Contents

Preface		vii
Contributors		ix
Section I    Introduction		1
I.1	What Is Evolution?	3
I.2	The History of Evolutionary Thought	10
I.3	The Evidence for Evolution	28
I.4	From DNA to Phenotypes	40
Section II      Phylogenetics and the History of Life		47
II.1	Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees	51
II.2	Phylogenetic Inference	60
II.3	Molecular Clock Dating	67
II.4	Historical Biogeography	75
II.5	Phylogeography	82
II.6	Concepts in Character Macroevolution: Adaptation, Homology, and Evolvability	89
II.7	Using Phylogenies to Study Phenotypic Evolution: Comparative Methods and Tests of Adaptation	100
II.8	Taxonomy in a Phylogenetic Framework	106
II.9	The Fossil Record	112
II.10	The Origin of Life	120
II.11	Evolution in the Prokaryotic Grade	127
II.12	Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes	136
II.13	Major Events in the Evolution of Land Plants	143
II.14	Major Events in the Evolution of Fungi	152
II.15	Origin and Early Evolution of Animals	159
II.16	Major Events in the Evolution of Arthropods	167
II.17	Major Features of Tetrapod Evolution	174
II.18	Human Evolution	183
Section III     Natural Selection and Adaptation		189
III.1	Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Fitness: Overview	193
III.2	Units and Levels of Selection	200
III.3	Theory of Selection in Populations	206
III.4	Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness	215
III.5	Phenotypic Selection on Quantitative Traits	221
III.6	Responses to Selection: Experimental Populations	230
III.7	Responses to Selection: Natural Populations	238
III.8	Evolutionary Limits and Constraints	247
III.9	Evolution of Modifier Genes and Biological Systems	253
III.10	Evolution of Reaction Norms	261
III.11	Evolution of Life Histories	268
III.12	Evolution of Form and Function	276
III.13	Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations	282
III.14	Evolution of the Ecological Niche	288
III.15	Adaptation to the Biotic Environment	298
Section IV     Evolutionary Processes		305
IV.1	Genetic Drift	307
IV.2	Mutation	315
IV.3	Geographic Variation, Population Structure, and Migration	321
IV.4	Recombination and Sex	328
IV.5	Genetic Load	334
IV.6	Inbreeding	340
IV.7	Selfish Genetic Elements and Genetic Conflict	347
IV.8	Evolution of Mating Systems: Outcrossing versus Selfing	356
Section V      Genes, Genomes, Phenotypes		363
V.1	Molecular Evolution	367
V.2	Genome Evolution	374
V.3	Comparative Genomics	380
V.4	Evolution of Sex Chromosomes	387
V.5	Gene Duplication	397
V.6	Evolution of New Genes	406
V.7	Evolution of Gene Expression	413
V.8	Epigenetics	420
V.9	Evolution of Molecular Networks	428
V.10	Evolution and Development: Organisms	436
V.11	Evolution and Development: Molecules	444
V.12	Genetics of Phenotypic Evolution	452
V.13	Dissection of Complex Trait Evolution	458
V.14	Searching for Adaptation in the Genome	466
V.15	Ancient DNA	475
Section VI     Speciation and Macroevolution		483
VI.1	Species and Speciation	489
VI.2	Speciation Patterns	496
VI.3	Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation	504
VI.4	Speciation and Natural Selection	512
VI.5	Speciation and Sexual Selection	520
VI.6	Gene Flow, Hybridization, and Speciation	529
VI.7	Coevolution and Speciation	535
VI.8	Genetics of Speciation	543
VI.9	Speciation and Genome Evolution	549
VI.10	Adaptive Radiation	559
VI.11	Macroevolutionary Rates	567
VI.12	Macroevolutionary Trends	573
VI.13	Causes and Consequences of Extinction	579
V1.14	Species Selection	586
VI.15	Key Evolutionary Innovations	592
VI.16	Evolution of Communities	599
Section VII    Evolution of Behavior, Society, and Humans		605
VII.1	Genes, Brains, and Behavior	609
VII.2	Evolution of Hormones and Behavior	616
VII.3	Game Theory and Behavior	624
VII.4	Sexual Selection and Its Impact on Mating Systems	632
VII.5	Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition	641
VII.6	Sexual Selection: Mate Choice	647
VII.7	Evolution of Communication	655
VII.8	Evolution of Parental Care	663
VII.9	Cooperation and Conflict: Microbes to Humans	671
VII.10	Cooperative Breeding	677
VII.11	Human Behavioral Ecology	683
VII.12	Evolutionary Psychology	690
VII.13	Evolution of Eusociality	697
VII.14	Cognition: Phylogeny, Adaptation, and By-Products	703
VII.15	Evolution of Apparently Nonadaptive Behavior	710
VII.16	Aging and Menopause	718
Section VIII  Evolution and Modern Society		727
VIII.1	Evolutionary Medicine	733
VIII.2	Evolution of Parasite Virulence	741
VIII.3	Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance	747
VIII.4	Evolution and Microbial Forensics	754
VIII.5	Domestication and the Evolution of Agriculture	760
VIII.6	Evolution and Conservation	766
VIII.7	Directed Evolution	774
VIII.8	Evolution and Computing	780
VIII.9	Linguistics and the Evolution of Human Language	786
VIII.10	Cultural Evolution	795
VIII.11	Evolution and Notions of Human Race	801
VIII.12	The Future of Human Evolution	809
VIII.13	Evolution and Religion	817
VIII.14	Creationism and Intelligent Design	825
VIII.15	Evolution and the Media	832
Index		837