC),
751,
752Ventral respiratory group (VRG),
751Ventral system, of basal ganglia,
670Ventral tegmental area (VTA),
670Ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH),
776Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), control of sleep-wake cycles,
852Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH),
773,
776Ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPMpc), taste processing,
519Vergence eye movement,
699Versional eye movement,
699Vertebrate hindbrain,
296Vesicular cholinergic transporter (VAChT),
127Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT),
122–123Vestibular canals, and otoliths,
633Vestibular nuclei (VN),
689,
707Vestibular system
balance and context-dependent postural strategies,
636damage and postural disorders,
636–637vestibular and reticular nuclei,
631–633vestibulocervical and vestibulospinal reflexes,
634–635Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR),
697Visceral motor pattern,
730,
732color vision defects,
584color-selective response in P pathway,
585–586development of visual system,
923–924dorsal visual stream and spatial attention,
924ventral visual stream and object representation,
924M cells and contrast sensitivity,
586response properties of P an M pathways,
584–585retina structure and cells,
580–581retinogeniculocortical pathway
lateral geniculate nucleus structure,
586–587primary visual cortex
visual cortex
cytochrome oxidase staining,
592
visuomotor coordination and reaction time,
608–611invariant object representations,
949–950Visual cortex
experience effects on functional organization,
487Visual masking, effect of,
1100Visual search paradigm,
1001Voltage-clamp, principles,
103Voltage-gated channels
nonuniform expression,
244W
Waking, and reticular formation,
851–852Warts, dendrite development role in
Drosophila,
460Weakly excitable dendrites
backpropagating action potentials,
241,
242dendritic recordings,
241,
241Weather prediction task,
1042Werdnig−Hoffman disease,
622White matter
developmental changes,
922Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP),
352Wnt
dendrite growth and branching regulation,
462growth cone guidance,
372X