Subject Index

A

• Absolute threshold, 162–163
• Abuse
  • dissociative disorders and, 709–710
  • false/repressed memories of, 355, 360–361, 745
  • long-term effects of, 514–515
  • modeling of aggression and, 804
• Acceptance, 592
• Accidents
  • human factors psychology and, 845
  • selective attention and, 159–160
  • sleep deprivation and, 241, 243
• Accommodation
  • cognitive, 498–499
  • visual, 177
• Acetylcholine (ACh), 87
• Achievement
  • distributed vs. massed practice and, 21, 334–335
  • online time and, 427–428
  • ten-year rule for, 629
• Achievement motivation, 428–430, 840–844
• Achievement tests, 633. See also Test(s)
  • predictive validity of, 637
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • stress and, 457
  • transmission of, 547–548
• Acquisition, in classical conditioning, 275–276, 297
• Acronyms, 334
• Action potential, 83–84
• Activation-synthesis theory, 249
• Active listening, 726
• Acupuncture, 208, 209
• Adaptation. See also Evolution
  • classical conditioning and, 272, 275, 301–302
  • happiness and, 475–476
  • intuition and, 377, 378
  • natural selection and, 8, 14, 141–142
  • nature–nurture issue and, 14
  • perceptual, 195
  • sensory, 165–166
• Adaptation-level phenomenon, 476
• Addiction, 106, 253, 254, 263. See also Alcohol use disorder; Psychoactive drugs
• Adolescence, definition of, 533
• Adolescents
  • bipolar disorder in, 688
  • brain development in, 534–535
  • cognitive development in, 535–537
  • emerging adulthood and, 542–543
  • hearing loss in, 200–201
  • identity formation in, 539–541
  • impulsivity in, 534
  • moral development in, 535–537
  • parental influence on, 541–542
  • peer relationships of, 541–542, 830, 831
  • physical development in, 533–535
  • pregnant, 548–549
  • preventive mental health programs for, 760
  • reasoning power in, 535
  • sexual development in, 533–534, 543, 545–547
  • social development in, 543
• Adoption studies, 134–135
  • of intelligence, 648–649
  • of schizophrenia, 703
  • on substance use, 830
• Adrenal glands, 96
• Adrenaline, 95
• Adulthood. See also Aging
  • cognitive development in, 561–564
  • emerging, 542–543
  • life satisfaction in, 472–478
  • love in, 565–566
  • midlife transition in, 564
  • milestones in, 543
  • physical development in, 558–561
  • psychosocial development in, 540
  • social development in, 564–567
  • stages of, 558, 564–565
  • work in, 567
• Aerobic exercise, 752. See also Exercise
• Affect, in schizophrenia, 700
• Affiliation needs, 423–428
• Afterimages, opponent-process theory and, 181–182
• Aggression, 801–806. See also Violence
  • alcohol and, 802–803
  • amygdala and, 104
  • anger and, 460
  • aversive events and, 803
  • biochemical influences in, 802–803
  • biology of, 801–803
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 806
  • cultural factors in, 804
  • definition of, 801
  • frustration and, 803
  • gender differences in, 521
  • genetic factors in, 801
  • modeling of, 312–313, 316–318, 804–805
  • neural influences in, 801–802
  • psychological factors in, 803–806
  • punishment and, 290
  • reinforcement of, 804
  • relational, 521 (See also Ostracism)
  • social-cultural factors in, 803–806
  • social isolation and, 426
  • social scripts and, 804–805
  • testosterone and, 802
  • threatened egotism and, 615
• Aging. See also Adulthood
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 568
  • cognitive changes and, 561–564, 640–642
  • intelligence and, 640–642
  • life satisfaction and, 567–568
  • physical changes and, 559–561
  • stress and, 455
  • successful, 568
• Agonists, neurotransmitters and, 88
• Agoraphobia, 678
• Agreeableness, 599, 600
• AIDS
  • stress and, 457
  • transmission of, 547–548
• Alcoholics Anonymous, 738
• Alcohol use, 255–257, 263
  • aggression and, 802–803
  • disinhibition and, 255, 256, 257
  • expectancy effects and, 256–257
  • fetal effects of, 490
  • neural processing and, 256
  • reward centers and, 106
  • self-awareness and self-control and, 256
  • sexual behavior and, 255, 548
  • trends in, 829
• Alcohol use disorder, 256
  • aversive therapy for, 731–732
  • biological influences in, 829–830
  • genetic factors in, 830
  • suicide and, 695
• Algorithms, 370
• All-or-none response, 83
• Alpha waves, during sleep, 232–233
• Alternative therapies, 745–746
  • eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, 745–746
  • light exposure therapy, 746
• Altruism, 816–819
  • bystander effect and, 816–818
  • definition of, 816
  • happiness and, 818
  • reciprocity norm and, 818–819
  • social exchange theory and, 818
  • social responsibility norm and, 819
• Alzheimer’s disease, 326, 343, 563–564
• American Psychological Association (APA), ethical guidelines of, 61, 62
• Amnesia. See also Forgetting; Memory loss
  • anterograde, 351
  • brain lesions and, 341
  • infantile, 341, 360, 495
  • retrograde, 351
  • source, 358–359
• Amok, 668
• Amphetamines, 257, 261, 263
• Amygdala, 104
  • age-related changes in, 568
  • emotions and, 435
  • in memory, 341–342
• Anal stage, 580–581
• Analytical intelligence, 628
• Ancient Greece, 6, 14
• Androgyny, 526
• Anger, 460–461
  • gender differences in, 444
  • health effects of, 459–461
• Animal(s)
  • breeding of, 141–142
  • cognition in, 848–850
  • communication in, 849–850
  • same-sex attraction in, 552
  • tool use by, 848
  • use in research, 61–62, 301
• Anorexia nervosa, 712–714
  • biopsychosocial approach on, 668
• Anosmia, 211
• Antagonists, neurotransmitters and, 89
• Anterior cingulate cortex
  • in anxiety disorders, 683
  • ostracism and, 425
• Anterograde amnesia, 351
• Antianxiety drugs, 754
• Antidepressants, 692, 753–754
• Antipsychotics, 753–754
• Antisocial personality disorder, 710–712
• Anvil (ear), 199, 200
• Anxiety
  • adaptive function of, 684
  • defense mechanisms and, 581–582, 586–587
  • free-floating, 678
  • online time and, 427–428
  • psychoanalytic view of, 581–582, 586–587, 588
  • psychodynamic view of, 583
  • stranger, 509
• Anxiety disorders, 677–684
  • aversive conditioning for, 731
  • biological perspective on, 683–684
  • brain activity in, 683
  • classification of, 677
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy for, 736–737
  • drug therapy for, 754
  • exposure therapy for, 730
  • generalized anxiety disorder, 677–678
  • genetic factors in, 684
  • learning perspective on, 681–682
  • natural selection and, 684
  • panic disorder, 677
  • phobias, 677, 679
• Aphasia, 387–388
  • Broca’s, 388
  • Wernicke’s, 388
• Aplysia, 342
• Apnea, sleep, 245–246, 248
• Appetite, hunger. See also Eating
  • regulation of, 243, 409–411
• Applied research, 24
  • careers in, 24–25, 28–30
  • ethics in, 59–63
• Aptitude tests, 633, Test(s). See also Intelligence tests
  • bias and, 656–658
  • predictive validity of, 637, 657
  • stability of scores in, 642–643
  • stereotype threat and, 657
• Archetypes, 583
• Arcuate nucleus, hunger and, 410
• Arousal, 432–436
  • autonomic nervous system in, 437–438, 598
  • motivation and, 403–404
  • passionate love and, 812–813
  • personality and, 596, 598
  • physiology of, 438–439
  • polygraphs and, 439
  • sexual (See Sexual arousal)
  • spillover effect and, 434
• Asch’s conformity study, 776–777
• Asexual, 418
• Asperger syndrome, 505, 669
• Assimilation, in cognitive development, 498
• Association, vs. correlation, 52
• Association areas, 114–116
• Association for Psychological Science, 9, 24
• Associative learning, 270–272, 302, 303. See also Classical conditioning
• Athletics
  • mental practice in, 391–392
  • operant conditioning in, 294–295
  • sleep and, 238
• Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory formation, 329
• Attachment, 509–515
  • basic trust and, 513
  • body contact and, 509
  • in companionate love, 813–814
  • critical period for, 510
  • day care and, 512, 516
  • deprivation of, 513–515
  • familiarity and, 510
  • Harlow’s study of, 509–510, 511, 514
  • imprinting and, 510
  • insecure anxious, 424–425, 511, 513
  • insecure avoidant, 425, 511, 513
  • later relationships and, 513
  • motivation and, 511
  • secure, 511
  • stranger anxiety and, 509
  • temperament and, 511–512
• Attention, defocused, 368
• Attention, selective, 158–162, 224, 228
  • accidents and, 159–160
  • forgetting and, 352
  • hypnosis and, 224, 228
  • in schizophrenia, 700
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 513, 670, 671
• Attitudes, 770–773
  • behavior and, 770–771, 773
  • cognitive dissonance and, 772–773
  • foot-in-the-door phenomenon and, 771–772
  • roles and, 772
• Attraction, 808–814. See also Love
  • gender differences in, 810
  • online/speed dating and, 809–810
  • physical attractiveness and, 810–811
  • proximity and, 808–809
  • reward theory of, 812
  • similarity and, 811–812
• Attribution theory, 768–770
• Audition. See Hearing
• Auditory nerve, 200
• Auditory processing, 198–201. See also Hearing
• Authoritarian parents, 516, 517
• Authoritative parents, 516, 517
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 505–506
  • behavior modification for, 732
  • classification of, 669
  • savant syndrome and, 627–628
  • theory of mind and, 502
• Autobiographical memory, false, 357–358
• Automatic processing, 330–331. See also Information processing; Memory processing
  • brain regions in, 341
  • steps in, 344
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 92, 92093
  • in arousal, 437–438, 598
  • emotions and, 437–438
  • in personality, 596, 598
• Autonomy, need for, 424
• Availability heuristic, 373–375, 798
• Aversive conditioning, 731–732
• Aversive events, aggression and, 803
• Avoidant personality disorder, 710
• Axons, 82

B

• Babbling stage, 384
• Back-to-sleep position, 495
• Balance, 213
• Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, 312, 313
• Barbiturates, 257
• Bar graphs, 66, 67
• Basal ganglia, in memory, 341
• Basal metabolic rate, 410–411, 414
• Basic research, 24
  • careers in, 26–28
• Basic trust, attachment and, 513
• Basilar membrane, 199, 200
• Beauty, 809, 810–811. See also Attraction
• Beck’s cognitive therapy, 734–736
• Bed-wetting, behavior therapy for, 729
• Behavior
  • addictions, 254
  • attitudes and, 770–771, 773
  • contagious, 775–776
  • definition of, 10
  • feedback effect, 447–448
  • group, 784–790
  • vs. personality traits, 603
• Behavioral approach to personality development, 606
• Behavioral assessment, situational, 607–608
• Behavioral medicine, 451, 456
• Behavioral psychology, 13, 17
• Behavior genetics, 14–15, 129–135. See also Genetics; Nature–nurture issue
  • adoption studies and, 134–135 (See also Adoption studies)
  • focus of, 14
  • molecular, 137–138
  • shared-environment effect and, 134–135
  • twin studies and, 14, 131–133 (See also Twin studies)
• Behaviorism, 7, 10, 224, 272–273
• Behavior modeling. See Modeling
• Behavior modification, 732–733
• Behavior rating scales, in performance appraisal, 839
• Behavior therapy, 729–733, 739
  • aversive conditioning in, 731–732
  • classical conditioning in, 729–732
  • counterconditioning in, 729
  • exposure therapies in, 730–732
  • operant conditioning in, 732–733
  • rational-emotive, 733–734
  • systematic desensitization in, 730
• Belief perseverance, 376
• Bell-shaped curve, 68, 69
• Belonging, need for, 423–424, 842–843
• Bergen, 383
• Better-than-average effect, 614–615
• Bias
  • critical thinking and, 4–5
  • gender, 523
• Bias confirmation, 371
  • hindsight, 39–40, 359, 798
  • ingroup, 796
  • in intelligence testing, 656–658
  • own-race, 797
  • sampling, 47, 70
  • self-serving, 614–615, 769
• Big Five factor theory, 599–601
• Bilingualism, 388, 389–390, 391
• Binge-eating disorder, 669, 713
• Binocular cues, 189–190
• Biofeedback, 296
• Biological psychology, 13, 17, 24
  • advances in, 80
  • definition of, 80
  • historical perspective on, 80–81
• Biological rhythms, sleep and, 232–236
• Biomedical therapies, 722, 751–759
  • deep-brain stimulation, 757–758
  • definition of, 722
  • in eclectic therapy, 723
  • electroconvulsive therapy, 756
  • pharmacologic, 753–756 (See also Drug therapy)
  • psychosurgery, 758
  • repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 757
• Biopsychosocial approach, 16–19, 80–81
  • to aggression, 806
  • to aging, 568
  • definition of, 16
  • to development, 147
  • to health, 462
  • to hypnosis, 227
  • to personality, 606–607
  • to psychoactive drugs, 829–830
  • to psychological disorders, 668
  • reciprocal determinism and, 606–607
  • to substance use, 830
• Biopsychosocial approach to pain, 206
• Bipolar cells, 178
• Bipolar disorder, 687–688
  • biological perspective on, 690–692
  • brain activity in, 691–692
  • drug therapy for, 755–756
  • genetic factors in, 691
  • neurotransmitters in, 691–692
  • suicide in, 756
• Birkenhead drill, 781
• Birth control, 548
• Bisexuality. See Sexual orientation
• Blaming the victim, 796, 798
• Blindness. See Vision loss
• Blindsight, 125, 184
• Blind spot, 179
• Blood sugar. See Glucose
• B lymphocytes, 456
• Bobo doll experiment, 312, 313
• Body dysmorphic disorder, 680
• Body language, 444–447. See also Emotional expression
  • cultural aspects of, 444–447
• Body position sense, 213
• Body weight. See also Obesity
  • basal metabolic rate and, 410–411, 414
  • eating disorders and, 712–714
  • genetic factors in, 414
  • management of, 414
  • set point for, 410–411, 414
  • sleep and, 243, 245
• Botox treatments, for depression, 448
• Bottom-up processing, 158
  • of emotions, 434–435
• Botulin, 89
• Brain. See also Cerebral cortex
  • age-related changes in, 560–561
  • anxiety disorders and, 683
  • gay-straight differences in, 552–553, 553–554
  • imaging studies of, 98–101
  • lateralization in, 120–123
    • handedness and, 123
    • intact brains, 120
    • language and, 120
    • split-brain patients, 120–122
    • vision and, 121–122
  • learning-induced changes in, 529–530
  • lesion studies of, 98
  • motor functions of, 110–112
  • neural networks in, 93
  • older structures of, 101–103
  • plasticity of, 116–118, 530
  • sensory functions of, 113
  • size of, intelligence and, 640
  • structure of, 93, 98–103
    • intelligence and, 640
  • unconscious processes in, 103
• Brain-computer interfaces, 111–112
• Brain damage
  • functional effects of, 114–115, 117–118
  • recovery from, 115
• Brain development. See also Cognitive development
  • in adolescents, 534–535
  • in autism spectrum disorder, 505, 506
  • critical period for, 553–554
  • early experiences and, 529–530
  • in infants and children, 494
  • memory and, 495–496
  • nature–nurture issue and, 529–531
  • over lifetime, 530
  • prenatal, 489–490, 553–554
  • sexual orientation and, 553–554
  • testosterone in, 545, 553–554
• Brain lesions, 98
• Brain-mind holistic system, 149
• Brain reorganization, 116–118
• Brain scans, 99–101
• Brainstem, 102
• Brain stimulation therapies
  • deep-brain stimulation, 757–758
  • electroconvulsive therapy, 756
  • magnetic stimulation, 757
• Brain studies, 98–101
• Brain surgery, 758
• Brightness constancy, 192
• British Psychological Society, ethical guidelines of, 61, 62
• Broca’s aphasia, 388
• Broca’s area, 116, 388
• Bulimia nervosa, 712–714
• Bullying, 425–426. See also Ostracism
  • autism and, 505
  • of obese children, 415
  • on social media, 427
• Bystander effect, 816–818

C

• Caffeine, 257, 263
• Cancer, stress and, 458
• Cannon-Bard theory, 433–434
• Capital punishment, 644
• Cardiac disease
  • among LGBTQ people, 795
  • personality type and, 459–460
  • stress and, 459–462
• Careers in psychology, 24–31, D-1, D-4–D-6
  • information sources for, D-7–D-8
  • job satisfaction in, D-6
  • maximizing opportunities in, D-4–D-5
  • salaries in, D-6
• Case studies, 43, 44
  • in personality assessment, 609
• Catastrophes
  • posttraumatic stress disorder after, 681
  • stress due to, 451–452
• Catastrophizing, 735
• Catatonia, 700
• Categories, 365–366
  • language and, 389–390
  • prejudice and, 797–798
• Catharsis, 460
• Causation vs. correlation, 52
• Cell phones
  • driver distraction and, 159–160
  • social impact of, 426–428
• Central nervous system (CNS), 92, 93–94. See also Brain; Spinal cord
• Central route persuasion, 771
• Cerebellum, 103, 341
• Cerebral cortex, 109–118
  • association areas of, 114–116
  • auditory, 113, 200
  • definition of, 109
  • motor, 110–112
  • somatosensory, 113
  • structure of, 109–110
  • visual, 113
• Cerebral hemispheres, 104. See also Lateralization
  • functional specialization in, 120–123
• Cerebrum, 109
• Chain migration, 425
• Chameleon effect, 775, 776
• Change blindness, 161
• Change deafness, 162
• Charisma, 841–842
• Checklists in performance appraisal, 839
• Child abuse
  • dissociative disorders and, 709–710
  • epigenetics and, 138
  • false/repressed memories of, 355, 360–361, 745
  • long-term effects of, 514–515
  • modeling of aggression and, 804
• Child development, 494–496
  • brain, 494, 495–496
  • cognitive, 494, 495–496, 498–506 (See also Cognitive development)
  • day care and, 512, 516
  • gender and, 520–527
  • language and, 382–387
  • memory and, 495–496
  • moral, 487
  • motor skills and, 494–495
  • parental influences in, 530–531
  • peer influences in, 531
  • physical, 494–496
  • psychosocial, 487, 539–541
  • social, 509–518
• Child raising. See also Parenting
  • abusive (See Child abuse)
  • cultural factors in, 516, 518
  • day care and, 512, 516
  • operant conditioning in, 287, 289–290, 295
  • parenting styles and, 515–516
  • punishment in, 289–290
• Children
  • attachment problems in, 424–425
  • bipolar disorder in, 688
  • in day care, 512, 516
  • false/repressed memories of, 360
  • memory in, 341, 495–496
  • preventive mental health programs for, 760
  • resilient, 474, 514, 680–681
  • self-concept in, 515
• Chimpanzees
  • cognition in, 848–850
  • communication in, 849–850
  • DNA in, vs. human DNA, 130
• Chromosomes, 130
  • sex, 545
• Chronic schizophrenia, 700
• Chunking, 333
• Cigarette smoking, 257, 258–259, 263
• Cilia of hair cells, 199–200
• Circadian rhythms, sleep and, 231–232, 235–236
• Clairvoyance, 172–174
• Classical conditioning, 270–280
  • acquisition in, 275–276, 297
  • adaptation and, 272, 275, 301–302
  • in anxiety disorders, 681–682
  • applications of, 278–280
  • aversive, 731–732
  • in behavior therapy, 729–732
  • biological constraints on, 300–303, 306
  • cognitive processes and, 303–304, 306
  • definition of, 272
  • discrimination in, 277, 297
  • ecological relevance in, 301
  • expectancy in, 303
  • in exposure therapy, 729–732
  • extinction in, 276, 297
  • generalization in, 276–277, 297
  • higher-order, 276
  • memory and, 341, 342
  • vs. operant conditioning, 283, 297
  • Pavlov’s experiments in, 272, 273–278
  • predictability in, 303
  • respondent behavior in, 297
  • second-order, 276
  • spontaneous recovery in, 276, 297
  • stimulus in, 271
  • of taste aversions, 301
• Classification, 365–366
  • language and, 389–390
  • prejudice and, 797–798
• Client-centered perspective, 592
• Client-centered therapy, 725–727, 739
• Clinical neuropsychology, 29
• Clinical psychologists, 25, 30, 748
• Clinical social workers, 748
• Cocaine, 259–260, 263
• Cochlea, 199–200
• Cochlear implants, 201, 386
• Cocktail party effect, 159
• Codeine, 257
• Cognition, 561–564. See also Thinking
  • age-related changes in, 640–642
  • in animals, 848–850
  • classical conditioning and, 303–304
  • concepts and, 365–366
  • creativity and, 366–368
  • decision-making and, 372–378
  • definition of, 224, 365, 498
  • in depression, 689
  • embodied, 214
  • emotion and, 432–436
  • intuition and, 370–371, 372
  • language and, 381–392
  • memory and, 326–364 (See also Memory)
  • in obesity, 415
  • operant conditioning and, 304–306
  • problem solving and, 370–372
  • terminal decline in, 563
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 736–737, 739
• Cognitive development
  • in adolescents, 535–537
  • in adults, 561–564
  • dreams and, 250
  • in infants and children, 494, 495–496, 498–506
  • language in, 504
  • memory and, 495–496
  • in newborns, 491
  • Piaget’s theory of, 487, 498–503 (See also Piaget’s cognitive development theory)
  • self-concept and, 515
  • theory of mind and, 315, 501–502
  • Vygotsky’s theory of, 503–504
• Cognitive dissonance theory, 772–773
• Cognitive learning, 270, 272
• Cognitive maps, 304
• Cognitive neural prosthetics, 112
• Cognitive neuroscience, 13, 124
• Cognitive psychology, 13, 25, 26, 27
  • careers in, 26
• Cognitive revolution, 13, 733
• Cognitive therapy, 733–737, 739
• Cohabitation vs. marriage, 565–566
• Cohorts, 640
• Collective unconscious, 583
• Collectivist cultures, 147, 616–618. See also Culture
  • attribution in, 769
  • child raising in, 518
  • emotional expression in, 446–447
  • memory and, 337
  • self-concept in, 616–618
• Color constancy, 192
• Color names, 389, 390
• Color vision, 181–182
  • rods and cones in, 178–179, 181
  • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of, 181
• Communication
  • animal, 849–850
  • in conflict resolution, 822
  • electronic, 426–428, 443, 603 (See also Social networking)
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
  • hearing loss and, 200–201
  • neural, 81–89 (See also Neurotransmitters)
  • nonverbal, 442–448 (See also Emotional expression)
  • sexual activity and, 548–549
• Community psychology, 25–26, 30, 760
• Comorbidity, 744
• Companionate love, 812, 813–814. See also Love
• Compensation, gender bias in, 523
• Competence, need for, 424
• Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 745–746
  • eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, 745–746
  • light exposure therapy, 746
• Compulsions, 679–680
• Computed tomography (CT) scans, 99
• Computer-brain interfaces, 111–112
• Conception, 488–489
• Concepts, 365–366
• Concrete operational stage, 502, 503
• Concussions, 106
• Conditioned reinforcers, 286
• Conditioned response, 274
• Conditioned stimulus, 274
• Conditioning, 10
  • biological restraints on, 300–303
  • classical, 270–280 (See also Classical conditioning)
  • definition of, 271
  • operant, 283–297 (See also Operant conditioning)
  • stimulus in (See Stimulus)
• Condoms, 547–548
• Conduction hearing loss, 200
• Cones, 178, 180, 181
• Confirmation bias, 371
• Conflict, 819–823
  • mirror-image perceptions and, 820
  • self-fulfilling prophecies and, 820
  • social traps and, 819–820
• Conflict resolution, 820–823
  • communication in, 822
  • conciliation in, 822–823
  • contact in, 821
  • cooperation in, 821–822
  • GRIT strategy for, 822–823
  • mediation in, 822
  • superordinate goals and, 821
• Conformity, 775–778
  • Asch’s study of, 776–777
  • cultural aspects of, 778
  • definition of, 776
  • mimicry and, 775–776
  • social norms and, 776–778
• Confounding variables, 56
• Connection, 426–428. See also Communication; Social networking
  • absence of, 425–426
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
  • via social media, 426–428
• Connectionism, 329
• Conscientiousness, 599, 600
• Consciousness, 224
  • biology of, 123–127
  • definition of, 123, 224
  • dual processing and, 125–126, 224 (See also Dual processing)
  • hypnosis and, 224–228
  • mind-brain holistic system and, 149
  • sleep and, 122, 231 (See also Sleep)
  • states of, 224
• Consent, informed, 62
• Conservation, in cognitive development, 501
• Consolidation, memory, 237, 249
• Content validity, 637
• Context-dependent memory, 345–346
• Context effects, 169–171
• Continuous reinforcement, 287
• Contraception, 548–549
• Control, 788–789
  • happiness and, 478
  • learned helplessness and, 307, 693
  • learning and, 306–309
  • locus of, 308–309
  • optimism vs. pessimism and, 613
  • self-control and, 309
  • social vs. personal, 782
• Control group, 54, 742
• Conventional morality, 536
• Convergent thinking, 366
• Conversion disorder, 707
• Conversion therapy, 550
• Coping. See also Stress management
  • definition of, 306
  • emotion-focused, 306
  • gender differences in, 455
  • problem-focused, 306
• Copycat violence, 776
• Cornea, 177
• Coronary heart disease, stress and, 459–461
• Corpus callosum, 120
• Correlation, 50–53
  • vs. causation, 52
  • illusory, 53
  • negative, 50
  • positive, 50
• Correlational studies, 43, 50–53, 59
  • vs. experiments, 54
• Correlation coefficient, 50, 51
• Cortisol, in stress response, 453, 454
• Cost-benefit analysis, 818
• Counseling psychology, 25, 30–31, 748
• Counterconditioning, 729–731
  • in aversive conditioning, 731–732
  • in exposure therapy, 730
• Crack cocaine, 259
• Cramming, 334
• Creative intelligence, 628, 642
• Creativity, 366–368
  • age-related changes in, 642
  • bipolar disorder and, 688
  • sleep and, 237
• Crifasi, 696
• Criminality. See also Aggression
  • antisocial personality and, 710–711
  • insanity defense and, 673
• Critical periods, 530
  • for attachment, 510
  • for brain development, 553–554
  • definition of, 509
  • for language learning, 385–386
  • for sensory/perceptual development, 194, 201
• Critical thinking, 38
• Cross-cultural psychology, 15–16
• Cross-race effect, 797
• Cross-sectional studies, 563
• Crystallized intelligence, 640
• Csikszentmihalyi’s flow concept, 833–834
• CT scans, 99
• Cultural change, 790
• Cultural norms, 790. See also Norm(s)
• Cultural variation, 789–790
• Culture, 15–16
  • aggression and, 804
  • beauty and, 810–811
  • child-raising practices and, 516, 518
  • collectivist vs. individualist, 147, 616–618
    • attribution in, 769
    • child raising in, 516, 518
    • emotional expression in, 446–447
    • self-concept in, 616–618
  • conformity and, 778
  • death and dying and, 568–569
  • definition of, 15, 789
  • emotional expression and, 444–447
  • gender and, 524–527
  • grief and, 568–569
  • group behavior and, 789–790
  • hierarchy of needs and, 405–406
  • individualist, 147, 616–618
  • language and, 389–390
  • leadership and, 843–844
  • psychological disorders and, 667, 668
  • psychotherapy and, 747–748
  • self-concept and, 616–618
  • sexual orientation and, 549
  • substance use and, 31
  • suicide and, 694–695
  • transmission among animals, 848
  • WEIRD, 15
• Culture-bound syndromes, 668
• Culture shock, 790
• Curare, 89
• Curiosity, scientific, 42
• Curse of knowledge, 501, 846
• Cyberbullying, 427
• Cyberostracism, 425

D

• Daily hassles, 452–454. See also Stress
• Dark adaptation, 180
• Dating. See also Attraction
  • online, 809–810
  • speed, 809–810
• Day care, 512, 516
• Deafness. See Hearing loss
• Death and dying, 568–569
  • fear of, 586, 588
  • terror-management theory and, 588
• Death-deferral phenomenon, 559
• Death penalty, 644
• Debriefing, 62
• Decibels, 198–199, 201
• Decision making, 372–378. See also Intuition
• Declarative memory, 330, 331–337
• Deep-brain stimulation, 757–758
• Deep processing, 335–336
• Defense mechanisms, 581–582, 586–587
• Definitions, operational, 42–43, 56
• Deindividuation, 785–786
• Déjà vu, 358–359
• Delayed gratification, 287, 537
• Delayed reinforcers, 286–287
• Delta waves during sleep, 234
• Delusions, 699
• Dementia, 343, 563–564
• Dendrites, 82
• Denial, 582
• Dependent variables, 56
• Depletion effects, 309
• Depolarization, 83
• Depressants, 255–257. See also Alcohol use
  • alcohol, 255–257, 263
  • barbiturates, 257
  • opiates, 88, 257, 263 (See also Opiates)
• Depression, 686–696
  • adaptive function of, 686
  • among LGBTQ people, 795
  • Beck’s cognitive therapy for, 734–736
  • biological perspective on, 690–692
  • Botox treatments for, 448
  • brain areas related to, 691–692, 757
  • catastrophizing in, 735
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy for, 736–737
  • cultural factors in, 694–695
  • deep brain stimulation for, 757–758
  • diagnosis of, 687
  • drug therapy for, 692, 754–755
  • electroconvulsive therapy for, 343, 756
  • explanatory style and, 692–693
  • gender differences in, 689–690, 692–693
  • genetic factors in, 691
  • health effects of, 460
  • key features of, 689–690
  • learned helplessness and, 307, 693
  • memory and, 346–347
  • neurotransmitters in, 691–692, 754–755
  • online time and, 427–428
  • overview of, 686, 689–690
  • rates of, 689, 690
  • repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for, 757
  • resolution of, 690
  • rumination in, 692–693
  • seasonal, light exposure therapy for, 746
  • sleep deprivation and, 242–243
  • smoking in, 259, 678
  • social-cognitive perspective on, 692–694
  • social isolation and, 425–426
  • stress and, 460, 690, 692–694
  • suicide and, 694–696
  • vicious cycle in, 694
• Depth perception, 189–190
• Descriptive statistics, 62–69
• Descriptive studies, 43, 44–47, 59
• Desensitization
  • to sexual stimuli, 421
  • systematic, 730
  • violence-viewing effect and, 317
• Design, product, human factors psychology and, 844–845
• Determinism
  • linguistic, 389
  • reciprocal, 606–607
• Development
  • in adolescence, 533–543 (See also Adolescents)
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 147
  • brain
    • in adolescence, 534–535
    • in infancy and childhood, 494, 495–496
  • cognitive (See also Cognitive development)
    • in adolescence, 535–537
    • in infancy and childhood, 498–506
  • continuity in, 486–487
  • critical periods in, 194, 201, 385–386, 510, 530 (See also Critical periods)
  • gender, 520–527
  • in infancy and childhood, 494–496 (See also Child development)
  • language, 382–387
  • moral, 487, 494, 535–537
  • motor, 494–495
  • personality, 580–581
  • prenatal, 489–491
  • psychosexual, 580–581
  • psychosocial, 487, 539–541
  • sensitive periods in, 510
  • sexual, 545–547, 553–554
  • social (See also Attachment)
    • in adolescence, 539–543
    • in infancy and childhood, 509–518
  • stability vs. change in, 487–488
  • stages of, 487 (See also Stage theories)
• Developmental psychology, 24, 26–27, 443
  • continuity and stages and, 486–487
  • definition of, 486
  • issues in, 486–488
  • nature–nurture issue in (See Nature–nurture issue)
• Deviation from mean, 69
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), 669–670
• Diagnostic labeling, 670, 672
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 737
• Diathesis-stress model, 668
• Difference threshold, 163–165
• Diffusion of responsibility, 817
• Diffusion spectrum imaging, 101
• Discrimination (social), 792. See also Prejudice
• Discrimination (stimulus)
  • in classical conditioning, 277, 290, 297
  • in operant conditioning, 290, 297
  • in punishment, 290
• Discriminative stimulus, 285
• Disinhibition
  • alcohol-induced, 255, 256, 257
  • definition of, 255
• Displacement, 582
• Display rules, 446–447
• Dispositional attribution, 768
• Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 688
• Dissociation, 227
• Dissociative disorders, 708–710
• Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 700, 708–710
• Distraction, for pain, 207, 208, 209
• Distributed practice, 21, 334–335
• Distribution
  • normal, 68–69
  • skewed, 67, 68
• Divergent thinking, 366
• Division of labor, 789
• Divorce, 565–566
  • early mortality and, 424
• Dizygotic twins, 132. See also Twin studies
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 130
  • epigenetic marks and, 137–138
• Dopamine
  • functions of, 87
  • pathways for, 87
  • reward centers and, 105–106
  • in schizophrenia, 701
  • substance use and, 830
• Dotan-Eliaz, 425
• Double-blind procedure, 55, 753
• Down syndrome, 644
• Dreams, 232, 234–235, 247–251. See also REM sleep
  • cognitive development and, 250
  • content of, 247–248
  • definition of, 247
  • dual processing and, 248
  • erotic content of, 421
  • Freudian view of, 248, 250
  • functions of, 248–251
  • information processing and, 248–249
  • latent content of, 248, 581
  • manifest content of, 248, 581
  • neural activation and, 249, 250
  • nightmares, 246, 247
  • predictive power of, 173
  • sexual arousal during, 421
  • wish fulfillment and, 248, 250
• Drive-reduction theory, 402, 403, 406
• Driving
  • aging and, 560
  • distracted, 159–160
  • sleep deprivation and, 241, 243
• Drug(s)
  • agonist, 87
  • antagonist, 89
  • biological influences in use of, 829–830
  • memory-altering, 343
  • psychoactive, 253–265 (See also Psychoactive drugs)
  • psychological influences in use of, 830–832
  • social-cultural influence in use of, 830–832
• Drug therapy, 753–756
  • antianxiety drugs in, 754
  • antidepressants in, 754–755
  • antipsychotics in, 753–754
  • mood stabilizers in, 755–756
• DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), 669–670
• Dual processing, 125–126
  • consciousness and, 224
  • in dissociation, 227
  • emotional, 434–435
  • forgetting and, 351–352
  • in hypnosis, 227–228
  • in memory, 330–331, 344
  • in selective attention, 158–162, 228
  • during sleep, 248
  • in vision, 125–126
• Duchenne smile, 442–443
• Dunning-Kruger effect, 613
• Dysthymia, 687

E

• Ear
  • in balance, 213
  • hair cells of, 199–200
  • in hearing, 199–201
• Eardrum, 199, 200
• Eating, Hunger. See also Appetite
  • cultural aspects of, 411–412
  • ecology of, 412–413
  • overeating and, 413, 414–415 (See also Obesity)
  • portion size and, 413
  • psychology of, 411–412
  • regulation of, 409–411
  • situational influences on, 412–413
  • taste preferences and, 411–412
• Eating disorders, 712–714
• Echoic memory, 332
• E-cigarettes, 258
• Eclectic approach, to therapy, 723
• Ecological relevance, in conditioning, 301
• Ecstasy (MDMA), 261, 263
• Education. See also Learning
  • of gifted and talented, 645
  • intelligence and, 650, 657
  • operant conditioning in, 294–295
  • school psychologists and, 27, 29–30
• Educational psychology, 25, 27
• EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Effortful processing, 330–331, 331–337. See also Information processing; Memory processing
  • brain regions in, 340
  • levels of, 335–336
  • steps in, 344
  • strategies for, 333–334
• Effort justification, 742
• Ego, 580
• Egocentrism, 501
• Elderly. See Aging
• Electra complex, 580
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 343, 756
• Electroencephalogram (EEG), 99
  • in sleep studies, 232–233
• Electronic communication, 426–428
  • limitations of, 443
  • self-presentation in, 427, 603
• Ellis’ rational-emotive behavior therapy, 733–734
• E-mail. See also Social networking
  • self-presentation in, 603
  • social impact of, 426–428
• Embodied cognition, 214
• Embodied emotion, 437–439
• Embryo, 489
• Emerging adulthood, 542–543
• Emotional catharsis, 460
• Emotional expression, 442–448. See also Facial expressions
  • cultural aspects of, 444–447
  • gender differences in, 443–444
  • interpretation of, 166, 442–446
  • negative effects of, 460–461
  • voluntary control over, 603
• Emotional intelligence, 629–630
• Emotional stability–instability, 597, 599–601
• Emotion-focused coping, 306
• Emotion(s), 432–462
  • after spinal cord injury, 433
  • amygdala and, 104, 435
  • in autism, 505, 506
  • autonomic nervous system and, 437–438
  • bottom-up vs. top-down processing of, 434–435
  • brain pathways for, 434–435
  • Cannon-Bard theory of, 433–434
  • cognition and, 432–436
  • contagious, 314–315, 448, 776
  • definition of, 433
  • diminished/inappropriate, in schizophrenia, 700
  • dual processing of, 434–435
  • duration of, 460–461
  • embodied, 437–439
  • facial expressions and, 447–448
  • frontal lobe in, 439
  • gender differences in, 443–444
  • health effects of, 456–462 (See also Stress, health effects of)
  • insula in, 438
  • interpretation of, 434, 435, 442–446
  • James-Lange theory of, 433
  • Lazarus’ theory of, 435, 436
  • LeDoux’s theory of, 435, 436
  • memory and, 341–342
  • moral behavior and, 535–536
  • physiology of, 438–439
  • sensory adaptation and, 166
  • social perception and, 171
  • ten basic, 437
  • transitory nature of, 460
  • two-factor theory of, 434, 436, 812
  • Zajonc’s theory of, 434–435, 436
• Empathy, 592
  • in autism, 505–506
  • automatic mimicry and, 776
  • facial expressions and, 448, 506
  • gender differences in, 443–444, 505–506
  • observational learning of, 314–315
  • of therapist, 725, 747
• Empirical approach, 42
• Empirically derived test, 598–599
• Empiricism, 7
• Employee engagement, 841
• Employee management. See Management
• Employee performance appraisal, 838–839
• Employee satisfaction, productivity and, 840–841
• Employment. See also Careers
  • gender bias in, 423
  • life satisfaction and, 567
  • operant conditioning and, 295
• Employment in psychology. See also Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology
  • industrial-organizational psychology and, 833–847
  • life satisfaction and, 567
  • operant conditioning and, 296
• Employment interviews, 837–838
• Empty nest syndrome, 566
• Encoding, 321–327, 329. See also Memory processing
  • failure of, 352
  • semantic, 335
• Encoding specificity principle, 345–346
• Endocrine system, 95–96. See also Hormones
  • in stress response, 95, 341–342, 437–438, 454
• Endorphins, 87, 88, 206, 208, 257
• Energy therapy, 745
• Environmental factors. See also Nature–nurture issue
  • in antisocial personality disorder, 712
  • behavior and, 607
  • environment-gene interaction and, 14–15, 137–138
  • in group differences, 654–656
  • heredity vs., 129–130
  • in intelligence, 649–651
  • in obesity, 414
  • in schizophrenia, 704
  • in sexual orientation, 51–552, 553–554
  • shared-environment effect and, 134–135
• Environmental psychology, 29
• Epigenetic marks, 137–138
  • in anxiety disorders, 683
  • from fetal alcohol exposure, 490
• Epigenetics, 137–138, 650, 668. See also Nature–nurture issue
• Epinephrine, 95
  • in stress response, 454
• Equity, in companionate love, 813–814
• Erectile disorder, 421
• Erections, during sleep, 234
• Erikson’s psychosocial development stages, 487, 539–541
• Erogenous zones, 580
• Erotica, 420–421, 804–805
• ESP (extrasensory perception), 172–174
• Estradiol, 418
• Estrogens, 418
• Ethical issues, 59–63
  • in animal research, 61–62
  • human subjects and, 62, 779
  • informed consent, 62
  • research design and, 59–63
  • values and, 62–63
• Ethnic groups, intelligence testing and, 654–658
• Ethnicity
  • intelligence testing and, 654–658
  • prejudice and, 792–798, 793–794, 797–798
  • stereotype threat and, 657–658
• Ethnocentrism, 792
• Eugenics, intelligence testing and, 634
• European Parliament, research guidelines of, 61
• Evidence-based practice, 744
• Evolution, 141–150. See also Adaptation
  • adaptation and, 141–142
  • anxiety disorders and, 684
  • of gender differences, 653–654
  • gender differences and, 143–144
  • motivation and, 402, 406
  • natural selection and, 141–142
  • religious beliefs and, 148–149
  • second Darwinian revolution and, 143
  • shared human genome and, 142–143
  • taste preferences and, 210
• Evolutionary psychology, 14–15, 17, 141–150
  • criticisms of, 145–146
  • definition of, 141
• Excitement phase, 419
• Excoriation disorder, 680
• Exercise, 20
  • aging and, 559, 561
  • happiness and, 478
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
  • weight and, 414
• Expectancy effects, 256–257, 260
• Experiences, shared, 478
• Experimental psychology
  • careers in, 27
  • definition of, 9
  • history of, 7–10
• Experiment(s), 43, 54–57. See also Research
  • control group in, 54, 742
  • debriefing after, 62
  • double-blind procedures in, 55
  • experimental group in, 54
  • in personality assessment, 609
  • placebo effect in, 55
  • practical application of, 43
  • random assignment in, 54
  • validity of, 56
  • variables in, 55–56
• Expertise, 366, 367
• Explanatory style, in depression, 692–693
• Explicit memory, 330, 331–337, 344
  • encoding of, 329
  • storage of, 340, 344
• Explicit prejudice, 792–793
• Exposure therapy, 730
• External locus of control, 309
• Extinction
  • in classical conditioning, 276, 297
  • in operant conditioning, 287, 297
• Extrasensory perception (ESP), 172–174
• Extraversion, 597, 599, 607
• Extrinsic motivation, 306
• Eye, structure of, 177–178
• Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), 745–746
• Eyewitness testimony, false memories and, 359, 360

F

• Facebook. See Social media
• Facial expressions. See also Emotional expression
  • in autism, 505, 506
  • cultural aspects of, 445–447
  • emotional effects of, 447–448
  • gender differences in, 443–444
  • interpretation of, 442–447
  • lying and, 442–443
  • mimicking of, 447–448
• Facial feedback effect, 447–448
• Facial recognition, 116, 117, 184
  • impaired, 157, 158, 183
• Facilitated communication, 745
• Factor analysis, 597, 626
• Faith factor. See Religious beliefs
• False consensus effect, 587–588
• False memories, 225–226, 356–361
  • of abuse, 355, 360–361, 745
  • autobiographical, 357–358
  • in children, 360
  • eyewitness testimony and, 359
  • imagination effect and, 357–358
  • misinformation effect and, 357–358
  • source amnesia and, 358–359
  • vs. true memories, 359
• Familiarity, memory and, 359
• Family therapy, 737–738, 739
• Fantasies, sexual, 421
• Father. See Child raising; Parenting
• Fear
  • amygdala and, 104
  • of death, 588
  • misplaced, 374–375
  • punishment and, 290
• Feature detection, 183
• Feedback
  • 360-degree, 839
  • behavior, 448
  • facial, 447–448
• Feedback system, neuroendocrine, 96
• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon, 473
• Female(s). See also Gender
  • prejudice against, 793, 794–795
  • sexualization of girls and, 548
  • violence against, 804–805
• Fermat’s last theorem, 366
• Fertile females theory, 553
• Fetal alcohol syndrome, 490
• Fetal development, 489–491
  • sexual, 545, 553–554
• Fight-or-flight response, 438, 454
• Figure-ground relationship, 187
• Financial status
  • happiness and, 475–476
  • psychological disorders and, 675, 760
• Fixation, 581
• Fixed-interval schedules, 288
• Fixed-ratio schedules, 287, 288
• Flashbulb memory, 342
• Flat affect, in schizophrenia, 700
• Flow, 833–834
• Flu, maternal, schizophrenia and, 702
• Fluid intelligence, 640–641
• Flynn effect, 636, 644
• fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 100
• Food. See Eating; Taste
• Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, 771–772, 781
• Forensic neuroscience, 439
• Forensic psychology, 28, 439
• Forgetting. See also Amnesia; Memory loss
  • dual processing and, 351–352
  • encoding failure and, 352
  • motivated, 355–356
  • retrieval failure and, 354–356
  • storage decay and, 352–353
• Formal operational stage, 502–503, 535
• Fovea, 179
• Framing, 376–377
• Fraternal birth-order effect, 553–554
• Fraternal twins, 132. See also Twin studies
• Free association, 579, 723
• Free-floating anxiety, 678
• Free radicals, 237
• Free will, 309
• Frequency of sound waves, 198
• Frequency theory, 202
• Freudian psychology, 10–11, 578–582. See also Psychoanalytic theory
• Freudian slips, 580, 581
• Friendships
  • in adolescence, 541–542
  • in childhood, 531
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
  • need to belong and, 423–428
• Frontal lobe, 109
  • age-related changes in, 561
  • aggression and, 802
  • in antisocial personality disorder, 711–712
  • in emotion, 439
  • injuries to, 114–115
  • maturation of, 534–535
  • in memory processing, 340
  • moral judgment and, 114–115
• Frowning, depression and, 448
• Frustration-aggression principle, 803
• Fugue states, 708
• Functionalism, 7, 8
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 100, 183
• Functional neurological symptom disorder, 707
• Fundamental attribution error, 768–770
• Fusiform face area, 183

G

• g (general intelligence), 627, 630
• GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 87, 564
• Gambling disorder, 254
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 87
• Ganglion cells, 178
• Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory, 627–628, 630
• Gate-control theory, 207
• Gender
  • cultural aspects of, 524–527
  • definition of, 520
  • hypersexualization and, 548
  • social learning of, 524–525
  • stereotype threat and, 657–658
• Gender bias, 523
• Gender development, 520–527
• Gender differences, 15–16, 520–524
  • in aggression, 521
  • in attraction, 810
  • in autism, 505
  • in communication, 522, 524
  • in depression, 689–690, 692–693
  • in emotion, 443–444
  • in empathy, 443–444
  • in intelligence, 653–654
  • in leadership style, 522, 524
  • in life expectancy, 559
  • in mating preferences, 145
  • in sexual behavior, 144–146, 420–421
  • in social networking, 522, 524
  • in social power, 522
  • in spatial abilities, 554, 555, 653–654
  • in stress response, 455
  • in suicide, 695
• Gender discrimination, 793, 794–795
• Gender dysphoria, 526
• Gender expression, 526–527
• Gender genocide, 795
• Gender identity, 525–526
  • in psychoanalytic theory, 580–581
  • vs. sexual orientation, 527
• Gender psychology, 15–16
• Gender roles, 525
• Gender schemas, 526
• Gender stereotypes, 170
• Gender typing, 525
• Gene, 130–131
• Gene-environment interaction, 137–138. See also Epigenetics; Nature–nurture issue
• Gene expression, 137–138
• General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 454–455
• General intelligence (g), 627, 630
• Generalization
  • in anxiety disorders, 681–682
  • in classical conditioning, 276–277, 297
  • in operant conditioning, 297
• Generalized anxiety disorder, 677–678
• Genetic factors
  • in aggression, 801
  • in antisocial personality disorder, 711–712
  • in anxiety disorders, 668, 683–684
  • in autism, 505–506
  • in bipolar disorder, 691
  • in depression, 691
  • in happiness, 477
  • in intelligence, 647–649
  • in schizophrenia, 703–704
  • in sexual orientation, 553–554
  • in sleep, 235
  • in substance use disorders, 830
  • in temperament, 511
  • in weight, 414
• Genetic mutations, 142
• Genetics. See also Nature–nurture issue
  • behavior, 129–135 (See also Behavior genetics)
  • heritability and, 135–136 (See also Heritability)
  • molecular, 137–138
• Genetic testing, 138
• Genital stage, 581
• Genocide, gender, 795
• Genome, 130
  • shared human, 142–143
• Genuineness, 592
• Gestalt psychology, 7, 187–188
• Gestures, cultural aspects of, 444–445
• Ghrelin, 243, 410
• Gifted and talented education, 645
• Girls. See also Gender
  • sexual abuse of, 804–805
  • sexualization of, 548
• Glial cells, 82–83
• Glucocorticoids, in stress response, 454
• Glucose, 409
  • in arousal, 437
  • hunger and, 409–411
• Glutamate, 87
  • in anxiety disorders, 683
• Goals, personal, 20, 429
• Goal setting, in organizations, 841
• Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT), 822–823
• Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 637
• Grammar, 382
  • universal, 383
• Graphic rating scales, in performance appraisal, 839
• Grasping reflex, 491
• Gratitude, 478
• Greek philosophy, 6, 14
• Grief, 568–569
• Grit, 429–430, 629
• GRIT strategy, 822–823
• Group behavior, 784–790
  • cultural aspects of, 789–790
  • group polarization and, 787–788
  • groupthink and, 788–789
  • minority influence and, 782
  • social control vs. personal control and, 782
  • social facilitation and, 784–785
  • social loafing and, 785
  • in virtual groups, 787–788
• Grouping, form perception and, 188
• Group polarization, 787–788
• Group therapy, 737, 739
• Groupthink, 788–789
• Growth hormone, sleep and, 238
• Growth mindset, 20, 650–651
• Gun laws, 699

H

• Habits, achievement and, 430
• Habituation, 271, 420, 491
• Hair cells, 199, 200
• Hallucinations
  • auditory, 113
  • definition of, 233
  • in schizophrenia, 699
• Hallucinogens, 261–263
  • LSD, 261, 262
  • marijuana, 262–263
• Halo errors, 839
• Hammer (ear), 199, 200
• Handedness, 123
• Happiness, 472–478. See also Human flourishing
  • across life span, 567–568
  • adaptation and, 475–476
  • causes of, 472–473
  • feel-good, do-good phenomenon, 473
  • financial status and, 475–476
  • fluctuations in, 472–473
  • genetic factors in, 477
  • helpfulness and, 818
  • nature–nurture issue and, 476–477
  • in older adults, 567–568
  • predictors of, 476–477
  • promotion of, 477–478
  • relativity of, 475–476
  • societal, 477
  • subjective well-being and, 473
• Happiness set point, 477
• Haptic feedback, 845
• Harlow’s attachment study, 509–510, 511, 514
• Hassles, 452–454. See also Stress
• Hate crimes, 795
• Health. See also Illness and disease
  • age-related changes in, 560
  • complementary and alternative therapies and, 745–746
  • intelligence and, 643
  • optimism and, 460, 477, 478
  • personal control and, 307–308
  • stress and, 451, 456–462 (See also Stress, health effects of)
• Health psychology, 29, 451, 456, 464
• Hearing, 198–204, 215. See also Sound age-related changes in, 560
  • auditory cortex in, 113, 200
  • auditory processing in, 198–201
  • critical period for, 201
  • ear in, 198–201
  • in fetus, 489–490
  • frequency theory and, 202
  • loudness perception and, 200–201
  • perceptual set and, 169–170
  • pitch perception and, 202
  • place theory and, 202
  • in sensory interaction, 214–215
  • sound location and, 202–203
  • sound waves and, 198–199
• Hearing loss, 200–201
  • in adolescents, 200–201
  • brain reorganization in, 117
  • cochlear implant for, 201
  • conduction, 200
  • language development and, 386–387
  • phantom sounds in, 207
  • sensorineural, 200–201
  • social isolation and, 201
  • tinnitus and, 207
• Heart disease
  • personality type and, 459–460
  • stress and, 458–461
• Helpfulness. See Altruism
• Helping professions, 30–31
• Heredity vs. environment, 129–130. See also Nature–nurture issue
• Heritability, 135–136. See also Genetic factors
  • definition of, 415
  • of intelligence, 647–649
  • obesity and, 415
  • of personality traits, 600
• Heroin, 257, 263. See also Opiates
• Heterosexuality. See Sexual orientation
• Heuristics, 370, 372–374
  • availability, 373–374, 373–375, 798
  • representativeness, 372–373
• Hierarchies, as memory aids, 334
• Hierarchy of needs, 402, 405–406, 591–592
• Higher-order conditioning, 276
• Hindsight bias, 39–40, 359, 798
• Hippocampus, 104, 106
  • in memory processing, 340
• Histogram, 66, 67
• HIV infection
  • stress and, 457
  • transmission of, 547–548
• Hoarding disorder, 669, 680
• Holocaust, 781
• Holocaust survivors, 138
• Homeostasis
  • definition of, 403
  • drive-reduction theory and, 403
• Homosexuality. See LGBTQ people; Sexual orientation
• Hormones, 95–96
  • in appetite regulation, 243, 410
  • hypothalamic, 104–105
  • neurotransmitters and, 95
  • sex (See Sex hormones)
  • stress, 95, 341–342, 437–438, 454
• Hotel Rwanda, 816
• Hue, 177
• Human Brain Project, 101
• Human Connectome Project, 101
• Human factors psychology, 25, 835, 836, 844–846
• Human flourishing, 16, 17, 477–478. See also Happiness
• Human Genome Project, 148
• Human immunodeficiency virus infection
  • stress and, 457
  • transmission of, 547–548
• Humanistic psychology, 17, 591–594
  • definition of, 11
  • evaluation of, 593–594
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in, 405–406, 591–592
  • personality assessment in, 593
  • Rogers’ person-centered perspective in, 592
  • therapy in, 725–727
• Human subjects, in experiments, 62
• Humility, in scientific attitude, 39–40
• Hunger, 408–415. See also Eating; Taste
  • physiology of, 243, 409–411
  • psychology of, 411–412
  • vs. sexual motivation, 420
• Hypersexuality, 548
• Hypervigilance, in anxiety disorders, 682
• Hypnagogic sensations, 233
• Hypnosis, 224–225
• Hypnotherapy, 226
• Hypochondriasis, 707–708
• Hypothalamus, 96, 104–105
  • hunger and, 410
  • sexual orientation and, 552–553
• Hypothesis, 42
  • testing of, 42–43

I

• Iconic memory, 332
• Id, 580
• Ideal self, 592, 593
• Identical twins, 131–132, 580. See also Twin studies
• Identification, 581
• Identity
  • definition of, 539
  • formation of, 539–541
  • social, 539–541
• I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon, 39–40
• Illness and disease. See also Health
  • age-related changes in, 560
  • epigenetics and, 137–138
  • genetic testing for, 138
  • immune system in, 456–458
  • maternal, schizophrenia and, 702
  • molecular genetics and, 137–138
  • personal control and, 307–308
  • personality type and, 459–460
  • psychophysiological, 456
  • sexually transmitted infections, 547–548
  • stress-related, 452, 456–462 (See also Stress, health effects of)
• Illness anxiety disorder, 707–708
• Illusions
  • Moon, 193
  • shrinking/growing girls, 193
• Illusory correlation, 53
• Images, thinking in, 391–392
• Imagination effect, 357–358
• Imagination inflation, 358
• Imaging studies, of brain, 98–101
• Imitation, 313–315, Observational learning. See also Modeling
  • mimicry and, 775–776
• Immediate reinforcers, 286–287
• Immigrant paradox, 674
• Immigration, 425
• Immune system
  • age-related changes in, 560
  • maternal, sexual orientation and, 554
  • sleep and, 243
  • stress effects on, 456–458 (See also Stress, health effects of)
• Implicit Attitude Test, 793
• Implicit memory, 331, 341, 344, 391
• Implicit prejudice, 587, 792–793
• Imprinting, 402, 510
• Impulsivity
  • adolescent sexual activity and, 548
  • aging and, 561
• Inattentional blindness, 160–161
• Incentives, motivation and, 403
• Incompetence, blindness to one’s own, 613–614
• Independent variables, 55–56
• Individualism, in humanistic psychology, 593–594
• Individualist cultures, 147, 616–618. See also Culture
  • attribution in, 769
  • child raising in, 516, 518
  • emotional expression in, 446–447
  • memory and, 337
  • self-concept in, 616–618
• Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology, 25, 29, 833–847. See also Employee; Employment; Human factors psychology; Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology; Organizational psychology; Personnel psychology
  • flow and, 833–834
  • subfields of, 835–836
• Infant. See also Child development
  • back-to-sleep position for, 495
  • development of, 494–496
• Infant attachment, 424–425, 509–515
• Infantile amnesia, 341, 360, 495
• Infant-parent attachment, 424–425, 509–515. See also Attachment
• Inferential statistics, 70–71
• Inferiority complex, 583
• Inflammation, stress and, 461
• Influence. See Social influence
• Influenza, maternal, schizophrenia and, 702
• Informational social influence, 777–778
• Information processing. See also Sensory processing
  • connectionism and, 329
  • deep, 335–336
  • dreams and, 248–249, 250
  • long-term potentiation in, 342–343
  • meaningful material and, 336–337, 362, 562
  • memory, 329–330 (See also Memory processing)
  • parallel processing in, 330–331
  • shallow, 335–336
  • subliminal stimuli and, 163–164, 163–165
  • visual, 180
• Information-processing models, 329
  • connectionism, 329
  • of memory formation, 330–335 (See also Encoding) Informed consent, 62
• Ingroup, 796
• Ingroup bias, 796
• Inkblot test, 584–585
• Inner ear
  • in balance, 213
  • in hearing, 199–200
• Inner speech, in learning, 504
• Insanity defense, 673
• Insecure anxious attachment, 424–425, 511
• Insecure avoidant attachment, 425, 511
• Insight, 370–372
  • learning, 304–305
  • therapy, 725–727
• Insomnia, 244
• Insomnia disorder, 669
• Instinct, 402
  • theory, 402, 406
• Instinctive drift, 303
• Institutional Review Boards, 62
• Insula, 438
• Integrity, 569
• Intellectual disability, 644, 669
• Intellectually gifted, 644–645
• Intelligence, 625–663
  • achievement and, 428–429
  • adoption studies of, 648–649
  • analytical, 628
  • assessment of, 632–637 (See also Intelligence tests)
  • brain anatomy and, 640
  • components of, 626–627
  • creative, 628
  • crystallized, 640
  • definition of, 626
  • education and, 650–651, 657
  • emotional, 629–630
  • environmental factors in, 649–651
  • evolution of, 653–654
  • fluid, 640–641
  • gender and, 653–654
  • general, 626
  • group differences in, 653
  • heritability of, 647–649
  • high, 644–645
  • longevity and, 643
  • low, 644
  • multiple, 627–629, 630
  • neural processing speed and, 640–641
  • practical, 628
  • primary mental abilities and, 626–627, 630
  • race/ethnicity and, 654–656
  • savant syndrome and, 627–628
  • sexual activity and, 548–549
  • social, 629
  • stability of, 640–642
  • triarchic theory of, 628, 630
  • twin studies of, 647–649
• Intelligence quotient (IQ), 634
• Intelligence tests, 626, 632–637
  • bias and, 656–658
  • eugenics and, 634
  • Flynn effect and, 636
  • mental age and, 633
  • normal curve for, 635–636
  • origins of, 632–634
  • standardization of, 635–636
  • Stanford-Binet, 633–634
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 635
• Intensity, of light, 177
• Interests, career selection and, 834–835
• Interference
  • proactive, 354
  • retroactive, 354
• Intermittent reinforcement, 287–289
• Internal locus of control, 308–309
• International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 669
• International Union of Psychological Science, 13
• Internet, social impact of, 426–428, 787–788. See also Social media
• Internet gaming disorder, 254
• Interneurons, 92
• Interposition, 191
• Interpretation, in psychoanalysis, 723–724
• Intersex persons, 547
• Interviewer illusion, 837–838
• Interviews
  • employment, 837–838
  • predictive utility of, 837
  • structured, 838
  • unstructured, 837–838
• Intimacy, 565–566
  • in psychosocial development, 540–541, 542
• Intrinsic motivation, 305, 833–834
• Introspection, 8
• Introversion, 597–598, 607
• Intuition, 372
  • adaptive aspects of, 377, 378
  • availability heuristic and, 373–375
  • belief perseverance and, 376
  • decision making and, 372–378
  • definition of, 372
  • framing and, 376–377
  • limitations of, 38
  • misplaced fear and, 374–375
  • moral, 536–537
  • overconfidence and, 375
  • perils and powers of, 377–378
  • representativeness heuristic and, 372–373
• Ions, 83
• IQ, 634. See also Intelligence tests
• Iris, 177
• Isolation, social, 425–426
  • social networking and, 427

J

• James-Lange theory, 433
• Jet lag, 236
• Jobs. See Employee; Employment
• Judgment, 372–378. See also Intuition
• Jungian theory, 583
• Just noticeable difference, 163
• Just-world phenomenon, 796

K

• K2 (synthetic marijuana), 262
• Ketamine, 755
• Kinesthesia, 213, 214
• Kin selection, sexual orientation and, 553
• Knee-jerk reflex, 94
• Kohlberg’s moral development theory, 487, 535–536

L

• Labeling, 62
  • diagnostic, 670, 672
• Language, 381–392. See also Speech
  • in animals, 849–850
  • bilingualism and, 389–390, 391
  • brain areas for, 115–116, 120, 387–388
  • in cognitive development, 504
  • cultural aspects of, 389–390
  • definition of, 381
  • lateralization and, 120
  • productive, 384–385
  • receptive, 383–384
  • structural components of, 381–382
  • thinking and, 389–392
  • universal grammar and, 383
• Language development, 382–387
  • babbling stage of, 384
  • in hearing impaired, 386–387
  • one-word stage of, 384
  • of productive language, 384–385
  • of receptive language, 383–384
  • stages of, 383–385
  • statistical learning in, 384
  • two-word stage of, 384–385
• Language learning
  • in animals, 849–850
  • critical periods for, 385–386
  • in infants, 496
  • prenatal, 490
• Language processing, subfunctions in, 389
• Late adulthood. See Aging
• Latency stage, 581
• Latent content, 248, 581
• Latent learning, 304
• Lateralization, 120–123
  • handedness and, 123
  • in intact brains, 120
  • language and, 120
  • in split-brain patients, 120–122
  • vision and, 121–122
• Law of effect, 283–284
• Leadership, 841–844. See also Management
  • gender bias in, 523
  • servant, 843
  • social, 842
  • strengths-based, 844
  • task, 842
  • transformational, 842
• Leadership styles, 841–842
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
• Learned helplessness, 307, 693
• Learning, 268–323. See also Memory; Observational learning
  • age-related changes in, 561–562
  • associative, 270–272, 302, 303
  • brain changes in, 529–531
  • classical conditioning and, 270–280
  • cognitive, 270, 272
  • definition of, 270
  • information retrieval in, 329, 344–347, 354–356
  • insight, 304–305
  • language (See Language learning)
  • latent, 304
  • long-term potentiation in, 342–343
  • observational, 272, 312–318
  • operant conditioning and, 283–297
  • overlearning and, 328, 346
  • personal control and, 306–309
  • positive transfer in, 354
  • prenatal, 489–490
  • recall and, 344–345
  • recognition and, 327–328
  • relearning and, 327–328
  • scaffolding in, 503
  • sleep and, 248
• Left handedness, 123
• Legal issues
  • in forensic psychology, 28
  • informed consent, 62
  • insanity defense, 673
• Leniency errors, 839
• Lens, 177
• Leptin, 243, 410
• Lesion studies, 98
• Lessons from the Big Toe (Klein), 401
• Levels of analysis, in biopsychosocial approach, 16–19
• LGBTQ people
  • biological influences on, 552–554
  • cultural attitudes toward over time, 549–550
  • environmental influences on, 551–552
  • gay-straight trait differences and, 554–556
  • prejudice against, 795
  • reaction formation and, 587
  • sexual orientation of, 549–556
  • stereotypes of, 550
• Lie detectors, 439
• Life changes, stress due to, 452
• Life expectancy, 559
• Life satisfaction
  • across life span, 567–568
  • love and, 565–566
  • in older adults, 567–568
  • work and, 567
• Life-span perspective, 533
• Life story approach, 593
• Light
  • exposure therapy, 746
  • hue of, 177
  • intensity of, 177
  • shadow and, 191
  • sleep and, 235–236
  • in vision, 176–178
  • wavelength of, 176–177
• Lightness constancy, 192
• Limbic system, 104–106
  • in dreaming, 249
  • in memory, 341–342
  • in posttraumatic stress disorder, 681
• Linear perspective, 191
• Linguistic determinism, 389
• Linguistic influence, 389
• Linkage analysis, 691
• Listening, active, 726
• Lithium, 755–756
• “Little Albert,” 279, 681–682
• Little Hans, 44
• Lobotomy, 758
• Localization of function, 80
• Loch Ness monster, 169, 170
• Locus of control, 308–309
• Longevity
  • intelligence and, 643
  • personal control and, 307–308
• Longitudinal studies, 563
• Long-term memory, 329
• Long-term potentiation (LTP), 342–343
• Loudness, 198–199, 200–201
  • perception of, 200–201
• Love, 565–566, 812–814. See also Attraction
  • companionate, 812, 813–814
  • equity and, 813
  • passionate, 812–813
  • physiology of, 424
  • self-disclosure and, 814
• LSD, 113, 261, 262
• Lumosity, 563
• Lying
  • detection of from facial expression, 443
  • with polygraphs, 439
• Lymphocytes, 456
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 113, 261, 262

M

• Machine learning, 112
• Macrophages, 456
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 99–100
  • functional, 100
• Magnetic stimulation, 757
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 100
• Major depressive disorder, 687. See also Depression
• Management, 840–844. See also Leadership
  • goal setting in, 841
  • harnessing strengths in, 840–841
  • leadership style and, 841–842
  • by objectives, 841
  • participative, 843
• Mania, 687. See also Bipolar disorder
  • brain activity in, 691–692
  • drug therapy for, 755–756
• Manifest content, 248, 581
• MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) gene, 801
• Marijuana, 262–263
• Marriage, 565. See also Attraction; Love
  • age at first, 543
  • benefits of, 424
  • vs. cohabitation, 565–566
  • companionate love in, 813–814
  • divorce and, 565–566
  • passionate love in, 812–813
  • sex and, 421
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 402, 405–406, 591–592, 593
• Massed practice, 21, 334–335
• Mass media
  • sexuality in, 548
  • violence in, 313, 316–318, 804–806
• Mating preferences, gender differences in, 145. See also Attraction
• Maturation, 494. See also Development
• Maturity principle, 600
• McGurk effect, 214
• MDMA (Ecstasy), 261, 263
• Mean (statistical), 67–68
  • deviation from, 69
• Measures of central tendency, 67–68
• Measures of variation, 68–69
• Median, 67–68
• Mediation, 822
• Media violence, 313, 316–318, 804–806
• Medical marijuana, 263
• Medical model, 667–668
• Medicine, behavioral, 451, 456
  • stress and, 456–462
• Mediterranean diet, 692
• Medulla, 102
• MEG (magnetoencephalography), 100
• Melatonin, sleep and, 235–236
• Membrane depolarization, 83
• Membrane permeability, 83
• Memory, 326–364. See also False memories; Forgetting; Memory processing
  • age-related changes in, 560, 561–562
  • alcohol and, 256
  • in children, 341, 495–496
  • context-dependent, 345–346
  • definition of, 326
  • déjà vu and, 358–359
  • depression and, 346–347
  • drug effects on, 343
  • echoic, 332
  • emotion and, 341–342
  • explicit (declarative), 330, 331–337, 340, 344
  • false, 225–226, 356–361, 745
  • familiarity and, 359
  • feats of, 326–327
  • flashbulb, 342
  • forgetting and, 350–356
  • hypnagogic sensations and, 233
  • hypnosis and, 225–226
  • iconic, 332
  • implicit (nondeclarative), 331, 341, 344, 391, 587
  • learning and, 341–342
  • long-term, 329
  • long-term potentiation and, 342–343
  • measurement of, 327–328
  • models of, 329–330, 344
  • mood-congruent, 346–347
  • obesity and, 415
  • overview of, 326–327
  • of pain, 208
  • primacy effect and, 347
  • priming and, 345
  • procedural, 331
  • recall and, 344–345
  • recency effect and, 347
  • recognition and, 327–328
  • recovered, 355, 360–361, 745
  • relearning and, 327–328
  • repressed, 355, 360–361, 581, 582, 745
  • research on, 326
  • retention of, 327–328
  • sensory, 329, 331–332
  • serial position effect and, 347
  • short-term, 329, 332–333
  • sleep and, 233, 237, 249, 340, 354
  • smells and, 212
  • state-dependent, 346–347
  • stress and, 360–361, 581
  • of traumatic events, 355, 360–361, 581, 582
  • working, 329–330
• Memory aids, 333–334, 343, 362–363
  • chunking, 333
  • hierarchies, 334
  • mnemonics, 333–334, 362
  • peg-word system, 333
  • SQ3R technique, 362–363
• Memory capacity, 332–333
• Memory loss. See also Amnesia; Forgetting
  • in Alzheimer’s disease, 343
  • in mild neurocognitive disorder, 343
  • of recent memories, 343
• Memory processing. See also Retrieval
  • amygdala in, 341–342
  • Atkinson-Shiffrin three-step model of, 329
  • automatic, 330–331, 341, 344
  • basal ganglia in, 341
  • brain regions in, 340–342
  • cerebellum in, 341
  • conditioning in, 341–342
  • connectionism in, 329
  • consolidation in, 237, 249, 340
  • deep, 335–336
  • distributed practice and, 334–335
  • dual processing in, 330–331, 344
  • effortful, 330–331, 331–337, 340, 344
  • emotions in, 341–342
  • encoding in, 329, 330–337
  • of explicit memories, 330, 331–337, 340, 344
  • failure of, 352–353
  • frontal lobe in, 340
  • hippocampus in, 340
  • of implicit memories, 331, 341, 344
  • interference in, 354–355
  • levels of, 335–336
  • of meaningful material, 336–337, 362, 562
  • models of, 329–330
  • reconsolidation in, 356
  • rehearsal and, 330, 362
  • retrieval in, 329, 344–347, 354–356
  • self-reference effect and, 337
  • semantic, 335
  • shallow, 335–336
  • sites of, 340
  • during sleep, 233, 237, 249, 340
  • spacing effect and, 334
  • steps in, 344
  • storage in, 329, 339–344
  • stress hormones in, 341–342
  • synaptic changes in, 342–344
  • testing effect and, 335
• Menarche, 533–534, 546–547
• Menopause, 559
• Mental age, 633
• Mental illness. See Psychological disorders
• Mental practice, 391–392
• Mental processes, definition of, 13
• Mental retardation, 644
• Mental set, 371–372
• Mental telepathy, 172
• Mere exposure effect, 808
• Meta-analysis, 743
• Metabolic rate, weight and, 410–411, 414
• Methadone, 257
• Methamphetamine, 261, 263
• Microaggressions, 792
• Middle ear, 199
• Midlife transition, 564
• Mild neurocognitive disorder, 343
• Milgram’s obedience study, 778–780
• Mimicry, 775–776
• Mind-brain holistic system, 149
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 598–599
• Minority influence, 782
• Mirror-image perceptions, conflict and, 820
• Mirror neurons, 313–315
• Misinformation effect, 357–358
• Mnemonics, 333–334
• Mobile networks, 426–428
• Mode, 67–68
• Modeling, 312–313. See also Observational learning
  • of aggression, 804–806
  • Bobo doll experiment and, 312, 313
  • by parents, 290, 804
  • violence-viewing effect and, 312–313, 316–318, 804–806
• Molecular behavior genetics, 137
• Molecular genetics, 137–138
• Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, 801
• Monocular cues, 190, 191
• Monozygotic twins, 31–132. See also Twin studies
• Mood-congruent memory, 346–347
• Mood contagion, 776
• Mood disorders, 686–696. See also Bipolar disorder; Depression
• Mood fluctuations, 472–473, 474
• Mood linkage, 314–315, 448, 776
• Mood stabilizers, 755–756
• Moon, 490
• Moon illusion, 193
• Moral action, 537
• Moral behavior
  • evolution of, 143
  • frontal lobe and, 114–115
• Moral development, 487, 535–537
• Moral intuition, 536–537
• Moral reasoning, 535–536
• Moral treatment, 667
• Morphemes, 382
• Morphine, 257. See also Opiates
• Mother. See Child raising; Parenting
• Motion perception, 183–184, 190
• Motivated forgetting, 355–356
• Motivation, 401–421
  • achievement, 840–844
  • attachment style and, 511
  • creativity and, 367
  • definition of, 402
  • drive-reduction theory of, 403, 406
  • evolution and, 402, 406
  • extrinsic, 306
  • hierarchy of needs and, 405–406
  • homeostasis and, 403
  • hunger, 408–415 (See also Hunger)
  • incentives and, 403
  • instinct theory of, 402, 406
  • intelligence and, 650–651
  • intrinsic, 305
  • optimal arousal theory of, 403–404, 406
  • perception and, 171
  • rewards and, 305
  • sexual, 418–421 (See also Sexual behavior)
  • social, 423–428
• Motor cortex, 110–112
• Motor development, 494–495
• Motor neurons, 82, 92
• Movement
  • kinesthetic awareness of, 213
  • stroboscopic, 190
• Movies, violence in, 317
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 99–100
• Multiple intelligences, 627–629, 630
• Multiple personality disorder, 708–709
• Multiple sclerosis, 82
• Mutations, 142
• Myelin, 534
• Myelin sheath, 82
• Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 596
• Myopia, 177

N

• Narcissism, 615
  • social media and, 427
• Narcissistic personality disorder, 710
• Narcolepsy, 245
• Narcotics, 257. See also Opiates
• National Football League (NFL), 106
• Natural disasters, stress due to, 451–452
• Naturalistic observation, 45–46
• Natural killer cells, 456
• Natural selection, 14, 141–142. See also Adaptation; Evolution
  • anxiety disorders and, 684
• Nature, spending time in, 428
• Nature–nurture issue, 14–15, 134–135, 147–149, 486. See also Environmental factors; Genetic factors
  • brain development and, 529–531
  • gene-environment interaction and, 137–138
  • happiness and, 476–477
  • intelligence and, 647–649
  • schizophrenia and, 703–704
  • sexual orientation and, 551–554
  • twin studies and, 14, 131–133
• Near-death experience, 262
• Necker cube, 187
• Need to belong, 423–425, 842–843
• Negative punishment, 289
• Negative reinforcement, 285–286
  • vs. punishment, 286, 289
• Negative self-talk, 735
• Negative symptoms, in schizophrenia, 700
• Negative thinking, in depression, 692–693
• Negligent parenting, 516, 517
• Neo-Freudians, 583–584
• Neonatal development, 490–491. See also Child development
• Neophobia, 412
• Nerve cells. See Neurons
• Nerves, 92. See also Neural
• Nervous system, 91–94. See also Brain; Spinal cord
  • in arousal, 437–438, 598
  • autonomic, 92–93
  • central, 92
  • emotions and, 437–438
  • parasympathetic, 93, 438
  • peripheral, 92–93
  • in personality, 596, 598
  • somatic, 92
  • sympathetic, 92–93
• Networks. See Neural networks; Social networking
• Neural activation, dreams and, 249, 250
• Neural communication, 81–89. See also Neurotransmitters
• Neural impulses, transmission of, 83–84
• Neural networks, 93
  • development of, 494
  • dreams and, 249, 250
  • in infants and children, 494
  • pruning in, 494, 529–530
• Neural plasticity, 116–118
• Neural processing
  • age-related changes in, 560–561
  • speed of, intelligence and, 640–641
• Neural stem cells, 118
• Neuroadaptation, 254
• Neurocognitive disorder, 563–564
• Neuroendocrine feedback system, 96
• Neurogenesis, 117–118
  • serotonin and, 754–755
• Neurons
  • definition of, 81
  • excitatory, 83
  • formation of, 117–118
  • inhibitory, 83
  • interneurons, 92
  • mirror, 313–315
  • motor, 92
  • in neural networks, 93
  • number of, 93
  • sensory, 92
  • structure and function of, 82–83
• Neuropsychology, 29
• Neuroscience
  • brain studies in, 98–101
  • cognitive, 13, 124
  • forensic, 439
• Neuroticism, 599, 600
• Neurotransmitters, 85–89
  • agonists and, 87
  • antagonists and, 89
  • in bipolar disorder, 691–692
  • definition of, 85
  • in depression, 691–692
  • drug effects on, 88–89
  • functions of, 85–86
  • hormones and, 95
  • in memory, 342–343
  • reuptake of, 86
• Neutral stimulus, 273
• Newborn, development of, 491–492. See also Child development
• Nicotine, 257, 258–259, 263
• Nightmares, 246, 247. See also Dreams Night terrors, 246
• Nociceptors, 206–207
• Nondeclarative (implicit) memory, 331, 341, 344, 391
• Nondirective therapy, 725
• Nonsuicidal self-injury, 696
• Nonverbal communication, 442–449, 444–447. See also Emotional expression
• Noradrenaline, 95
• Norepinephrine, 95
  • in bipolar disorder, 691
  • in depression, 691
  • functions of, 87
• Normal curve, 69, 635–636
• Normative social influence, 777
• Norm(s)
  • altruism and, 818–819
  • reciprocity, 818–819
  • social, 775, 776–777, 790
  • social-responsibility, 819
• Note taking, 21
• NREM sleep, 233–234
• Nucleus accumbens, 105
• Nurmikko, 112
• Nutrition, 650
  • depression and, 692
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752

O

• Obedience, Milgram’s study of, 778–780
• Obesity
  • definition of, 414
  • environmental factors in, 414
  • physiology of, 414–415
  • sleep apnea and, 245
  • sleep deprivation and, 243
  • social and emotional impact of, 415
  • weight-loss tips for, 414
• Object perception, 182–183
• Object permanence, 499–500
• Observation
  • naturalistic, 45–46
  • in personality assessment, 609
• Observational learning, 272, 312–318
  • antisocial effects of, 316–318
  • in anxiety disorders, 681–682
  • applications of, 315–318
  • Bobo doll experiment and, 312, 313
  • definition of, 313
  • mirror neurons in, 313–315
  • modeling and, 312–313
  • prosocial effects of, 315–316
  • vicarious reinforcement in, 312
  • violence-viewing effect and, 317
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 679–680
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy for, 736–737
  • learning perspective on, 681–682
• Occam’s razor, 148
• Occipital lobe, 110, 113
• Occupational Information Network (O*NET), 834
• Odors
  • perception of, 211–213
  • phantom, 207
• Oedipus complex, 580
• Older adults. See Aging
• Older-brother effect, 553–554
• Olfaction, 211–213
• One-word stage, 384
• Online dating, 809–810
• Openness, 599, 600
• Operant behavior, 271, 297
• Operant chamber, 284
• Operant conditioning, 271, 283–297
  • in anxiety disorders, 681–682
  • applications of, 294–297
  • in behavior therapy, 732–733
  • biofeedback in, 296
  • biological constraints on, 302–303, 306
  • in child rearing, 287, 289–290, 295
  • vs. classical conditioning, 283, 297
  • cognitive processes and, 304–306
  • definition of, 283
  • discrimination in, 290, 297
  • discriminative stimulus in, 285
  • in education, 294–295
  • extinction in, 287, 297
  • leadership and, 843
  • negative reinforcement in, 285–286
  • positive reinforcement in, 285–286
  • reinforcement schedules in, 287–289
  • for self-improvement, 305, 395–396
  • shaping in, 284–285
  • Skinner’s experiments in, 283–284
  • in sports, 294–295
  • successive approximations in, 284
  • superstitious behaviors in, 294–295
  • at work, 295
• Operational definitions, 42–43, 56
• Opiates
  • abuse of (See Substance use disorders)
  • definition of, 257
  • natural, 87, 257
  • pharmaceutical, 87–88, 257, 263
• Opponent-process theory, 181–182
• Optic nerve, 178
• Optimal arousal theory, 403–404, 406
• Optimism, 613
  • health and, 460, 477, 478
• Oral stage, 581
• Orexin, 410
• Organizational psychology, 835, 836, 840–844
  • achievement motivation and, 840–844
  • employee management and, 841–844
  • employee satisfaction and engagement and, 840–844
  • grit and, 429–430
• Orgasm, 420
• Orphanages, quality of care in, 513–514, 649
• Ostracism, 425–426
  • in adolescence, 542
  • social networking and, 427
• Other-race effect, 797
• Outcome simulation, 392
• Outcomes research, on psychotherapy, 742–743
• Outer ear, 199
• Outgroup homogeneity, 797–798
• Outgroup, 796
• Oval window, 199, 200
• Overconfidence, 39–40, 375
• Overlearning, 21–22
• Own-age bias, 797
• Own-race bias, 797
• Oxytocin, 96
  • in stress response, 455

P

• Pain, 206–209
  • biological influences on, 206–207
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 206
  • endorphins and, 87, 206, 208
  • gate-control theory of, 207
  • insensitivity to, 206, 207
  • memory of, 208
  • in phantom limb sensation, 207
  • psychological influences on, 207–208
  • sensitivity to, 206
  • social-cultural influences on, 208
  • of social isolation, 425–426
  • transmission of, 94
• Pain management, 208–209
  • hypnosis in, 226, 228
• Pain reflex, 94
• Panic attacks, 677
• Panic disorder, 677, 678
• Paradoxical sleep, 232, 235
• Parallel processing, 329. See also Dual processing
  • definition of, 329
  • memory and, 329
  • vision and, 183–184
• Paranoia, in schizophrenia, 699
• Paraprofessional, 747
• Parapsychology, 172–174
• Parasympathetic nervous system, 93, 438
• Parent-infant attachment, 424–425, 509–515
• Parenting
  • of adolescents, 541–542
  • authoritarian, 516, 517
  • authoritative, 516, 517
  • of children, 530–531
  • empty nest syndrome and, 566
  • impact on child development, 530–531
  • marital satisfaction and, 566
  • modeling of aggression and, 290, 804
  • negligent, 516, 517
  • permissive, 516, 517
• Parietal lobe, 109, 115
• Partial reinforcement, 287–289
• Participative management, 843
• Passionate love, 812–813. See also Love
• Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, 272, 273–278
  • legacy of, 278–280
• Peacemaking, 820–823. See also Conflict resolution
• Peak experience, 591
• Pedophilia, 550
• Peer relationships
  • in adolescence, 541–542
  • in childhood, 531
  • eating disorders and, 714
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
  • need to belong and, 423–426
• Peg-word system, 333
• Perception
  • comparisons in, 192
  • context effects on, 169–170
  • critical period for, 194, 201
  • definition of, 158
  • emotions and, 171
  • experiential effects on, 194–195
  • extrasensory, 172–174
  • figure-ground relationship and, 187
  • gestalt and, 187–188
  • influences on, 169–175
  • motivation and, 171
  • vs. sensation, 158
• Perceptual adaptation, 195
• Perceptual constancy, 191–194
  • brightness (lightness), 192
  • color, 192
  • shape, 193
  • size, 193
• Perceptual set, 169–171, 850
• Perceptual speed, intelligence and, 640–641
• Performance appraisal, 838–839
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 92–93
• Peripheral route persuasion, 771
• Permissive parents, 516, 517
• Persistent depressive disorder, 686
• Personal control. See Control Personality, 576–623
  • autonomic nervous system and, 596, 598
  • vs. behavior, 603
  • behavioral approach to, 606
  • Big Five factors in, 599–601
  • biology of, 596, 598
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 606–607
  • definition of, 578
  • fundamental attribution and, 768
  • heritability of, 600
  • presentation on social media, 427, 603
  • psychoanalytic approach to, 580–581
  • stability of, 487–488, 602–604
  • Type A vs. Type B, 459–460
• Personality assessment
  • case studies in, 609
  • empirically derived test items in, 598–599
  • experimental, 609
  • Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in, 597
  • factor analysis in, 597
  • in humanistic psychology, 593
  • Myer-Briggs Type Indicator in, 596
  • observation in, 609
  • personality inventories in, 598–599, 609
  • projective tests in, 584–585, 609
  • in psychodynamic psychology, 584–585
  • situational, 608–609
  • surveys in, 609
• Personality disorders, 710–712
• Personality inventories, 598–599, 609
• Personality psychology, 25
• Personality theories
  • humanistic, 591–594, 608, 609
  • person-situation controversy and, 602–604
  • psychoanalytic, 578–582, 608, 609
  • psychodynamic, 583–588, 608, 609
  • social-cognitive, 606–609, 608, 609
  • trait, 596–601, 608, 609
    • Big Five factor, 599–602
    • evaluation of, 602–604
    • person-situation controversy and, 602–604
• Personality traits, definition of, 596
• Person-centered perspective, 592
• Personnel psychology, 835, 836–839
  • components of, 838
  • harnessing strengths and, 836–837
  • interviews and, 837–838
  • performance appraisal and, 838–839
• Person-situation controversy, 602–604
• Persuasion
  • central route, 771
  • foot-in-the-door phenomenon and, 771–772, 781
  • peripheral route, 771
  • subliminal, 163–164
• Pessimism, 478, 613
  • depression and, 692–693
  • heart disease and, 460
• PET (positron emission tomography), 99
• Phallic stage, 581
• Phantom limb sensation, 207
• Pheromones, 211
• Phi phenomenon, 190
• Phobias, 677, 679
  • aversive conditioning for, 731
  • exposure therapy for, 730
• Phonagnosia, 157
• Phonemes, 381–382
• Phrenology, 80, 81
• Physical activity. See Exercise
• Physical attractiveness, 809, 810–811. See also Attraction
• Physical development
  • in adolescence, 533–534
  • in adulthood, 558–561
  • in infancy and childhood, 494–496
• Piaget’s cognitive development theory, 487, 498–503
  • accommodation in, 498–499
  • assimilation in, 498
  • concrete operational stage in, 502, 503
  • formal operational stage in, 502–503, 535
  • legacy of, 504
  • preoperational stage in, 500–502, 503
  • schemas in, 498
  • sensorimotor stage in, 499–500, 503
• Pitch, 198
  • perception of, 202
• Pituitary gland, 96, 104–105
• Placebo effect, 55
  • in antidepressant therapy, 755
  • in electroconvulsive therapy, 756
  • in pain management, 208–209
  • in psychotherapy, 741
• Placenta, 489
• Place theory, 202
• Planning fallacy, 375
• Plasticity
  • brain, 116–118, 529–530
  • erotic, 551
• Plateau phase, 420
• Pleasure principle, 580
• Polygraphs, 439
• Pons, 102
• Popout, 162
• Populations, sampling, 47
• Pornography, 420–421, 804–805
• Positive psychology, 16, 17, 473–474, 693
• Positive punishment, 289
• Positive reinforcement, 285–286, 842
• Positive symptoms, in schizophrenia, 700
• Positive transfer, in learning, 354
• Positron emission tomography (PET), 99
• Postconventional morality, 536
• Posthypnotic suggestion, 226
• Posttraumatic growth, 680–681, 760
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 680–681
  • dissociative disorders and, 709–710
  • eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for, 745–746
  • learning perspective on, 681–682
• Poverty
  • happiness and, 475–476
  • psychological disorders and, 675, 760
• Power, gender differences in, 522
• Practical intelligence, 628
• Practice
  • 10-year rule and, 629
  • distributed vs. massed, 21, 334–335
  • mental, 391–392
• Precognition, 172–174
• Preconscious, 579
• Preconventional morality, 536
• Predictive validity, 637, 657
• Prefrontal cortex, 114
• Pregnancy
  • adolescent, 548–549
  • alcohol use in, 490
  • fetal development in, 489–491, 545, 553–554
  • infections in, schizophrenia and, 702
• Prejudice, 792–798
  • automatic, 793
  • belief systems and, 795–796
  • cognitive roots of, 797–798
  • vs. discrimination, 792
  • emotional roots of, 797
  • explicit vs. implicit, 792–793
  • gender-based, 793, 794–795
  • implicit, 587
  • ingroups and outgroups and, 796
  • just-world phenomenon and, 796
  • LGBTQ, 795
  • memory of vivid cases and, 798
  • other-race effect and, 797
  • racial, 792–794, 793–794, 797–798
  • scapegoat theory of, 797
  • social roots of, 796
  • stress from, 452, 454
  • trends in, 792–798
• Prenatal development, 489–491
  • sexual, 545, 553–554
• Preoperational stage, 500–502, 503
• Preparedness, 300
• Preservation of innovation, 789
• Preventive mental health programs, 751, 760
• Primacy effect, 347
• Primary reinforcers, 286
• Primary sex characteristics, 547
• Priming, 164, 345, 587
• Principles of Psychology (James), 8, 205
• Proactive interference, 134, 354
• Problem-focused coping, 306
• Problem solving, 370–372
• Procedural memory, 331
• Process schizophrenia, 700
• Process simulation, 392
• Product design, human factors psychology and, 844–845
• Productive language, 384–385
• Progressive relaxation, in systematic desensitization, 730
• Project GLOBE, 843–844
• Project Head Start, 650
• Projection, 582, 587–588
• Projective tests, 584–585, 609
• Prosocial behavior, modeling of, 315–316
• Prosopagnosia, 157, 158
• Prototypes, 365–366
• Pruning, 494, 529–530
• Psychedelics, 261–263
• Psychiatric social workers, 748
• Psychiatrists, 25, 748
• Psychics, 172–174
• Psychoactive drugs, 253–265. See also Alcohol use; Substance use disorders
  • addiction to, 254–256, 263
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 829–830
  • comparison of, 263
  • definition of, 254
  • depressants, 255–257, 263
  • expectancy effects and, 256–257, 260
  • hallucinogens, 261–263
  • stimulants, 257–261, 263
  • tolerance to, 245, 254, 263
  • types of, 255–264
  • withdrawal from, 254, 263
• Psychoanalysis, 578, 723–724
  • critique of, 585–588
• Psychoanalytic theory, 578–582
  • defense mechanisms in, 581–582
  • historical perspective on, 578–579
  • personality development in, 580–581
  • psychosexual stages in, 580–581
  • repression in, 355, 579, 581, 582
• Psychodynamic approach, 18, 583–588
• Psychodynamic therapy, 724–725, 739
• Psychokinesis, 172–174
• Psychological contract, 835
• Psychological disorders, 664–719. See also Biomedical therapies; Psychotherapy; specific disorders
  • age at presentation, 675
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 668
  • classification of, 668–672
  • criminal responsibility and, 673
  • cultural aspects of, 668
  • definition of, 666
  • depression, 686–687
  • in DSM-5, 669–670
  • labeling and, 670, 672
  • medical model of, 667–668
  • poverty and, 675
  • prevention of, 751, 760
  • protective factors for, 674
  • rates of, 673–675
  • risk factors for, 674–675
  • social context for, 751
  • stigma of, 670, 672
  • treatment of, 720–765
• Psychology. See also Biopsychosocial approach; Nature–nurture issue; specific approaches and theories
  • applications of, 24–26
  • in becoming a strong person and better student, 19–22
  • careers in, 24–31, 26–31
  • current controversies in, 625
  • definitions of, 10, 13, 18
  • early theories of, 6–12
  • experimental, history of, 7–10
  • globalization of, 13–14
  • historical perspective on, 2–12
  • nature–nurture issue in, 14–15
  • prescientific, 6–7
  • as a science, 2–6, 13, 24–25
  • scope of, 26
  • subfields of, 26–31
• Psychology major. See also Careers in psychology
  • career paths for, 24–31, 26–31, D-1–D-10
  • doctorate degree in, D-2–D-3, D-4, D-5, D-6
  • information sources for, D-8–D-9
  • master’s degree in, D-2, D-4, D-5
  • popularity of, D-2
  • postgraduate study and, D-6–D-8
  • preparing for, D-8
  • reasons for choosing, D-3
  • skills learned in, D-3–D-4
  • suitability of, D-1
• Psychometrics, 24, 28
• Psychoneuroimmunology, 456–458. See also Immune system
• Psychopaths, 710–711
• Psychopharmacology, 753–756. See also Drug therapy
• Psychophysics, 162
• Psychophysiological illnesses, 456–462. See also Stress, health effects of
• Psychosexual stages, 580–581
• Psychosis, 699. See also Schizophrenia
  • drug therapy for, 753–754
• Psychosocial development, Erikson’s stages of, 487, 539–541
• Psychosurgery, 758
• Psychotherapy. See also specific therapies
  • alternative therapies and, 745–746
  • behavior modification and, 732–733
  • clients’ perceptions of, 741–742
  • clinicians’ perceptions of, 742
  • common elements of, 746–747
  • comparison of methods, 739
  • consumer guide to, 748
  • cost-effectiveness of, 743–744
  • cultural factors in, 747–748
  • definition of, 722
  • in eclectic therapy, 723
  • effectiveness of, 741–748
  • evaluation of, 741–749
    • therapeutic alliance in, 747
    • therapist-client relationship and, 746–747
  • evidence-based practice and, 744
  • harmful methods in, 745
  • ineffective methods in, 745
  • outcomes research on, 742–743
  • placebo effect in, 741
  • religion and, 748
• Puberty, 533–534, 543, 545–547
• Punishment, 289–290. See also Observational learning
  • isolation as, 425
  • negative, 289
  • vs. negative reinforcement, 286, 289
  • positive, 289
  • vicarious, 312
• Pupil, 177
• PYY, 410

Q

• Quantitative psychology, 28

R

• Race
  • development and, 486
  • intelligence testing and, 654–658
  • stereotype threat and, 657–658
  • suicide and, 695
• Racial prejudice, 792–794, 793–794, 797–798. See also Prejudice Random assignment, 54
• Random events, perceiving order in, 40
• Randomized clinical trials, for psychotherapy, 743
• Random sample, 47, 70
• Range, 68–69
• Rape, 804–805
  • pornography and, 421
• Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 232, 234–235
• Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 733–734
• Rationalization, 582
• Reaction formation, 582, 587
• Reactive schizophrenia, 701
• Reality principle, 580
• Reasoning. See also Cognition; Thinking
  • in adolescence, 535
  • moral, 535–536
• Rebirthing therapy, 745
• Recall, 327–328, 344–345
• Recency effect, 347
• Recency error, 839
• Receptive language, 383–384
• Receptors
  • olfactory, 211
  • pain, 206–207
  • taste, 209–210
  • visual, 178–180, 181, 215
• Reciprocal determinism, 606–607
• Reciprocal influences, 606–607
• Reciprocity norm, 818–819
• Recognition, memory and, 327–328
• Reconsolidation of memory, 356
• Recovered memories, 355, 360–361, 745
• Recreation in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
• Reflexes, 94
  • rooting, 491
• Refractory period
  • after neuron firing, 83
  • in sexual response cycle, 420
• Regression toward the mean, 53
• Rehabilitation psychology, 29
• Rehearsal
  • memory and, 330, 345, 362
  • mental, 391–392
• Reinforcement. See also Observational learning
  • in anxiety disorders, 681–682
  • continuous, 287
  • definition of, 285
  • negative, 285–286
  • partial (intermittent), 287–289
  • positive, 285–286, 842
  • vicarious, 312
• Reinforcement schedules, 287–289
  • fixed-interval, 288
  • fixed-ratio, 288
  • variable-interval, 288
  • variable-ratio, 288
• Reinforcers
  • conditioned, 286
  • delayed, 286–287
  • immediate, 286–287
  • primary, 286
  • secondary, 286
• Rejection, social, 425–426
• Relational aggression, 521. See also Ostracism
• Relationships
  • happiness and, 478
  • peer
    • in adolescence, 541–542
    • in childhood, 531
    • gender differences in, 522, 524
    • need to belong and, 423–426
  • prioritizing, 20
  • romantic, 424, 565–566, 812–814 (See also Attraction; Marriage)
  • online/speed dating and, 809–810
  • sex and, 421
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
• Relative deprivation, 476
• Relative height, 191
• Relative luminance, 192
• Relative motion, 191
• Relative size, 191
• Relaxation
  • in systematic desensitization, 730
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
• Relearning, 327–328
• Reliability, test, 585, 637
• Religious beliefs
  • altruism and, 819
  • brain areas for, 116
  • happiness and, 478
  • prejudice and, 795–796
  • scientific ideas and, 148–149
  • sexual behavior and, 549
  • substance use and, 831
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
  • therapist-client relationship and, 748
• REM rebound, 251
• REM sleep, 232, 234–235. See also Dreams; Sleep; Sleep deprivation
  • age-related changes in, 250
  • deprivation of, 250–251
  • dreams and, 232, 234, 247–251
  • functions of, 248–251
  • memory and, 249
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 757
• Replication, 43
• Representativeness heuristic, 372–373
• Repression, 355, 579, 581, 582
  • of memories of abuse, 355, 360–361, 745
• Research
  • animal, 61–62
  • applied, 24–25, 28–30, 59–63
  • basic, 24, 26–28
  • ethics in, 59–63, 779
  • human subjects in, 62
  • meta-analysis of, 743
• Research methods, 36–77. See also Experiment(s)
  • case studies, 43, 44
  • correlational, 50–53, 59
  • descriptive, 43, 44–47, 59
  • evidence-based trials, 743
  • experimental, 54–57
  • naturalistic observations, 45–46
  • random clinical trials, 743
  • surveys, 47
• Resilience, 474, 514, 680–681, 751, 760
  • aging and, 568
  • grief and, 568–569
• Resistance, in psychoanalysis, 723
• Resolution phase, 420
• Respondent behaviors, 297
• Resting potential, 83
• Reticular formation, 102–103
• Retina, 177–178
  • in color vision, 177–178, 181
• Retinal disparity, 189
• Retrieval, 329, 344–347, 354–356
  • context and, 345–346
  • cues in, 344–347, 354–355
  • failure of, 354–356
  • interference and, 354
  • mood and, 346–347, 354
  • priming in, 345
  • serial position and, 347
• Retroactive interference, 354
• Retrograde amnesia, 351
• Reuptake, 86
• Reward, motivation and, 305
• Reward centers, 105–106
• Reward deficiency syndrome, 106
• Reward theory of attraction, 812
• Right handedness, 123
• Risperidone, 754
• Rods, 178–179, 181
• Rogers’ person-centered perspective, 592
  • client-centered therapy and, 725–727
• Roles
  • attitudes and, 772
  • definition of, 524
  • gender, 524–527
• Romantic relationships, 424, 565–566, 812–814. See also Attraction; Marriage
• Rooting reflex, 402, 491
• Rorschach inkblot test, 584–585
• Rumination, 692–693
  • anger and, 460
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752

S

• Sample, random, 47, 70
• Sampling bias, 47, 70
• Sandwich generation, 565
• Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, 318
• SAT, 637
• Savant syndrome, 627–628
• Scaffolding, 503
• Scapegoat theory, 797
• Scatterplots, 50
• Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, 36, 434, 436, 812
• Schadenfreude, 797
• Schemas, 170, 498–499, 587
  • gender, 526
• Schizoid personality disorder, 708
• Schizophrenia, 699–704
  • acute (reactive), 701
  • auditory hallucinations in, 113
  • brain abnormalities in, 701–702
  • chronic (process), 700
  • definition of, 699
  • delusions in, 699
  • disorganized thinking in, 699–700
  • dopamine in, 702
  • drug therapy for, 753–754
  • early warning signs of, 704
  • emotions in, 700
  • environmental triggers for, 704
  • genetic factors in, 703–704
  • hallucinations in, 699
  • maternal infections and, 702
  • onset and development of, 700–701
  • perceptual disturbances in, 699–700
  • rates of, 700
  • risk factors for, 702–703
  • symptoms of, 699–700, 701
  • warning signs of, 830
• School psychologists, 27, 29–30
• Science
  • psychology as, 2–6, 24–25
  • religion and, 148–149
• Scientific attitude, 3
  • components of, 3
  • critical thinking and, 4–7
• Scientific method, 42–43. See also Research methods
  • description in, 44–47
• Seasonal depression, light exposure
  • therapy for, 746
• Secondary reinforcers, 286
• Secondary sex characteristics, 546
• Second Darwinian revolution, 143
• Second language learning, critical periods for, 385–386
• Second-order conditioning, 276
• Selection effect, 531
• Selective attention, 158–162
  • accidents and, 159–160
  • forgetting and, 352
  • hypnosis and, 224, 228
  • online time and, 428
  • in schizophrenia, 700
• Selective inattention, 160–162
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 754
• Self
  • blindness to one’s incompetence and, 613–614
  • definition of, 611
  • exploration of, 611–618
  • in individualist vs. collectivist cultures, 616–618
  • spotlight effect and, 611–612
• Self-actualization, 405–406, 591–592
• Self-awareness, in children, 515
• Self-concept, 592
  • in children, 515
  • cultural aspects of, 616–618
• Self-confidence, age-related changes in, 567
• Self-control, 309
• Self-discipline, achievement and, 429, 651
• Self-disclosure
  • in companionate love, 814
  • via electronic communication, 427
• Self-efficacy, 612
• Self-esteem, 424, 515, 612–616
  • benefits of, 612
  • cultural aspects of, 616–618
  • defensive, 616
  • secure, 616
  • threatened egotism and, 615
• Self-fulfilling prophecies, conflict and, 820
• Self-help groups, 738
• Self-improvement, operant conditioning in, 395–396
• Self-presentation, in social media, 427, 603
• Self-reference effect, 337
• Self-serving bias, 614–615, 769
• Self-testing, repeated, 335
• Self-transcendence, 405, 591
• Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 454–455
• Semantic encoding, 335
• Semicircular canals, 213
• Sensation
  • definition of, 158
  • vs. perception, 158
• Sensitive periods, 510
• Sensorimotor stage, 499–500, 503
• Sensorineural hearing loss, 200–201
• Sensory adaptation, 165–166
• Sensory disturbances, in schizophrenia, 699
• Sensory interaction, 214–215
• Sensory memory, 329, 331–332
• Sensory neurons, 92
• Sensory processing. See also Information processing
  • age-related changes in, 560
  • critical period for, 194
  • priming in, 164
  • signal detection theory and, 162
  • subliminal stimuli and, 163–164, 163–165
  • thresholds in, 162–165
  • transduction in, 162
• Sensory restriction, effects of, 194
• Sequential processing, 126–127
• Serial position effect, 347
• Serotonin
  • in abused children, 514
  • in anxiety disorders, 683
  • appetite and, 411
  • in depression, 691–692, 754–755
  • functions of, 87
  • in learning, 342
  • pathways for, 87
• Set point, 411
  • for happiness, 477
  • for weight, 410–411, 414
• Settling point, 411
• Severity errors, 839
• Sex
  • definition of, 520
  • education about, 548
• Sex characteristics
  • primary, 546
  • secondary, 546
• Sex chromosomes, 545
• Sex hormones, 96, 104–105, 418–419
  • in brain development, 545, 553–554
  • in sexual development, 545–547
  • in sexual orientation, 553–554
• Sexual abuse
  • dissociative disorders and, 709–710
  • false/repressed memories of, 360–361
  • homosexuality and, 550
  • long-term effects of, 514–515
• Sexual arousal, 419–420, 438
  • external stimuli in, 420–421
  • imagined stimuli in, 421
  • during sleep, 234
• Sexual attraction. See Attraction
• Sexual behavior
  • of adolescents, 548–549
  • in adulthood, 558–559
  • age-related changes in, 418–419
  • alcohol and, 255, 548
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 420
  • external stimuli and, 420–421
  • gender differences in, 143–146, 420–421
  • hormonal effects on, 418–419
  • imagined stimuli and, 421
  • physiology of, 418–420
  • psychology of, 420–421
• Sexual development, 545–549
  • in adolescents, 533–534, 543, 545–547
  • prenatal, 545, 553–554
  • variations on, 547
• Sexual fantasies, 421
• Sexualization of girls, 548
• Sexually transmitted infections, 547–548
• Sexual motivation, 418–421
• Sexual orientation, 549–556
  • brain differences and, 552–553, 553–554
  • definition of, 549
  • environmental factors in, 551–552, 553–554
  • erotic plasticity and, 551
  • family studies of, 553
  • fertile females theory and, 553
  • fruit fly studies of, 553
  • gay-straight trait differences and, 554, 555
  • vs. gender identity, 527
  • genetic factors in, 553–554
  • homosexual, 549–556
  • kin selection and, 553
  • prenatal influences in, 553–554
  • sexual fantasies and, 421
  • suicide and, 695
  • of transgender persons, 526–527
  • twin studies of, 553
• Sexual overperception bias, 144
• Sexual response cycle, 419–420
• Sexual violence, 804–805
• Shallow processing, 335–336
• Shape constancy, 193
• Shaping, 284–285
• Shared-environment effect, 134–135
• Short-term memory, 329, 332–333
• Siblings, 134–135
  • adopted, 134–135 (See also Adoption studies)
  • shared-environment effect and, 134–135
  • twin (See Twin(s); Twin studies) Signal detection theory, 163
• Sign language in animals, 849–850
• Situational attribution, 768
• Size constancy, 193
• Size-distance relationships, 193
• Skepticism, in scientific attitude, 40
• Skewed distributions, 67, 68
• Skin, touch sensations and, 205
• Skinner box, 284
• Skinner’s conditioning experiments, 283–284. See also Operant conditioning
  • legacy of, 291
  • operant chamber in, 284
• Sleep, 19, 232–252. See also Dreams; REM sleep
  • age-related changes in, 250
  • athletic performance and, 238
  • biology of, 235–236
  • circadian rhythms and, 231–232, 235–236
  • cultural factors in, 235
  • definition of, 231
  • delta, 234
  • depression and, 242–243
  • dreams and, 232, 234, 247–251
  • dual processing in, 248
  • functions of, 237–238
  • genetic factors in, 235
  • happiness and, 478
  • hypnagogic sensations during, 233
  • memory and, 233, 237, 249, 340, 354
  • nightmares in, 246
  • night terrors in, 246
  • NREM, 233–234
  • obesity and, 414
  • paradoxical, 232, 235
  • REM, 232, 234–235, 249
  • sexual arousal during, 234
  • stages of, 232–236
  • in therapeutic lifestyle, 752
• Sleep aids, 245
• Sleep apnea, 245–246, 248
• Sleep deprivation, 236, 241–246
  • catch-up sleep and, 236, 241, 249
  • REM rebound and, 251
• Sleep disorders, 244–246
• Sleep paralysis, 235
• Sleep patterns, 235–236
• Sleep spindles, 234
• Sleep studies, 232–233
• Sleeptalking, 246
• Sleepwalking, 246
• Slips of the tongue, 580
• Smell (olfaction), 211–213, 215
  • Alzheimer’s and, 564
  • in newborns, 491
  • phantom smells and, 207
  • in sensory interaction, 214–215
  • taste and, 214–215
• Smiling. See also Facial expressions
  • emotional effects of, 447–448
  • natural vs. feigned, 442–443
• Smoking, 258–259, 263
  • in panic disorder, 678
• Social anxiety disorder, 677
• Social clock, 565
• Social-cognitive theories, 606–609
  • behavior assessment in, 607–608
  • of depression, 692–694
  • evaluation of, 608–609
  • reciprocal influences and, 606–607
• Social connectedness. See also Relationships; Social isolation; Social networking
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
• Social contagion, 775–776
• Social control, 782
• Social-culture psychology, 17
• Social development. See also Attachment
  • in adolescents, 539–543
  • in adults, 564–567
  • in infants and children, 509–518
• Social exchange theory, 818
• Social facilitation, 784–785
  • eating and, 412–413
• Social identity, formation of, 539–541
• Social influence
  • conformity and, 775–778
  • hypnosis and, 227
  • informative, 777–778
  • normative, 777
  • obedience and, 778–780
  • obesity and, 414
  • pain and, 208
  • vs. personal control, 781–782
• Social intelligence, 629
• Social isolation, 425–426, 427, 542
• Social leadership, 842
• Social learning theory, 146, 524–525. See also Observational learning
• Social loafing, 785
• Social media, 426–428. See also Social networking
  • group polarization and, 787–788
  • message moods and time of day, 45
  • ostracism and, 425
  • self presentation and, 427, 603
  • suicide and, 696
• Social motivation, 423–428
  • need to belong and, 423–426
• Social networking, 426–428. See also Social media
  • contagious emotion in, 448
  • gender differences in, 522, 524
  • managing, 427–428
  • narcissism and, 427
  • self-disclosure and, 427
  • social effects of, 427
  • social isolation and, 426
• Social norms, 776–777, 790
  • altruism and, 818–819
• Social power, gender differences in, 522
• Social psychology, 25, 28, 768–827
  • aggression and, 801–806
  • altruism and, 816–819
  • attitudes and, 770–773
  • attraction and, 808–814
  • attribution and, 768–770
  • conformity and, 775–778
  • definition of, 768
  • group behavior and, 784–790
  • obedience and, 778–780
  • prejudice and, 792–798
• Social-responsibility norm, 819
• Social scripts, 146, 804
  • aggression and, 804–806
• Social situations, stress from, 452–454
• Social traps, 819–820
• Social worker, clinical/psychiatric, 748
• Socioeconomic status
  • gender bias and, 523
  • happiness and, 475–476
  • psychological disorders and, 675, 760
• Sociopath, 710–712
• Somatic nervous system, 92
• Somatic symptom disorders, 707–708
• Somatosensory cortex, 113
• Sound
  • locating, 202–203
  • loudness of, 199, 200–201
  • pitch of, 199, 202
• Sound waves, 198–199
• Source amnesia, 358–359
• Source misattribution, 358–359
• Spacing effect, 334
• Spanking, 289–290
• Spatial abilities, gender differences in, 554, 555, 653–658
• Spearman’s general intelligence theory, 626, 630
• Specific learning disorder, 16
• Specific phobias, 677, 679
• Speech. See also Language
  • brain areas for, 115–116, 123
  • development of, 384–385
  • inner, in learning, 504
  • telegraphic, 384
• Speed dating, 809–810
• Spermarche, 546
• Spice (synthetic marijuana), 262
• Spillover effect, in arousal, 434
• Spinal cord, 94
• Spinal cord injury, emotional changes after, 433
• Spirituality. See also Religious beliefs
  • happiness and, 478
• Split-brain patient, 120–122
• Spontaneous recovery
  • in classical conditioning, 276, 297
  • in operant conditioning, 297
• Sports
  • mental practice in, 391–392
  • operant conditioning in, 294–295
  • sleep and, 238
• Sports psychology, 30
• Spotlight effect, 611–612
• SQ3R study technique, 20–21, 362–363
• Stage theories, 487
  • Erikson’s, 487
  • Freud’s, 580–581
  • Kohlberg’s, 487
  • Piaget’s, 487, 498–503
• Standard deviation, 68–69
• Standardization, test, 635–636
• Stanford-Binet test, 633–634
• Stanford prison simulation, 772
• Startle reflex, 491
• State-dependent memory, 346–347
• Statistical learning, in language development, 384
• Statistical significance, 71
• Statistics, 66–71
  • descriptive, 66–69
  • inferential, 70–71
  • need for, 66
• Stem cells, neural, 118
• Stereotype(s), 587, 792. See also Prejudice
  • gender, 170
• Stereotype threat, 657–658
• Sternberg’s triarchic theory, 628, 630
• Stimulants, 257–261
  • caffeine, 257, 263
  • cocaine, 259–260, 263
  • Ecstasy (MDMA), 261, 263
  • methamphetamine, 261, 263
  • nicotine, 257, 258–259, 263
• Stimulus. See also Conditioning
  • in classical conditioning, 271
  • conditioned, 274
  • definition of, 271
  • discriminative, 285
  • habituation to, 271, 420, 491
  • neutral, 273
  • subliminal, 163–165
  • unconditioned, 274
• Stimulus generalization. See Generalization
• Stirrup (ear), 199, 200
• Storage, memory, 329, 339–344. See also Memory processing
• Stranger anxiety, 509
• Strange situation experiment, 510–511
• Strengths
  • harnessing of, 836–837
  • identification of, 836–837
• Stress
  • age and, 452
  • AIDS and, 457
  • appraisal of, 450–451
  • arousal and, 437–438
  • catastrophes and, 451–452
  • coping with (See Stress management) daily hassles and, 452–454
  • definition of, 450
  • depression and, 460, 690, 692–694
  • duration of, 451, 455
  • epigenetics and, 137–138
  • health effects of, 451, 456–462
    • in AIDS, 457
    • in cancer, 458
    • in heart disease, 459–461
    • on immune system, 456–458
    • inflammation and, 461
  • learned helplessness and, 307
  • life changes and, 452
  • memory and, 360–361, 581
  • personal control and, 307–308
• Stress hormones, 96, 341–342, 437–438, 454
  • in memory, 341–342
• Stress inoculation training, 735
• Stress management. See also Coping
  • biofeedback in, 296
  • coping strategies and, 306
  • gender differences in, 455, 524
• Stress response, 433, 438, 454–455
  • endocrine system in, 95, 341–342, 437–438, 454
  • fight-or-flight, 438, 454
  • gender differences in, 455
  • tend-and-befriend, 455, 524
• Stress vulnerability model, 668
• Stroboscopic movement, 190
• Stroop effect, 227
• Structuralism, 7–8
• Structured interview, 838
• Study methods, 20–22
  • chunking, 333
  • distributed vs. massed practice, 20–21, 334–335
  • hierarchies, 334
  • mnemonics, 333–334
  • social networking and, 428
  • SQ3R, 20–21
• Subjective well-being, 473. See also Happiness
• Sublimation, 582
• Subliminal stimulus, 163–165
• Substance use, trends in, 829
• Substance use disorders, 253–254. See also Alcohol use disorder; Psychoactive drugs
  • abused substances in, 255–264
  • addiction in, 106, 253, 254
  • biological influences in, 830
  • biopsychosocial approach to, 829–830
  • cultural factors in, 831
  • genetic factors in, 830
  • psychological influences in, 830–832
  • reward systems and, 106
  • social-cultural influences in, 830–832
  • symptoms of, 254
  • tolerance in, 245, 254
  • withdrawal in, 254
• Successive approximations, 284
• Sucking reflex, 491
• Sudden infant death syndrome, back-to-sleep position and, 495
• Suicide, 694–696, 756
  • among LGBTQ people, 795
  • copycat, 776
• Supercell clusters, 183, 184
• Superego, 580
• Superordinate goals, 821
• Superstitious behaviors, 294–295
• Supertasters, 210
• Support groups, 738
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 235
• Surgery, brain, 758
• Surveys, 47
  • in personality assessment, 609
• Survivor resiliency, 514, 680–681, 760
• Susto, 668
• Symbolic thinking, in children, 501
• Sympathetic nervous system, 92–93
  • emotions and, 437–438
• Synapses, 85–86, 93
  • in memory processing, 342–344
• Synaptic gap (cleft), 85–86
• Synesthesia, 215
• Synthetic marijuana, 262
• Systematic desensitization, 730

T

• Tabula rasa, 7
• Tactile sense, 205 Taijin-kyofusho, 668
• Talents
  • achievement and, 840
  • identification of, 836–837
• Tardive dyskinesia, 753
• Task leadership, 842
• Taste, 209–210, 215
  • perceptual set and, 170
  • in sensory interaction, 214–215
  • smell and, 214–215
• Taste aversion, 301, 412
• Taste phantom, 207
• Taste preference
  • biological factors in, 412
  • cultural factors in, 411–412
• Teenagers. See Adolescents
• Telegraphic speech, 384
• Telepathy, 172–174
• Television, violence on, 316–318, 804–805
• Telomeres
  • aging and, 455, 559, 561
  • stress effects on, 455
• Temperament
  • attachment and, 510–512
  • genetic factors in, 511
  • in infants, 510–512
  • stability of, 487–488, 511
• Temporal lobe, 110
• Tend-and-befriend response, 455, 524
• Ten-year rule, 629
• Teratogens, 490
  • alcohol as, 490
• Terminal decline, 563
• Terrorism
  • dreams and, 247
  • prejudice and, 795–796
• Terror-management theory, 588
• Testing effect, 20, 334
• Testosterone, 418–419
  • aggression and, 802
  • in brain development, 545, 553–554
  • in sexual development, 545
  • in sexual orientation, 553–554
• Test(s). See also Intelligence tests; specific tests
  • achievement, 633
  • aptitude, 633, 637, 642–643
  • bias and, 656–658
  • empirically derived, 598–599
  • intelligence, 632–637
  • personality (See Personality assessment)
  • projective, 584–585
  • reliability of, 585, 637
  • standardization of, 635–636
  • stereotype threat and, 657–658
  • studying for, 20–22
  • validity of, 585, 636–637, 657
• Texting
  • social impact of, 426–428
  • while driving, 159–160
• Thalamus, 102
• THC, 262
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 584
• Theoretical principles, practical application of, 43
• Theories, 42–43
• Theory of mind, 315, 501–502, 505
• Therapeutic alliance, 747
• Therapeutic lifestyle change, 751–752, 759
• Therapy, 720–765. See also Biomedical therapies; Psychotherapy
• Thinking, 365–366. See also Cognition
  • in animals, 848–850
  • convergent, 366
  • divergent, 366
  • in images, 391–392
  • imaginative, 366
  • language and, 389–392
  • negative, in depression, 692–693
• Thorndike’s law of effect, 283–284
• 360-degree feedback, 839 The Three Faces of Eve, 708
• Thresholds, 83, 162–165
  • absolute, 162–163
  • difference, 163–165
• Thurstone’s primary mental abilities theory, 626–627, 630
• Time management, happiness and, 478
• Tinnitus, 207
• T lymphocytes, 456
• Tobacco use, 258–259, 263
  • in depression, 678
  • in panic disorder, 678
• Token economy, 732
• Tolerance, 245, 254, 263. See also Alcohol; Psychoactive drugs
• Top-down processing, 158
  • of emotions, 434–435
• Touch, 205, 215
  • in sensory interaction, 214–215
• Trait theories, 596–601, 609
  • Big Five factor, 599–601
  • evaluation of, 602–604
  • person-situation controversy and, 602–604
• Tranquilizers, 257
• Transcranial direct current stimulation, 757
• Transcranial electrical stimulation, 757
• Transduction, 162
• Transference, in psychoanalysis, 724
• Transformational leadership, 840, 842
• Transgender persons, 526–527
• Traumatic events
  • dreams and, 247
  • memories of, 360–361, 581
• Treatment, 720–765. See also Biomedical therapies; Psychotherapy
• Triarchic theory of intelligence, 628, 630
• Trichotillomania, 680
• Trust, attachment and, 513
• Twelve-step programs, 738
• Twin(s)
  • dizygotic (fraternal), 132
  • monozygotic (identical), 131–132
• Twin Sisters (film), 133
• Twin studies, 131–133
  • of autism, 505–506
  • of depression, 691
  • of intelligence, 647–649
  • of nature vs. nurture, 14
  • of posttraumatic stress disorder, 681
  • of schizophrenia, 703
  • of separated twins, 132–133
  • of sexual orientation, 553
  • on substance use, 829–830
• Twitter, 45. See also Social media
• Two-factor theory, of emotion, 434, 436, 812
• Two-track mind. See Dual processing
• Two-word stage, 384–385
• Type A/Type B personality, heart disease and, 459–460

U

• Umami, 209
• Unconditional positive regard, 592, 726–727
• Unconditioned response, 274
• Unconditioned stimulus, 274
• Unconscious
  • assessment of, 584–585
  • collective, 583
  • modern views of, 587–588
  • in psychoanalytic theory, 579
  • in psychodynamic theories, 583–585
• Universal grammar, 383
• Utilitarianism, 818

V

• Vaccines, autism spectrum disorder and, 505
• Validity
  • content, 637
  • experimental, 56
  • predictive, 637, 657
  • test, 585, 636–637, 657
• Values, 62–63. See also Ethical issues
  • of therapist, 747–748
• Vaping, 258
• Variable-interval schedules, 288
• Variable-ratio schedules, 288
• Variable(s)
  • confounding, 56
  • dependent, 56
  • independent, 55–56
• Variation
  • cultural, 789–790
  • measures of, 68–69
• Verbal abilities, gender differences in, 554, 555
• Vestibular sacs, 213
• Vestibular sense, 213, 215
• Vicarious reinforcement, 312. See also Observational learning
• Victim blaming, 796, 798
• Video games
  • hypersexuality in, 548
  • violence in, 318, 805–806
• Violence. See also Aggression; Suicide
  • antisocial personality disorder and, 710–711
  • copycat, 776
  • psychological disorders and, 672–673
  • sexual, 804–805
  • social isolation and, 426
  • threatened egotism and, 615
• Violence-viewing effect, 312–313, 316–318, 804–806
• Viral infections, maternal, schizophrenia and, 702
• Virtual group behavior, 787–788
• Virtual reality
  • exposure therapy, 730
  • pain control, 209
• Vision, 176–186, 215
  • age-related changes in, 560
  • blindsight and, 125
  • color, 178–179, 181–182
  • critical period for, 194
  • depth perception and, 189–190
  • dual processing in, 125–126
  • eye in, 177–178
  • facial recognition and, 115, 117, 157, 158, 183, 184
  • feature detection in, 182–183
  • form perception and, 187–188
  • information processing in, 180
  • lateralization in, 121–122
  • light in, 176–178
  • motion perception and, 183–184, 190
  • in newborns, 491
  • object perception in, 182–183
  • parallel processing in, 183–184
  • perceptual adaptation and, 195
  • perceptual constancy and, 191–194
  • perceptual set and, 169–170
  • restored, sensory restriction and, 194
  • in sensory interaction, 214–215
  • in split-brain patients, 120–122
• Vision loss
  • brain reorganization in, 117
  • emotional expression and, 445
  • phantom sights in, 207
• Visual cliff, 189
• Visual cortex, 113
• Visual interpretation, 194–195
• Visualization, 391–392
• Visual organization, 187–194
  • figure-ground relationship and, 187
  • gestalt and, 187–188
• Visual processing, 178–180
  • steps in, 183
• Visual receptors, 178–180, 181, 215
• Volley principle, 202
• Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, 503

W

• Washoe the chimpanzee, 849, 850
• Wavelength, of light, 176–177
• Wealth
  • happiness and, 475–476
  • psychological disorders and, 675, 760
• Weber’s law, 165
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 635
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 635
• Weight. See Body weight
• WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) cultures, 15
• Well-being. See Happiness; Health; Human flourishing
• Wernicke’s aphasia, 388
• Wernicke’s area, 116, 388
• Willpower, 309
• Wish fulfillment theory, 248, 250
• Withdrawal, 254, 263
• Women. See also Gender
  • prejudice against, 793, 794–795
  • violence against, 804–805
• Wording effects, in surveys, 47
• Word salad, 700
• Work. See also Employee; Employment, industrial-organizational (I/O)
  • gender bias and, 523
  • happiness and, 478
  • life satisfaction and, 567
  • operant conditioning and, 295
  • psychology and, 25–26, 833–847
• Working memory, 329–330

X

• X chromosome, 545

Y

• Y chromosome, 545
• Yerkes-Dodson law, 404
• Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory, 181

Z

• Zimbardo’s Stanford prison simulation, 772
• Zone of proximal development, 503
• Zygote, 489