To the Student
UNIT IPsychology’s History and Approaches
Module 1Psychology and Its History
Psychology Is a Science
Thinking Critically About: The Scientific Attitude
Critical Thinking
Prescientific Psychology
Psychological Science Is Born
Psychological Science Matures
Module 2Today’s Psychology and Its Approaches
Contemporary Psychology
The Biopsychosocial Approach and Psychology’s Theoretical Perspectives
Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student
Module 3Subfields in Psychology
Basic and Applied Psychology
Psychology’s Main Subfields
UNIT IIResearch Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
Module 4The Need for Psychological Science
Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Perceiving Order in Random Events
Module 5The Scientific Method and Description
The Scientific Method
Description
Module 6Correlation and Experimentation
Correlation
Thinking Critically About: Correlation and Causation
Experimentation
Module 7Research Design and Ethics in Psychology
Research Design
Understanding Everyday Behavior
Psychology’s Research Ethics
Module 8Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
The Need for Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
UNIT IIIBiological Bases of Behavior
Module 9Biological Psychology and Neurotransmission
Biology, Behavior, and Mind
Neural Communication
Module 10The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
Module 11Studying the Brain, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System
The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined
Older Brain Structures
The Limbic System
Module 12The Cerebral Cortex
Structure of the Cortex
Functions of the Cortex
Thinking Critically About: Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain
The Power of Plasticity
Module 13Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of Consciousness
The Divided Brain
The Biology of Consciousness
Module 14Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences
Genes: Our Codes for Life
Twin and Adoption Studies
Heritability
Gene-Environment Interaction
Module 15Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature
Natural Selection and Adaptation
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction
UNIT IVSensation and Perception
Module 16Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
Processing Sensation and Perception
Selective Attention
Transduction
Thresholds
Thinking Critically About: Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion
Sensory Adaptation
Module 17Influences on Perception
Perceptual Set
ESP—Perception Without Sensation?
Module 18Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
Light Energy and Eye Structures
Information Processing in the Eye and Brain
Module 19Visual Organization and Interpretation
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Interpretation
Module 20Hearing
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
The Ear
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location
Module 21The Other Senses
Touch
Pain
Taste
Smell
Body Position and Movement
Sensory Interaction
UNIT VStates of Consciousness
Module 22Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis
Defining Consciousness
Hypnosis
Module 23Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Module 24Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams
Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Module 25Psychoactive Drugs
Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders
Thinking Critically About: Tolerance and Addiction
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
UNIT VILearning
Module 26How We Learn and Classical Conditioning
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning
Module 27Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Skinner’s Legacy
Module 28Operant Conditioning’s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning
Applications of Operant Conditioning
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
Module 29Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Learning and Personal Control
Module 30Observational Learning
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain
Applications of Observational Learning
Thinking Critically About: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence
UNIT VIICognition
Module 31Studying and Encoding Memories
Studying Memory
Encoding Memories
Module 32Storing and Retrieving Memories
Memory Storage
Memory Retrieval
Module 33Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
Forgetting
Memory Construction Errors
Thinking Critically About: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?
Improving Memory
Module 34Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity
Concepts
Thinking Creatively
Module 35Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments
Thinking Critically About: The Fear Factor
Module 36Thinking and Language
Language Structure
Language Acquisition and Development
The Brain and Language
Language and Thought
UNIT VIIIMotivation, Emotion, and Stress
Module 37Motivational Concepts
Instinct Theory
Drives and Incentives
Arousal Theory
A Hierarchy of Needs
Module 38Hunger Motivation
The Physiology of Hunger
The Psychology of Hunger
Thinking Critically About: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control
Module 39Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
Module 40Affiliation and Achievement
The Need to Belong
Achievement Motivation
Module 41Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition
Embodied Emotion
Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection
Module 42Expressing Emotion
Detecting Emotion in Others
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Culture and Emotional Expression
The Effects of Facial Expressions
Module 43Stress and Illness
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Thinking Critically About: Stress and Health
Module 44Health and Happiness
Promoting Health
Reducing Stress
Happiness
UNIT IXDevelopmental Psychology
Module 45Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Module 46Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Brain Development
Motor Development
Brain Maturation and Infant Memory
Module 47Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky and the Social Child
Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Module 48Infancy and Childhood: Social Development
Origins of Attachment
Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting
Deprivation of Attachment
Developing a Self-Concept
Parenting Styles
Culture and Child Raising
Thinking Critically About: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right?
Module 49Gender Development
Similarities and Differences
Thinking Critically About: Gender Bias in the Workplace
The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences
Module 50Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences
Experience and Brain Development
How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve?
Peer Influence
Module 51Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Module 52Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood
Forming an Identity
Parent and Peer Relationships
Emerging Adulthood
Module 53Sexual Development
The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexual Risk Taking and Teen Pregnancy
Sexual Orientation
Module 54Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
UNIT XPersonality
Module 55Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories
What Is Personality?
Psychodynamic Theories
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious
Module 56Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
Assessing the Self
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Module 57Trait Theories
Exploring Traits
Thinking Critically About: The Stigma of Introversion
Assessing Traits
The Big Five Factors
Evaluating Trait Theories
Module 58Social-Cognitive Theories
Reciprocal Influences
Assessing Behavior in Situations
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
Module 59Exploring the Self
The Benefits of Self-Esteem
The Costs of Self-Esteem
Culture and the Self
UNIT XITesting and Individual Differences
Module 60Introduction to Intelligence
Is Intelligence One General Ability?
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence
Module 61Assessing Intelligence
Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Principles of Test Construction
Module 62The Dynamics of Intelligence
Stability or Change?
Thinking Critically About: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Extremes of Intelligence
Module 63Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Twin and Adoption Studies
Environmental Influences
Module 64Group Differences and the Question of Bias
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
The Question of Bias
UNIT XIIAbnormal Behavior
Module 65Introduction to Psychological Disorders
Defining Psychological Disorders
Understanding Psychological Disorders
Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People
Thinking Critically About: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?
Does Disorder Equal Danger?
Rates of Psychological Disorders
Module 66Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
Module 67Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, and Self-Injury
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder
Suicide and Self-Injury
Module 68Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Module 69Other Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Personality Disorders
Eating Disorders
UNIT XIIITreatment of Abnormal Behavior
Module 70Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies
Treating Psychological Disorders
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Module 71Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Group and Family Therapies
Module 72Evaluating Psychotherapies
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
Which Psychotherapies Work Best?
Evaluating Alternative Therapies
How Do Psychotherapies Help People?
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy
Finding a Mental Health Professional
Module 73The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders
The Biomedical Therapies
Thinking Critically About: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience
UNIT XIVSocial Psychology
Module 74Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Attitudes and Actions
Module 75Conformity and Obedience
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Obedience: Following Orders
Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
Module 76Group Behavior
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Deindividuation
Group Polarization
Thinking Critically About: The Internet as Social Amplifier
Groupthink
Cultural Influences
Module 77Prejudice and Discrimination
Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
Targets of Prejudice
Roots of Prejudice
Module 78Aggression
The Biology of Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Module 79Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
Romantic Love
Module 80Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking
Altruism
Conflict and Peacemaking
Enrichment Modules
Module 81Influences on Drug Use
Biological Influences
Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences
Module 82Psychology at Work
Flow
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Personnel Psychology
Organizational Psychology
Human Factors Psychology
Module 83Animal Thinking and Language
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?
Do Other Species Have Language?
Appendix APractice AP®-Style Exam
Appendix BAP® Exam Tips
Appendix CPsychological Science’s Key Contributors
Appendix DPreparing for Further Psychology Studies
Appendix EAnswers to Test Yourself Questions
Glossary/Glosario
References
Name Index
Subject Index