Volume numbers are in boldface.
A
Adriatic Sea, 1:31, 178, 4:936
Aegean Sea, 1:6–8, 74, 179, 262, 3:621, 659
Afghanistan, 1:60, 293, 3:718, 733, 851
Africa
and art/luxury objects, 1:67
Asia, trade relations with, 1:10
and aviation, 1:88
Bantu migrations in, 1:95–96, 160, 2:486, 3:648
and barter system, 1:100
and cities/trade, 1:178
and Columbian exchange, 1:193
contemporary trade profile of, 1:9–11
and corn, 1:235
cowry shells used as currency in, 1:188, 244–245
and diseases, 1:280
Europe, trade relations with, 2:327–328
and European empire building, 2:310, 318
geographic/demographic profile, 1:8–9
Germany, trade relations with, 2:405
and Henry the Navigator, 2:460
and history of trade, 1:9
Islamic societies, trade relations with, 2:540
Kilwa, 1:178
and livestock, 2:589
Lomè Convention and, 1:10, 3:912
and Marx (Karl), 3:610
and migrations (human), 1:95–96, 160, 2:486, 3:648
and motion picture industry, 2:325
Napoleonic Wars and, 4:950
and new imperialism, 2:494–495, 3:696
and Pan-Africanism, 2:408
and population issues, 3:750
postcolonial era in, 1:162–163
poverty in, 1:9
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 3:852–854
and stocks/stock exchanges, 2:362, 4:966
and World War I, 4:950
See also individual countries
Aleppo, 3:720
Alexandria, 1:21–22, 2:449, 456–457
Algeria, 1:10, 2:384, 3:853, 926
Alsace-Lorraine, 1:26–28, 2:404, 534
Amazon rain forest, 4:978
Amsterdam, 1:37–38, 271, 2:551
Anatolia, 1:246, 260, 3:830–831
See also Ottoman empire
Aragon and Castile, the union of, 3:633–634
Argentina
and aviation, 1:90
Brazil, trade relations with, 1:53
currency boards in, 2:335
and diasporas, 1:272
Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas War, 1:128
fur industry in, 1:41
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:128
and import-substitution industrialization, 1:118
Japan, trade relations with, 1:53
and nuts, 3:707
and rice, 1:17
and soybeans, 3:855
United States, trade relations with, 1:53
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:943
Ashkelon, 1:255
Asia
Africa, trade relations with, 1:10
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1:68–70, 2:583
and Atlantic trade route, 1:77
Batavia as largest European settlement in, 1:102
and cartography, 1:152
and Cold War to regional integration, 2:298
and corn, 1:235
cowrie shells used as currency in, 1:244
and diseases, 1:279
Europe, trade relations with, 2:328–330
and globalization, 2:413
Great Britain, trade relations with, 2:230, 329
and ivory, 2:545
and mercantilism, 3:630
and migrations (human), 3:647–648, 651
and new imperialism, 2:495–496
and rice, 3:792
and slavery, 3:835
and tin, 3:900
Athens, ancient
Aegean islands, trade relations with, 1:6
and bioterrorism, 1:107
and Delian League, 1:74, 266–267, 2:357, 434, 3:617
harbors in, 2:449
Mediterranean Sea vital to, 3:621
Persia, military conflicts with, 2:433–434
as predominant trading city in Greek world, 1:177
and tourism, 3:904
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:944
Australia
and Cook’s (James) voyages, 1:230
and diamonds, 1:271
and diasporas, 1:272
and electricity, 2:304
Hamburg, trade relations with, 2:442
Austria, 1:86, 248, 264, 3:818
Azerbaijan, 1:113
B
Babylonian empire
and architecture, 3:641
Assyrian empire, military conflicts with, 1:70–71
Egypt, trade relations with, 2:303
Hittites, military conflicts with, 2:463
Phoenicians absorbed by, 2:337
and tin, 3:900
and weights/measures, 4:962
Baltic Sea, 1:30
Bangladesh, 3:791
Barbados, 2:316
Barbaricum, 2:509
Begho, 4:965
Belgium, 1:162, 268, 2:351, 352, 533, 3:694
Benue–Cross River region, 1:95
Bering Strait, 1:192
Black Sea, 1:31, 112–113, 134, 218, 3:720
Bosporus channel/strait, 1:262–264
Brazil
and Amazon River area, 1:28
Argentina, trade with, 1:53
and art/luxury objects, 1:63
and aviation, 1:90
cacao grown in, 1:135
Canada, trade relations with, 1:118
cholera in, 1:173
and cotton, 1:241
and diasporas, 1:272
and food/diet, 2:387
and imperialism/emergence of world economy, 4:946–947
iron ore producer, 1:117
and medicine, 3:619
and missionaries, 3:662
and pepper, 3:730
and rice, 1:17
and soybeans, 3:855
and sugar, 3:868
United States, trade relations with, 1:118
and wood, 4:977
Brusa, 3:720
Bukhara, 3:708
Bulgaria, 1:113, 189, 228, 244, 2:335
Burma, 1:293
Bursa, 3:719
Byzantine empire
and art, 1:61
and Black Sea region, 1:113
and Cyprus, 1:260
and Dark Ages, 1:266
and Egypt, 1:219
fall of the, 1:220
and food/diet, 2:367
and glass, 2:410
Italy, trade relations with, 1:134
and ivory, 2:544
Mediterranean Sea vital to, 3:621
Middle Ages and, 3:643
and Sicily, 3:826
and silk trade/Silk Road to China, 3:828–829
and Tunisia, 3:924
Byzantium, 1:61
C
Caffa, 3:720
Calais, 2:478
Cameroon, 1:135
Canada
and agriculture, 1:17
and automobile production, 1:83
and bioterrorism, 1:108
Brazil, trade relations with, 1:118
and British Commonwealth, 1:121
cholera in, 1:173
and consumerism, 1:222
and copper, 1:233
and diamonds, 1:271
and diasporas, 1:272
and electricity, 2:304
and fairs/festivals, 2:352
French control over, 2:382
Great Britain and, 2:283
and livestock, 2:590
and outsourcing jobs, 3:818
and reciprocity, 3:769
sedentary societies in, 1:49
and stocks, 2:362
and wood, 4:978
Cape of Good Hope, 2:310
Caribbean region, 1:145–147, 3:744, 4:968
See also Colonies, Latin American/
Caribbean Carthage/Carthaginians
and exploration/trade, 2:337
and harbors, 2:449
Rome, military conflicts with, 1:177, 3:739, 759–760, 826
and Sahara Desert/trade, 3:806
and silver, 3:831
and Tunisia, 3:924
Caspian Sea, 3:710
Central America, 1:46–52, 77, 78, 2:549, 3:611–612
See also Colonies, Latin American/Caribbean; Latin America
China
Arabs, military conflicts with, 1:168
and arms sales, 3:853
and art/luxury objects, 1:60, 61, 65, 3:601
and Asian-British trade relations, 2:330
and barter system, 1:100
Boxer Rebellion, 1:116, 170, 3:715
and bribery, 1:120
and British East India Company, 1:124
and Buddhism, 1:128–130, 3:740, 776, 830, 847
Bugis people and, 1:130
Calicut, trade relations with, 1:138–139
and Canton system, 1:164, 2:297, 435, 470, 3:597
and coins/coinage, 1:171
and Cold War, 1:189
compass and, 1:209
and Confucianism, 1:163–164, 166, 169, 2:309, 3:654–655, 776
and consumerism, 3:657
and copper, 1:233
decline of imperial, 1:169–170
and discovery/exploration, 1:275
and diseases, 1:279
and empire building, 2:309
and exploration/trade, 2:340, 341–342
and fairs/festivals, 2:348
fertilizer used in, 2:353
and food/diet, 2:388
France, military conflicts with, 2:473
France, trade relations with, 1:116
and fur trade, 1:41
geographical overview, 1:163, 184
Germany, trade relations with, 1:116
and glass, 2:410
and globalization, 2:415
and gold, 2:420
and grain, 2:426
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:116, 164, 169, 2:297, 435
Great Leap Forward, 1:165
Han Chinese, 1:163
Han dynasty, 1:163, 166, 168, 170, 209, 2:367, 580, 4:945
Hangzhou, 1:178
India, trade relations with, 3:847
Industrial Revolution and, 2:512, 513
and insurance, 2:518
and iron technology, 2:533
and irrigation, 2:537
and ivory, 2:545
and jade, 2:549
Japan, military conflicts with, 1:116, 2:432, 473, 474
Japan, trade relations with, 1:165, 170–172, 190
and livestock, 2:590
and market reform, 2:298
and migrations (human), 3:650, 651
Ming dynasty, 1:164, 169–171, 3:653–658, 830, 832
and missionaries, 3:663
and modernization in the 1970s, 1:165–166
Mongols, military conflicts with the, 3:674, 675
and most-favored-nation status, 1:166
and multinational corporations, 1:240
Netherlands, trade relations with, 2:297
and new imperialism, 2:495–496, 3:696
and nuts, 3:707
and oases, 3:708
and oil/oil industry, 3:710
and open door notes, 3:715
paper currency used in, 1:101
and paper/pulp, 3:724
People’s Commune movement, 1:165
People’s Republic of China, 1:164–165, 189, 244
and pirated entertainment, 2:468
and population growth, 2:426
Portugal, military conflicts with, 3:655, 657
and pottery, 2:512, 3:601, 657, 754–755
Qin to the Qing dynasty, trade from the, 1:163–164
Qing dynasty, 1:164, 169, 171, 2:469–473, 580, 3:596–598, 821
Republican era, 1:164
Russian empire, trade relations with, 1:116
and severe acute respiratory syndrome, 3:619
Shang dynasty, 1:163
and silver, 3:832
Sino-Japanese Wars, 1:116, 2:473
Song dynasty, 1:163, 168–171, 178, 2:297, 580
and Soviet Union, 1:165, 3:850
and spice trade, 2:367
Surat, trade relations with, 3:870
Tang dynasty, 1:163, 168, 170, 2:549, 3:764
and textile trade, 3:657
and Tiananmen Square demonstration, 1:190
United States, trade relations with, 1:116, 165, 166, 190
West, trade relations with the, 1:189–190
Yuan dynasty, 1:163, 169, 170, 3:821
See also Hong Kong; Manchu dynasty
Chinsurah, 1:136
Colombia, 1:90, 135, 187, 293, 2:387, 3:722–723, 922
Colonies, Latin American/Caribbean and agriculture, 1:12, 3:845–846
and Atlantic trade route, 1:78–82
Catholic Church and, 3:846
and coffee, 1:186
Columbus explores the, 1:195
and diseases, 1:193
and empire building, 2:316
and exploration/trade, 2:345
and imperial competition, 3:857
and indentured servants, 2:501–503
and Isabella I, 2:538
and mercantilism, 3:625
piracy/privateers in, 1:79
politics and regional/international trade, 1:146–147
and rum, 3:804
Saint Domingue and, 2:384
and sugar, 3:868
and tortoiseshell, 3:903
Colonies, North American
and advertising, 1:4
and arms/weapons trade, 4:961
and art/luxury objects, 1:67
and Atlantic trade route, 1:81–82
and banks/banking, 2:360
and Canada ceded to British empire, 2:383
and coins/coinage, 1:101
and Continental Congress, 4:931
Declaration of Independence, 4:931
and exploration/trade, 2:345
and glass, 2:410
and hemp, 2:457
and indentured servants, 2:501–503
Industrial Revolution and, 2:512, 513
and insurance, 2:519
and iron technology, 2:533
and Jewish people/Judaism, 2:555
and joint-stock companies, 2:552
and Louisiana territory, 2:383, 384
and migrations (human), 3:650
and molasses, 3:670
Navigation Acts (British) and, 3:629–630, 693
Revolutionary War, 1:34–38, 81, 2:317
and salt, 3:811
and silk trade, 3:829
and Stamp Act of 1765 (British), 4:1043–1047
and Tea Act of 1773 (British), 4:1047–1049
and Wars for Empire, 4:954–956
Comacchio, 4:935
Congo, 1:162
Congo River system, 1:160, 277
Constantinople, 1:39, 61, 133, 134, 179, 218–220, 3:719, 720
Costa Rica, 2:387
Crete/Minoan civilization
agriculture and, 1:246
decline of, 1:6
earliest settlements, 1:246, 3:658–659
Egypt, trade relations with, 1:246–247, 2:303, 336
and food/diet, 3:714
geographical overview of, 1:245
and gold, 2:419
Greece, trade relations with, 1:247
and immigration, 2:484
late history of, 3:659
and pottery, 1:246, 3:658, 754
and silver, 3:831
Cuba
and American Revolution, 1:36
Cold War and, 1:189
and Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance, 1:244
and Cuban missile crisis, 1:189
and embargoes, 2:308
and fairs/festivals, 2:350
and new imperialism, 2:497
and Soviet Union, 1:259, 3:851
Spanish-American War, 1:147, 259, 3:599, 722–723
and tobacco, 1:258
Curacao, 1:147
Cyclades, 1:6
Cyprus, 1:231, 260, 2:303, 402, 3:720
Czechoslovakia, 1:189, 244, 3:607–608
D
Dardanelles channel/strait, 1:262–264
Denmark
and Calcutta, 1:135
and Caribbean region, 1:146
and cartography, 1:157
and Continental System, 3:687
and fur trade, 1:41
and Hanseatic League, 2:444–445
and Mughal empire, 3:681
and Ottoman empire, 3:721
and slavery, 2:567
Dilmun, 3:642
Dubrovnik, 3:719, 721, 765–766, 4:937
E
Egypt
Baghdad Pact, 1:228
and Great Britain, 1:127, 2:302
and Islam’s emergence, 2:301–302
nationalism, center of Arab, 1:44
as weak actor in global trade, 2:302 See also Suez Canal
Egypt, ancient
and African imports, 1:10
and art/luxury objects, 1:57, 58, 65–66, 2:203
Babylonian empire, trade relations with, 2:303
and Byzantine empire, 1:219
Crete, trade relations with, 1:246–247, 2:303, 336
and diseases, 1:278
and exploration/trade, 2:336
fertilizer used in, 2:353
and frankincense/myrrh, 2:376
and gemstones, 2:395
and glass, 2:410
and gold, 2:419
Greece, trade relations with, 2:304
and hieroglyphic symbols, 1:25, 198
Hittites, military conflicts with, 2:463–464
Hykso people and, 3:703
and law, 2:577
and leather, 2:584
and livestock, 2:588
and medicine, 3:616
Mogadishu, trade relations with, 3:668–669
monuments in, 3:677
Nubia, military conflicts with, 2:564
and perfume, 3:730
Phoenicians, trade relations with, 2:303, 304
and pottery, 3:754
Rome, trade relations with, 2:304, 309
and sculpture, 3:812
and spice trade, 3:860
time periods (six) of, 2:302–303
and trade/expansion, 2:303–304
and transportation/trade, 3:919
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:943
and weights/measures, 4:962, 963
and wood, 4:977
England. See Great Britain
Estonia, 2:335
Euboea, 1:6
Euphrates River, 3:732, 921, 4:957, 977
See also Mesopotamian civilization Eurasia and cities/trade, 1:177–178
Europe
and advertising, 1:4
Africa, trade relations with, 2:327–328
and African structural adjustment programs, 1:10
and archaeology, 1:52
Argentina, trade relations with, 1:53
arms trade and, 2:480
and art/luxury objects, 1:62, 63–68
Asia, trade relations with, 2:328–330
Asia-Europe Meeting, 1:69
and automobile production, 1:83
and Bardi House of banking, 1:96–97
and barter system, 1:100
and bribery, 1:120
China, trade relations with, 1:169
chocolate introduced into, 1:173
and coffee, 1:186
and coins/coinage, 1:188
and Columbian exchange, 1:193
compass and, 1:209
and computers, 1:216
and consumerism, 1:222
and corn, 1:235
crop rotation in, 1:249
Cyprus, trade relations with, 1:260
and diasporas, 1:273
and dirhams, 1:274
and disputes/arbitration, 1:281
and drugs, 1:292
and empire building, 2:310–314
and exploration/trade, 1:277, 2:343–345
and food/diet, 2:387–388, 3:858
and free trade interlude, 3:694
and fur industry, 1:41
and globalization, 2:413
and gunpowder, 2:438
and Hapsburg family, 2:446–448
harbors in, 2:451
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:505–506
and intracontinental trade, 2:331–332
Islamic societies, trade relations with, 2:541
and Khazar empire, 2:559
and Manchu dynasty, 3:598
Marshall Plan for, 1:16, 90, 228, 2:375, 3:607–608, 4:952
and Medici family, 1:61, 2:364–365, 3:614–615, 646
and motion picture industry, 2:325
and multinational corporations, 1:240
Rome’s fall impacting, 3:799
and ships/shipbuilding, 1:47
and Soviet Union, 1:115, 3:850–851
stock exchanges in, 2:362
and tobacco, 3:901
and transportation/trade, 3:920–921
See also individual countries
European Union (EU)
and Alsace-Lorraine region, 1:28
China, trade relations with, 1:166
competition policy in the, 1:212, 214–215
expansion of, 2:334
and livestock, 2:589
Maastricht Treaty and creation of, 2:332
map of, 2:333
and multinational corporations, 1:240
and nuts, 3:707
overview of, 3:913
and South Africa, 3:844
F
Finland, 1:41, 233, 2:482–483, 4:974
Flanders, 2:475
Florence, 1:96–97, 2:364–365, 3:614–615, 720
France
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
and Alsace-Lorraine region, 1:26–28
and American Revolution, 1:35–36
Anglo-French Treaty of Dover, 1:39
and art/luxury objects, 1:62, 64–67
and Atlantic trade route, 1:81–82
and aviation, 1:84, 86, 87, 90
in the Baroque period, 1:97–99
Batavia occupied by, 1:103
and bioterrorism, 1:108
British competition as a constant, 2:383–384
Canada and, 2:38
and Caribbean region, 1:146
China, military conflicts with, 2:473
China, trade relations with, 1:116
cocoa processing factories in, 1:173
and colonialism, 1:191, 2:382–384, 440, 3:547–548
and Continental System, 1:38, 229, 3:685–687
and cotton, 1:241
and Crusades, 1:253
and Dardanelles channel, 1:264
department stores in, 1:267–268
and diasporas, 1:272
and discovery/exploration, 1:275–277
and electricity, 2:304
and empire building, 2:316, 318, 319, 382–385
and Equatorial Africa, 1:161, 162
and exploration/trade, 2:344, 345
and fairs/festivals, 2:350, 351
feudalism in, 2:356
French Community, Constitution of the, 4:1152–1157
and French Mississippi Bubble, 2:552
French Revolution, 1:7, 84, 2:385–387, 3:785–787, 794
and fur trade/industry, 1:40, 81–82
and Genoa, 2:402
Germany, military conflicts with, 2:403–404
and glass, 2:410
and guilds, 3:632
and gunpowder, 2:437
India, trading relations with, 1:123
and indigo, 2:506
and insurance, 2:518
and iron technology, 2:534
and Knights Templar, 2:563–564
and Madras, 3:592
and Mali, 3:595
Middle Ages and, 3:646
and Mogadishu, 3:668
monuments in, 3:678
and Nantes Edict, 2:587
and navigation, 3:690
and new imperialism, 3:695, 696
and oases, 3:708
and Ottoman empire, 3:720, 721
and perfume, 3:731
and piracy/privateers, 1:79
Ragusa, military conflicts with, 3:766
and Shanghai, 3:822
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 1:115
stock exchanges in, 2:361
and tourism, 3:907
and transportation/trade, 3:922
and Tunisia, 3:926
United States, trade relations with, 2:385
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:945–946
and weapons/armament production, 4:960
and weights/measures, 4:964
and wine, 4:970
Funan, 3:847
G
Gabon, 1:162
Gades, 3:738
Galveston, 2:451
Ganges River, 1:137
Genoa, 2:401–402, 3:719–721, 858
Georgia, 1:113
Germany/Germanic people
Africa, trade relations with, 2:405
and agriculture, 1:17, 2:403, 3:878
and Alsace-Lorraine region, 1:26–28
Anglo-French Treaty of Dover, 1:39
and automobiles, 1:83–84, 4:987
and banks/banking, 2:404
and bioterrorism, 1:108
China, trade relations with, 1:116
and classical economics, 2:300
and Cold War, 1:189
and colonialism, 2:405
and copper, 1:232
Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance, 1:244
Danube River and, 1:261
department stores in, 1:268, 269
and disputes/arbitration, 1:285
and dyes, 3:898
East and West, trade relations between, 1:189
and empire building, 2:403–406
and fairs/festivals, 2:350, 354, 355
fertilizer used in, 2:353
France, military conflicts with, 2:403–404
Gothic script, 1:24
Hohenstaufen empire, 2:464–466
and immigration, 2:489
and insurance, 2:518
and intracontinental European trade, 2:331
and iron technology, 2:534
Italy, military alliance with, 4:986
and Jewish people/Judaism, 2:555
and Kilwa, 2:560
and migrations (human), 3:649
and NAFTA, 3:704
and new imperialism, 3:696
and pirated entertainment, 2:468
and Poland, 3:849
and railroads, 3:768
reunification of, 1:131
and Russian Revolution, 3:805
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:824
South America, trade relations with, 1:128
Soviet Union, military conflicts with, 3:849
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 1:115
and tariffs, 3:878
and technology, 3:888
United States, trade relations with, 4:987
and weapons/armament production, 4:961
World War I, punishment after, 1:87, 261, 2:298–299, 361, 405–406, 557, 4:984
See also Prussia
Ghana
ancient, 2:406
Berbers and, 1:105
and cacao, 1:135
and cocoa production, 4:966
and Dyula people, 1:295
and European’s arrival, 2:406–407
and independent/modern, 2:408
and Mandé-speaking people/Islamized court culture, 4:965
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 3:854
Gobi Desert, 1:289
Great Britain
and abolition of slavery, 2:567
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
Amazon River and, 1:28
and American Revolution, 1:34–38
Anglo-French Treaty of Dover, 1:39
Argentina, trade relations with, 1:128
and art/luxury objects, 1:64, 67
Asia, trade relations with, 2:230, 329
and Atlantic trade route, 1:81
and Australia, 1:125
and banks/banking, 2:359
in the Baroque period, 1:97–99
and barter system, 1:101
Batavia occupied by, 1:103
and bioterrorism, 1:108
Boers, military conflicts with the, 1:126, 3:843
and bribery, 1:118
British Commonwealth, 1:121–122
Calcutta, control of, 1:135–137
and Caribbean region, 1:146, 147
China, trade relations with, 1:116, 164, 169, 2:297, 435
cocoa processing factories in, 1:173
and colonialism, 1:124–127, 191, 2:407–408, 3:857
and comparative advantage, 1:208
and Continental System, 1:38, 229, 3:685–687
and cotton, 1:241
and Crystal Palace, 1:256–258, 2:351
and Dardanelles channel, 1:263–264
and decaying trade relations, 4:1024–1026
department stores in, 1:268, 269
and diasporas, 1:272
and discovery/exploration, 1:276
and empire building, 1:124–127, 2:317–319
England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade, 2:321–322
and Equatorial Africa, 1:161
and exploration/trade, 2:344
and Fabianism, 3:841
and fairs/festivals, 2:350, 351, 354–355
fertilizer used in, 2:353
and food/diet, 2:372
French competition as a constant, 2:383–384
and General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, 2:397
and Genoa, 2:402
and Ghana, 2:407
and grain, 2:425
and hemp, 2:457
and Hinduism, 2:462
and immigration, 2:488
Industrial Revolution and, 2:509–514
and iron technology, 2:533
Japan, trade relations with, 4:1015–1016
and joint-stock companies, 2:552
and Keynes (John M.), 2:557
and linen, 2:587
and livestock, 2:588
and Manchu dynasty, 3:597
and Manila, 3:599
and Melaka, 3:623
and migrations (human), 3:649–650
and Ming dynasty, 3:657
and Mogadishu, 3:668
and navigation, 3:690
and new imperialism, 2:493, 494, 3:695–696
and oil/oil industry, 3:713
Orders in Council of 1804/1806, 1:13, 2:384, 4:941, 942
Ottoman empire, trade relations with, 1:237
and patents, 3:726
Persia, trade relations with, 1:237
and Persian Gulf, 3:732
and piracy/privateering, 1:79, 3:624–625, 744
Portugal, alliance with, 1:128
and pottery, 3:755
and Protestantism, 3:759
Reagan’s (Ronald) speech to British
Russia, trade relations with, 1:237
and sculpture, 3:814
Shanghai, trade relations with, 3:822
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:824
and Sicily, 3:827
South America, trade relations with, 1:127–128
and South Seas Bubble in 1720, 1:125, 2:552
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 1:115
Spanish Armada defeated by, 2:306
and spice trade, 3:859
stock exchanges in, 2:361
and Suez Canal, 4:950, 1103–1105
and Surat, 3:869
and tally sticks, 3:872
telegraph and, 3:891
and tobacco, 3:901
and tourism, 3:905
and trademarks, 3:917
and transaction costs, 3:918
and transportation/trade, 3:922
unions in, 2:572
and Vikings, 4:938
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:945–946
and Wealth of Nations, 4:1049–1063
and weapons/armament production, 4:960
and weights/measures, 4:964
and women, 4:973
Greece, 1:7–8, 113, 2:402, 3:607, 814
Greece, ancient
and Aegean Sea, 1:6
agora (marketplace) in, 1:10–11, 2:457, 3:604
alphabet used in, 1:23–24, 198
Armenia ruled by, 1:56
and art/luxury objects, 1:58–60
and bioterrorism, 1:107
and Black Sea region, 1:113
and cartography, 1:152
Celts, trade relations with the, 2:331
and cities/trade, 1:177
and copper, 1:232
Crete, trade relations with, 1:247
and diasporas, 1:272
and drugs, 1:291
Egypt, trade relations with, 2:304
and exploration/trade, 2:337–339
and fairs/festivals, 2:349
and gemstones, 2:395
and gold, 2:419
and insurance, 2:518
linear B script and, 2:585–586
and marketplaces, 1:10–11, 2:457, 3:604
Mediterranean Sea vital to, 3:621
and Mycenaean civilization, 1:6, 198, 3:648, 683–684, 831
Nubia, military conflicts with, 2:564
and pepper, 3:729
and perfume, 3:730
Persia, military conflicts with, 2:433–434
and Phoenicians, 1:26, 3:738, 739
and pottery, 3:754
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:823
and Sicily, 3:826
and silver, 3:831
and slavery, 3:835
Spain, trade relations with, 2:337
and technology, 3:886
and tin, 3:900
and transportation/trade, 3:919–920
and weights/measures, 4:963
and wine, 4:970
and women, 4:971
and wood, 4:977
and wool, 4:979
See also Athens, ancient
Gruinard Island, 1:108
Guadeloupe, 2:316
Guangzhou, 1:164, 2:297, 434–435
Guatemala, 1:47, 63, 151, 187, 2:549
Guyana, 1:147
H
Haiti, 1:82, 146, 147, 2:316, 440
Hangzhou, 1:178
Hanigalbat, 1:71
Hawaiian Islands, 1:230, 3:666, 769, 868–869
Herat, 3:708
Hong Kong
and agriculture, 1:165
and decline of British influence, 2:474
and fur trade, 1:41
harbors and, 2:450
and Kowloon under British control, 2:473–474
and Opium Wars/Treaty of Nanjing, 1:127, 2:298, 469–472
and textile industry, 3:899
I
Iceland, 4:938
India
and agriculture, 1:17
Alexander the Great attacks, 1:21
Armenia, trade with, 1:56
and art/luxury objects, 1:59–60, 64
and Berenice, 1:106
China, trade relations with, 3:847
climate in, 1:184
Clive’s (Robert) combat/administrative efforts in, 1:185–186
and corn, 1:235
corporate dominance over, 1:237–239
and cotton, 1:241
France, trade relations with, 1:123
and Gandhi (Mohandas), 2:391–393, 3:811–812
and grain, 2:427
and independence, 1:127
Indian National Congress, 2:392
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:503, 505
Industrial Revolution and, 2:513
and jute, 2:556
and law, 2:580
Madras, 3:592
and Manchu dynasty, 3:597
and mercantilism, 3:630
Mesopotamia, trade relations with, 3:642
and migrations (human), 3:651
and new imperialism, 2:495
and nuts, 3:707
opium use/trade and, 2:471
and outsourcing jobs, 3:818
and pepper, 3:730
and pilgrimages, 3:742
and pirated entertainment, 2:468
Portugal, trade relations with, 1:123
and railroads, 3:767, 768, 922
Seven Years War and, 3:820
and silk, 3:897
socioreligious reform movement in, 1:137
and spice trade, 2:367
and tariffs, 3:877
telegraph and, 3:891
and weights/measures, 4:962
See also Mughal empire
Indian Ocean trade
and cities/trade, 1:178
and Equatorial Africa, 1:161
Europeans arrival and the, 2:505–506
and exploration/trade, 2:338
and frankincense/myrrh, 2:377
and gold, 1:9
Islamic societies and, 2:543
and jute, 2:556
map of, 2:504
monsoon winds and, 2:338
and Persian Gulf, 3:732
and piracy/privateering, 3:743
Bugis people, 1:130
cacao grown in, 1:135
and coconut oil, 3:707
and coffee, 1:187
Dutch culture influenced by, 1:294
and France, 2:384
and pepper, 3:730
and rice, 3:791
and spice trade, 3:860
Indus River, 2:338, 507–509, 4:957
Ireland, 1:122, 2:587, 3:650, 661, 818, 819, 897
Israel
and Arabs, 1:44, 3:732, 867, 907–908, 4:953
and diamonds, 1:271
establishment/recognition of, 2:551
and Phoenicians, 1:25
Italy
and art/luxury objects, 1:61–62
Battle of Magenta, 3:652
Byzantine empire, trade relations with, 1:134
Carolingian empire, trade relations with, 1:150
and cartography, 1:153
and diamonds, 1:271
and diasporas, 1:273
and food/diet, 3:715
Germany, military alliance with, 4:986
and insurance, 2:518
and new imperialism, 3:696
and paper/pulp, 3:724
and sculpture, 3:814
and tortoiseshell, 3:902
Ivory Coast, 1:135, 2:545–548, 4:966
J
Jamestown, 2:345, 410, 552, 3:900–901
Japan
and African structural adjustment programs, 1:10
and agriculture, 1:17
and Amazon River region, 1:28–29
Argentina, trade relations with, 1:53
and art/luxury objects, 1:63, 65, 66
and automobiles, 1:83–84, 4:987
and aviation, 1:90
China, military conflicts with, 1:116, 2:432, 473, 474
China, trade relations with, 1:165, 170–172, 190
and consumerism, 1:222
and copper, 1:233
and embargoes, 2:308
and empire building, 2:319
and GATT, 3:882
Great Britain, trade relations with, 4:1015–1016
and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
and gunpowder, 2:439
and Hamburg, 2:442
and Heian kingdom, 2:297
Industrial Revolution and, 2:513–514
and integration of regional economies, 2:298
Korean War helping economy of, 2:298
and law, 2:580
and Manila, 3:600
and Melaka, 3:623
and migrations (human), 3:650–651
and Ming dynasty, 3:656
and missionaries, 3:663
and multinational corporations, 1:240
and NAFTA, 3:704
and new imperialism, 2:496, 497, 3:696
and oil/oil industry, 3:711, 713
and piracy/privateering, 2:297, 468
and Shanghai, 3:823
and Southeast Asia, 3:848
and technology, 3:888
Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1:66
United States, trade relations with, 4:927–928, 987
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:951–952
and weights/measures, 4:964
West, trade relations with the, 2:298
Jerusalem, 1:254, 256, 2:466, 3:699, 742, 904
K
Kalahari Desert, 1:8
Kenya, 1:127
Kittim, 3:738
Kong, 4:965
Korea, South, 1:120, 165, 2:298, 413, 527
Kush, 2:564
Kuwait, 1:131, 283, 2:307, 3:732
L
Lagos, 2:459
Lake Nasser, 1:73
Lake Texcoco, 1:93
Las Vegas, 2:325
Latin America
and arms/weapons trade, 4:962
and art/luxury objects, 1:63
and aviation, 1:88
cacao plants in, 1:172
cholera in, 1:174
decolonization struggles in, 4:952
and disputes/arbitration, 1:282
and dollarization process, 2:422
and Enterprise for the Americas
Initiative, 1:131, 4:1164–1167
and globalization, 2:414
harbors in, 2:451
and immigration, 2:490
and independence movements, 3:638, 752
and movie industry, 2:325
and narcoterrorism, 3:894
and new imperialism, 2:496–497
and pilgrimages, 3:742
and population issues, 3:749
and reciprocity, 3:769
See also Colonies, Latin American/Caribbean; South America; individual countries
Lesser Antilles, 1:146
Liverpool, 1:181
London, 1:173, 268, 2:326, 519, 3:647
Lozi, 1:160
M
Macedonia, 1:101
Madagascar, 1:8
Madras, 3:592
Magan, 1:58
Malacca. See Melaka Malaysia, 1:69, 135, 3:730, 4:978
Maldives, 1:244
Malta, 3:738
Marib, 2:340
Marshall Islands, 1:152
Martinique, 2:316
Mbundu, 1:160
Mediterranean Sea region
and art, 1:58
and cartography, 1:153
civilizations in, 3:621
and Dardanelles channel, 1:262
as declining link between Europe/the
East, 3:783
and diseases, 1:279
and frankincense/myrrh, 2:377
geography and climate in, 3:620–621
and immigration, 2:484
and migrations (human), 3:648
Nile River and, 3:697
and Ottoman empire, 3:720
and pilgrimages, 3:741
and piracy/privateering, 3:743
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:823
and tourism, 3:907
Melaka, 1:154, 197–198, 2:449, 3:622–623, 848
Melanesia, 1:67
Mesopotamian civilization
and archaeology, 1:47
and art/luxury objects, 1:57, 58
Assyrian empire conquering, 1:70–71
and drugs, 1:291
and fairs/festivals, 2:348
fertilizer used in, 2:353
India, trade relations with, 3:642
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:503
and iron technology, 2:533
and irrigation, 2:536
and sculpture, 3:812
and technology, 3:886
and trade connecting the East to the
See also Babylonian empire; Sumerian civilization
Mexico
and aviation, 1:90
and cities, 1:180
and coffee, 1:187
and corn, 1:235
and electricity, 2:304
and gold, 3:845
and import-substitution
industrialization, 1:118
and livestock, 2:590
and Manila, 3:599, 601, 634–635
and missionaries, 3:667
and population issues, 3:749
and silver, 3:845
and soybeans, 3:855
Miami, 2:490
Middle East
and agriculture, 1:16
Aramaic language spoken in, 1:23
and barter system, 1:100
and British empire, 1:127
and diasporas, 1:272
and drugs, 1:290
and empire building, 2:319
and gemstones, 2:395
and movie industry, 2:325
and stock exchanges, 2:362
and urban revolution, 1:176
and women, 4:971
See also Ottoman empire
Mississippi River, 2:383
Moldavia, 3:720
Moldova, 1:113
Montevideo, 1:173
Moscow, 3:706
Mughal empire
and art, 1:64
demise and subjugation of, 2:325, 3:682
and domestic trade, 3:679
and emeralds, 2:395
and gold, 2:420
and Hinduism, 2:462
map of, 3:680
and mercantilism, 3:630
and overseas trade, 3:679, 681
Murano, 2:410
Muscat, 2:503
N
Najraf oasis, 3:708
Namibia, 1:271
Ndogo, 1:160
Netherlands
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
and agriculture, 1:18
and arms/weapons trade, 4:961
and art/luxury objects, 1:63–65, 67
and Atlantic trade route, 1:79–81
and aviation, 1:92
and bribery, 1:120
Bugis people and, 1:130
and Caribbean region, 1:147
China, trade relations with, 2:297
and colonialism, 1:191
and cotton, 1:241
department stores in, 1:268
and discovery/exploration, 1:275–276
and drugs, 1:293
and embargoes, 2:308
and empire building, 1:294, 2:314, 316
and Equatorial Africa, 1:161
and exploration/trade, 2:344
and food/diet, 2:371
and fur trade, 1:40
and gold, 2:420
and grain, 2:425
and immigration, 2:483, 487–488
and imperialism/emergence of world economy, 4:947
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:505
Indonesian culture influencing the, 1:294
and insurance, 2:518
and labor relations, 1:294
and Madras, 3:592
and Manchu dynasty, 3:597
and Melaka, 3:623
and Ming dynasty, 3:657
molasses and, 3:670
and navigation, 3:690
and Ottoman empire, 3:721
and paper/pulp, 3:725
and piracy/privateers, 1:79
and Renaissance period, 3:783
Russia, trade relations with, 3:733
and spice trade, 2:367, 369, 3:859
stock exchanges in, 2:361
and Surat, 3:869
and women, 4:971
New Amsterdam, 1:180
New England colonies, 1:81, 2:345, 3:670, 804
New Guinea, 2:405
New Zealand, 1:121, 230, 231, 3:666, 877
Ngbandi, 1:160
Nicaea, 1:254
Nicaragua, 2:497
Nigeria, 1:10, 135, 3:801–803, 4:966
Niger River, 1:295, 296, 2:547
Nile River, 1:73–74, 106, 2:339–340, 586, 3:696–698, 4:957
North America, 1:10, 41, 52, 193
See also Canada; Colonies, North American; United States North Sea, 1:30
Nyamwezi, 1:161
O
Oceanic island chains, 1:66–67
Orinoco River, 1:235
Ostia, 2:449
Ottoman empire
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
Arab nationalism and weakening of, 1:44
Armenia ruled by, 1:56
Black Sea region controlled by, 1:113
and cities/trade, 1:179
and coffee, 1:186
Constantinople captured by, 1:220
Crimean War, 1:14, 247–249, 261, 264
and Dardanelles channel, 1:262–264
and drugs, 1:293
Egypt conquered by, 2:302
and extraterritoriality, 2:346–347
and foreign traders, 3:720–721
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:237
Greece declares independence from, 1:7–8
Jewish people, trade relations with, 2:555
and law, 3:721
and Mediterranean Sea region, 3:720
and new imperialism, 2:495
and Nile River, 3:698
Ragusa, trade relations with, 3:765
trade and international policy of, 2:540–541, 3:718–719
and Venice, 1:179, 3:721, 4:937
P
Pacific Ocean, 2:345
Pakistan, 1:122, 241, 285, 293
Panama Canal
and aviation, 1:88
and medicine, 3:619
and superships, 3:691
United States and, 3:722–726, 922–923
and water’s role in international trade, 4:958
Papua New Guinea, 1:135
Paris, 3:678
Pearl Harbor, 4:951, 987, 988–989
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 1:164–165, 189, 244
Pergamon, 2:457
Persia
Achaemenian empire, 1:113
Alexander the Great’s conquest of, 1:20–21
Aramaic language spoken in, 1:22
and Babylonian empire, 1:94, 95
and coins/coinage, 1:101
and Dark Ages, 1:266
Egypt, trade relations with, 2:303
Egypt conquered by, 2:304
and gemstones, 2:395
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:237
Greece, military conflicts with, 2:433–434
and oil/oil industry, 3:710
and perfume, 3:730
and Phoenicians, 3:738
Peru
and corn, 1:235
and drugs, 1:293
and guano, 2:436
and guilds, 3:635
and Manila, 3:601
and maritime resources, 1:49
silver from, 1:180
Philippines
and ASEAN, 1:69
and aviation, 1:90
and coconut oil, 3:707
and missionaries, 3:667
and new imperialism, 2:496
and wood, 4:978
Phoenicia/Phoenicians
alphabet and, 1:24–26, 198, 3:738
and art/luxury objects, 1:58
culture and religion of, 3:737–738
decline and fall of, 3:738
as a dominant power, 3:737
Egypt, trade relations with, 2:303, 304
and exploration/trade, 2:336–337
and food/diet, 2:366
and glass, 2:410
and Sahara Desert/trade, 3:806
and ships/shipbuilding, 1:47, 3:823
and Sicily, 3:826
and Tunisia, 3:924
and wine, 4:970
and wood, 4:977
Piraeus, 1:177
Pisa, 3:632
Poland, 1:189, 273, 2:415, 3:778, 849, 4:987
Portugal
and Atlantic trade route, 1:77, 78
Bugis people and, 1:130
Calicut, trade relations with, 1:138, 139
China, military conflicts with, 3:655, 657
and cities/trade, 1:178, 179–180
compass and, 1:209
and Continental System, 3:687
and cowry shells, 1:245
and discovery/exploration, 1:275
and drugs, 1:292
and empire building, 2:310–312
and Equatorial Africa, 1:161
and exploration/trade, 2:343–345
Great Britain, alliance with, 1:128
and Guangzhou, 2:435
and gunpowder, 2:439
and Hinduism, 2:462
and immigration, 3:752
and imperialism/emergence of world economy, 4:946–947
India, trading relations with, 1:123
and insurance, 2:518
kamal used by, 1:251
and mercantilism, 3:626
and Mogadishu, 3:668
and navigation, 3:689
and Ottoman empire, 3:719
and pepper, 3:729
and Renaissance period, 3:783
and salt, 3:811
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:824
and silver, 3:832
and South America, 3:845
and Southeast Asia, 3:848
and spice trade, 2:367, 369, 3:859, 860
and Surat, 3:869
and Wealth of Nations, 4:1049–1063
and wood, 4:977
Potosí, 1:180
Prussia
and cholera, 1:173
and Dardanelles channel, 1:264
Frederick II and, 2:379–380, 3:819–820
and Ottoman empire, 3:721
Russia, military conflicts with, 2:379
Russia, trade relations with, 3:733
and Seven Years War, 2:403, 3:818
Puerto Rico, 1:146, 147, 3:637
R
Red Sea, 1:105–106, 2:544, 3:643, 729
Rhodesia, 1:162
Rome, ancient
advertising in, 1:4
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
and agriculture, 1:11
and art/luxury objects, 1:60
and Berenice, 1:106
and Black Sea region, 1:113
Carthage, military conflicts with, 1:177, 3:739, 759–760, 826
and cartography, 1:152
and Catholic Church, 3:793, 795, 797
Celts, trade relations with, 2:331
and cities/trade, 1:177
and drugs, 1:291
Egypt, trade relations with, 2:304, 309
and empire building, 2:309
and entertainment, 2:323
Etruscans dominated by, 2:327
and exploration/trade, 2:339–340
and fairs/festivals, 2:349
fall of, 3:799
and food/diet, 2:366, 367, 3:714, 715
forums as central marketplaces in, 1:11
and frankincense/myrrh, 2:377
Garamantian empire, trade relations with, 2:393
and gemstones, 2:395
and glass, 2:410
and gold, 2:419
and Goths, 2:423
and governance/trade, 3:795, 797
harbors in, 2:449
and income of merchants, 3:794–795
and law, 2:577
and livestock, 2:588
map of, 3:796
and medicine, 3:618
Mediterranean Sea vital to, 3:621
and Milan, 3:651
Nubia, military conflicts with, 2:564
and perfume, 3:730
and Petra, 3:736
and piracy/privateering, 3:743
and population issues, 3:749
and Sahara Desert/trade, 3:806–807
and salt, 3:810
and sculpture, 3:813
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:823
and silk trade/Silk Road to China, 3:829, 897
and silver, 3:831
and slavery, 3:835
and technology, 3:886
trading networks in, 3:798–799
and transportation/trade, 3:920
and Tunisia, 3:924
types of trade movement, 3:797–798
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:944
and weights/measures, 4:963
and wine, 4:970
and wood, 4:977
Ruhr, 2:534
Russia
and Black Sea region, 1:113
and bribery, 1:120
China, trade relations with, 1:166
economic problems in, 1:53
fur industry, 1:41
and oil/oil industry, 3:713
and pirated entertainment, 2:468
unions in, 2:572
See also Soviet Union, the former
Russian empire
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
and art/luxury objects, 1:64–65
in the Baroque period, 1:98–99
and Black Sea region, 1:113
and cartography, 1:157
China, trade relations with, 1:116
cholera in, 1:173
climate in the, 1:185
and Continental System, 3:687
and copper, 1:233
Crimean War, 1:14, 247–249, 261, 264
Cyrillic alphabet spoken in, 1:23
and Dardanelles channel, 1:264
and dirhams, 1:274
furs used as a medium of exchange in, 1:188
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:237
and hemp, 2:457
Islamic societies, trade relations with, 2:540
and ivory, 2:545
Netherlands, trade relations with, 3:733
and new imperialism, 3:696
and Peter the Great, 3:733–734
Prussia, military conflicts with, 2:379
Prussia, trade relations with, 3:733
and Vikings, 4:938
S
Sahara Desert/trade, 1:8, 9, 105, 3:708, 806–810, 4:964–965
Sahel area in Africa, 1:8
Saint Croix, 1:146
Saint Domingue, 2:383, 440, 3:384
Samoa, 2:496
Samothrace, 1:6
San Francisco, 1:182
Santo Domingo, 1:147
Sardinia, 1:248
Saudi Arabia, 3:708, 709, 711, 713, 733
Scandinavia, 2:304
Scotland, 2:304, 359, 556, 3:833
Sea of Marmara, 1:218
Senegal, 3:707
Serbia, 4:983
Sijilmasa, 3:807
Singapore, 1:69, 166, 2:449–450, 489, 3:848
South Africa
and apartheid system, 3:843
Boer War, 1:126
and bribery, 1:119
and Commonwealth of Nations, 1:122
contemporary trade profile of, 1:10
and diasporas, 1:272
and embargoes, 2:308
and fur trade, 3:846
and Gandhi (Mohandas), 2:391
and gold/diamonds, 1:271, 2:395, 420, 3:842–843
Khoisan people, 3:842
and Mandela (Nelson), 3:843–844
stock exchanges in, 2:362
South America
and Atlantic trade route, 1:77, 78
cacao grown in, 1:135
and corn, 1:235
geographical overview of, 3:845
Germany, trade relations with, 1:128
Great Britain, trade relations with, 1:127–128
and Portugal, 3:845
postcolonial, 3:846
and Spanish America, 3:845–846
and tortoiseshell, 3:903
United States, trade relations with, 1:128
and wood, 4:977
See also Colonies, Latin American/Caribbean; Latin America
South China Sea, 3:744
Soviet Union, the former
Africa, trade relations with, 3:852–854
and alcoholic beverages, 2:483
Armenia ruled by, 1:56
and arms/weapons trade, 4:962
and aviation, 1:19, 20, 87, 90
and Black Sea region, 1:113
collapse of, 1:131
and containment policy of U.S., 1:227–228
Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance, 1:189, 207, 228, 243–244, 3:850–851
currency controls in, 2:481
Danube River and, 1:262
department stores in, 1:268
and diamonds, 1:271
and diasporas, 1:272
and embargoes, 2:308
and empire building, 2:319
Europe, trade relations with, 1:115
Germany, military conflicts with, 3:849
and intracontinental European trade, 2:332
and Marshall Plan, 3:607
and Mediterranean Sea region, 3:621
and oil/oil industry, 3:711
and political economy/invention of capitalism, 1:142
United States, trade relations with, 1:115, 189, 4:986
and world economy, 3:851
See also Russia/Russian listings
Spain
and agriculture, 1:12
and Amazon River, 1:28
and American Revolution, 1:36
Armada defeated by Great Britain, 2:306
and art/luxury objects, 1:62, 63
and Atlantic trade route, 1:77–79
and Aztecs, 1:93
and banks/banking, 2:358
in the Baroque period, 1:97
and bioterrorism, 1:108
and Caribbean region, 1:146, 147
and cartography, 1:154
and coins/coinage, 1:188
and colonialism, 1:190–191, 3:857
and Columbian exchange, 1:193
and Columbus (Christopher), 1:194–195
compass and, 1:209
and conquistadors, 1:78, 93, 176
and corn, 1:235
and cotton, 1:241
and decline of the empire, 3:856–857
and discovery/exploration, 1:275
and diseases, 1:279
Drake’s (Francis) attacks on, 1:289
and empire building, 2:312–314, 3:856
and exploration/trade, 2:344
and fairs/festivals, 2:352–353
and food/diet, 2:387
and gold, 2:420
and Goths, 2:424
Great Britain, military conflicts with, 2:306
Greeks, trade relations with, 2:337
Hundred Years’ War and, 2:478
and immigration, 2:487
and imperialism/emergence of world economy, 4:946
Incas, military conflicts with the, 2:501
and indigo, 2:506
and iron technology, 2:533
and linen, 2:587
and Ming dynasty, 3:657
and missionaries, 3:661
and Napoleonic Wars, 3:846
and Phoenicians, 3:738
and piracy/privateering, 3:624–625
and Renaissance period, 3:783–784
and slavery, 1:78
and sugar, 3:867
and tortoiseshell, 3:902
and wool, 4:979
See also Colonies, Latin American/Caribbean
Sparta, 1:74, 266–267, 2:433, 434, 4:944
Spice Islands/trade
and Arabs, 2:367, 3:848, 858, 860
and Atlantic trade route, 1:77, 78
and cities, 1:178
and Constantinople, 1:219
and Drake (Francis), 1:290
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:505
influential nature of, 2:368–369
Islamic societies and, 2:540
and Manchu dynasty, 3:597
and Manila, 3:599
and Nineveh, 3:699
Portugal/Netherlands impacting the, 2:367
Rome’s fall impacting, 3:799
spice route (on water), 3:858–860
Sporades, Northern, 1:6
Sri Lanka, 3:730
Strait of Magellan, 3:594
Suez Canal
and African ports losing importance, 2:494
and bankruptcy problems for Egypt, 2:302
British control over, 1:127
Convention of Constantinople and, 4:1103–1105
East-West trade and shipbuilding impacted by, 3:921
and Indian-European relations, 1:126
and Mediterranean Sea gaining importance, 3:621
and steamships, 3:824
and superships, 3:691
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:950
and water’s role in international trade, 4:958
Sumerian civilization and architecture, 3:641
and copper, 1:231
and cuneiform, 1:259–260, 2:365, 3:724
and glass, 2:410
and immigration, 2:484
and Indian Ocean trade, 2:503
and livestock, 2:588
and medicine, 3:616
merchants and, 1:57
and paper/pulp, 3:724
and tin, 3:900
and transportation/trade, 3:919
Suriname, 1:147
Sweden, 1:233, 2:482, 3:687, 706, 721, 871, 4:961
Switzerland, 1:173
Syria, 1:25, 58, 59, 71, 145, 2:303, 340, 586
T
Tahiti, 1:230
Taiwan, 1:110, 120, 166, 2:413
Thailand, 1:17, 69, 293, 3:730, 791, 848
Thásos, 1:6
Thebes, 1:291
Tiananmen Square, 1:190
Tigris River, 3:732, 921, 4:957, 977
See also Mesopotamian civilization
Timbuktu, 2:406, 3:594, 809, 810, 4:965
Trinidad and Tobago, 1:147, 195
Tunis, 3:720
Turkey, 1:113, 264, 2:405, 3:707
See also Ottoman empire
Turpan, 3:708
Tuwat oasis, 3:708
U
Ukraine, 1:113
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United States
abolition of slavery in, 2:567
aircraft production, 1:19
Argentina, trade relations with, 1:53
and arms/weapons trade, 2:480, 4:961
and art/luxury objects, 1:67–68
and automobile production, 1:83
Brazil, trade relations with, 1:118
and bribery, 1:120
British Orders in Council of 1804/1806, 1:13, 2:384
Caribbean region, colonial possessions in, 1:146
and cartography, 1:157
China, trade relations with, 1:116, 165, 166, 190
Civil War, 1:14, 108, 3:602, 603, 901, 4:933, 943
cocoa processing factories in, 1:173
and coffee, 1:187
coins/coinage in, 1:188
and competition policy, 1:212, 214–215
computer use in, 1:216
Constitutional Convention in 1781, 4:931
and consumerism, 1:221–224, 226–227
and containment policy, 1:227–228, 3:607, 4:943, 952, 991
and copper, 1:233
and corporations, 1:239
and cotton, 1:241, 242–243, 3:898
crop rotation in, 1:250
and Cuban missile crisis, 1:189
and Dardanelles channel, 1:263
department stores in, 1:268
and disputes/arbitration, 1:284
and drugs, 1:293
and electricity, 2:304
and embargoes, 2:306–308, 4:932
and empire building, 2:318
and English language as dominant common language, 1:199
and Equatorial Africa’s mineral resources, 1:162
and fairs/festivals, 2:350–353
fertilizer used in, 2:353
and foreign aid, 2:375
France, trade relations with, 2:385
and GATT, 3:882
Germany, trade relations with, 4:987
and Gilded age, 1:67
and globalization, 1:140, 2:413, 416, 418
and guano, 2:436
and imperial competition, 3:857
and irrigation, 2:537
Japan, trade relations with, 4:927–928, 987
and law, 2:579
Louisiana Purchase, 3:846, 4:931–932, 1067–1069
and market revolution, 1:101, 3:602
and medicine, 3:619
and Mediterranean Sea region, 3:621
and migrations (human), 3:650–651
and Mogadishu, 3:668
monuments in, 3:676
and multinational enterprises, 3:682–683
and Napoleonic Wars, 3:687, 4:932, 948–949
and new imperialism, 2:496, 497, 3:696
and nuts, 3:707
and oil/oil industry, 3:710–711, 713
and open door notes, 3:715–716
and Panama Canal, 3:722–726, 922–923
and perfume, 3:731
and Persian Gulf, 3:733
and pottery, 3:755
and Protestantism, 3:759
and regional trade organizations, 3:913
Revolutionary War, 1:34–38, 81, 2:317
and rise to world power, 4:933–934
and Russian Revolution, 3:805
September 11th terrorist attacks in, 1:92, 109, 3:733, 893, 907, 923, 4:966
and Shanghai, 3:822
and ships/shipbuilding, 3:824
South America, trade relations with, 1:128
and Southeast Asia, 3:848
Soviet Union, trade relations with, 1:115, 189, 4:986
and Spain’s decline, 3:857
stock exchanges in, 2:362
and textile industry, 3:898
and tobacco, 3:902
and trademarks, 3:917
and transportation/trade, 3:602–603, 922
and warfare impacting/being impacted by trade, 4:952
and weapons/armament production, 4:961
and whales, 4:967
and wood, 4:978
See also Colonies, North American
Upper Volta, 2:547
Uzbekistan, 3:708
V
Venezuela, 1:128, 195, 271, 3:713, 846
Venice
and Aegean Sea, 1:7
and art/luxury objects, 1:62
and banks/banking, 2:358
and Black Death, 1:107
and Byzantine empire, 1:134, 4:935
Carolingian empire, trade relations with, 1:151
and Catholic Church, 4:935
Comacchio, military conflicts with, 4:935
compass and, 1:209
and cotton, 1:241
and Crusades, 1:178, 255, 4:936
and Dardanelles channel, 1:263
and exploration/trade, 2:343
and gemstones, 2:395
and glass, 2:410
and Hanseatic League, 3:647
as the hinge of Europe, 1:178
and insurance, 2:518
and interregional transit trade, 4:937
and intracontinental European trade, 2:331
Middle East and, 3:645
and Ottoman empire, 1:179, 3:721, 4:937
Ragusa, military conflicts with, 3:765, 766
resources needed in, 4:935–937
and service sector, 3:815
and silk trade, 1:219
Vietnam
and ASEAN, 1:69
and coffee, 1:187
and Cold War, 1:189
and Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1:244
France and, 2:384
and wood, 4:978
W
Weimar Republic, 3:878
Wild Cane Cay, 1:48
Y
Yemen, 2:377
Z
Zambia, 1:233
Zeravshan River, 3:708
Zimbabwe, 1:96